Resumen El sistema de producción bovino de doble propósito es el más predominante en el trópico, caracterizado por un sistema de pastoreo extensivo de gramíneas nativas o introducidas con baja digestibilidad y altas concentraciones de carbohidratos estructurales, provocando con esto una baja eficiencia productiva de los sistemas, ante este escenario, es necesario buscar alternativas que mejoren la eficiencia productiva. El objetivo fue evaluar la fermentación anaeróbica y digestibilidad ruminal in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS) de los ensilados de S. bicolor y C. cajan. En los tratamientos se utilizaron cuatro sustratos (sorgo, sorgo + C. cajan, C. cajan, sorgo + C. cajan + inoculante) y cuatro tiempos de fermentación anaeróbica (0, 30, 60 y 90 días), en un diseño completamente al azar con un arreglo factorial 4x4, con tres repeticiones. El promedio de MS, MO, PC, FDN y FDA fue 373.9±41.43; 960.58±7.59; 87.82±24.95; 588.73±51.17; 371.76±61.39 g kg-1 de MS. Para la DIVMS fue de 56.32±9.05%. Se encontró diferencias significativas (P<0.05) para los parámetros de fermentación y DIVMS. El volumen máximo de gas se presentó en los tratamientos que contenían únicamente sorgo y sorgo + C. cajan + inoculante. Las fracciones de rápida fermentación fueron mayores (P<0.05) en los tratamientos sorgo + C. cajan + inoculante. Las fracciones de fermentación media y lenta fueron mayores en sorgo y sorgo + C. cajan + inoculante. Se concluye que la planta de C. cajan sola o combinada presenta un efecto negativo en la DIVMS.

ABSTRACT The dual-purpose cattle production system is the most predominant in the tropics, characterized by an extensive grazing system of native or introduced grasses with low digestibility and high concentrations of structural carbohydrates, causing with this a low productive efficiency of the systems, in this scenario, it is necessary to look for alternatives that improve productive efficiency. The objective was to evaluate the anaerobic fermentation and rumen digestibility in vitro of dry matter (DIVDM) of silages of S. bicolor and C. cajan. Four substrates (sorghum, sorghum + C. cajan, sorghum + C. cajan + inoculant) and four anaerobic fermentation times (0, 30, 60 and 90 days) were used in the treatments, in a completely randomized design with a 4x4 factorial arrangement, with three replications. The average for DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF was 373.9±41.43; 960.58±7.59; 87.82±24.95; 588.73±51.17; 371.76±61.39 g kg-1 DM. For DIVDM it was 56.32±9.05 %. Significant differences (P<0.05) were found for fermentation parameters and DIVDM. The maximum volume of gas was presented in treatments containing only sorghum and sorghum + C. cajan + inoculant. The fractions of rapid fermentation were higher (P<0.05) in the treatments sorghum + C. cajan + inoculant. The fractions of medium and slow fermentation were higher in sorghum and sorghum + C. cajan + inoculant. It is concluded that the C. cajan plant alone or combined has a negative effect on DIVDM.

RESUMO Para enfrentar o desafio das mudanças climáticas e da escassez de água, busca-se desenvolver sistemas de irrigação mais eficientes e acessíveis. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade das sementes de feijão-guandu (Cajanus cajan), provenientes de cultivo agroflorestal com e sem irrigação. O trabalho foi realizado em Santarém, Pará, Brasil, avaliando variáveis relacionadas ao teste germinativo, como percentual de germinação, tempo médio de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, coeficiente de velocidade de germinação e percentual de umidade. Os resultados indicaram que a irrigação subterrânea, por meio de potes de argila, influencia positivamente o vigor e a capacidade germinativa das sementes. Por outro lado, o tempo de armazenamento afetou negativamente a viabilidade das mesmas. Como conclusões, observa-se que há diferenças no vigor e na capacidade germinativa das sementes, influenciadas pela irrigação no cultivo e pelo tempo de armazenamento. A constatação de que a irrigação subterrânea, via capilaridade por potes de argila, influencia o potencial germinativo, e que o tempo de armazenamento afeta negativamente a viabilidade das sementes, endossa a necessidade de práticas agrícolas otimizadas e estratégias de conservação que prolonguem a vida útil das sementes, garantindo a eficiência da produção.

ABSTRACT To meet the challenges of climate change and water scarcity, more efficient and affordable irrigation systems need to be developed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of cowpea (Cajanus cajan) seed from agroforestry systems with and without irrigation. The work was carried out in Santarém, Pará, Brazil, evaluating variables related to the germination test, such as germination percentage, average germination time, germination speed index, germination speed coefficient and moisture percentage. The results showed that underground irrigation using clay pots had a positive effect on seed vigour and germination. On the other hand, storage time had a negative effect on seed viability. In conclusion, there are differences in seed vigour and germination influenced by irrigation during cultivation and storage time. The finding that subsurface irrigation by capillarity through clay pots influences germination potential and that storage time has a negative effect on seed viability, supports the need for optimised agricultural practices and conservation strategies that prolong the useful life of seeds and ensure production efficiency.

ABSTRACT: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associate with legumes to enhance nitrogen fixation and nutrient absorption, thus promoting plant growth and reducing fertilizer usage. This study aimed to measure the degree of specificity and dependency of cover legumes inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from degraded soils with acidic pH and low fertility in the Alto Cumbaza sector, San Martín, Peru. Four species (Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea, and Vigna unguiculata) were evaluated with three types of fungi (Acaulospora rugosa, Acaulospora sp., and Ambispora appendicula) in a completely randomized design with three replications. Canavalia ensiformis inoculated with Acaulospora rugosa reached greater height (271.67 cm), while Crotalaria juncea with Acaulospora sp. showed higher aboveground biomass (27.52 g). Vigna unguiculata with Acaulospora rugosa exhibited high colonization (71.48%) and mycorrhizal dependency (54.40%), and Cajanus cajan with Ambispora appendicula showed high phosphorus content (5.01%). These interactions varied significantly, demonstrating the specificity and dependency of the associations. These findings are important for establishing programs to recover degraded soils with cover legumes inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

RESUMEN: Los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares se asocian a las leguminosas para mejorar la fijación de nitrógeno y la absorción de nutrientes, promoviendo así el crecimiento vegetal y reduciendo el uso de fertilizantes. Este estudio buscó medir el grado de especificidad y dependencia de leguminosas de cobertura inoculadas con hongos micorrízicos arbusculares provenientes de suelos degradados, con pH ácido y baja fertilidad del sector de Alto Cumbaza, San Martín, Perú. Se evaluaron cuatro especies (Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea y Vigna unguiculata) con tres tipos de hongos (Acaulospora rugosa, Acaulospora sp. y Ambispora appendicula) en un diseño completamente aleatorizado con tres repeticiones. Canavalia ensiformis inoculada con Acaulospora rugosa alcanzó mayor altura (271,67 cm), mientras que Crotalaria juncea con Acaulospora sp. mostró mayor biomasa aérea (27,52 g). Vigna unguiculata con Acaulospora rugosa presentó alta colonización (71,48%) y dependencia micorrízica (54,40%), y Cajanus cajan con Ambispora appendicula mostró alto contenido de fósforo (5,01%). Estas interacciones variaron significativamente, evidenciando la especificidad y dependencia de las asociaciones. Estos hallazgos son importantes para el establecimiento de programas de recuperación de suelos degradados con leguminosas de cobertura inoculadas con hongos micorrízicos arbusculares.

RESUMO: A análise de imagens por meio da técnica de raios X vem recebendo grande destaque por ser uma técnica importante para identificação de danos internos em sementes, de forma rápida e precisa, além de ser um método não destrutivo. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a utilização de raios x para avaliação da morfologia interna de sementes de espécies de adubos verdes. Sementes de tremoço-branco (Lupinus albus L.), feijão guandu-anão (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) e estilosantes (Stylosanthes spp.) foram radiografadas, sendo estudadas 200 sementes para cada espécie e contabilizadas as sementes intactas e as com danos mecânicos, danos causados por insetos e tecidos deteriorados, considerando a severidade e localização dos danos. As mesmas sementes foram avaliadas pelo teste de germinação. Concluiu-se que a análise de imagens por meio da técnica de raios X é eficiente na detecção de danos internos em sementes das espécies de adubos verdes estudadas e apresenta relação com os aspectos negativos na germinação. RESUMO precisa destrutivo tremoçobranco tremoço branco Lupinus L., L L. , L.) guanduanão guandu anão Cajanus (L. Millsp., Millsp Millsp. Millsp.) feijãodeporco porco Canavalia DC. DC Stylosanthes spp. spp radiografadas 20 mecânicos deteriorados germinação Concluiuse Concluiu se (L 2

ABSTRACT: Image analysis through X-ray technique has been receiving great attention due to its importance in identifying internal damage in seeds quickly and accurately, in addition to being a non-destructive method. The aim of this study was to assess the use of X-rays to evaluate the internal morphology of seeds of green manure species. Seeds of Lupinus albus L., Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. and Stylosanthes spp. were radiographed. Two hundred seeds were studied for each species, and intact seeds, seeds with mechanical damage, damage caused by insects and deteriorated tissues were recorded, considering the severity and location of the damage. The same seeds were subjected to a germination test. It was concluded that image analysis using X-ray technique was effective in detecting internal damage in seeds of some green manure species and it has relationship with negative aspects in germination. ABSTRACT Xray X ray accurately nondestructive non destructive method Xrays rays L L. (L. Millsp Millsp. DC spp radiographed recorded test (L

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of row spacing for sowing of ‘BRS Mandarim’ pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) on soil fertility and on the yield and nutritional values of brachiaria (Urochloa decumbens) pasture. Pigeon pea was sown in an area in the initial stage of degradation and cultivated with brachiaria. Four row-spacing treatments were evaluated for pigeon pea sowing, using the following row spacing: single rows spaced at 40, 80, and 120 cm; and a double-row with 40 cm between rows, spaced at 120 cm. In addition, a reference area treatment without pigeon pea was used. The nutritive parameters of the total available forage and of the pigeon pea plants were measured at three following development stages of pigeon pea plants: vegetative stage, at 79 days after sowing (DAS); beginning of the reproductive stage, with green pods, at 157 DAS; and final stage of grain production (dry pods), at 281 DAS. The use of the legume provided an economy of up to R$ 1,716.30 ha−1 in the application of nitrogen fertilizers. Pigeon pea used as green manure provides a significant increase of 53.5 to 140% in the dry matter yield of brachiaria. BRS Mandarim Cajanus cajan Urochloa decumbens pasture rowspacing 80 12 doublerow double 4 addition 7 DAS (DAS) pods 15 , pods) 28 R 171630 1 716 30 1,716.3 ha1 ha ha− fertilizers 535 53 5 53. 140 8 (DAS 2 17163 71 3 1,716. 14 1716 1,716 171 1,71 17 1,7 1,

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do espaçamento entre linhas para plantio de guandu (Cajanus cajan) ‘BRS Mandarim’ sobre a fertilidade do solo e sobre a produtividade e o valor nutricional de pastagem de braquiária (Urochloa decumbens). O guandu foi semeado em área com estágio inicial de degradação e cultivada com braquiária. Quatro tratamentos foram avaliados para a semeadura de guandu, tendo-se utilizado os seguintes espaçamentos entre linhas: fileiras únicas espaçadas em 40, 80 e 120 cm; e fileira dupla com 40 cm entre as fileiras, espaçadas em 120 cm. Além disso, foi utilizada uma área de referência de tratamento sem guandu. Os parâmetros nutritivos da forragem total disponível e das plantas de guandu foram mensurados nos três seguintes estágios de desenvolvimento das plantas de guandu: estágio vegetativo, aos 79 dias após a semeadura (DAS); início do estágio reprodutivo, com vagens verdes, aos 157 DAS; e estágio final de produção de grãos (vagens secas), aos 281 DAS. O uso da leguminosa proporcionou economia de até R$ 1.716,30 ha−1 na aplicação de fertilizantes nitrogenados. O guandu como adubação verde proporciona um aumento significativo de 53,5 a 140% na produtividade de matéria seca da braquiária. Cajanus cajan BRS Mandarim Urochloa decumbens. decumbens . decumbens) tendose tendo se 8 12 4 disso vegetativo 7 DAS (DAS) reprodutivo verdes 15 secas, secas , secas) 28 R 171630 1 716 30 1.716,3 ha1 ha ha− nitrogenados 535 53 5 53, 140 (DAS 2 17163 71 3 1.716, 14 1716 1.716 171 1.71 17 1.7 1.

ABSTRACT: Fertilization management of pigeon peas can increase soil quality and the N utilization by plants. Therefore, we evaluated the biological activity of soil cultivated with pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.) under different fertilization treatments. A randomized block design was used with three replicates and a 3×5 factorial arrangement (genotype×fertilization and inoculation management). At full flowering stage, the plants were collected and shoot dry matter was evaluated. Soil was sampled at 0-20 cm for various analysis viz. nodulation assessment; soil organic carbon; total nitrogen; carbon and nitrogen from microbial biomass; C/N ratio; β-glucosidase and urease enzymatic activity. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey’s test (P ≤ 0.05). A Pearson correlation matrix was constructed, and the similarity between treatments was evaluated using the Mahalanobis distance and grouping was done using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA). Both the experimental genotypes (BRS03 and BRS04) showed similar nodulation and shoot dry matter pattern with respect to fertilizer treatments. Furthermore, the microbial inoculation promoted a higher shoot dry matter content in all the genotypes. The application of mineral N and inoculation increased the total N content in the soil, favoring the mineralization of this nutrient. During the testing phase, the genotypes exhibited an increase in microbial carbon and microbial quotient levels, indicating an improvement in soil quality. The combination of fertilization and inoculation increased the enzymatic activity of β-glucosidase and urease. The correlation matrix showed a strong association between N total and C/N ratio. The formation of groups by UPGMA was observed as a function of inoculation, demonstrating its effect on soil biological variables. ABSTRACT Therefore Cajanus L (L Millsp. Millsp 35 3 5 3× genotype×fertilization genotypefertilization genotype management. . management) stage 020 0 20 0-2 viz assessment biomass CN C ratio βglucosidase β glucosidase Tukeys Tukey s P 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) constructed UPGMA. (UPGMA) BRS03 BRS (BRS0 BRS04 Furthermore nutrient phase levels variables 02 2 0- 00 0.0 (UPGMA BRS0 (BRS 0.

RESUMO: O manejo da adubação do feijão-guandu pode melhorar a qualidade do solo e o aproveitamento do N pelas plantas. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a atividade biológica do solo cultivado com feijão guandu (Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.) com diferentes manejos de adubação. Empregou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com três repetições e arranjo fatorial 3x5 (genótipos x fertilização e manejo de inoculação). Na fase de florescimento pleno procedeu-se a coleta da planta, para determinação da massa seca da parte aérea e do solo em 0-20 cm, para avaliações da nodulação; carbono orgânico total; nitrogênio total; carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana; relação C/N; atividade enzimática de β-glucosidase e urease. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste Tukey (P ≤ 0,05). Foi construída uma matriz de correlações de Pearson, a similaridade entre os tratamentos foi avaliada pela distância de Mahalanobis e o agrupamento pelo método de pares não ponderados com média aritmética (UPGMA). Ambos genótipos experimentais (BRS03 e BRS04) apresentaram comportamento semelhante para nodulação e padrão de matéria seca da parte aérea semelhantes em relação aos tratamentos com adubação. A aplicação de N mineral e inoculação incrementou o N total do solo, favorecendo a mineralização deste nutriente. Durante as fases de testes, os genótipos obtiveram elevação nos teores de carbono microbiano e quociente microbiano, indicando melhoria da qualidade do solo. A combinação de adubação e inoculação aumentou a atividade das enzimas β-glicosidase e urease. A matiz de correlação demonstrou elevada associação entre N total e relação C/N. A formação dos grupos pelo UPGMA foi obtida em função da inoculação, evidenciando seu efeito sobre as variáveis biológicas do solo. RESUMO feijãoguandu plantas Assim objetivouse objetivou se Cajanus L (L Millsp. Millsp Empregouse Empregou casualizados 3x inoculação. . inoculação) procedeuse procedeu planta 020 0 20 0-2 cm microbiana C/N CN C βglucosidase β glucosidase urease P 0,05. 005 0,05 05 0,05) Pearson UPGMA. (UPGMA) BRS03 BRS (BRS0 BRS04 nutriente testes βglicosidase glicosidase 02 2 0- 00 0,0 (UPGMA BRS0 (BRS 0,

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la producción de semillas y la capacidad de oferta forrajera de calidad del Kumanda yvyra’i (Cajanus cajan L.) sometido a diferentes dosis de fertilización orgánica. Fue utilizado el diseño de bloques completos al azar (DBCA) con arreglo de parcelas subdividas con cuatro tratamientos y tres repeticiones. Los tratamientos consistieron en un testigo (0 kg ha-1), y tres dosis crecientes de gallinaza (5.000, 10.000 y 15.000 kg ha-1). Las variables evaluadas fueron altura de plantas (AP), masa verde (MV), masa seca (MS), cantidad de plantas (CP), número de vainas (NV), masa de vaina fresca y seco (PVf y PVs), producción de semillas (PS). No se observaron diferencias significativas entre las variables evaluadas, exceptuando para MV y MS, donde al nivel de 5.000 kg de gallinaza (T1), se observó la mayor producción (34.533,3 kg.MV ha-1 y 17.642,1 kg.MS ha-1) diferenciándose de los demás tratamientos (promedio: 24.925 kg.MV ha-1 y 13.890,6 kg.MS ha-1) y el testigo (24.050,0 kg.MV ha-1 y 13.134,5 kg.MS ha-1). En cuanto las demás variables; los promedios observados fueron los siguientes, AP: 2,12 m (S) y 2,10 m (F), CP: 19,4 pl m-2 (S) y 22,3 pl/m2 (F), NV: 800,9 vainas/m2 y 43,4 vainas/pl, PVf: 3946,7 kg ha-1 y PVs: 3694,4 kg ha-1, PS: 972.222,2 semillas ha-1. La fertilización orgánica no afecta significativamente las variables de altura y cantidad de plantas. La dosis de 5.000 kg ha-1 incrementó la materia verde y seca, en la producción semillera no se observaron diferencias estadísticas significativas en las variables evaluadas.

ABSTRACT This study was carried out to evaluate the seed production and the quality forage supply capacity by the pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) subjected to different doses of organic fertilization. The design used was randomized complete blocks (RCBD) with arrangement of subdivided plots with four treatments and three repetitions. The treatments consisted of a control (0 kg ha-1), and three increasing doses of chicken manure (5.000, 10.000 and 15.000 kg ha-1). The variables evaluated were plant height (PH), green mass (GM), dry mass (DM), number of plants (NP), number of pods (NP), weight of fresh and dry pods (WPf and WPs), seed production (SP), nodules (NO). No significant differences were observed between the variables evaluated, except for GM and DM, where at the level of 5.000 kg of poultry manure (T1), the highest production was observed (34.533,3 kg.GM ha-1 and 17.642,1 kg.DM ha-1) differing from the other treatments (24,925 kg.GM ha-1 and 13,890.6 kg.DM ha-1) and the control (24,050.0 kg.GM ha-1 and 13,134.5 kg.DM ha-1). As for the other variables, the observed averages were for PH: 2,12 m (S) and 2,10 m (F), NPl: 19,4 pl m-2 (S) and 22,3 pl m-2 (F), NP: 800,9 pods m-2 and 43,4 pods/pl, WPf: 3946,7 kg ha-1 y WPs: 3594,4 kg ha-1, SP: 972.222,2 seeds/ha. No noteworthy nodulations were presented.

ABSTRACT Decomposition processes and mineralization are essential to determine the time to deploy and manage species in consortia or rotations. The aim of this article was study the dynamics of biomass decomposition and release of macronutrients of plant residues of Fabacea. The species used were: jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), dwarf mucuna (Mucuna deeringiana) and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea). The experiment was conducted in the field in a randomized block design, 4 x 5 factorial, four species of green manure and five times (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days). In the results, sunn hemp and pigeon pea had lower decomposition and release of C, N, K, and Mg. All species, K and P showed similar half-lives (t1/2). For N, sunn hemp presented the lowest coefficient of mineralization (k), 0.0040 g g-1 dia-1, associated with highest t1/2 (173.3 days), already, jack bean showed the highest k (0.0122 g g-1 dia-1) associated with the lowest t1/2 (56.8 days). In edaphoclimatic conditions, use of the jack bean and the dwarf mucuna is recommended for supply of nutrients in shorter periods of time for subsequent crops. However, sunn hemp and pigeon pea are recommended for greater persistence of mulch on the soil. rotations Fabacea were Canavalia ensiformis, ensiformis , ensiformis) Cajanus cajan, cajan cajan) Mucuna deeringiana Crotalaria juncea. juncea . juncea) design factorial 0, 0 (0 30 60 90 12 days. days days) results C N Mg halflives half lives t1/2. t12 t t1 2 (t1/2) k, (k) 00040 0040 0.004 g1 1 g- dia1, dia1 dia 1, dia-1 t1/ 173.3 1733 173 3 (173. days, already 0.0122 00122 0122 (0.012 56.8 568 56 8 (56. conditions crops However soil ( 6 9 (t1/2 (k 0004 004 0.00 dia- 173. 17 (173 0.012 0012 012 (0.01 56. (56 (t1/ 000 00 0.0 (17 0.01 001 01 (0.0 (5 (t1 0. (1 (0. (t

ABSTRACT Integrated agricultural production systems have been improved with the introduction of Urochloa grasses aiming at obtaining straw for a no-tillage system (NTS) and the increase of legumes, which promote physicochemical improvements in soils and guarantee intensification and sustainability of production. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic traits and yield of soybean in succession to the intercropping of corn with marandu grass and/or pigeonpea in five populations of plants harvested for silage production. The experiment was carried out in the Cerrado region of Selvíria, MS, Brazil, during the 2016/17 and 2017/18 agricultural years, in an Oxisol. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, with four replications. The treatments were arranged in a 2×5 factorial scheme, consisting of off-season corn intercropped with pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) and off-season corn intercropped with marandu grass (Urochloa brizantha) and pigeonpea, in addition to five sowing densities (0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 seeds m-1). Soybean was planted in succession aiming to evaluate the effect of remaining straw on crop performance. Soybean grown in succession to the triple intercropping of corn with marandu and pigeon pea shows increased productivity. notillage no tillage NTS (NTS legumes andor or Selvíria MS Brazil 201617 2016 17 2016/1 201718 2017 18 2017/1 years Oxisol blocks replications 25 2 5 2× scheme offseason off season Cajanus L. L (L. Millsp. Millsp brizantha 0, 0 (0 6 12 m1. m1 m 1 . m-1) performance productivity 20161 201 2016/ 20171 2017/ (L ( m-1 20 m-

ABSTRACT Soil quality, measured through its chemical, physical and microbiological attributes, changes as a result of anthropic sensations and becomes an important tool to assess environmental quality. The objective of this study was to determine and evaluate the Quality Index of an Ultisol in a long-term (17-yr) plots under different management systems in the Coastal Tablelands of Sergipe State, in Northeastern, Brazil. Main effects were conventional tillage (CT), no-tillage (NT), and minimum tillage (MT) distributed cultivated strips with corn as the main crop. Split-range treatments were randomly distributed and cultivated with cowpea beans (Vigna unguiculata), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), and millet (Pennisetum glaucum). A forest soil was used as reference, compared to the soil samples of the cultivated area. The Soil Quality Index (SQI) for the 0-0.10 m layer was calculated by the additive method. There were changes in soil properties between the different management systems, and between the experimental soil and the reference area. The highest SQI was obtained from the forest area (67.1) followed by the NT treatment (65.5), MT (65.1) and CT treatment (61.0). The lowest SQI was observed in the CT treatment previously cultivated with pigeon pea (56.5). Among the evaluated soil functions, maintenance of homeostasis had the greatest influence on the SQI. The higher acidity of the forest soil helps to explain the origin of the limitations of the soil in the cultivated area that occupies the same type of soil, tolerated by the adoption of conservationist managements. quality chemical attributes longterm long term 17yr yr 17 (17-yr State Northeastern Brazil CT, , (CT) notillage no NT, (NT) (MT crop Splitrange Split range Vigna unguiculata, unguiculata unguiculata) Crotalaria juncea, juncea juncea) Cajanus cajan, cajan cajan) Pennisetum glaucum. glaucum . glaucum) (SQI 00.10 0010 0 0.10 10 0-0.1 method 67.1 671 67 1 (67.1 65.5, 655 65.5 65 5 (65.5) 65.1 651 (65.1 61.0. 610 61.0 61 (61.0) 56.5. 565 56.5 56 (56.5) functions managements (CT (NT 00 00.1 001 010 0.1 0-0. 67. 6 (67. 65. (65.5 (65. 61. (61.0 56. (56.5 00. 01 0. 0-0 (67 (65 (61. (56. 0- (6 (61 (56 ( (5

RESUMO A qualidade do solo, medida por meio de seus atributos químicos, físicos e microbiológicos, muda em função das interações antrópicas e torna-se uma importante ferramenta para avaliar a qualidade ambiental. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar e avaliar o Índice de Qualidade de um Argissolo em parcelas de longo prazo (17 anos) sob diferentes sistemas de manejo nos Tabuleiros Costeiros do Estado de Sergipe, Nordeste do Brasil. Os principais efeitos foram plantio convencional (CC), cultivo minimo (CM) e plantio direto (MT) distribuídos em faixas cultivadas com milho como cultura principal. Os tratamentos fracionados foram distribuídos aleatoriamente e cultivados com feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata), crotalária (Crotalaria juncea), feijão guandu (Cajanus cajan) e milheto (Pennisetum glaucum). Um solo florestal foi utilizado como referência. O Índice de Qualidade do Solo (IQS) para a camada de 0-0,10 m foi calculado pelo método aditivo. Houve mudanças nas propriedades do solo entre os diferentes sistemas de manejo, e entre o solo do experimento e a área de referência. O maior IQS foi obtido da área de floresta (67,1) seguido do tratamento PD (65,5), CM (65,1) e tratamento CC (61,0). O menor IQS foi observado no tratamento CC previamente cultivado com feijão guandu (56,5). Dentre as funções avaliadas do solo, a manutenção da homeostase teve a maior influência no IQS. A maior acidez do solo florestal ajuda a explicar a origem das limitações do solo na área cultivada que ocupa o mesmo tipo de solo, exigindo a adoção de manejos conservacionistas. químicos microbiológicos tornase torna se ambiental 17 (1 anos Sergipe Brasil CC, , (CC) (CM MT (MT principal feijãocaupi caupi Vigna unguiculata, unguiculata unguiculata) Crotalaria juncea, juncea juncea) Cajanus cajan Pennisetum glaucum. glaucum . glaucum) referência (IQS 00,10 0010 0 0,10 10 0-0,1 aditivo 67,1 671 67 1 (67,1 65,5, 655 65,5 65 5 (65,5) 65,1 651 (65,1 61,0. 610 61,0 61 (61,0) 56,5. 565 56,5 56 (56,5) conservacionistas ( (CC 00 00,1 001 010 0,1 0-0, 67, 6 (67, 65, (65,5 (65, 61, (61,0 56, (56,5 00, 01 0, 0-0 (67 (65 (61, (56, 0- (6 (61 (56 (5

Resumen El uso de películas comestibles es una tecnología para alargar la vida útil de los alimentos. La adición de nanopartículas de plata (AgNPs) podría mejorar el desempeño de películas comestibles y evitar el crecimiento de microorganismos que podrían afectar a los alimentos. El objetivo fue elaborar y caracterizar AgNPs mediante síntesis verde y evaluar el efecto de su adición sobre las propiedades mecánicas y de barrera de películas formadas a partir de proteína de Cajanus cajan y goma de la semilla de Tamarindus indica. Para la síntesis de AgNPs se utilizó extracto acuoso de Annona muricata. Tres diferentes formulaciones de películas se elaboraron las cuales contenían AgNPs, extracto acuoso de guanábana y agua (control). Las películas fueron evaluadas en términos de su permeabilidad al vapor de agua (WVP), color, opacidad y propiedades mecánicas. Las AgNPs incrementaron el doble el módulo de Young de las películas (0.0675 MPa) y la fuerza de tensión (2.84 MPa) con respecto al control. Además, las AgNPs influyeron estadísticamente en el color y opacidad de la película. Sin embargo, no se observaron diferencias en la PVA. La adición de AgNPs a recubrimientos podría ser una opción para incrementar la vida útil de alimentos.

Abstract The use of edible films is a technology to extend the shelf life of food. The addition of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) could improve the performance of edible films and avoid the growth of microorganisms that could affect food. The objective was to elaborate and characterize AgNPs by green synthesis and to evaluate the effect of their addition on the mechanical and barrier properties of films formed from Cajanus cajan protein and Tamarindus indica seed gum. An aqueous extract of Annona muricata leaves was used for green synthesis. Three films were developed containing AgNPs, aqueous extract of Annona muricata leaves and water (control). Films were evaluated by their water vapour permeability (WVP), color, opacity and mechanical properties. The AgNPs increased two-fold the Young’s module (0.0675 MPa) and the tensile strength (2.84 MPa) in relation to control film. Moreover, the AgNPs influenced also the color and opacity of the films. However, no differences were observed in the WVP. The addition of AgNPs to films, could be an option to increase the shelf life of foods.

ABSTRACT Depending on the purpose of its cultivation, pigeon pea can be grown under different spacings and cuts, since it quickly resprouts. This study aimed to assess the pigeon pea growth, forage production and quality, considering two spacings and one cut. A field experiment using a completely randomized design, with three treatments [1.0 × 0.2 m spacing (between rows and plants, respectively), without cuts; 0.5 × 0.1 m, without cuts; and 0.5 × 0.1 m, with cut at 90 days after emergence (DAE)], was carried out. The spacings did not affect the plant height. The 0.5 × 0.1 m spacing showed an individual plant growth worse, but a forage yield (kg ha-1) higher than the 1.0 × 0.2 m treatment, from 120 to 180 DAE. The 0.5 × 0.1 m spacing was more advantageous than the 1.0 × 0.2 m, with the highest forage yield obtained by harvesting at 150 DAE. It is better to harvest the forage at 90 DAE and harvest it again at 180 DAE than maintaining a continuous plant growth and harvest it at 180 DAE. In each sampling date, there was no difference for stem and leaf crude protein and starch content as a function of the treatments. The forage harvested from 90 to 180 DAE showed similar crude protein and starch contents. So, for this period, the forage quality is not a limiting factor for establishing the harvest time. cultivation cuts resprouts design 10 1 0 [1. 02 2 0. between plants respectively, respectively , respectively) 05 5 01 9 DAE, (DAE)] out height worse kg ha1 ha ha-1 1. treatment 12 18 15 date contents So period time [1 (DAE) ha- [ (DAE

RESUMO Dependendo da finalidade, o guandu pode ser cultivado sob diferentes espaçamentos e cortes, pois rebrota rapidamente. Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento, produção e qualidade de forragem de guandu, considerando-se dois espaçamentos e um corte. Um experimento de campo foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos [espaçamento de 1,0 × 0,2 m (entre linhas e plantas, respectivamente), sem corte; 0,5 × 0,1 m, sem corte; e 0,5 × 0,1 m, com plantas cortadas aos 90 dias após a emergência (DAE)] e sete repetições. Os espaçamentos não influenciaram na altura das plantas. O espaçamento de 0,5 × 0,1 m apresentou pior crescimento individual das plantas, mas maior produtividade de forragem (kg ha-1) do que o espaçamento de 1,0 × 0,2 m, dos 120 aos 180 DAE. O espaçamento de 0,5 x 0,1 m foi mais vantajoso que o de 1,0 x 0,2 m, sendo a maior produtividade de forragem obtida na colheita aos 150 DAE. É melhor colher a forragem aos 90 DAE e colher novamente aos 180 DAE do que manter o crescimento contínuo das plantas e colher somente aos 180 DAE. Em cada época de amostragem, não houve diferença nos teores de proteína bruta e amido do caule e folha em função dos tratamentos. A forragem colhida dos 90 aos 180 DAE apresentou teores de proteína bruta e amido semelhantes. Assim, nesse período, a qualidade da forragem não é um fator limitante para definir o momento da colheita. finalidade cortes rapidamente Objetivouse Objetivou se considerandose considerando corte casualizado 10 1 0 1, 02 2 0, entre respectivamente, respectivamente , respectivamente) 05 5 01 9 (DAE) repetições kg ha1 ha ha-1 12 18 15 amostragem semelhantes Assim período (DAE ha-

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate plant cover and dry mass produced by green manures and their influence on the chemical attributes of soil for the ecological restoration of an area around bauxite mine environment in Southeast Brazil. Soil preparation, chemical fertilization and sowing of three species of green manures were carried out: Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria juncea and Stylosanthes guianensis. In general, C. cajan and C. juncea showed the best performance in plant cover. C. cajan and S. guianensis produced more phytomass. Green manures were efficient to promote rapid plant cover and increase in soil organic matter and total-N contents in all treatments. Therefore, green manure is a viable alternative that contributes to the success of ecological restoration projects in areas in the bauxite mining environment. Brazil preparation out general C S phytomass totalN total N treatments Therefore

ABSTRACT The cultivation of cover plants is a strategy for improving the agricultural production environment and providing straw for soil cover in the no-tillage system, in addition to cycling and providing nutrients to succeeding crops. This study aimed to assess the dry matter yield and nutrients accumulation by cover plants grown alone or intercropped in the second crop after soybean and their effects on cotton grown in succession. The treatments were: Urochloa ruziziensis; Pennisetum glaucum (millet); Zea mays (corn); Crotalaria spectabilis; Crotalaria ochroleuca; Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea); corn + U. ruziziensis; C. spectabilis + U. ruziziensis; C. ochroleuca + U. ruziziensis; pigeon pea + U. ruziziensis; corn + C. spectabilis; corn + C. ochroleuca; and corn + pigeon pea. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, with four replications, and the experiment was carried out in two crop seasons. In the cotton pre-seeding, the maximum amount of corn straw dry matter was 2,699 kg ha-1, with low macronutrient contents. The pigeon pea intercropped with U. ruziziensis produced between 8,400 and 12,941 kg ha-1 of dry matter, with a maximum content of 223 and 323 kg ha-1 of nitrogen and potassium, respectively. The U. ruziziensis, grown alone or intercropped, provided between 140 and 323 kg ha-1 of potassium in the straw. A high yield is obtained by cotton grown in the no-tillage system in succession to C. spectabilis. notillage no tillage crops were millet (millet) (corn) pea) U C blocks replications seasons preseeding, preseeding pre seeding, seeding pre-seeding 2699 2 699 2,69 ha1, ha1 ha 1, 1 contents 8400 8 400 8,40 12941 12 941 12,94 ha- 22 32 respectively 14 (millet (corn 269 69 2,6 840 40 8,4 1294 94 12,9 3 26 6 2, 84 4 8, 129 9 12,

RESUMO O cultivo de plantas de cobertura é uma estratégia para a melhoria do ambiente de produção agrícola e aporte de palhada para cobertura do solo no sistema plantio direto, além de ciclar e disponibilizar nutrientes às culturas sucessoras. Objetivou-se avaliar a produtividade de matéria seca e o acúmulo de nutrientes por plantas de cobertura cultivadas de forma solteira ou consorciada em segunda safra após a soja e seus efeitos sobre o algodoeiro cultivado em sucessão. Os tratamentos foram: Urochloa ruziziensis; Pennisetum glaucum (milheto); Zea mays (milho); Crotalaria spectabilis; Crotalaria ochroleuca; Cajanus cajan (guandu); milho + U. ruziziensis; C. spectabilis + U. ruziziensis; C. ochroleuca + U. ruziziensis; guandu + U. ruziziensis; milho + C. spectabilis; milho + C. ochroleuca; e milho + guandu. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, e o experimento realizado em duas safras agrícolas. Na pré-semeadura do algodão, a quantidade máxima de matéria seca da palhada de milho foi de 2.699 kg ha-1, com baixos conteúdos de macronutrientes. O guandu consorciado com U. ruziziensis produziu entre 8.400 e 12.941 kg ha-1 de matéria seca, com conteúdo máximo de 223 e 323 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio e potássio, respectivamente. A U. ruziziensis, cultivada de forma solteira ou consorciada, disponibilizou na palhada entre 140 e 323 kg ha-1 de potássio. Alta produtividade é obtida pelo algodoeiro cultivado sob sistema plantio direto em sucessão a C. spectabilis. sucessoras Objetivouse Objetivou se foram milheto (milheto) (milho) (guandu) U C acaso repetições agrícolas présemeadura pré semeadura algodão 2699 2 699 2.69 ha1, ha1 ha 1, 1 macronutrientes 8400 8 400 8.40 12941 12 941 12.94 ha- 22 32 potássio respectivamente 14 (milheto (milho (guandu 269 69 2.6 840 40 8.4 1294 94 12.9 3 26 6 2. 84 4 8. 129 9 12.

Abstract Development of transgenic crops with stable gene inheritance and expression over generations is important for effective deployment at field level. In present study, T1 plants of pigeonpea cultivars AL15 and AL201 were evaluated for the presence and expression of cry1Ab gene and protection against Maruca pod borer. Cry1Ab protein in transgene carrying T1 plants ranged from 0.72 to 0.87 µg/g flower tissue. In vitro insect bioassay demonstrated up to 49.17 and 53.80% loss in larval body weight after four days of infesting T1 transgenic flowers and pods, respectively. Further, no adults emerged from the pupae of larvae fed on transgenic plants 15-537 and 201-344. All T2 progeny plants of 15-537 exhibited cry1Ab presence; likewise, all T3 progeny plants derived from homozygous T2 plant (15-537-5) displayed presence and expression of transgene, thus establishing stable transgene integration in T1 plants, followed by its stable inheritance and expression in T2 and T3 generations. level study T AL AL1 AL20 cryAb cry Ab borer CryAb Cry 072 0 72 0.7 087 87 0.8 µgg µg g tissue 4917 49 17 49.1 5380 53 80 53.80 pods respectively Further 15537 15 537 15-53 201344. 201344 201 344. 344 201-344 likewise 155375 5 (15-537-5 AL2 07 7 0. 08 8 491 4 1 49. 538 53.8 1553 15-5 20134 20 34 201-34 (15-537- 53. 155 15- 2013 2 3 201-3 (15-537 201- (15-53 (15-5 (15- (15 (1 (