Resumo Considerando que a relação entre Educação Ambiental (EA) Crítica e Educação CTS/CTSA é pouco investigada, ainda que os dois campos possuam convergências importantes que correspondem aos anseios de uma educação contemporânea comprometida com a formação cidadã, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar as dimensões da EA e da Educação CTS/CTSA presentes em produções na área de ensino de ciências envolvidas com práticas em sala de aula. Para isto, foram selecionados trabalhos realizados em sala de aula que articularam CTS/CTSA e EA em suas abordagens e que foram publicados nos anais da VIII à XII edição do Encontro Nacional de Pesquisa em Educação em Ciências (ENPEC), um evento científico brasileiro. No total, 04 trabalhos corresponderam ao critério de busca, foram selecionados e analisados segundo 03 dimensões estruturantes de análise (DEA), construídas previamente como categorias à priori, fazendo referência à finalidade de ensino, ao objeto de estudo (realidade) e à abordagem que os campos da EA e CTS/CTSA possuem em comum. As DEAs foram sistematizadas conforme técnica adaptada da análise de conteúdo de Bardin, que traz as categorias de análise, unidades de registro e de contexto a partir de um critério de classificação definido pelo pesquisador. Obedeceu-se, dessa forma, a regra da exaustividade, da qual a autora aponta que nenhum dado deve ficar de fora das categorias construídas, por qualquer razão que seja. Os resultados demonstraram que alguns trabalhos reuniram mais de uma dimensão, sendo que “tomadas de decisão / participação social / cidadania” e “problematização da realidade / contextualização” foram as que apareceram concomitantemente em pelo menos três dos trabalhos avaliados. A dimensão “abordagem interdisciplinar/transdisciplinar”, apareceu em apenas um trabalho. Desta forma, compreende-se o esforço docente em aproximar conhecimento científico à realidade cotidiana dos estudantes, porém uma evidente carência de integração de saberes para análise da complexidade do real.

Abstract Considering that the relationship between Critical Environmental Education (EA) and CTS/CTSA Education is little investigated, even though these two fields hold important convergences that correspond to the aspirations of a contemporary education committed to citizenship formation, the present study aims to analyze the dimensions of EA and CTS/CTSA Education present in productions in the area of science teaching involved with practices in the classroom. Thereby, works which were carried out in classroom that articulated CTS/CTSA and EA in their approaches and that were published in the annals of the VIII to XII edition of the Encontro Nacional de Pesquisa em Educação em Ciências (ENPEC), a Brazilian scientific event, were selected. In total, 04 works corresponded to the search criteria, they were selected and analyzed according to 03 structuring dimensions of analysis (DEA) which were previously constructed as presupposed categories, referring to the teaching purpose, the object of study (reality) and the approach that EA and CTS/CTSA fields have in common. The DEAs were systematized according to a technique adapted from Bardin's content analysis, which brings the categories of analysis, the recording units and the context based on a classification criterion defined by the researcher. In this way, the rule of exhaustiveness was obeyed, in which the author points out that no data should be left out of the constructed categories, for any reason. The results showed that some studies combined more than one dimension, with “decision making/ social participation/ citizenship” and “problematization of reality/ contextualization” appearing concomitantly in at least three of the evaluated studies. The dimension “interdisciplinary/ transdisciplinary approach” appeared in only one work. In this way, one understands the teaching effort to bring scientific knowledge closer to the daily reality of students, but an evident lack of integration of knowledge for analysis of the complexity of reality.

Resumen El presente trabajo se propone hacer una crítica de lo que se conoce como la perspectiva lineal de desarrollo que articula ciencia-tecnología-sociedad. Se muestra que la perspectiva lineal asume supuestos como la autonomía y la neutralidad de la ciencia. Esta perspectiva es fundamental para los primeros estudios de comprensión pública de la ciencia, que buscan entender por qué existe en la sociedad resistencia y rechazo de la cultura tecnológica. Estos estudios se comprometen con los supuestos de la perspectiva lineal de desarrollo e introduce la hipótesis del modelo del déficit. Este modelo se puede criticar por diferentes razones, aquí se presentan tres líneas de argumentación para criticar la concepción lineal. Estos argumentos son convergentes en la perspectiva de los estudios sobre ciencia, tecnología y sociedad (CTS). Finalmente, veremos por qué es pertinente que la educación incorpore cursos de CTS en el currículo, dado el contexto de una cultura tecnológica.

Abstract The present work intends to make a critique of what is known as the linear perspective of development that articulates science-technology-society. It is shown that the linear perspective assumes assumptions such as the autonomy and neutrality of science. This perspective is fundamental for the first studies of public understanding of science, that seek to understand why there is resistance and rejection of technological culture in society. These studies commit to the assumptions of the linear perspective of development by introducing the deficit model hypothesis. This model can be criticized for different reasons, here three lines of argument are presented to criticize the linear conception. These arguments are convergent in the perspective of studies on science, technology and society (STS). Finally, we will see why it is pertinent for education to incorporate STS courses into the curriculum given the context of a technological culture.

Resumo O presente trabalho pretende fazer uma crítica à chamada perspectiva linear de desenvolvimento que articula ciência-tecnologia-sociedade. Mostra-se que a perspectiva linear assume pressupostos como a autonomia e a neutralidade da ciência. Essa perspectiva é fundamental para os primeiros estudos de compreensão pública da ciência que buscam entender por que há resistência e rejeição à cultura tecnológica na sociedade. Esses estudos se comprometem com os pressupostos da perspectiva linear do desenvolvimento ao introduzir a hipótese do modelo de déficit. Este modelo pode ser criticado por diferentes razões, aqui três linhas de argumentação são apresentadas para criticar a concepção linear. Esses argumentos são convergentes na perspectiva dos estudos sobre ciência, tecnologia e sociedade (CTS). Finalmente, veremos por que é pertinente para a educação incorporar cursos CTS no currículo dado o contexto de uma cultura tecnológica.

Resumo Investigar o impacto dos programas de tranferência de renda (CTs) nos desfechos ao nascer, incluindo peso ao nascer, baixo peso ao nascer e prematuridade, e crescimento físico infantil, avaliado pelos índices antropométricos de crianças menores de cinco anos. Revisão sistemática realizada nas bases de dados PubMed/Medline, Embase, LILACS, Cochrane Library, Scopus e Web of Science. Foram incluídos estudos quantitativos observacionais, experimentais e quasi-experimentais, com um total de 11 estudos na revisão. A maioria (81,8%) foi realizada em países de baixa e média rendas. Também na modalidade CT condicionais (63,6%). Quatro eram ensaios clínicos, e sete observacionais. Os CT condicionais estiveram associados a uma redução nos índices de altura-para-idade (-0,14; IC95% -0,27, -0,02); (OR 0,85; IC95% 0,77-0,94); (OR = 0,44; IC95% 0,19-0,98), redução significativa na chance de baixo peso-para-idade (OR = 0,16; IC95% -0,11-0,43), baixo peso-para-altura (OR = -0,68; IC95% -1,14, -0,21), e redução de peso para idade (OR = 0,27; IC95% 0,10; 0,71). CTs não condicionais foram associados à redução do baixo peso as nascer (RR = 0,71; IC95% 0,63-0,81; p < 0,0001), e de prematuros (RR = 0,76; IC95% 0,69-0,84; p < 0,0001). Os CTs condicionais podem influenciar positivamente os desfechos ao nascer e o crescimento infantil.

Abstract To investigate the impact of cash transfer (CTs) on birth outcomes, including birth weight, low birth weight and prematurity, as well as child physical growth were included, as assessed by anthropometric indices in children under five years of age. Searching was performed using the PubMed/Medline, Embase, LILACS, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Quantitative observational, experimental and quasi-experimental. Eleven studies were included in the review. The majority (81.8%) were carried out in low-and middle-income countries and most involved conditional CTs (63.6%). Four were clinical trials and seven were observational studies. Conditional CTs were found to be associated with a reduction in height-for-age (-0.14; 95%CI -0.27, -0.02); (OR 0.85; 95%CI 0.77-0.94); (OR = 0.44; 95%CI 0.19-0.98), a significantly reduced chance of low weight-for-age (OR = 0.16; 95%CI -0.11-0.43), low weight-for-height (OR = -0.68; 95%CI -1.14, -0.21), and low weight-for-age (OR = 0.27; 95%CI 0.10; 0.71). Unconditional CTs were associated with reduced birth weight (RR = 0.71; 95%CI 0.63-0.81; p < 0.0001) and preterm births (RR = 0.76; 95%CI 0.69-0.84; p < 0.0001). Conditional CTs can positively influence birth outcomes and child growth.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common condition greatly affects patients’ quality of life and ability to work. Systematic reviews provide useful information for treatment and health decisions. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the methodological quality of previously published systematic reviews on the treatment of CTS. DESIGN AND SETTING: Overview of systematic reviews conducted at the Brazilian public higher education institution, São Paulo, Brazil METHODS: We searched the MEDLINE and Cochrane Library database for systematic reviews investigating the treatment of CTS in adults. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and measurement tool to assess systematic reviews (AMSTAR) were applied by two independent examiners. RESULTS: Fifty-five studies were included. Considering the stratification within the AMSTAR measurement tool, we found that more than 76% of the analyzed studies were “low” or “very low”. PRISMA scores were higher when meta-analysis was present (15.61 versus 10.40; P = 0.008), while AMSTAR scores were higher when studies performed meta-analysis (8.43 versus 5.59; P = 0.009) or when they included randomized controlled trials (7.95 versus 6.06; P = 0.043). The intra-observer correlation demonstrated perfect agreement (> 0.8), a Spearman’s correlation coefficient of 0.829, and an ICC of0.857. The inter-observer correlation indicated that AMSTAR was more reliable than PRISMA. CONCLUSION: Overall, systematic reviews of the treatment of CTS are of poor quality. Reviews with better-quality conducted meta-analysis and included randomized controlled trials. AMSTAR is a better tool than PRISMA because it has a better performance and should be recommended in future studies. REGISTRATION NUMBER IN PROSPERO: CRD42020172328 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020172328)

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The diagnostic criteria for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) lack uniformity. Moreover, because CTS is a syndrome, there is no consensus as to which signs, symptoms, clinical and complementary tests are more reproducible and accurate for use in clinical research. This heterogeneity is reflected in clinical practice. Thus, establishing effective and comparable care protocols is difficult. OBJECTIVE: To identify the diagnostic criteria and outcome measures used in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on CTS. DESING AND SETTING: Systematic review of randomized clinical trials carried out at the Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Embase databases for RCTs with surgical intervention for CTS published between 2006 and 2019. Two investigators independently extracted relevant data on diagnosis and outcomes used in these studies. RESULTS: We identified 582 studies and 35 were systematically reviewed. The symptoms, paresthesia in the median nerve territory, nocturnal paresthesia, and special tests were the most widely used clinical diagnostic criteria. The most frequently assessed outcomes were symptoms of paresthesia in the median nerve territory and nocturnal paresthesia. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic criteria and outcome measures used in RCTs about CTS are heterogeneous, rendering comparison of studies difficult. Most studies use unstructured clinical criteria associated with ENMG for diagnosis. The Boston Questionnaire is the most frequently used main instrument to measure outcomes. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (CRD42020150965- https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=150965).

ABSTRACT Objective: We investigated the prevalence of adrenal incidentalomas (AIs) in a nonselected Brazilian population in chest computed tomography (CT) performed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional observational study using chest CT reports from a tertiary in- and outpatient radiology clinic from March to September 2020. AIs were defined by changes in the shape, size, or density of the gland initially identified in the released report. Individuals with multiple studies were included, and duplicates were removed. Exams with positive findings were reviewed by a single radiologist. Results: A total of 10,329 chest CTs were reviewed, and after duplicate removal, 8,207 exams were included. The median age was 45 years [IQR 35-59 years], and 4,667 (56.8%) were female. Thirty-eight lesions were identified in 36 patients (prevalence 0.44%). A higher prevalence was observed with age, with 94.4% of the findings in patients aged 40 years and over (RR 9.98 IC 2.39-41.58, p 0.002), but there was no significant difference between the sexes. Seventeen lesions (44.7%) had more than 10 HU, and five lesions (12.1%) were more than 4 cm. Conclusions: The prevalence of AIs in an unselected and unreviewed population in a Brazilian clinic is low. The impact on the health system caused by AIs discovered during the pandemic should be small regarding the need for specialized follow-up.

Abstract To investigate the impact of cash transfer (CTs) on birth outcomes, including birth weight, low birth weight and prematurity, as well as child physical growth were included, as assessed by anthropometric indices in children under five years of age. Searching was performed using the PubMed/Medline, Embase, LILACS, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Quantitative observational, experimental and quasi-experimental. Eleven studies were included in the review. The majority (81.8%) were carried out in low-and middle-income countries and most involved conditional CTs (63.6%). Four were clinical trials and seven were observational studies. Conditional CTs were found to be associated with a reduction in height-for-age (-0.14; 95%CI -0.27, -0.02); (OR 0.85; 95%CI 0.77-0.94); (OR = 0.44; 95%CI 0.19-0.98), a significantly reduced chance of low weight-for-age (OR = 0.16; 95%CI -0.11-0.43), low weight-for-height (OR = -0.68; 95%CI -1.14, -0.21), and low weight-for-age (OR = 0.27; 95%CI 0.10; 0.71). Unconditional CTs were associated with reduced birth weight (RR = 0.71; 95%CI 0.63-0.81; p < 0.0001) and preterm births (RR = 0.76; 95%CI 0.69-0.84; p < 0.0001). Conditional CTs can positively influence birth outcomes and child growth.

Resumo Investigar o impacto dos programas de tranferência de renda (CTs) nos desfechos ao nascer, incluindo peso ao nascer, baixo peso ao nascer e prematuridade, e crescimento físico infantil, avaliado pelos índices antropométricos de crianças menores de cinco anos. Revisão sistemática realizada nas bases de dados PubMed/Medline, Embase, LILACS, Cochrane Library, Scopus e Web of Science. Foram incluídos estudos quantitativos observacionais, experimentais e quasi-experimentais, com um total de 11 estudos na revisão. A maioria (81,8%) foi realizada em países de baixa e média rendas. Também na modalidade CT condicionais (63,6%). Quatro eram ensaios clínicos, e sete observacionais. Os CT condicionais estiveram associados a uma redução nos índices de altura-para-idade (-0,14; IC95% -0,27, -0,02); (OR 0,85; IC95% 0,77-0,94); (OR = 0,44; IC95% 0,19-0,98), redução significativa na chance de baixo peso-para-idade (OR = 0,16; IC95% -0,11-0,43), baixo peso-para-altura (OR = -0,68; IC95% -1,14, -0,21), e redução de peso para idade (OR = 0,27; IC95% 0,10; 0,71). CTs não condicionais foram associados à redução do baixo peso as nascer (RR = 0,71; IC95% 0,63-0,81; p < 0,0001), e de prematuros (RR = 0,76; IC95% 0,69-0,84; p < 0,0001). Os CTs condicionais podem influenciar positivamente os desfechos ao nascer e o crescimento infantil.

Resumen: María Belén Albornoz comparte en esta entrevista su trayectoria en el campo de los estudios de ciencia, tecnología y sociedad (CTS). En primer lugar, nos da a conocer los diálogos e intercambios con investigadores de varias latitudes y tradiciones intelectuales, y luego nos cuenta su experiencia en el campo de las políticas públicas. A su vez, nos da su mirada sobre el campo CTS en Ecuador y América Latina. Cuando le preguntamos sobre las agendas de investigación y la importancia de los estudios CTS, Albornoz señala que la pandemia por COVID-19 fue un proceso excepcional que mostró la estrecha relación entre tecnologías y sociedad, y también al Estado como un actor clave en la estabilización de tecnologías. Albornoz promueve con urgencia una mirada crítica de la tecnología, tanto para el campo de estudios como para la sociedad.

Abstract: María Belén Albornoz shares in this interview her background in the field of Science, Technology and Society Studies (STS). She refers first to the conversations with researchers from different countries academic traditions, and then to her experience in the field of public policy, while offering her view of the STS field in Ecuador and Latin America. Asked about research agendas and the importance of the STS studies, Albornoz points out that the COVID-19 pandemic was an exceptional process that highlighted the close relationship between technologies and society, as well as the role of the State as a key factor in the stabilization of technologies. Albornoz promotes a critical look at technology, both for the field of study and for society.

Resumen: Hernán Thomas, referente en el campo CTS en América Latina, conversa acerca de su trayectoria académica y algunos de los interrogantes que motorizan su investigación. En esta entrevista, relata su incorporación al campo CTS, marcado por la aspiración de construir un espacio de reflexión e intervención en torno a la tecnología apenas perfilado en la academia latinoamericana. Ante la pregunta ¿cómo construir senderos de desarrollo con tecnologías para la inclusión social en Latinoamérica?, Thomas responde con una perspectiva amplia. Relaciona la persistencia de un pensamiento hegemónico que reproduce los modelos de dependencia, con su manifestación en sistemas de evaluación científica centrados en la publicación en revistas internacionales. Se estimula, por lo tanto, la creación de un campo científico alineado con las agendas de investigación de los países centrales, mientras se construyen sistemas sociotécnicos que desvinculan a los tecnólogos de las problemáticas locales. Ante este diagnóstico, Thomas sostiene que la teoría es necesaria, pero no suficiente; se deben articular estrategias y planificaciones que integren la producción y los artefactos con sus macroestructuras tecnoeconómicas. Construir un sendero de desarrollo tecnológico inclusivo demanda una visión contrahegemónica que permita pensar futuros más igualitarios y libres para el sur global.

Abstract: Hernán Thomas-a well-known figure in Science and Technology Studies (STS) in Latin America-talks about his academic career and some of the questions that drive his research. In this interview, he narrates his encounter with STS-which was marked by the aspiration to create a space of reflection and intervention around technology an incipient field in Latin American academia. When asked “How can we forge paths to development using technologies for social inclusion in Latin America?”, Thomas adopts a broad perspective. He relates the persistence of a hegemonic thought that reproduces the models of dependency, with their manifestation in scientific production evaluation focused on publication in international journals. This contributes to build a scientific field in line with central countries’ research agendas, while constructing sociotechnical systems that detach technologists from local problems. In the face of this diagnosis, Thomas holds that theory is necessary, but insufficient. Plans and strategies should be designed to integrate production and artifacts with their technoeconomic macrostructures. Forging a path of inclusive technologic development requires a counter-hegemonic vision that would enable more egalitarian and free futures for the Global South.

Resumo: Foi pela vivência de pesquisa no exterior que Ivan da Costa Marques tomou consciência da dependência tecnológica do Brasil. Foi na pesquisa no Brasil que ele vivenciou a reserva do mercado de minicomputadores como uma linha de fuga da dependência tecnológica, o que para ele seria, para o Brasil, uma aproximação autônoma da modernidade. Foi refletindo sobre como o sucesso dessa linha de fuga se transformou em fracasso que da Costa Marques se deu conta de que as explicações disciplinares, fossem da engenharia, da economia ou mesmo da sociologia, tinham sempre hipóteses e opções implícitas de valores que tendiam a reforçar o modo de ver dos países ditos desenvolvidos. Depois, continuando a estudar e pesquisar sobre as limitações dessa linha de fuga, chegou aos Estudos de ciência, tecnologia e sociedade e situou os Estudos de ciência, tecnologia e sociedade como uma poderosa ferramenta daqueles que estão engajados na superação da colonialidade nas periferias do Ocidente.

Abstract: Ivan da Costa Marques became aware of Brazil's technological dependence through research experience abroad. And through research within the country, based on an autonomous approach to modernity for Brazil, he discovered that the reserves of the minicomputer market could be a vanishing point from technological dependence. With his reflection on how the success of this escape line became a failure, Costa Marques realized that disciplinary explanations from engineering, economics, or even sociology, always had implicit assumptions and value choices that reinforced the view of the so-called developed countries. Thus, the study of the limitations of this vanishing point led to Science, Technology and Society Studies that situated them as a powerful tool for overcoming coloniality in the peripheries of the West.

Resumen: En esta entrevista a Javiera Barandiarán, Sebastián Rubiano nos permite reflexionar sobre la diversidad de epistemologías en torno a los estudios de ciencia, tecnología y sociedad (CTS) en América Latina. A través de una conversación abierta, Barandiarán nos comparte las características únicas del estudio sociológico e histórico de la ciencia en nuestra región, incluyendo un pasado colonial, tensiones, alianzas con los gobiernos y un extractivismo siempre presente. Esta entrevista permite observar las características del campo CTS en el contexto de los desafíos sociales, políticos y tecnológicos que comparten varios países de América Latina.

Abstract: In this interview with Javiera Barandiarán, Sebastián Rubiano enables us to reflect on the diversity of epistemologies revolving around Science and Technology Studies (STS) in Latin America. In an open conversation, Barandiarán shares the unique characteristics of the sociological and historical study of science in our region, including a colonial past, tensions, alliances with governments, and an ever-present extractivism. This interview enables us to observe the characteristics of the STS field in the context of the social, political, and technological challenges shared by several countries in Latin America.

Resumen: En esta entrevista que Paty Montiel le realiza a la destacada investigadora mexicana, Rosalba Casas, se presenta una reflexión de las relaciones profesionales y personales que le han permitido contribuir al desarrollo de los estudios de ciencia, tecnología y sociedad (CTS) en América Latina. A través de una conversación abierta, y en ocasiones íntima, Casas nos permite conocer cómo encuentros desarrollados durante la juventud de muchos investigadores destacados de hoy, continúan a la fecha. Y es que son precisamente esas relaciones las que han empujado publicaciones, campos académicos y relaciones profesionales. El desarrollo de los estudios CTS ha evolucionado a través de debates académicos que se conjugan con relaciones personales dentro de un marco político y social. Hacia el final de la conversación, Casas reflexiona sobre cómo la especificidad multidisciplinaria de los CTS, más que un obstáculo, son la puerta de entrada para poder influir en la elaboración de políticas públicas más holísticas.

Abstract: In this interview, Paty Montiel talks with the well-known Mexican researcher Rosalba Casas, who reflects on the professional and personal relationships that have enabled her to contribute to Science and Technology Studies (STS) in Latin America. In this open and sometimes intimate conversation, Casas shows us that the relationships that were established by many now-outstanding STS researchers during their youth still stand today. It is precisely those relationships what has motivated publications, the development of academic fields, and professional networks. STS has evolved through academic debates in combination with personal relationships in a political and social framework. Toward the end of this conversation, Casas reflects on how the multidisciplinary specificity of STS, rather than an obstacle, is an open path to influence the formulation of more holistic public policy.

Resumen: Pablo Kreimer, referente del campo de los estudios sociales de la ciencia, tecnología y sociedad (CTS), relata su trayectoria académica desde las inquietudes que se le presentaron en distintos momentos de su vida respecto a la ciencia y la tecnología y su relación con el entorno desde las políticas científicas nacionales, las relaciones entre centros y periferias, hasta la relación entre problemas de conocimiento y problemas sociales. Al preguntarse ¿cómo surgen y cómo se desarrollan los campos científicos en contextos periféricos, y cuál es su relación con las sociedades en las que se insertan?, propone observar a las disciplinas y a los procesos de institucionalización de estas, como objetos analíticos claves, a observar en contextos periféricos, tal como hizo con la biología molecular en Argentina. Reflexivo y crítico desde una mirada histórica, política y epistemológica, habla sobre el campo CTS con foco en América Latina y resalta los que, en su mirada, son los límites y desafíos de este campo y la relación de los estudios CTS con las políticas públicas, las ciencias sociales y el sector privado. Propone, además, la necesidad de renovar las agendas de investigación, no como un imperativo intradisciplinario, sino como un modo de abordar el clima de su época. Para Kreimer, cuya mirada desde la sociología política de la ciencia da cuenta de las relaciones de poder y de la importancia de los contextos, los objetos de investigación y los enfoques analíticos deben, al mismo tiempo, advertir de los problemas sociales y de la acumulación de conocimiento producido.

Abstract: Pablo Kreimer, a renowned expert in Science and Technology Studies (STS), shares the concerns he had throughout his academic career regarding science and technology, including how both relate to the social environment (from the perspective of national science policies), the relationships between centers and peripheries, and the relationship between knowledge problems and social problems. To better understand how scientific fields emerge and develop in peripheral contexts and how they relate to the societies in which they are immersed, he suggests treating disciplines and their institutionalization as key objects of analysis to be observed in peripheral contexts, as he did with molecular biology in Argentina. From a historical, political, and epistemological perspective, Kreimer critically reflects on the development of the field of STS, with a special emphasis on Latin America. He also highlights its limitations and challenges (in his opinion) and analyzes the relationship between STS and public policies, social sciences, and the private sector. Additionally, he argues that research agendas should be updated-not as an interdisciplinary requirement, but rather as a way to address the circumstances of their time. According to Kreimer, whose perspective on the political sociology of science takes into account power relations and the relevance of different contexts, research objects and analytical approaches should warn about social problems and knowledge accumulation.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia intra- y posoperatoria, y la comodidad para el paciente de dos variantes de la anestesia en dos grupos con síndrome del túnel carpiano. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, comparativo, retrospectivo, observacional mediante un cuestionario telefónico de 12 ítems sobre la anestesia local sin manguito. Se incorporó a pacientes con síndrome del túnel carpiano operados entre 2008 y 2019, mediante un miniabordaje abierto, y se los dividió en: grupo 1: lidocaína al 2% más bupivacaína al 0,5% más epinefrina 1:200.000 más sedación ligera (n = 32) y grupo 2: lidocaína al 2% más epinefrina 1:200.000 (n = 57). Resultados: Se evaluó a 89 pacientes (media de edad 66.9 años). Todos se mostraron satisfechos y confirmaron que volverían a elegir este procedimiento. No hubo diferencias significativas en la comodidad o el posible desarrollo de síntomas intra- o posoperatorios entre ambos grupos. La permanencia posoperatoria fue de 1-3 h, sin hospitalización. El sangrado fue mínimo. Conclusiones: La liberación del túnel carpiano bajo anestesia local más epinefrina, sin manguito hemostático, resultó segura y sin complicaciones. Los pacientes no refirieron dolor local intraoperatorio ni posoperatorio inmediato, ni en el sitio del torniquete. La permanencia en el centro asistencial fue breve. La estancia corta y la menor cantidad de elementos empleados (anestésicos, manguito) implican una reducción de los costos del procedimiento. Si bien es recomendable la presencia de un anestesiólogo, puede llegar a realizarse en ámbitos adecuados sin él. No se recomienda su empleo sin estudios prequirúrgicos ni fuera del quirófano.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the intraoperative and postoperative efficacy and comfort of two variants of anesthesia in two groups with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Materials and Methods: Descriptive, comparative, retrospective, observational study using a 12-item telephone questionnaire on local anesthesia without a tourniquet. We included patients with CTS who underwent surgery between 2008 and 2019 with a mini-open approach and divided them into two groups: 1) 2% lidocaine plus 0.5% bupivacaine plus 1:200,000 epinephrine plus light sedation (n = 32) and 2) 2% lidocaine plus epinephrine 1:200,000 (n = 57). Results: 89 patients were evaluated (mean age 66.9 years). All patients were satisfied and confirmed they would choose this procedure again. There were no significant differences in comfort or the possible development of intra- or postoperative symptoms between the two groups. The postoperative stay was 1-3 hours; hospitalization was not required. The bleeding was minimal. Conclusion: Carpal tunnel release under local anesthesia with lidocaine + epinephrine, without a tourniquet, has proven to be a safe procedure with no complications. The patients did not complain of local immediate intraoperative or postoperative pain or pain at the site of the tourniquet. The stay in the healthcare facility was shorter. The short stay and the fewer elements used (anesthetics, tourniquet) imply a reduction in the costs of the procedure. Though the presence of an anaesthesiologist is recommended, the procedure can be performed in appropriate settings without one. We do not recommend its use without preoperative studies or outside the operating room.

RESUMO Grande quantidade de resíduos de polietileno tereftalato (PET) é gerada anualmente em razão da utilização desse polímero na fabricação de embalagens e garrafas. Estudos indicam a viabilidade de utilização desse resíduo como insumo para a produção de argamassas, focando na sustentabilidade. Este trabalho demonstra a viabilidade técnica, sob os aspectos físico e mecânico, da substituição de areia natural por PET em misturas de argamassas destinadas à fabricação de telhas cimentícias (TC). Percorreram-se as seguintes etapas metodológicas: estudo de dosagem, confecção de corpos de prova com argamassas com substituição da areia natural por resíduo de PET nos percentuais de 0, 5, 10 e 15%; avaliação das propriedades físico-mecânicas das misturas e definição da porcentagem de incorporação de PET; produção e avaliação de TC de referência e com PET. Selecionou-se a mistura com 15% de incorporação de PET para fabricar as telhas em razão de sua adequada resistência à flexão e porosidade. O PET em pouco interferiu nas propriedades visuais, geométricas, físicas e mecânicas das TC, mantendo-as de acordo com os limites normativos. O PET é tecnicamente viável para ser incorporado em matrizes cimentícias para a produção de TC, o que evitaria sua destinação a áreas ilegais e aterros, contribuindo para a sustentabilidade urbana.

ABSTRACT A large amount of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) waste is generated annually due to the use of this polymer in the manufacture of packaging and bottles. Studies indicate the feasibility of using this residue as an input for the production of mortars, focusing on sustainability. This work demonstrated the technical feasibility under the physical, mechanical, and thermal aspects of the incorporation of natural sand aggregate by PET waste flakes in mortar mixtures for cementitious tiles (CT) manufacture. The following methodological steps were carried out: dosage study, preparation of specimens with mortar with replacement of natural sand by PET residue in percentages of 0, 5, 10, and 15%; evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of the mixtures and definition of the percentage of PET incorporation; production and evaluation of the reference and PET CTs. The blend with 15% PET incorporation was selected to manufacture the CTs given the adequate flexural strength and porosity. PET did not interfere in the CT's visual, geometric, physical, and mechanical properties, attending to the standard requirements. The PET is technically feasible to be incorporated into cement matrices for the production of CTs, avoiding their destination in illegal areas and landfills, contributing to urban sustainability.