Hook-and-line fishing is commonly used in South African inland fisheries; however, very little quantitative information on catch and effort exists, even though it is essential to advise management of the sector. To provide information towards management of South Africa's largest impoundment, the Gariep Dam, roving creel surveys were conducted to quantify annual fish harvest and to identify changes in fisher catch, effort and harvest data in comparison to historic data. The surveys were also conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic which presented an additional opportunity to describe fishery dynamics during the pandemic. Randomly stratified sampling was conducted from November 2020 to October 2021, in which catch and effort data of hook-and-line fishers were collected. Two fishery user groups were encountered: recreational and subsistence users were present, but the fishery was dominated by subsistence fishers. There was a more skewed dominance between these fisher groups than what was found during similar surveys in 2007/2008. Catch per unit effort was similar to previous estimates, at 0.51 kg-fisher-1h-1 (95% CI:0.47-0.54). There was, however, a significant reduction in fishing effort during the sampling period when compared to historic data, and estimated annual total harvest was only one third of what was previously reported. It was also noted that recreational fishers avoided fishing during the Covid-19 pandemic, whereas the subsistence fishers could not avoid fishing as it is their primary means of livelihood. The results of the study suggested that subsistence fisheries provide valuable livelihood support to communities, and serve as an example on what impacts a crisis such as a global pandemic may have on inland fisheries.

Abstract Studies relating the populational structure of target species to operational and environmental variables contribute directly to the management of the fisheries in these resources. Therefore, this study aimed to provide data on fishing and ecology of the swordfish ( Xiphias gladius) caught by the Brazilian longline fleet operating in the western Atlantic between 2010 and 2016. Generalized additive mixed models were used to evaluate the relationship between explanatory variables and responses based on Catch Per Unit of Effort (CPUE) data. Results show that the Brazilian longline fleet catches the swordfish mostly between latitudes of 5°N to 30°S and longitudes of 20° to 50°W and that the swordfish prefers temperatures under 25°C at depths below 60 meters. The species showed a tendency toward intermediate light intensity, predominating in the crescent moon phase, and a preference for areas with low chlorophyll concentrations. Our findings on operational and environmental interactions with swordfish CPUE suggest areas and times that can be used by fishing fleets and government institutions as a starting point for swordfish management strategies. resources Therefore gladius 201 2016 (CPUE 5N N 5 30S S 30 20 50W W 50 25C C 25 6 meters intensity phase concentrations strategies 3 2

Resumen Introducción: El Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica es una región diversa y productiva; sin embargo, tenemos un escaso conocimiento sobre el estado de los recursos marinos y la dinámica pesquera, particularmente de la pesca artesanal en el Golfo de Santa Elena, uno de los principales caladeros de la zona. Objetivo: Caracterizar la dinámica de esta pesquería. Métodos: Se analizaron los datos recopilados por el Instituto Costarricense de Pesca y Acuicultura y las facturas pesqueras de los sitios de desembarque para el período 2010-2019. Resultados: Hubo una alta variación en la biomasa desembarcada, sin embargo, la captura total por unidad de esfuerzo (CPUE; kg/día) y de las principales especies objetivo no disminuyó significativamente. En general, hubo una CPUE más baja en los meses de surgencia (diciembre-abril). De las 42 especies comerciales reportadas, la mayor biomasa provino del pargo mancha (Lutjanus guttatus; 22 % de la biomasa), el pargo seda (L. peru; 18 %), las cabrillas (Epinephelus spp.; 15 %) y el pulpo (Octopus spp., 13 %). Conclusiones: La CPUE en Santa Elena no ha disminuido significativamente de 2010 a 2019, pero disminuye en la época de surgencia.

Abstract Introduction: The North Pacific of Costa Rica is a diverse and productive region; however, we have a poor understanding of the status of marine resources and fisheries dynamics, particularly for the artisanal fishery in the Gulf of Santa Elena, one of the main fishing grounds of the area. Objective: To characterize the dynamics of this fishery. Methods: We analyzed data collected by the Instituto Costarricense de Pesca y Acuicultura, and sales invoices from landing sites for the period 2010-2019. Results: There was high variation in the landed biomass, however, total catch per unit effort (CPUE; kg/day) and of the main targeted species did not decrease significantly. Overall, there was a lower CPUE in upwelling months (December-April). For the 42 commercial species reported, most biomass was from the spotted rose snapper (Lutjanus guttatus; 22 % of biomass), the Pacific red snapper (L. peru; 18 %), groupers (Epinephelus spp.; 15 %) and octopuses (Octopus spp., 13 %). Conclusions: CPUE at Santa Elena has not declined significantly from 2010 to 2019, but it falls in the upwelling season.

ABSTRACT The relationship between climate variability and the small-scale fishery (SSF) of the Albuquerque Cays was studied from 2004 to 2018. The environmental variables analyzed were: sea surface temperature (SST), wind magnitude, and chlorophyll (Chl-α). The fishery is multi-species; 410 individuals were identified, belonging to 4 orders, 15 families, and 62 species, of which 38.7% are reef, 35.5% demersal, and 25.8% pelagic. The most dominant species were Caranx latus, Elagatis bipinnulata, Coryphaena hippurus, Lutjanus vivanus, Ocyurus chrysurus, Thunnus atlanticus, Sphyraena barracuda, Canthidermis sufflamen, Etelis oculatus, Acanthocybium solandri, Lutjanus jocu, Balistes vetula, Lutjanus buccanella, followed by Rhomboplites aurorubens and Mycteroperca bonaci. The pelagic species that contribute the most in biomass and commercial importance are S. barracuda, A. solandri, T. atlanticus, and E. bipinnulata, the most important due to their high market value. A significant correlation was found among SST, Chl-α, wind magnitude, and catch per unit effort (CPUE) anomalies. The highest CPUE values occurred in January, March, June and September were associated with the passage of cold fronts and hurricanes, giving way to new fishing opportunities and conservation of some resources.

ABSTRACT The control of the fishing effort and establishment of individual catch quotas has been proposed as a strategy to manage the Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) fishery in the north of the Gulf of California. In this study, the issues related to the efficiency of hake fishing vessels are analyzed. Two different types of vessels, large and small, were identified using the physical characteristics of 53 vessels in a cluster analysis. Using generalized linear models (GLM), efficiency variation (catch per unit of effort CPUE) was assessed with data derived from onboard observations of 74 trips made by 25 vessels and 814 sets from 2015 to 2019. The variables used to determine their contribution to CPUE were years, vessel types, fishing areas, depth strata, and their interactions. The factors year, fishing area, net type, and vessel type explain the interannual variability in the CPUE. The model, which included the interactions, showed 18% of explained deviance and indicated that interactions between year and area and between depth and vessel were significant and contributed the most to the deviance explained by the model. A GLM exhibited 11% of the explained deviance without considering interactions and indicates that large vessels are 1.5 times more efficient than small vessels.

RESUMEN La pesca desarrollada por las comunidades ribereñas ha sido poco estudiada a pesar de su importancia en la economía y la alimentación local. En este trabajo se presentan las principales características de la pesca realizada en el lago Aripari a partir del análisis de registros de desembarque pesquero. Entre abril 2018 y febrero 2019 se evaluó la riqueza y composición de especies, biomasa desembarcada, capturas por unidad de esfuerzo (CPUE) por periodos hidrológicos y el aporte nutricional de las especies destinadas al consumo humano. Se registraron 47 especies, agrupadas en 23 familias y 9 órdenes, siendo la familia Pimelodidae la más diversa (6 especies). La riqueza de especies fue mayor durante la vaciante, dominada por especies de migración local y de hábitos piscívoros. El desembarque total ascendió a 10 650,7 kg, donde 14 especies representaron el 85,0% de la biomasa. El 67% de la biomasa fue para la venta, desembarcándose más del 57% en creciente. La CPUE promedio anual fue 0,30 kg/hp (DE = 0,18), obteniéndose las capturas más bajas en temporada de creciente (KW, p-valor < 0,05). Las cochas fueron los ambientes acuáticos que presentaron mayores CPUE (KW, p-valor < 0,05). Boquichico y llambina destacan por su aporte en proteína, fósforo, hierro, potasio y omega-3. Los resultados muestran que la pesca en el lago Aripari se realiza a pequeña escala en diferentes ambientes acuáticos donde se aprovecha un grupo diverso de peces capturados con diferentes materiales de pesca, siendo esta una actividad importante y arraigada en la comunidad.

ABSTRACT Despite its importance in the local economy and food supply, the fishing carried out by riverside communities has been little studied. This paper presents the main characteristics of fishing in Lake Aripari based on the analysis of fish landing records. Between April 2018 and February 2019, species richness and composition, landed biomass, catch per unit effort (CPUE) by hydrological periods, and the nutritional contribution of species destined for human consumption were evaluated. Forty-seven species were recorded, grouped into 23 families and 9 orders, with the Pimelodidae family being the most diverse (6 species). Species richness was higher during the dry season, dominated by species of local migration and piscivorous habits. The total landings amounted to 10 650,7 kg, where 14 species accounted for 85,0% of the biomass. Sixty-seven percent of the biomass was for sale, with more than 57% being landed in crescent. The mean annual CPUE was 0,30 kg/hp (SD = 0,18), with the lowest catches in the crescent season (KW, p-value < 0,05). The oxbow lakes were the aquatic environments with the highest CPUE (KW, p-value < 0,05). Boquichico and llambina stand out for their contribution in protein, phosphorus, iron, potassium, and omega-3. The results show that fishing in Lake Aripari is carried out on a small scale in different aquatic environments where a diverse group of fish are caught with different fishing materials, making this an important and deeply rooted activity in the community.

Abstract The present study was based on the analysis of 10,467 trawls of the industrial piramutaba (Brachyplatystoma vaillantii) fishing fleet of the Brazilian state of Pará, which were mapped by onboard GPS loggers (between February 2008 and September 2011) and the PREPS data from 40 vessels which were tracked by this system between 2008 and 2011. The variation in the mean monthly CPUE, based on Lomb’s periodogram, revealed a well-defined and constant cycle with a duration of approximately one year. Three environmental factors influenced this cycle. The El Niño 3.4 index had a negative correlation with the CPUE of the piramutaba fishery, with a time lag of 15 months, while monthly rainfall and the mean discharge of the Amazon River correlated strongly (r=0.89 and 0.87, respectively; p<0.001) with the CPUE, with time lags of 12 and 11 months, respectively. The spatiotemporal analysis of the distribution of the activity of the piramutaba fishing fleet indicated that the most intense area of operation of the fleet lies between latitudes 00º N and 02° N, and longitudes 047º40’ W and 049º40’ W. This area was divided into four geographic quadrants, although fishery operations were concentrated in only three of these quadrants. The study proposed a quadrimester fishing cycle with zoning in three of the quadrants, where fishing would be permitted for four months (occupation period), followed by an 8-month rest period for the recuperation of stocks, aiming at the sustainability of this fishing exploration.

Freshwater crayfish are damaging invaders across southern Africa; however, monitoring techniques and efforts are disparate across the region as different sampling methods have been used. To develop a standard method for assessing redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus abundance, a survey was conducted to assess for differences in detection and catch per unit effort (CPUE) in Lake Kariba. Two sampling approaches were compared: opera traps baited with cooked maize meal historically used in crayfish surveys in Zimbabwe, and Promar collapsible traps baited with dry dog food, which have been used for assessments in South Africa and Swaziland. Baits were compared in the Barotse Floodplain in Zambia using the Promar trap. Detection probability (Pcapture) and CPUE were significantly lower for opera traps baited with cooked maize meal (Pcapture = 0.41; CPUE = 1.19 ± 0.24 ind.•trap -1•night -1) compared to the Promar traps baited with dry dog food (Pcapture = 0.67; CPUE = 4.53 ± 0.82 ind•trap -1•night -1). The Pcapture and CPUE for Promar traps baited with dog food (Pcapture = 0.89; CPUE = 4.29 ± 0.83 ind•trap-1•night -1) was significantly higher than for maize meal baited traps (Pcapture = 0.29; CPUE = 0.25 ± 0.17 ind•trap -1•night -1). Sex ratio and carapace length of crayfish sampled did not differ between sampling methods. Due to higher CPUE, the authors consider the Promar collapsible trap baited with dog food approach as the better method for determining crayfish population abundance and suggest that comparisons of abundance take this into consideration by applying conversion factors if different methods are applied.

RESUMEN Se analizaron las estadísticas de desembarque de pescado fresco y refrigerado en Yarinacocha durante el periodo 2015 a 2019, considerando desembarques totales y des- embarques por especie (en toneladas métricas - t), artes de pesca, lugares de pesca y número de viajes. La Captura por Unidad de Esfuerzo (CPUE) se expresó en t*viaje con pesca-1. Los resultados indican que los desembarques fueron relativamente mayores en 2016 (815 t), aunque sin diferencias significativas entre años. Los desembarques mensuales presentaron diferencias significativas principalmente entre meses de creciente (enero-abril) con meses de vaciante (julio-agosto), lo que confirma la influencia de los niveles del río, donde los desembarques aumentan en aguas bajas (julio-setiembre) y disminuyen en aguas altas (enero-marzo). En desembarques por categoría trófica, los detritívoros dominaron en «creciente» y los omnívoros en «vaciante». Especies de las órdenes Siluriformes y Characiformes son dominantes, especialmente Pterygoplichthys spp «carachama» y Prochilodus nigricans «boquichico». Las artes de pesca más im- portantes por su contribución al desembarque fueron las redes de enmalle y las redes de cerco, en tanto que por la frecuencia de uso resaltaron, además, los anzuelos o espineles.

ABSTRACT The statistics of landing of fresh and chilled fish in Yarinacocha lake during the period 2015 to 2019 were analysed, considering: total landings and landings by species (in metric tons - t), fishing gear, fishing locations and number of trips. The catch per unit effort (CPUE) was expressed in t * fishing trip-1. The results indicate that landings were relatively higher in 2016 (815 t), although without significant differences between years. The monthly landings showed significant differences mainly between the months of «high waters» (January-April) with months of «low waters» (July-August), which confirms the influence of river levels, where landings increase in low waters (July-September) and decrease in high waters (January-March). In landings by trophic category, detritivores dominated in «high waters» and omnivores in «low waters». Species of the orders Siluriformes and Characiformes were dominant, especially Pterygoplichthys spp «carachama» and Prochilodus nigricans «boquichico». The most important fishing gears for their contribution to landing were gillnets and purse seines, while hooks also stood out due to the frequency of use.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the brachyuran crab assemblages associated with shrimp fishing on the central-southern coast of Veracruz. Information was collected using 46 trawls organized within nine fishing quadrants. The total catch shrimp, bycatch, and discard were recorded and standardized (CPUE kg h−1). Value index by species, species richness, diversity using Shannon and Weaver index, and equitability were determined. A total of 3055 individuals were collected, which corresponded to nine families, 13 genera, and 14 species. Achelous spinicarpus species were identified at the greatest relative abundance (77.74%). Four new species records for the zone: Hepatus pudibundus, Iliacantha liodactylus, Leiolambrus punctatissimus, and Platylambrus granulatus. Species richness varied according to fishing quadrant and depth interval assessed. The highest value of species richness was eight, and observed Margalef species richness index values ranged from 0 to 2.23. The diversity values ranged from 0 to 2.41 bits ind−1; this may indicate that a few species share the greatest impact of trawling. The presence of lagoon systems was determined to define a portion of the composition of the assemblage. Understanding assemblage structure is important to improve knowledge on the impact of shrimp trawling activity on the ecosystem.

Abstract: The abundance of early stages of the surf silverside Notocheirus hubbsi in nearshore waters of central Chile, collected in samplings set up to assess the lunar cycle during austral spring and summer is reported. A total of 19 specimens were collected with light traps, 16 larvae (7.89-16.20 mm SL) in austral spring and 3 juveniles (30.70-34.60 mm SL) in summer. Capture per unit effort (CPUE) varied from 0.33 to 2.00 ind. light trap-1 night-1 during the entire study period (September 2015-February 2016, and September 2016-February 2017). N. hubbsi catches recorded maximum abundance during the new moon and no catches during full moon.

RESUMEN Un mayor conocimiento de la selectividad de los artes de pesca permite determinar la capacidad de selección de los tamaños y formas de las especies capturadas, además de proporcionar información útil para su conservación y aprovechamiento. Este estudio determinó los parámetros de selectividad de redes de enmalle (7,0, 7,6 y 10,2 cm de tamaño de malla) y anzuelos J (n.° 7, 9 y 10), utilizados en las capturas artesanales de la cojinoa (Caranx crysos), en diferentes sitios de pesca de la región de Santa Marta. El método SELECT se utilizó para determinar los parámetros de selectividad mientras que, para evaluar diferencias en la captura por unidad de esfuerzo (CPUE) entre los tamaños de malla y los calibres de anzuelo evaluados, se utilizó la prueba de Kurskall-Wallis. Los resultados mostraron que el modelo log-normal describe mejor la selectividad de las redes de enmalle y las líneas de mano para C. crysos. Las longitudes modales calculadas con este modelo fueron 23,00, 25,09 y 33,46 cm para los tamaños de malla 7,0, 7,6 y 10,2 cm mientras que 23,72, 30,49 y 33,88 cm fueron calculados para los anzuelos n.° 7, 9 y 10, respectivamente. La aplicación de estos resultados, considerando una talla de madurez de 35 cm para una eventual medida de manejo de la pesquería de cojinoa, debe además considerar que la CPUE mostró diferencias estadísticas entre los tamaños de malla y los calibres de anzuelo, lo que podría afectar los ingresos a corto plazo del pescador.

ABSTRACT A greater knowledge of the selectivity of fishing gear allows determining the capacity to select the sizes and shapes of the species caught, in addition to providing useful information for their conservation and use. This study determined the selectivity parameters of gillnets (7.0, 7.6 and 10.2 cm of mesh size) and J hooks (n.° 7, 9 and 10), used in the artisanal catches of the blue runner (Caranx crysos), in different fishing sites in the Santa Marta region. The SELECT method was used to determine the selectivity parameters, while the Kurskall-Wallis test was used to evaluate differences in the catch per unit of effort (CPUE) between the mesh sizes and the evaluated hook gauges. The results demonstrate that the log-normal model better describes the selectivity of gillnets and hand lines for C. crysos. The modal lengths calculated with this model were 23.00, 25.09 and 33.46 cm for the mesh sizes 7.0, 7.6 and 10.2 cm while 23.72, 30.49 and 33.88 cm were calculated for hooks n.° 7, 9 and 10, respectively. The application of these results, considering a maturity size of 35 cm, for an eventual management measure of the blue runner fishery, must also consider that the CPUE showed statistical differences between mesh sizes and hook gauges, which could affect the fisherman’s short-term income.

ABSTRACT In Ecuador, one of the main hazards for threatened marine species, such as sea turtles, is small-scale fisheries bycatch. At a global scale, currently, bycatch reduction technologies (BRTs) are being tested in many coastal nations to mitigate this issue. Despite some advances in Ecuadorian efforts for wildlife protection, BRTs to reduce bycatch have yet to be assessed. The purpose of this study was to test the BRT of net illumination using violet light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a mitigation measure to reduce sea turtle interactions in the small-scale driftnet fishery operating from the ports of Santa Rosa, Puerto Lopez and Jaramijo. A total of 146 pairs of experimental sets (control and illuminated panes) were deployed in all ports. A generalized linear mixed-effect model (GLMM) was employed to analyze the bycatch per unit of effort (BPUE) for sea turtles, and the catch per unit of effort (CPUE) for target species; for both control and illuminated panes. Thirty-two sea turtles from three species were observed captured: olive ridley Lepidochelys olivacea (n=18), green Chelonia mydas (n=13) and leatherback turtles Dermochelys coriacea (n=1). Turtle species-specific modeling showed bycatch of green turtles declined by 93% in illuminated nets compared with control, non-illuminated nets, whereas no significant difference between control and illuminated nets was observed for olive ridley turtles. The catch per unit effort of the pelagic fish species including skipjack tuna, yellowfin tuna, mahi-mahi, thresher shark and smooth hammerhead shark was not affected by net illumination. Our results represent the first evaluation of the effects of net illumination using LEDs on reducing marine turtle bycatch in Ecuadorian small-scale driftnet fisheries. Despite its relatively small sample size, these results could be used by fisheries managers to support the implementation or further testing of this BRT in gillnet fisheries along the Ecuadorian coast.

ABSTRACT: Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is a key resource in the Antarctic region, as it is the primary food source for fish, whales, seals, flying birds, penguins and cephalopods. The high concentrations of the species and its possible uses -food for human and animal consumption and in the production of industrial, pharmaceutical and dietetic products- generates interest in the fishing industry. Its relevance motivated the implementation of administrative measures and international regulations for this fishery, which are summarized in this review. Chile is the only South American fishing country that has shown interest in participating in Antarctic krill fishery. Thus, between 1983 and 1994, the Fisheries Development Institute and some companies carried out fishing activities mainly aimed at prospecting and researching this species. However, starting in 2011, the factory trawler FV Betanzos began sustained commercial krill fishing aimed at krill meal production. This document analyzes the information collected by said vessel between 2011 and 2016, including areas of operation, fishing depth catches and CPUE obtained. Also, the main challenges faced by this fishery and the actions planned as solutions are assessed.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: El Golfo de California presenta una alta diversidad de organismos marinos y es una de las principales áreas de pesca en México. La pesquería de tiburones y rayas constituye una importante actividad económica con relevancia social. Objetivo: En el presente estudio se estima la riqueza y abundancia relativa (expresada como CPUE), de 15 especies de batoideos capturados por la pesca artesanal en la zona sur de la Isla Espíritu Santo, B.C.S. desde octubre del 2013 a diciembre de 2015. Métodos: Los ejemplares capturados fueron determinados taxonómicamente al nivel de especie, medidos, sexados y pesados. La riqueza específica correspondió al número total de especies capturadas durante el periodo de estudio. Los datos de CPUE fueron estandarizados a 100 metros de red por hora (x100 como factor de escalamiento) y evaluados entre especies y a diferentes escalas temporales (época, año, época por año y meses). Resultados: Se capturó un total de 2198 individuos, agrupados en cuatro órdenes, 10 familias, 10 géneros y 15 especies. El esfuerzo nominal empleado fue de 27560 metros de red y 1763 horas de remojo. Las especies Rostroraja velezi, Pseudobatos glaucostigma, Urobatis maculatus y Mobula mobular fueron adicionadas a los listados ictiofaunísticos existentes para la Isla Espíritu Santo. Mobula munkiana e Hypanus dipterurus, fueron las especies de batoideos con la mayor contribución en abundancia y peso durante el tiempo de la investigación. La primera está protegida por leyes nacionales e internacionales y la segunda es una especie aprovechada comercialmente. Conclusiones: La superposición parcial de los valores de CPUE más altos registrados en la época cálida, con la veda y la actividad reproductiva de algunas especies en verano, podría contribuir como un efecto de recuperación poblacional si se regula el esfuerzo pesquero posterior a la veda.

ABSTRACT Background: The Gulf of California possesses a high diversity of marine ichthyofauna while representing one of the main fishing areas in Mexico. The shark and ray fishery constitute an important economic and social importance. Goals: In the present study, the richness and relative abundance was estimated (expressed as CPUE), for 15 batoids species taken by the artisanal fisheries in the southern zone of the Espiritu Santo Island, State of B.C.S. from October 2013 to December 2015. Methods: Batoids were taxonomically identified to species level, measured, sexed and weighed and species richness calculated. Catch as CPUE was standardized to 100 m of gillnet per hour (x100 as a scaling factor) and evaluated among species and at different spatial scales (season, year, season per year and month). Results: A total of 2198 individuals were captured and comprised of four orders, 10 families, 10 genera, and 15 species. The nominal capture effort used was 27560 m of bottom-set gillnet and 1763 h submerged time. Four species, Rostroraja velezi, Pseudobatos glaucostigma, Urobatis maculatus and Mobula mobular, were added to the existing ichthyofauna listing for the Espiritu Santo Island. Additionally, Mobula munkiana and Hypanus dipterurus represented the highest contribution in abundance and weight during the time of this study. The first species is currently protected by national and international laws, whereas the latter is a commercially exploited species. Conclusions: The partial overlap of the highest CPUE values recorded in the warm season, with the fishing ban and the reproductive activity of some species in summer, could contribute as a population recovery effect if the fishing effort after the ban is regulated.