Abstract Introduction. “Green mold,” caused by Penicillium digitatum is one of the phytosanitary issues that limits citrus production. For its control, synthetic fungicides are used, which have lost effectiveness due to resistance developed by the fungus. An alternative is the use of endophytic fungi with biocontrol action. Objective. To evaluate the effect of secondary metabolites (SM) from endophytic fungi (EF) on the mycelial inhibition of Penicillium digitatum and the effectiveness of disease control in mandarin fruits (Citrus reticulata) post-harvest. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in 2022, using a completely randomized experimental design in the Plant Health Laboratory at the Universidad Nacional de Cañete (UNDC), Lima, Peru. For the antibiosis test, secondary metabolites were extracted from ten strains of EF from the genera Trichoderma sp., Fusarium sp., and Aspergillus sp., where mycelial inhibition of the pathogen (%) was evaluated. SMs were sprayed at 15 % (v/v) concentration on mandarin fruits that were disinfected and inoculated with the pathogen by spraying (1x 105 CFU/cc). Additionally, a commercial biocontrol, a vegetable oil, and a fungicide were used. After 6 and 9 days, disease incidence (%) and severity index (0, 1, 2, 3) were evaluated. Results. Secondary metabolites from strains the HEA-111 (Aspergillus), HEA-109 (Fusarium), and HSA-1 (Trichoderma) showed the highest mycelial inhibition with 95.05 %, 87.51 %, and 47.47 %, respectively. In mandarin fruits treated with SMs from strains HEA-109 and HSA-1, there was a control of 80 % and 55 %, respectively. Conclusions. SMs from EF were effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of P. digitatum and reduces disease progression in mandarin fruits post-harvest.

Resumen Introducción. El “moho verde” causado por Penicillium digitatum es uno de los problemas fitosanitarios que limita la producción en los cítricos. Para su control se utilizan fungicidas sintéticos, que han perdido eficacia, debido a la resistencia generada por el hongo. Una alternativa, es el uso de hongos endófitos con acción biocontroladora. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de metabolitos secundarios (MS) de hongos endófitos (HE) en la inhibición micelial de Penicillium digitatum y la eficacia de control de la enfermedad, en frutos de mandarina (Citrus reticulata) después de la cosecha. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en 2022, bajo un diseño experimental completo al azar, en el laboratorio de Sanidad Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Cañete (UNDC), Lima, Perú. Para la prueba de antibiosis se extrajeron los metabolitos secundarios de diez cepas de HE de los géneros Trichoderma sp., Fusarium sp. y Aspergillus sp., en donde se evaluó la inhibición micelial del patógeno (%). Se asperjaron MS a una concentración del 15 % (v/v) sobre frutos de mandarina que fueron desinfectados e inoculados con el patógeno por aspersión (1x105 UFC/cc). Adicionalmente, se utilizaron un biocontrol comercial, un aceite vegetal y un fungicida. Después de 6 y 9 días, se evaluaron la incidencia (%) y el índice de severidad (0,1,2,3) de la enfermedad. Resultados. Los metabolitos secundarios de las cepas HEA-111 (Aspergillus), HEA-109 (Fusarium) y HSA-1 (Trichoderma) presentaron la mayor inhibición micelial con 95,05 %, 87,51 % y 47,47 %, respectivamente. En los frutos de mandarina tratados con los MS de las cepas HEA-109 y HSA-1, hubo un control del 80 % y 55 %, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Los MS de HE tuvieron efecto en la inhibición micelial de P. digitatum y redujeron el avance de la enfermedad en frutos de mandarina después de la cosecha.

ABSTRACT Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) is the causal agent of citrus cachexia, which can lead to significant crop losses. As part of a preventive management strategy, it is essential to use healthy plants from a certification program. This study aimed to evaluate the healthiness of 17 citrus cultivars against HSVd using both biological and molecular diagnostics. For biological diagnosis, Etrog citron (Citrus medica L.) clone Arizona 861 S1 was used as an indicator plant, incorporating negative and positive controls for HSVd infection. For molecular diagnosis, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique was employed with specific primers for viroid detection. Results indicated that six months after inoculation, the positive control exhibited symptoms associated with viroid infection, such as necrosis in the petiole and stem, leaf epinasty, and necrosis in the midvein. In contrast, both the negative control and evaluated citrus cultivars showed no symptoms. These findings were supported by molecular analysis, which allowed the amplification of a viroid genome region only in the positive control. Both biological and molecular diagnosis confirmed the absence of HSVd in the citrus varieties assessed. This study will allow the evaluation of the citrus plant collections used in the foundation category as a source of buds for plant multiplication of registered and certified seeds for citrus propagation nurseries in Colombia.

RESUMEN El viroide del enanismo del lúpulo (HSVd) es el agente causal de la cachexia de los cítricos, que puede provocar pérdidas significativas en el cultivo. Como parte de una estrategia de manejo preventivo, es indispensable utilizar plantas sanas provenientes de un programa de certificación. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la sanidad de 17 cultivares de cítricos frente a HSVd, utilizando diagnósticos biológico y molecular. Para el diagnóstico biológico, se empleó como planta indicadora cidro Etrog (Citrus medica L.) clon Arizona 861 S1, incluyendo controles negativos y positivos para la infección por HSVd. Para el diagnóstico molecular se utilizó la técnica de Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa con Transcriptasa Inversa (RT-PCR) con cebadores específicos para la detección del viroide. Los resultados indicaron que seis meses después de la inoculación, el control positivo mostró síntomas asociados con la infección por el viroide, como necrosis en el peciolo y tallo, epinastia foliar y necrosis en vena media. Por el contrario, tanto el control negativo como los cultivares de cítricos evaluados no presentaron síntomas. Estos resultados fueron corroborados por el análisis molecular, que permitieron amplificar una región del genoma del viroide, únicamente en el control positivo. Ambos diagnósticos biológico y molecular confirmaron la ausencia de HSVd en las variedades de cítricos evaluadas. Este estudio permitirá la evaluación de las colecciones de plantas de cítricos utilizadas en la categoría fundación como fuente de yemas para la multiplicación de semilla registrada y certificadapara los viveros productores de material de propagación de cítricos en Colombia.

ABSTRACT Citrus fruits are one of the most important sources of phenolic substances, known as antioxidants and protector agents against ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Orange peels were used to extract bioactive compounds such as phenols and measure their concentrations, in addition to evaluate antioxidant activity of the extracts. Soybean plant was used to study the effect of several concentrations (0.01, 0.1 and 1%) of orange peel water extract as protector material to which EMS (0.7%) was added, as well as nanoencapsulated extract at 0.1%. Several parameters were measured to evaluate the effect of these concentrations on soybean as germination rate, plant height, number of leaves, leaves characteristics, total number of flowers after 40 days from germination, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod and weight of 100 seeds. The results showed that 1% of orange peel water extract had the highest protective effect, however no positive effect was detected when it was used without EMS. Using 0.01% of orange peels extract was indeed advantageous for plant growth. On the other hand, pectin-calcium nanoencapsulated extract at 0.1% showed better effectiveness when compared to non-encapsulated extract at the same concentration. These results revealed that using plant extracts could be a promising approach to protect plants from harmful substances existing in some mediums (tissue culture) and environments.

RESUMEN Los cítricos son una de las fuentes más importantes de sustancias fenólicas, conocidas como antioxidantes y agentes protectores frente al metanosulfonato de etilo (EMS). Se utilizaron cáscaras de naranja para extraer compuestos bioactivos como los fenoles, de los cuales se midieron sus concentraciones, además de evaluar la actividad antioxidante de los extractos. Se utilizó planta de soja para estudiar el efecto de varias concentraciones (0,01; 0,1; 1%) de extracto acuoso de cáscara de naranja como material protector al que se le añadió EMS (0,7%), así como extracto nanoencapsulado al 0,1%. Se midieron varios parámetros para evaluar el efecto de estas concentraciones en la soja (tasa de germinación, altura de la planta, número de hojas, características de las hojas, número total de flores después de 40 días desde la germinación, número de vainas por planta, número de semillas por planta, número de semillas por vaina, peso de 100 semillas). Los resultados mostraron que el 1% de extracto acuoso de cáscara de naranja tuvo el mayor efecto protector; sin embargo, no se mostró ningún efecto positivo cuando se usó sin EMS; el uso de 0,01% de extracto de cáscara de naranja fue realmente ventajoso para el crecimiento de las plantas. Por otro lado, el extracto nanoencapsulado de pectina-calcio al 0,1% mostró mejor efectividad en comparación con el extracto no encapsulado a la misma concentración. Estos resultados revelaron que el uso de extractos de plantas podría ser un enfoque prometedor para proteger las plantas de sustancias nocivas existentes en algunos medios (cultivo de tejidos) y entornos.

Abstract Citrus production in Colombia is divided into six productive centers, with a total production of 1,450 thousand tons in 2021. The greater entrepreneurial activity stands out in the West and a lower level in the South, which generates 230 thousand tons per year of citrus waste, posing challenges in terms of pollution and wet/semi-solid waste management. This study evaluates the industrial potential of these waste products for strengthening the national citrus industry, considering three aspects: raw materials availability, technological opportunities, and market opportunities. The results indicate that Colombia has a robust citrus production, with an emphasis on oranges, mandarins, and lemons, and significant potential in the industrialization of the peel, which constitutes between 40% and 60% of the total fruit. To industrialization were identified six key research areas of citrus waste in terms of technological opportunities. Regarding market opportunities, there is observed growth both nationally and internationally in products derived from citrus waste, including essential oils, terpenes, dietary fiber, pectin, citric acid, and biofuels. Colombia is considered a country with great potential for the industrialization of citrus waste, supported by its abundant raw materials, promising technological opportunities, and a growing market. However, improvements in infrastructure, investment in research and development, and the promotion of entrepreneurial culture in the citrus sector are needed to fully capitalize on this opportunity.

Resumen La producción de cítricos en Colombia se divide en seis núcleos productivos con una producción en 2021, de 1450 mil toneladas. Se destaca mayor empresarización en el Occidente y menor nivel en el Sur, lo que genera 230 mil toneladas por año de residuos cítricos, planteando desafíos de contaminación y gestión de desechos húmedos/semi-sólidos. El presente estudio evalúa el potencial industrial de estos residuos para el fortalecimiento de la industria citrícola nacional, considerando tres aspectos: disponibilidad de materia prima, oportunidades tecnológicas y oportunidades de mercado. Los resultados indican que Colombia tiene una sólida producción de cítricos, con énfasis en naranjas, mandarinas y limones, y un potencial significativo en la industrialización de la cáscara, que constituye entre el 40% y el 60% del total de la fruta. Se identifican seis áreas clave de investigación para la industrialización de residuos cítricos en términos de oportunidades tecnológicas. En cuanto a las oportunidades de mercado, se observa un crecimiento tanto a nivel nacional como internacional en productos derivados de residuos cítricos, que incluyen aceites esenciales, terpenos, fibra dietética, pectina, ácido cítrico y biocombustibles. Colombia se considera un país con un gran potencial para la industrialización de residuos cítricos, respaldado por su abundante materia prima, prometedoras oportunidades tecnológicas y un mercado en crecimiento. Sin embargo, se requiere mejorar la infraestructura, invertir en investigación y desarrollo, y promover la cultura empresarial en el sector citrícola para aprovechar al máximo esta oportunidad.

Abstract In Mexico, citrus farming represents one of the most important economic activities for national fruit growing, with a production of 8.8 million tonnes and an economic spillover of more than 47 billion pesos per year. Nonetheless, production is affected by pests and diseases, with Huanglongbing (HLB), ‘yellow dragon’ or citrus greening, standing out as the most devastating disease worldwide, caused by a proteobacterium of the genus Candidatus Liberibacter (Ca. L.). Because there is no effective method to control this disease, correct and timely detection can significantly reduce its spread. The purpose of this review is to compile methods used for detecting the presence of Ca. L. in citrus plants, covering general aspects of the symptomatology of the disease, molecular methods for accurate and rapid detection when sampling both in plants and in the vector. In addition, different protocols are mentioned that analyze some compounds produced during infection with Ca. L. and images in citrus with HLB.

Resumen En México, la citricultura representa una de las actividades económicas más importantes para la fruticultura nacional, con una producción de 8.8 millones de toneladas y una derrama económica de más de 47 mil millones de pesos al año. Sin embargo, la producción se ve afectada por plagas y enfermedades, destacando el Huanglongbing (HLB), ‘dragón amarillo’ o enverdecimiento de los cítricos, como la enfermedad más devastadora a nivel mundial, ocasionada por una proteobacteria del género Candidatus Liberibacter (Ca. L.). Debido a que no existe un método efectivo para controlar esta enfermedad la correcta y oportuna detección puede reducir significativamente su diseminación. El propósito de la presente revisión es recopilar métodos que se emplean para la detección de la presencia de Ca. L. en plantas de cítricos, cubriendo aspectos generales sobre la sintomatología de la enfermedad, métodos moleculares para una precisa y rápida detección al realizar el muestreo tanto en plantas como en el vector. Asimismo, se mencionan diferentes protocolos que analizan algunos compuestos producidos durante la infección con Ca. L. e imágenes en cítricos con HLB.

Abstract Polyembryony is a common trait in most citrus varieties. The level of polyembryony has the potential to be used as a descriptor in the characterization of varieties or to select parents in conventional hybridization work. The aim of this research was to find an efficient methodology to detect, count and estimate the potential number of embryos per seed, the percentage of polyembryonic seeds and the level of polyembryony in the varieties ‘Colimex’ and ‘Lise’ of Mexican lime, and the variety ‘Rosenberger’ of true lemon. Four methodologies were evaluated: 1) direct counting of embryos in mature seeds (DCEMS), 2) direct counting of embryos in immature seeds (DCEIS), 3) counting of seedlings derived from mature seeds germinated in vitro (CSMSGV) and 4) counting of seedlings derived from mature seeds germinated in substrate (CSMSGS). The highest averages of embryos per seed and percentage of polyembryonic seeds were recorded with the DCEMS and CSMSGV methods (P ≤ 0.01), so it was concluded that they are adequate to estimate these variables in the genotypes studied. The varieties ‘Colimex’ and ‘Lise’ had 80.65 and 78.27 %, respectively, of seeds with two or more embryos, resulting in a high level of polyembryony, while 'Rosenberger', with 18.37 %, was slightly polyembryonic (P ≤ 0.01).

Resumen La poliembrionía es un rasgo común en la mayoría de las variedades de cítricos. El nivel de poliembrionía tiene potencial para usarse como un descriptor en la caracterización de variedades o para seleccionar progenitores en trabajos de hibridación convencional. El objetivo de este trabajo fue encontrar una metodología eficiente para detectar, contabilizar y estimar el número potencial de embriones por semilla, el porcentaje de semillas poliembriónicas y el nivel de poliembrionía en las variedades ‘Colimex’ y ‘Lise’ de lima mexicana, y la variedad ‘Rosenberger’ de limón verdadero. Se evaluaron cuatro metodologías: 1) conteo directo de embriones en semillas maduras (CDESM), 2) conteo directo de embriones en semillas inmaduras (CDESI), 3) conteo de plántulas originadas de semillas maduras germinadas in vitro (CPSMGV) y 4) conteo de plántulas originadas de semillas maduras germinadas en sustrato (CPSMGS). Los mayores promedios de embriones por semilla y porcentaje de semillas poliembriónicas se registraron con los métodos CDESM y CPSMGV (P ≤ 0.01), por lo cual se concluyó que son adecuados para estimar estas variables en los genotipos estudiados. Las variedades ‘Colimex’ y ‘Lise’ presentaron 80.65 y 78.27 %, respectivamente, de semillas con dos o más embriones, lo cual resultó en un alto nivel de poliembrionía, mientras que ‘Rosenberger’, con 18.37 %, fue ligeramente poliembriónico (P ≤ 0.01).

ABSTRACT The use of the cytome assay in monitoring studies on children has increased in recent years. For this reason, it is necessary to know the role of possible confounding factors that could affect its outcomes. The objective was to evaluate the influence of some demographic variables and diet on the baseline values of the cytome assay biomarkers in lymphocytes and buccal mucosa cells from a group of Argentine adolescents. Following the calculation of the biomarkers, a multivariate regression analysis including confounders was performed. In lymphocytes it was observed that micronuclei (MNi) had a negative association with a moderate consumption of roots and tubers, while the number of nuclear buds (NBUDs) was higher in minors not exposed to second-hand smoke (SHS). Regarding epithelial cells, MNi had a negative relationship with the intake of tropical fruits and red meat; on the contrary, this parameter increased with the moderate ingestion of legumes. In addition, oral NBUDs had a positive association with citrus and red meat consumption, whereas cereals and oil decreased its frequency. Furthermore, an increased number of binucleated cells was observed for adolescents who ate white meat and an increase in pyknotic cells for those exposed to SHS. These results revealed that in adolescents the baseline level of the cytome assay biomarkers, especially of those related to genotoxicity, can be influenced by exogenous variables, for instance, dietary habits. Thus, such factors need to be considered when carrying out biomonitoring studies on child populations.

RESUMEN El uso del ensayo de citoma en estudios de seguimiento en niños se ha incrementado en los últimos años y resulta necesario conocer el papel de posibles factores de confusión que podrían afectar sus resultados. El objetivo fue evaluar la influencia de algunas variables demográficas y de la dieta en los valores basales de los biomarcadores de este ensayo en linfocitos y células de mucosa bucal de un grupo de adolescentes argentinos. Luego del cálculo de los biomarcadores, se realizó un análisis de regresión multivariada incluyendo factores de confusión. En linfocitos se observó que los micronúcleos (MN) se asociaron negativamente con un consumo moderado de raíces y tubérculos, mientras que los brotes nucleares (BrN) aumentaron en los menores no expuestos al humo de segunda mano (HSM). En células epiteliales, los MN tuvieron una relación negativa con el consumo de frutas tropicales y carnes rojas, aunque aumentaron con el consumo moderado de legumbres. Los BrN orales tuvieron una asociación positiva con el consumo de cítricos y carnes rojas, mientras que los cereales y el aceite disminuyeron su frecuencia. Además, se encontró un mayor número de células binucleadas para quienes comieron carne blanca y un aumento de células picnóticas para los expuestos a HSM. Estos resultados revelaron que en los adolescentes el nivel basal de los biomarcadores del ensayo de citoma, especialmente de aquellos relacionados con la genotoxicidad, puede verse influenciado por variables exógenas como los hábitos alimentarios. Por lo tanto, dichos factores deben considerarse al realizar estudios de biomonitoreo en poblaciones infantiles.

Abstract Tree diseases contribute to significant economic and food losses in the agricultural sector. Early detection of phytosanitary problems in trees with non-destructive methods is essential to guarantee sustainable orange production. This study presents the findings of a designed methodology conducted to identify diseased orange trees in an orchard situated in the citrus belt of Mexico, specifically in the Rioverde region of San Luis Potosi. To accomplish this, we captured images using a multispectral camera with very high spatial resolution, which was mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle. These images were used to construct a georeferenced orthomosaic of the orchard. Six thematic classes were established to distinguish various health levels among the trees. We employed several supervised classification algorithms at the pixel level, including Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Maximum Likelihood (ML). Considering the classification accuracy achieved by each algorithm, they can be ranked as follows: Maximum Likelihood (ML) with 88.10%, Support Vector Machine (SVM) with 77.38%, Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) with 76.19%, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) with 64.68%, and Random Forest (RF) with 61.90%. These results successfully identified the phytosanitary status of all the trees in the orchard with an acceptable level of accuracy, providing valuable management information for the grower.

Resumen Las enfermedades de los árboles contribuyen a importantes pérdidas económicas y de alimentos en el sector agrícola. La detección temprana de problemas fitosanitarios en árboles con métodos no destructivos resulta fundamental para garantizar la producción sostenible de naranja. Este trabajo presenta los resultados de una metodología diseñada para la identificación de árboles de naranja enfermos en una huerta ubicada en el cinturón citrícola de México, particularmente en la región de Rioverde, San Luis Potosí. Para ello, se tomaron imágenes con una cámara multiespectral de muy alta resolución espacial instalada en un vehículo aéreo no tripulado con las que se construyó un ortomosaico georreferenciado. Se emplearon seis clases temáticas para identificar los diferentes niveles de sanidad. Se utilizaron diferentes algoritmos de clasificación supervisada a nivel píxel que incluyen Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM), Support Vector Machine (SVM), y Maximum Likelihood (ML). Considerando la exactitud de clasificación obtenida por cada uno de los algoritmos, se pueden ordenar de la siguiente manera: Maximum Likelihood (ML) con un 88,10%, Support Vector Machine (SVM) con un 77,38%, Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) con un 76,19%, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) con un 64,68% y Random Forest (RF) con un 61,90%. Los resultados permitieron identificar el estado fitosanitario de todos los árboles de la huerta, con una exactitud aceptable y representan información valiosa de manejo para el productor.

Resumen: A pesar de todo el conocimiento generado en torno a las técnicas de injerto en especies vegetales, existe poca investigación que evalúe los resultados encontrados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar, mediante técnicas bibliométricas, la información publicada en artículos científicos donde se evalúo alguna técnica de injerto, para identificar metodologías de análisis, tipos de injertos, especies vegetales y la aplicación de los resultados encontrados. La palabra clave utilizada para la búsqueda de los artículos científicos fue ‘grafting’, y se consideraron publicaciones hasta diciembre de 2022. De 1994 a 2022 se identificaron 293 artículos científicos, la frecuencia de su publicación mostró una tendencia exponencial (R2 = 0,54). Se encontró que se evalúan variables asociadas al portainjerto, injerto y sobrevivencia de la nueva planta formada, que son evaluadas cada vez con mayor frecuencia con técnicas multivariadas por el interés de detectar las variables más significativas a partir de un número elevado de variables analizadas. Se documentaron 11 técnicas de injerto: púa, hendidura, empalme, inglés, yema, in vitro, microinjerto, en T, chapado, chip y entube. Las especies de mayor análisis correspondieron a frutícolas (cítricos), hortícolas (tomate), forestal (nogal), y ornato (rosa). Sin embargo, el 63,47% de los artículos científicos se limitaron a hacer análisis descriptivos sobre prendimiento, compatibilidad y sobrevivencia de los materiales vegetativos. Lo anterior, deja un área de oportunidad para desarrollar investigación sobre los procesos de mejora genética en la búsqueda de caracteres agronómicos de interés (fruto y crecimiento), o bien en la diversidad genética orientada a la productividad y/o conservación.

Abstract: Despite all the knowledge generated about grafting techniques in plant species, there is little research that evaluates the results found. The objective of this work was to analyze, through bibliometric techniques, the information published in scientific articles in which a grafting technique was evaluated, to identify analysis methodologies, types of grafts, plant species, and the application of the results found. The keyword used for the search of scientific articles was ‘grafting’, and publications up to December 2022 were considered. From 1994 to 2022, 293 scientific articles were identified, the frequency of their publication showed an exponential trend (R2 = 0,54). It was found that variables associated with rootstock, graft and survival of the newly formed plant are evaluated, with an increasing use of multivariate techniques in order to detect the most significant variables. Eleven grafting techniques were documented: bark grafting, cleft grafting, splice grafting, whip and tongue grafting, budding, in vitro grafting, micrografting, T-budding, side-veneer grafting, chip budding, and tube grafting. Fruit (citrus), horticultural (tomato), forest (walnut), and ornamental (rose) crops were the most widely analyzed. However, 63,47% of the scientific articles were limited to descriptive analyses on success rate, compatibility and survival rate of vegetative materials. This provides the opportunity to conduct research on genetic improvement processes in the search for agronomic traits of interest (fruit and growth), or on genetic diversity aimed to improve productivity and/or conservation.

ABSTRACT: Piura is the region with the largest organic banana production in Peru; however, the post-harvest disease crown rot has generated large economic losses. Therefore, the following objectives were raised: to evaluate the efficacy of biofungicides in vitro and in vivo for the control of this disease. The products used were: oregano extract, citric acid; ascorbic acid, bioflavonoids; biofertilizer and tea tree oil. In vitro, the "poisoned medium" method was used. In vivo, fruits were inoculated with conidial suspensions at 1 x 104 CFU ml-1 of the phytopathogens Thielaviopsis paradoxa and Colletotrichum musae. The biofungicides were prepared according to the commercial dose. The products were applied, and the fungi were inoculated with manual sprayers. The banana clusters with treatment were placed in 18,4 kg cardboard boxes and packed, incubating at 13 °C for 18 days and 4 days in a maturation chamber with ethylene gas. In vitro, the biofungicides: oregano extract (1450 ppm) and citric acid (2825 ppm) obtained 100% inhibition in the growth of the mycelium of T. paradoxa and C. musae. In fruits, the lowest severity index was for the citrus extract biofungicide (4275 ppm), registering 0,0% against T. paradoxa and C. musae.

RESUMEN: Piura es la región con mayor producción de banano orgánico en el Perú; sin embargo, la enfermedad post cosecha de la pudrición de la corona ha generado grandes pérdidas económicas. Por lo cual, se planteó los siguientes objetivos: evaluar la eficacia de biofungicidas in vitro e in vivo para el control de esta enfermedad. Los productos usados fueron: extracto de orégano, ácido cítrico; ácido ascórbico, bioflavonoides; biofertilizante y aceite del árbol de té. In vitro se utilizó el método del “medio envenenado”. In vivo, se inocularon a frutos con suspensiones de conidias a 1 x 104 UFC mL-1 de los fitopatógenos Thielaviopsis paradoxa y Colletotrichum musae. Se prepararon los biofungicidas según la dosis comercial. Se aplicaron los productos y se inocularon los hongos con asperjadores manuales. Los clústeres de banano con tratamiento se embalaron en cajas de cartón de 18,4 kg y fueron embaladas incubándose a 13 °C durante 18 días y 4 días en cámara de maduración con gas etileno. En in vitro los biofungicidas: extracto de orégano (1450 ppm) y ácido cítrico (2825 ppm) obtuvieron 100% inhibición en el crecimiento del micelio de T. paradoxa y C. musae. En in vivo los frutos el menor índice de severidad lo fue para el biofungicida extracto de cítricos (4275 ppm) registrándose 0,0% frente a T. paradoxa y C. musae.

Abstract Cancer is one of the leading causes of death. Despite significant advancements in the discovery of medications for the treatment of cancer, these drugs are hindered by applicability and efficacy issues and frequently exhibit major side effects that can further impair patients 'quality of life. Therefore, the development of therapeutically sound anti-cancer medicines derived from natural products has gained prominence in the field of functional foods. Some of these compounds have shown efficacy in the prevention and treatment of cancer as well as low toxicity. Additionally, many recent studies have explored the recycling of agro-industrial waste to create bioactive chemicals. Citrus peels are produced in vast quantities in the food processing sector; due to their abundance of flavonoids, they may be inexpensive sources of protection against several cancers. Citrus is a common type of fruit that contains a variety of nutrients. In particular, the antioxidant chemicals found in citrus peel have been identified as potential cancer-fighting agents. Antioxidant substances such as flavonoids prevent the development of cancer by inhibiting the metastatic cascade, decreasing the mobility of cancer cells in the circulatory system, promoting apoptosis, and suppressing angiogenesis. To explore the most effective uses of citrus peel-derived antioxidants, this review presents background information, an overview of the role of citrus antioxidants in cancer therapy, and a discussion of the key underlying molecular mechanisms. death quality life Therefore anticancer anti foods toxicity Additionally agroindustrial agro industrial sector cancers nutrients particular cancerfighting fighting agents cascade system apoptosis angiogenesis peelderived information therapy mechanisms

Resumo O câncer é uma das principais causas de morte. Apesar dos avanços significativos na descoberta de medicamentos para o tratamento do câncer, esses medicamentos são prejudiciais por questões de aplicabilidade e eficácia e frequentemente apresentam efeitos colaterais importantes que podem afetar ainda mais a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Portanto, o desenvolvimento de medicamentos anticancerígenos, terapeuticamente adequados derivados de produtos naturais, ganhou destaque no campo dos alimentos funcionais. Alguns desses compostos demonstraram eficácia na prevenção e tratamento do câncer, bem como baixa toxicidade. Além disso, muitos estudos recentes exploraram a reciclagem de resíduos agroindustriais para criar produtos químicos bioativos. As cascas de frutas cítricas são produzidas abundantemente no setor de processamento de alimentos; devido à abundância de flavonoides, e são fontes baratas de proteção contra várias categorias de câncer. Citrus é um tipo comum de fruta que contém uma variedade de nutrientes. Em particular, os produtos químicos antioxidantes encontrados na casca de frutas cítricas foram identificados como potenciais agentes de combate ao câncer. Substâncias antioxidantes, como os flavonoides, previnem o desenvolvimento do câncer, inibindo a cascata metastática, diminuindo a mobilidade das células cancerígenas no sistema circulatório, promovendo a apoptose e suprimindo a angiogênese. Para explorar os usos mais eficazes dos antioxidantes derivados da casca de frutas cítricas, esta revisão apresenta informações básicas, uma visão geral do papel dos antioxidantes cítricos na terapia do câncer e uma discussão dos principais mecanismos moleculares subjacentes. morte pacientes Portanto anticancerígenos naturais funcionais toxicidade disso bioativos flavonoides nutrientes particular metastática circulatório angiogênese básicas subjacentes

Abstract The present study has been conducted to evaluate the effect of two sprays of seven pesticides at recommended dose on citrus brown mite, Eutetranychus orientalis and the side effects on their predatory mites, Euseius scutalis, Amblyseius swirskii, Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) under field conditions at 2022 & 2023 seasons. The obtained results show that, all tested pesticides achieved high reduction % of E. orientalis ranged between (82.1-90.0%) and (81.6-87.1%) after the 1st and 2nd sprays of 2022 season, where it ranged between (84.9- 88.7%) and ( 79.7- 88.7%) after 1st and 2nd sprays of 2023 season. Abamectin recorded the highest reduction % against the citrus brown mite, whereas Congest pesticide recorded the lowest reduction % after the two sprays along 2022 & 2023 seasons. As for the side effects of tested pesticides on associated predatory mites, all pesticides were safely for E. scutalis numbers recording decrease % between (18.4-28.6%) and (16.2 -26.1%) after the 1st and 2nd spray at 2022 season , where it ranged between (15.3- 29.1%) and (19.6-32.0%) after the 1st and 2nd sprays of 2023 season. On contrary, imidacloprid was unsafely for E. scutalis numbers recording the highest mean decrease % after 1st and 2nd sprays during the two seasons. Also, all tested pesticides were safely for A. swirskii numbers, after the 1st and 2nd sprays of the two seasons recording decrease (from 10.9 to 28.1%) & (24.4 to 31.4%) for the 2022 season, and (19-38.9%) & (18.7-39.4%) at 2023 season. On contrary, imidacloprid was unsafely for A. swirskii numbers recorded the highest decrease % after 1st and 2nd sprays during the two seasons. As for, Ph. Persimilis numbers, all tested pesticides were safely, where it recorded low decrease % ranged between (17-33.8%) & (20.4-34.8%) after the 1st and 2nd sprays of 2022 season, and (24.3-39%) & (20.2-28.9%) after the 1st and 2nd sprays of 2023 season. On the other side, imidacloprid was unsafely for Ph. persimilis numbers recording the highest decrease % after the 1st and 2nd sprays during the two seasons. The present study proved that all tested pesticides were high effective against E. orientalis and appeared to be safely and selective for associated predatory mites except imidacloprid which was very harmful for all tested predatory mites, and it could be concluded that the tested pesticides, Fenpyroximate, Hexythiazox , Congest , Spirodiclofen, Abamectin, and Chlorfenapyr could be used in the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs for E. orientalis at citrus orchards. mite Acari (Acari Phytoseiidae 202 E 82.190.0% 821900 82.1 90.0% 82 1 90 0 (82.1-90.0% 81.687.1% 816871 81.6 87.1% 81 6 87 (81.6-87.1% st nd 84.9 849 84 9 (84.9 88.7% 887 88 7 79.7 797 79 18.428.6% 184286 18.4 28.6% 18 4 28 (18.4-28.6% 16.2 162 16 2 (16. 26.1% 261 26 -26.1% 15.3 153 15 3 (15.3 29.1% 291 29 19.632.0% 196320 19.6 32.0% 19 32 (19.6-32.0% contrary Also A from 109 10 10. 28.1% 281 24.4 244 24 (24. 31.4% 314 31 1938.9% 19389 38.9% 38 (19-38.9% 18.739.4% 187394 18.7 39.4% 39 (18.7-39.4% Ph 1733.8% 17338 17 33.8% 33 8 (17-33.8% 20.434.8% 204348 20.4 34.8% 20 34 (20.4-34.8% 24.339% 24339 24.3 39% (24.3-39% 20.228.9% 202289 20.2 28.9% (20.2-28.9% Fenpyroximate Spirodiclofen IPM (IPM orchards 190 82.190.0 82190 821 82. 900 90.0 (82.1-90.0 687 81.687.1 81687 816 81. 871 87.1 (81.6-87.1 84. (84. 88.7 79. 428 18.428.6 18428 184 18. 286 28.6 (18.4-28.6 16. (16 26.1 -26.1 15. (15. 29.1 632 19.632.0 19632 196 19. 320 32.0 (19.6-32.0 28.1 24. (24 31.4 1938 1938.9 389 38.9 (19-38.9 739 18.739.4 18739 187 394 39.4 (18.7-39.4 1733 1733.8 338 33.8 (17-33.8 434 20.434.8 20434 204 20. 348 34.8 (20.4-34.8 339 24.339 2433 243 (24.3-39 228 20.228.9 20228 289 28.9 (20.2-28.9 82.190. 8219 90. (82.1-90. 68 81.687. 8168 87. (81.6-87. (84 88. 42 18.428. 1842 28. (18.4-28. (1 26. -26. (15 29. 63 19.632. 1963 32. (19.6-32. (2 31. 193 1938. 38. (19-38. 73 18.739. 1873 39. (18.7-39. 173 1733. 33. (17-33. 43 20.434. 2043 34. (20.4-34. 24.33 (24.3-3 22 20.228. (20.2-28. 82.190 (82.1-90 81.687 (81.6-87 (8 18.428 (18.4-28 -26 19.632 (19.6-32 (19-38 18.739 (18.7-39 (17-33 20.434 (20.4-34 (24.3- 20.228 (20.2-28 82.19 (82.1-9 81.68 (81.6-8 18.42 (18.4-2 -2 19.63 (19.6-3 (19-3 18.73 (18.7-3 (17-3 20.43 (20.4-3 (24.3 20.22 (20.2-2 (82.1- (81.6- (18.4- - (19.6- (19- (18.7- (17- (20.4- (20.2- (82.1 (81.6 (18.4 (19.6 (19 (18.7 (17 (20.4 (20.2 (82. (81. (18. (19. (20. (82 (81 (18 (20

Resumo O presente estudo foi realizado para avaliar o efeito de duas pulverizações de sete pesticidas na dose recomendada sobre o ácaro marrom dos citros, Eutetranychus orientalis, e os efeitos colaterais sobre seus ácaros predadores, Euseius scutalis, Amblyseius swirskii, Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) em campo, nas condições das temporadas de 2022 e 2023. Os resultados obtidos mostram que todos os pesticidas testados alcançaram alta redução (%) de E. orientalis, a qual variou entre (82,1-90,0%) e (81,6-87,1%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações da temporada de 2022. A redução variou entre (84,9-88,7%) e (79,7-88,7%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações da temporada 2023. A abamectina registrou a maior redução (%) contra o ácaro marrom dos citros, enquanto o pesticida Congest registrou a menor redução (%) após as duas pulverizações ao longo das temporadas de 2022 e 2023. Quanto aos efeitos colaterais dos pesticidas testados em ácaros predadores associados, todos os pesticidas foram seguros para números de E. scutalis, registrando diminuição (%) entre (18,4-28,6%) e (16,2-26,1%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações na temporada de 2022, a qual variou entre (15,3-29,1%) e (19,6-32,0%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações da safra 2023. Pelo contrário, o imidaclopride não foi seguro para os números de E. scutalis, registando a maior diminuição média (%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações durante as duas estações. Além disso, todos os pesticidas testados foram seguros para números de A. swirskii, após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações das duas temporadas, registrando diminuição (de 10,9 para 28,1%) e (de 24,4 para 31,4%) para a temporada de 2022, e (19-38,9%) e (18,7-39,4%), na temporada de 2023. Pelo contrário, o imidaclopride não era seguro para A. swirskii e os números registraram a maior diminuição (%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações durante as duas estações. Quanto aos números de P. Persimilis, todos os pesticidas testados foram seguros, em que se registrou baixa porcentagem de redução, variando entre (17-33,8%) e (20,4-34,8%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações da temporada de 2022, e (24,3-39%) & (20,2-28,9%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações da temporada de 2023. Por outro lado, o imidaclopride não foi seguro para os números de P. persimilis, registando a maior diminuição (%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações durante as duas épocas. O presente estudo provou que todos os pesticidas testados foram altamente eficazes contra E. orientalis e parecem ser seguros e seletivos para os ácaros predadores associados, exceto o imidaclopride, que foi muito prejudicial para todos os ácaros predadores testados. Pôde-se concluir que os pesticidas testados, Fenpiroximato, Hexitiazox, Congest, Espirodiclofeno, Abamectina e Clorfenapir, poderiam ser usados nos programas de Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP) para E. orientalis em pomares cítricos. citros scutalis Acari (Acari Phytoseiidae campo 202 2023 % (% E 82,190,0% 821900 82,1 90,0% 82 1 90 0 (82,1-90,0% 81,687,1% 816871 81,6 87,1% 81 6 87 (81,6-87,1% 84,988,7% 849887 84,9 88,7% 84 9 88 7 (84,9-88,7% 79,788,7% 797887 79,7 79 (79,7-88,7% associados 18,428,6% 184286 18,4 28,6% 18 4 28 (18,4-28,6% 16,226,1% 162261 16,2 26,1% 16 2 26 (16,2-26,1% 15,329,1% 153291 15,3 29,1% 15 3 29 (15,3-29,1% 19,632,0% 196320 19,6 32,0% 19 32 (19,6-32,0% contrário estações disso 109 10 10, 28,1% 281 244 24 24, 31,4% 314 31 1938,9% 19389 38,9% 38 (19-38,9% 18,739,4%, 187394 18,7 39,4% , 39 (18,7-39,4%) P Persimilis 1733,8% 17338 17 33,8% 33 8 (17-33,8% 20,434,8% 204348 20,4 34,8% 20 34 (20,4-34,8% 24,339% 24339 24,3 39% (24,3-39% 20,228,9% 202289 20,2 28,9% (20,2-28,9% lado épocas Pôdese Pôde Fenpiroximato Hexitiazox Espirodiclofeno Clorfenapir MIP (MIP cítricos ( 190 82,190,0 82190 821 82, 900 90,0 (82,1-90,0 687 81,687,1 81687 816 81, 871 87,1 (81,6-87,1 988 84,988,7 84988 849 84, 887 88,7 (84,9-88,7 788 79,788,7 79788 797 79, (79,7-88,7 428 18,428,6 18428 184 18, 286 28,6 (18,4-28,6 226 16,226,1 16226 162 16, 261 26,1 (16,2-26,1 329 15,329,1 15329 153 15, 291 29,1 (15,3-29,1 632 19,632,0 19632 196 19, 320 32,0 (19,6-32,0 28,1 31,4 1938 1938,9 389 38,9 (19-38,9 739 18,739,4% 18739 187 394 39,4 (18,7-39,4% 1733 1733,8 338 33,8 (17-33,8 434 20,434,8 20434 204 20, 348 34,8 (20,4-34,8 339 24,339 2433 243 (24,3-39 228 20,228,9 20228 289 28,9 (20,2-28,9 82,190, 8219 90, (82,1-90, 68 81,687, 8168 87, (81,6-87, 98 84,988, 8498 88, (84,9-88, 78 79,788, 7978 (79,7-88, 42 18,428, 1842 28, (18,4-28, 22 16,226, 1622 26, (16,2-26, 15,329, 1532 29, (15,3-29, 63 19,632, 1963 32, (19,6-32, 31, 193 1938, 38, (19-38, 73 18,739,4 1873 39, (18,7-39,4 173 1733, 33, (17-33, 43 20,434, 2043 34, (20,4-34, 24,33 (24,3-3 20,228, (20,2-28, 82,190 (82,1-90 81,687 (81,6-87 84,988 (84,9-88 79,788 (79,7-88 18,428 (18,4-28 16,226 (16,2-26 15,329 (15,3-29 19,632 (19,6-32 (19-38 18,739, (18,7-39, (17-33 20,434 (20,4-34 (24,3- 20,228 (20,2-28 82,19 (82,1-9 81,68 (81,6-8 84,98 (84,9-8 79,78 (79,7-8 18,42 (18,4-2 16,22 (16,2-2 15,32 (15,3-2 19,63 (19,6-3 (19-3 18,739 (18,7-39 (17-3 20,43 (20,4-3 (24,3 20,22 (20,2-2 (82,1- (81,6- (84,9- (79,7- (18,4- (16,2- (15,3- (19,6- (19- 18,73 (18,7-3 (17- (20,4- (24, (20,2- (82,1 (81,6 (84,9 (79,7 (18,4 (16,2 (15,3 (19,6 (19 (18,7- (17 (20,4 (24 (20,2 (82, (81, (84, (79, (18, (16, (15, (19, (1 (18,7 (20, (2 (82 (81 (84 (79 (18 (16 (15 (20 (8 (7

Abstract Despite an economy based mostly on agriculture, literature on viral diseases of plants is scarce in Paraguay. Only recently, researches on plant viruses took an impulse resulting in a precise identification of many of them affecting plants either cultivated or not. To provide reliable information regarding plant viruses present in Paraguay, an annotated list of them was prepared, covering descriptions from 1920 to present day. There have been some important outbreaks with severe yield losses in crops as cucurbits, citrus, sesame, bean, maize, peanuts and tomato. Many of older descriptions are included for their historical significance, but most identifications made require confirmation. On the other hand, recent descriptions have been completed, based on several assays, especially molecular characterization. This list is organized alphabetically following scientific names of the plant species found naturally infected by viruses, with comments about symptoms, geographical distribution, incidence, identification procedures, and other information, with due literature references. It is based on a compilation of publications made on plant virus diseases in Paraguay. Described virus species, in a total of 38 recognized by ICTV, belonging to 17 different genera (Alphaendornavirus, Ampelovirus, Begomovirus, Benyvirus, Carlavirus, Cilevirus, Closterovirus, Comovirus, Cucumovirus, Dichorhavirus, Fabavirus, Luteovirus, Ophiovirus, Orthotospovirus, Potexvirus, Potyvirus and Tobamovirus), besides two unclassified, and four unidentified. There is also a case of viroid described in Citrus spp. Infections caused by potyviruses are the most numerous. These viruses were described in more than 40 plant species, belonging to 18 botanical families. Because of crop diversity and richness in native flora, many more viruses must be present in Paraguay, which future works will certainly reveal, especially with the increase in manpower involving researches, especially cooperative with foreign centers, on plant viruses, which has been very limited until now. Also, knowledge on existing viruses may have relevance in understanding their epidemiology and provide the basis for their control strategies and quarantine measures, to avoid new variants of existing viruses or new viruses being introduced. agriculture Paraguay recently not prepared 192 day cucurbits citrus sesame bean maize tomato significance confirmation hand completed assays characterization symptoms distribution incidence procedures references 3 ICTV 1 Alphaendornavirus, Alphaendornavirus (Alphaendornavirus Ampelovirus Begomovirus Benyvirus Carlavirus Cilevirus Closterovirus Comovirus Cucumovirus Dichorhavirus Fabavirus Luteovirus Ophiovirus Orthotospovirus Potexvirus Tobamovirus, Tobamovirus , Tobamovirus) unclassified unidentified spp numerous 4 families flora reveal centers now Also measures introduced 19

Resumo A pesar de una economía basada principalmente en la agricultura, la literatura sobre enfermedades virales de las plantas es escasa en Paraguay. Sólo recientemente se han impulsado las investigaciones sobre los virus de plantas, lo que ha permitido identificar con precisión muchos de ellos que afectan a plantas cultivadas o no. Para brindar información confiable sobre los virus de plantas presentes en el Paraguay, se elaboró una lista comentada de los mismos, abarcando descripciones desde 1920 hasta la actualidad. Se han producido algunos focos importantes con severas pérdidas de rendimiento en cultivos de cucurbitáceas, cítricos, sésamo, frijol, maíz, maní y tomate. Muchas de las descripciones más antiguas se incluyen por su importancia histórica, pero la mayoría de las identificaciones realizadas requieren confirmación. Por otro lado, las descripciones recientes han sido completadas, basadas en varios ensayos, especialmente de caracterización molecular. Esta lista está organizada alfabéticamente siguiendo los nombres científicos de las especies de plantas que se encontraron naturalmente infectadas por virus, con comentarios sobre síntomas, distribución geográfica, incidencia, procedimientos de identificación y otras informaciones, con las debidas referencias bibliográficas. Se basa en una recopilación de publicaciones realizadas sobre enfermedades virales de plantas en Paraguay. Especies de virus descritas, en un total de 38 reconocidas por el ICTV, pertenecientes a 17 géneros diferentes (Alphaendornavirus, Ampelovirus, Begomovirus, Benyvirus, Carlavirus, Cilevirus, Closterovirus, Comovirus, Cucumovirus, Dichorhavirus, Fabavirus, Luteovirus, Ophiovirus, Orthotospovirus, Potexvirus, Potyvirus y Tobamovirus), además de dos sin clasificar y cuatro sin identificar. También existe un caso de un viroide descrito en Citrus spp. Las infecciones causadas por potyvirus son las más numerosas. Estos virus fueron descritos en más de 40 especies de plantas, pertenecientes a 18 familias botánicas. Debido a la diversidad de cultivos y la riqueza de la flora nativa, muchos más virus deben estar presentes en Paraguay, lo que seguramente revelarán trabajos futuros, especialmente con el aumento de la mano de obra involucrada en investigaciones, en cooperación con centros extranjeros, sobre virus de plantas, que ha sido muy limitada hasta el momento. Además, el conocimiento sobre los virus existentes puede ser relevante para comprender su epidemiología y proporcionar una base para sus estrategias de control y medidas de cuarentena, para evitar la introducción de nuevas variantes de virus existentes o nuevos virus. agricultura Paraguay no mismos 192 actualidad cucurbitáceas cítricos sésamo frijol maíz tomate histórica confirmación lado completadas ensayos molecular síntomas geográfica incidencia informaciones bibliográficas descritas 3 ICTV 1 Alphaendornavirus, Alphaendornavirus (Alphaendornavirus Ampelovirus Begomovirus Benyvirus Carlavirus Cilevirus Closterovirus Comovirus Cucumovirus Dichorhavirus Fabavirus Luteovirus Ophiovirus Orthotospovirus Potexvirus Tobamovirus, Tobamovirus , Tobamovirus) spp numerosas 4 botánicas nativa futuros extranjeros momento Además cuarentena 19

RESUMO: Examinamos a adoção tecnológica do manejo integrado para pomares cítricos saudáveis por agricultores em Gunuang Omeh, um subdistrito na regência de Lima Puluh Kota, Sumatra Ocidental, Indonésia. Foram medidas a taxa de adoção, as características dos agricultores em cada nível, os fatores que influenciam e a sua associação com ataques de moscas-das-frutas. Os dados foram obtidos através de uma pesquisa realizada propositalmente de junho a dezembro de 2021 envolvendo 351 agricultores. Os resultados da análise mostraram que a taxa de adoção individual foi alta, mas para o manejo de moscas-das-frutas em grupo foi baixa, com destaque para a necessidade de consolidação. As características diferentes em cada nível de adoção foram: a distância da casa do agricultor ao pomar e a dificuldade de acesso ao crédito. Vários fatores que influenciam a adoção desta tecnologia individualmente foram desde características dos agricultores (número de membros da família e experiência); pomar de citros (distância até entrada, saída, extensão, idade da planta); também a dificuldade de acesso à informação e ao crédito. Estes resultados sugeriram ser necessário interenções políticas que podem: (1) facilitar o acesso ao crédito para os citricultores, especialmente para as necessidades das grandes plantações. (2) fornecer acesso fácil a informações relacionadas ao manejo simultâneo de moscas-das-frutas ou cooperação baseada na comunidade, (3) fornecer facilidade de acesso ao transporte. RESUMO Omeh Kota Ocidental Indonésia moscasdasfrutas. moscasdasfrutas moscas frutas. frutas 202 35 alta baixa consolidação número experiência experiência) entrada saída extensão planta planta) podem 1 (1 citricultores plantações 2 (2 comunidade 3 (3 transporte 20 (

ABSTRACT: This research examined the technological adoption of integrated management for healthy citrus orchards by farmers in Gunuang Omeh, a sub-district in Lima Puluh Kota Regency, West Sumatra, Indonesia. The adoption rate, characteristics of farmers at each level, influencing factors, and their association with fruit fly attacks, were measured. The data was obtained through a survey conducted purposively from June to December 2021 involving 351 farmers. The results of the analysis showed that the individual adoption rate was high, but for the handling of fruit flies in group was low, with the emphasis on the need for consolidation. The characteristics different at each level of adoption were: the distance from the farmer’s home to the orchard and the difficulty of access to credit. Several factors influence the adoption of this technology individually were from characteristics of the farmers (number of family members and experience); citrus orchard (distance to input, output, extension, plant age); also the difficulty to access information and credit. These results suggested that intervene policies that can be done: (1) facilitate access to credit for citrus farmers, especially for the needs of large plantations. (2) provide easy access to information related to fruit fly handling simultaneously or community-based cooperation, (3) provide ease of transportation access. ABSTRACT Omeh subdistrict sub district Regency Sumatra Indonesia attacks measured 202 35 high low consolidation farmer s number experience experience) input output extension age age) done 1 (1 plantations 2 (2 communitybased community based cooperation 3 (3 20 (

ABSTRACT The whitefly Aleurothrixus floccosus is one of the main foliar pests in citrus orchards at the Pica Oasis, Tarapacá Region. In this regard, the predator Clitostethus arcuatus naturally colonizes infested orchards; however, additional releases are required, making it necessary to rear them with artificial diets. The present study evaluated the effect of three artificial diets, two meridic and one oligidic, and natural diet (A. floccosus) on the postembryonic development and longevity of C. arcuatus under laboratory conditions. The results obtained indicate that embryonic development ranged bet^een 3-4 days (3.25 ± 0.44) with a survival at 100%. Furthermore, there were no significant differences. On the other hand, the four larval stages fed with A. floccosus took a total of 15.13 days [first larval stage (L1), 2.79 ± 0.41 days; second larval stage (L2) 3.63 ± 0.10 days; third larval stage (L3) 4.46 ± 0.51 days; and fourth larval stage (L4) 4.25 ± 0.53 days]; while thepupal stage lasted 4.75 ± 0.53 days. Thus, the development from egg to adult was 23.13 days. In contrast, L1 larvae fed with: meridic diet, meridic diet + tyrosine and oligidic diet recorded a mortality of 100%, without obtaining developed adult individuals. On the other hand, C. arcuatus fed with prey recorded a longevity of 53.13 days. Therefore, the natural diet was the most suitable for the devglopment of the predator. Howe^ver, the data obtained from artificial diets could be attributed to texture and/or consistency, since it is known that C. arcuatus larvae prefer feeding on eggs and nymphs of A. floccosus, requiring further studies of composition and texture diets; subsequently, to develop augmentative biological control programs, within the context of sustainable production and food security.

RESUMEN La mosquita blanca Aleurothrixus floccosus es una de las principales plagas foliares en huertos de cítricos del Oasis de Pica, región de Tarapacá. El depredador Clitostethus arcuatus coloniza naturalmente huertos infestados, sin embargo, se requieren liberaciones adicionales, y es necesaria su crianza basada en dietas artificiales. Este estudio evaluó el efecto de tres dietas artificiales, dos merídicas y una oligídica, y una natural (A. floccosus) sobre el desarrollo postembrionario y longevidad de C. arcuatus en condiciones de laboratorio. Los resultados indican que el desarrollo embrionario varió entre 3-4 días (3,25 ± 0,44) con una supervivencia del 100%. Además, no se registraron diferencias significativas. Por otro lado, los cuatro estadios larvales alimentados con A. floccosus demoraron en total 15,13 días [primer estadio larval (L1), 2,79 ± 0,41 días; segundo estadio larval (L2) 3,63 ± 0,10 días; tercer estadio larval (L3) 4,46 ± 0,51 días; y cuarto estadio (L4) 4,25 ± 0,53 días]. El estado de pupa duró 4,75 ± 0,53 días. Así, el desarrollo desde huevo hasta adulto fue de 23,13 días. En contraste, las larvas L1 alimentadas con dieta merídica, dieta merídica + tirosina y dieta oligídica registraron una mortalidad del 100%, sin obtener individuos adultos desarrollados. Por el contrario, C. arcuatus alimentados con presas mostraron una longevidad de 53,13 días. Según estos resultados, la dieta natural fue la más adecuada para el desarrollo del depredador. Sin embargo, los datos obtenidos de las dietas artificiales podrían atribuirse a la textura o consistencia, ya que las larvas de C. arcuatus prefieren depredar huevos y ninfas de A. floccosus. Por lo tanto, se necesitan estudios adicionales de composición y textura de dietas, para luego desarrollar programas de control biológico aumentativo, dentro del contexto de producción sostenible y seguridad alimentaria.