Abstract Introduction: The use of arthropods in ecological studies in the tropical dry forest (TDF) of Colombia focused mainly on spiders, butterflies, ants, and dung beetles; therefore, it is necessary to understand the seasonal dynamics of the other groups such as Geadephaga in this ecosystem. Objective: To evaluate the spatio-temporal variations and the effect of environmental conditions on the diversity of the Geadephaga communities in two TDF fragments in the Colombian Caribbean. Methods: This study was conducted during four sampling events between February and June 2018, each lasting four days, and four nights. Four sampling stations were selected in each locality (Reserva Campesina La Montaña = RCM and Reserva La Flecha = RLF), separated 350 m one from another, with square plots of 50 × 50 m. A light trap was installed in the center of each square, while pitfall traps were installed in the four vertices, and manual capture, beating sheets and leaf litter sieve were carried out. Results: A total of 348 Carabidae and 114 of Cicindelidae were captured. In both fragments, the richness and abundance presented the lowest values in dry season, while the highest values were observed during the rainy season. Tetracha affinis (Dejean, 1825) was the most abundant species in RCM during rainy season. Conclusions: The richness variation and abundance of Geadephaga corresponds to a seasonal pattern at both locations. A high dissimilarity between the communities of Geadephaga from the two fragments was found, despite having similar environmental conditions.

Resumen Introducción: El uso de artrópodos en estudios ecológicos en el bosque seco tropical (Bs-T) de Colombia se centra mayormente en arañas, mariposas, hormigas y escarabajos coprófagos; por lo tanto, es necesario comprender como es la dinámica estacional de otros grupos como Geadephaga en este ecosistema. Objetivo: Evaluar la variación espacio-temporal y el efecto de las condiciones ambientales sobre la diversidad de las comunidades de Geadephaga en dos fragmentos de Bs-T en el Caribe colombiano. Métodos: El estudio se llevó a cabo en cuatro eventos de muestreo entre febrero y junio de 2018; cada uno con una duración de cuatro días y cuatro noches. En cada localidad (Reserva Campesina La Montaña = RCM y Reserva La Flecha = RLF), se marcaron cuatro estaciones distanciadas 350 m, con parcelas de 50×50 m. En el centro de cada parcela se instaló una trampa de luz, mientras que en los cuatro vértices se instalaron trampas de caída, y se realizó captura manual, cernido de hojarasca y perturbación de follaje. Resultados: Se capturó un total de 348 ejemplares de Carabidae y 114 de Cicindelidae. La riqueza y la abundancia presentaron los valores más bajos durante el período seco, mientras que los mayores valores se observaron durante el período de lluvias, en ambos fragmentos. Tetracha affinis (Dejean, 1825) fue la especie más abundante en la RCM durante el período lluvioso. Conclusiones: La variación de la riqueza y abundancia de Geadephaga responde a un patrón estacional en ambos fragmentos. Se encontró una amplia disimilitud entre las comunidades de Geadephaga de ambos fragmentos, pese a tener condiciones ambientales parecidas.

ABSTRACT The Tropical Dry Forest is a highly threatened ecosystem, the anthropic alterations have produced a fragmentation of its habitats and degradation of its ecological interactions and diversity. Despite the abundant literature on the diversity of butterflies and their changes in intervened ecosystems, little is known about changes in butterfly-plant interaction networks. In this study, we compared the ecological networks of Papilionoidea and Hesperoidea, and Angiosperms between preserved and intervened forests in the rainy and dry seasons. Four strips of 50 meters by 4 meters were sampled in each zone and season, visiting each strip three times per season, recording the visiting floral butterflies for 90 minutes on each occasion, for a total of 72 hours of observations per unit of study. The estimated parameters of the networks were nesting, connectivity, diversity, generality, and robustness. In the conserved area, the nesting value shows a greater number of specialists, while the connection shows a lower average of possible interactions. The generality showed in this area a higher average of links per floral visitor and the diversity of Shannon showed a greater diversity of interactions. The rainy season obtained higher connection, diversity, nesting, generality, and robustness compared to the dry season. The results highlight the importance of analyzing not only the diversity of butterflies, but also their interactions, since these are important factors that allow us to have a better understanding of the state of the ecosystems, and the different effects that they can have depending on different anthropic alterations.

RESUMEN El Bosque Seco Tropical es un ecosistema altamente amenazado, las alteraciones antrópicas han producido fragmentación de sus hábitat y degradación de sus interacciones ecológicas y diversidad. A pesar de la abundante literatura sobre diversidad de mariposas y sus cambios en ecosistemas intervenidos, poco se conoce sobre cambios en las redes de interacción mariposa-planta. En este estudio se compararon las redes ecológicas de Papilionoidea y Hesperoidea y Angiospermas entre bosque seco conservado e intervenido en época de lluvia y sequía. Se muestrearon cuatro franjas de 50 metros por 4 metros en cada zona y época, visitando cada franja en tres ocasiones por época, registrando las mariposas visitantes florales durante 90 minutos en cada ocasión, para un total de 72 horas de observaciones por unidad de muestreo. Los parámetros estimados de las redes fueron anidamiento, conectancia, diversidad, generalidad y robustez. En la zona conservada el valor de anidamiento evidenció mayor cantidad de especialistas, mientras que la conectancia evidenció menor promedio de posibles interacciones. La generalidad mostró en esta zona mayor promedio de enlaces por visitante floral y la diversidad de Shannon mostró mayor diversidad de interacciones. La época de lluvia obtuvo mayor conectancia, diversidad, anidamiento, generalidad y robustez en comparación con la época seca. Los resultados resaltan la importancia de analizar no solo la diversidad de mariposas sino también sus interacciones, pues son un factor importante ya que permiten conocer mejor el estado de los ecosistemas, además de comprender las diferentes afectaciones que pueden experimentar en función de las alteraciones antrópicas.

Resumen Los lepidópteros son uno de los grupos de organismos más grandes que existen, conocidos comúnmente como mariposas o polillas, los cuales en su estado larval son considerados como las plagas más dañinas en la agricultura. Larvas de lepidópteros fueron colectados del cultivo del higo y trasladadas bajo condiciones ambientales controladas y alimentadas bajo una dieta artificial. Se realizó una identificación de las larvas colectadas, así como la determinación de su ciclo de vida. Además, se determinó la fertilidad y eclosión de los huevos que ovipositaban los adultos en parejas. Se identificó al lepidóptero como Estigmene albida, insecto perteneciente a la superfamilia Noctuidae, familia Erebidae, el cual cuenta con poca información reportada en la literatura. El ciclo de vida consistió en 57 días, desarrollando cinco estadíos larvales con características similares a las reportadas para E. acrea, especie del mismo género y de mayor importancia como plaga agrícola. En promedio, las hembras que copularon y produjeron huevos viables pusieron 377,4 huevos por hembra, de los cuales se desarrollaron 222,4 larvas por hembra, siendo estos resultados menores a los reportados para E. acrea, pudiendo estas variables ser afectadas por la alimentación, la temperatura y la especie con la que se trabaja. Además, se logró colectar larvas de E. albida parasitadas por un taquínido identificado como Carcelia sp. En conclusión, este artículo brinda uno de los primeros reportes de E. albida atacando cultivos agrícolas y brinda información sobre su ciclo de vida y fertilidad. Además, es el primer reporte de este insecto atacando el cultivo del higo y de Carcelia sp. parasitando larvas de este lepidóptero.

Abstract Lepidoptera is one of the largest groups of organisms, known commonly as butterflies or moths, which in their larval state, are considered the most harmful agricultural plagues. Lepidoptera larvae were collected from a fig crop, transferred under controlled environmental conditions, and fed an artificial diet. An identification of the larvae collected was performed, as well as the determination of their life cycle. Additionally, the fertility and egg hatching rate were determined from the eggs laid by the adults placed in couples. The lepidopteran species was identified as Estigmene albida, an insect from the Noctuidae superfamily, Erebidae family, and with very few information reported in the literature to date. The life cycle consisted of 57 days, developing 5 larval stages, with similar characteristics to those reported for E. acrea, a species from the same genus with more known importance as a crop plague. On average, the females that mated and laid viable eggs, placed 377.4 eggs, from which 222.4 per female developed larvae. These results were less than those reported for E. acrea; however, these variables could have been affected by the diet, the temperature and the species worked with. Also, it was possible to collect larvae from E. albida parasited with the tachinidae Carcelia sp. In conclusion, this study provides one of the first reports of E. albida affecting crops and provides information of their life cycle and fertility. It is also the first report of this insect affecting specifically a fig crop and of Carcelia sp. parasiting larvae of this lepidoptera.

Abstract The Global South has witnessed increasing sampling of its immense biological diversity during the past century. However, the diversity of many regions remains unknown, even at pristine and highly threatened places, such as in the Atlantic Forest; and for bioindicator, umbrella, and flagship groups. The present study reports the first butterfly list of the Parque Estadual Intervales, São Paulo, Brazil and surroundings, a key protected area in the last massive continuous of the Atlantic Forest. We compiled data from museums and four years of field work, under three sampling methods. We also aimed at providing resources to support conservation efforts by analyzing 27 years of climatic data (detailed in the Supplementary Material, in English and in Portuguese), discussing our results also for non-academics, and producing scientific outreach and educational material. A companion article dealt with the experiences of science outreach and capacity development, and illustrated the butterfly catalogue of the species sampled in the park. We found 312 species that sum to 2,139 records. The museum had 229 species (432 records), and we sampled 142 species (1,682 individuals), in a total effort of 36,679 sampling hours (36,432 trap and 247 net and observation hours). The richest families were Nymphalidae (148 species) and Hesperiidae (100 species). Most species were sampled exclusively by active methods (79.8%), but other sources (passive sampling, citizen science, etc.) also found unique records. We found the highest diversity metrics from January to May, and we demonstrated that winter months had less richness and abundance. We illustrated the 20 species common to all regions, and listed those that were found more than seven months in the year, as well as the most abundant species in trap sampling, with forest dwellers as well as species common to open and fragmented areas. The dominant species in our trap datasets was the iridescent white morpho, Morpho epistrophus (Fabricius, 1796), and we suggest it to become the park butterfly mascot. century However unknown places Forest bioindicator umbrella groups Intervales Paulo surroundings work 2 detailed Material Portuguese, Portuguese , Portuguese) nonacademics, nonacademics non academics, academics non-academics material development 31 2139 139 2,13 records 22 432 (43 records, records) 14 1,682 1682 1 682 (1,68 individuals, individuals individuals) 36679 36 679 36,67 36,432 36432 (36,43 24 hours. . hours) 148 (14 100 (10 species. 79.8%, 798 79.8% 79 8 (79.8%) passive etc. etc May abundance year areas morpho Fabricius, Fabricius (Fabricius 1796, 1796 1796) mascot 3 213 13 2,1 43 (4 1,68 168 68 (1,6 3667 67 36,6 36,43 3643 (36,4 (1 10 79.8 7 (79.8% 179 21 2, 4 ( 1,6 16 6 (1, 366 36, 36,4 364 (36, 79. (79.8 17 1, (36 (79. (3 (79 (7

Resumo O Sul Global testemunhou crescente amostragem de sua imensa diversidade biológica durante o século passado. Entretanto, a diversidade de muitas regiões permanece desconhecida, mesmo em locais pristinos e altamente ameaçados, como na Mata Atlântica; e para grupos bioindicadores, guarda-chuva e emblemáticos. O presente estudo reporta a primeira lista de borboletas do Parque Estadual Intervales, São Paulo, Brasil e arredores, uma unidade de conservação chave no último maciço contínuo de Mata Atlântica. Compilamos dados de museus e quatro anos de campo, sob três métodos de amostragem. Também visamos oferecer recursos para apoiar os esforços de conservação, analisando 27 anos de dados climáticos (detalhados no Material Suplementar, em inglês e em português), discutindo nossos resultados numa linguagem também para não acadêmicos, e produzindo material de divulgação científica e educativos. Um artigo irmão tratou das experiências de divulgação científica e capacitação, e ilustrou o catálogo de borboletas das espécies amostradas no parque. Encontramos 312 espécies em 2.139 registros. O museu tinha 229 espécies (432 registros), e amostramos 142 espécies (1.682 indivíduos), em um esforço total de 36.679 horas de amostragem (36.432 armadilhas e 247 horas de rede e observação). As famílias mais ricas foram Nymphalidae (148 espécies) e Hesperiidae (100 espécies). A maioria das espécies foi amostrada exclusivamente por métodos ativos (79,8%), mas outras fontes (passiva, ciência cidadã, etc.) também encontraram registros únicos. Encontramos as maiores métricas de diversidade de janeiro a maio, e demonstramos que os meses de inverno tiveram menos riqueza e abundância. Ilustramos as 20 espécies comuns a todas as regiões, e listamos aquelas que foram encontradas em mais de sete meses no ano, bem como as espécies mais abundantes em armadilhas, com espécies florestais e também comuns em áreas abertas e fragmentadas. A espécie dominante em nossas armadilhas foi a morfo branca iridescente, Morpho epistrophus (Fabricius, 1796), e sugerimos que se torne a borboleta mascote do parque. passado Entretanto desconhecida ameaçados Atlântica bioindicadores guardachuva guarda chuva emblemáticos Intervales Paulo arredores campo 2 detalhados Suplementar português, português , português) acadêmicos educativos capacitação parque 31 2139 139 2.13 22 432 (43 registros, registros) 14 1.682 1682 1 682 (1.68 indivíduos, indivíduos indivíduos) 36679 36 679 36.67 36.432 36432 (36.43 24 observação. observação . observação) 148 (14 100 (10 espécies. 79,8%, 798 79,8% 79 8 (79,8%) passiva, passiva (passiva cidadã etc. etc únicos maio abundância ano fragmentadas iridescente Fabricius, Fabricius (Fabricius 1796, 1796 1796) 3 213 13 2.1 43 (4 1.68 168 68 (1.6 3667 67 36.6 36.43 3643 (36.4 (1 10 79,8 7 (79,8% 179 21 2. 4 ( 1.6 16 6 (1. 366 36. 36.4 364 (36. 79, (79,8 17 1. (36 (79, (3 (79 (7

Abstract Iguaçu National Park is the second largest (1852.62 km²) protected area in the Atlantic Forest domain and harbors the largest area of semideciduous seasonal forest in Brazil. In this study, we present 795 subspecies and 787 species of butterflies that occur in this protected area and its surrounding areas, collected over 15 years and ten months using different non-standardized sampling methods. We also searched for additional records in the literature, entomological collections, and citizen science platforms on the internet. Among the sampled taxa, six are recorded for the first time in Brazil: Emesis orichalceus Stichel, 1916, Theope p. pakitza Hall & Harvey, 1998 (Riodinidae), Elbella v. viriditas (Skinner, 1920), Apaustus gracilis ssp. n. (Hesperiidae), Deltaya sp. n. (Nymphalidae), and Symbiopsis sp. n. (Lycaenidae). Another six are listed as endangered in lists of butterflies of conservation concern. The records for some species significantly increase previously documented distributions. 1852.62 185262 1852 62 (1852.6 km² km Brazil study 79 78 areas 1 nonstandardized non standardized methods literature collections internet taxa Stichel 1916 p Harvey 199 Riodinidae, Riodinidae , (Riodinidae) v Skinner, Skinner (Skinner 1920, 1920 1920) ssp n Hesperiidae, Hesperiidae (Hesperiidae) sp Nymphalidae, Nymphalidae (Nymphalidae) Lycaenidae. Lycaenidae . (Lycaenidae) concern distributions 1852.6 18526 185 6 (1852. 7 191 19 (Riodinidae 192 (Hesperiidae (Nymphalidae (Lycaenidae 1852. 18 (1852 (185 (18 (1 (

Resumo O Parque Nacional do Iguaçu é a segunda maior Unidade de Conservação (1.852,62 km²) no domínio Mata Atlântica, abrigando a maior área de Floresta Estacional Semidecídua no Brasil. Neste estudo apresentamos uma lista com 795 subespécies e 787 espécies de borboletas que ocorrem nesta Unidade de Conservação e seus arredores, coligida ao longo de 15 anos e dez meses através do uso de diferentes métodos de amostragem não padronizados. Nós também procuramos por registros adicionais na literatura, coleções entomológicas e plataformas de ciência cidadã na internet. Dentre os táxons amostrados, seis são registrados pela primeira vez para o Brasil: Emesis orichalceus Stichel, 1916, Theope p. pakitza Hall & Harvey, 1998 (Riodinidae), Elbella v. viriditas (Skinner, 1920), Apaustus gracilis ssp. n. (Hesperiidae), Deltaya sp. n. (Nymphalidae) e Symbiopsis sp. n. (Lycaenidae). Outras seis espécies são consideradas ameaçadas de extinção em listas de borboletas de interesse para a conservação. Os registros de algumas espécies aumentam significativamente as suas distribuições previamente documentadas. 1.852,62 185262 1 852 62 (1.852,6 km² km Atlântica Brasil 79 78 arredores padronizados literatura internet amostrados Stichel 1916 p Harvey 199 Riodinidae, Riodinidae , (Riodinidae) v Skinner, Skinner (Skinner 1920, 1920 1920) ssp n Hesperiidae, Hesperiidae (Hesperiidae) sp Nymphalidae (Nymphalidae Lycaenidae. Lycaenidae . (Lycaenidae) conservação documentadas 1.852,6 18526 85 6 (1.852, 7 191 19 (Riodinidae 192 (Hesperiidae (Lycaenidae 1.852, 1852 8 (1.852 1.852 185 (1.85 1.85 18 (1.8 1.8 (1. 1. (1 (

Abstract Green areas in urban landscapes are under strong anthropogenic pressure, and, at the same time are fundamental to maintaining biodiversity, as they provide resources for many animal and plant species. Knowing these species is fundamental for its maintenance and conservation, and inventories are extremely important for monitoring fauna and conserving it. Therefore, the goal of this research is to inventory the butterflies species in the park of the Instituto Butantan (Ibu), located in an urban area in the city of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. The surveys of butterflies were conducted through visual censuses from August 2017 to July 2019 and recorded a total of 324 butterfly species. The most speciose family was Hesperiidae, followed by Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, and Papilionidae. Among the sampled species, there is Euselasia zara which is a new record for the state of São Paulo. Neither the species accumulation nor the richness estimator curves tended to reach an asymptote, suggesting that additional butterflies’ species will be recorded with more sampling effort on the site. Even with a flora composed mainly of exotic and ornamental plants, the park of Instituto Butantan exhibits a very rich butterfly community. This community exhibits a pattern of seasonally variation, with the peak of species richness related to the rainy season. When compared with Cidade Universitária Armando de Salles Oliveira (USP), another nearby urban green area, which is larger, more heterogeneous and sampled over a longer period, it is possible to notice that the Ibu butterfly community is a subsample of this larger one. These results highlight the potential that urban parks have for the maintenance and conservation of butterfly species. pressure biodiversity Therefore Ibu, , (Ibu) Paulo Brazil 201 32 Hesperiidae Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Pieridae Riodinidae Papilionidae asymptote site plants variation season USP, USP (USP) period one (Ibu 20 3 (USP 2

Abstract Population studies about butterflies in the Colombian Caribbean are scarce, which is why we analyzed the variation in the population structure and displacement of Hamadryas in different land uses in a fragmented landscape in Montes de María, San Jacinto, Bolívar. Six samplings were conducted between March and June, 2018. Seven sampling stations were located in the study area where 5 Van Someren-Rydon traps baited with fermented fruit mix were placed in each station. Using the capture-mark-recapture method, 541 individuals of the genus Hamadryas were recorded (including 312 males and 229 females). The most abundant species was H. feronia with 291 individuals recorded and the least frequent was H. amphinome with 33 individuals records. Sex ratios varied, although the number of males was always greater and the females experienced greater travel distance. The age structure and recapture showed a peak of imagos emergence for these butterflies between April-June. Finally, the variation in the abundance of Hamadryas is mainly associated with variables such as canopy cover, indicating that this factor plays a determining role in the population dynamics of this group of butterflies.

Resumen Los estudios poblacionales de mariposas en el Caribe colombiano son escasos, razón por la cual se analizó la estructura poblacional y el desplazamiento de Hamadryas Hübner (1806) en diferentes usos del suelo en un paisaje fragmentado en los Montes de María, San Jacinto, Bolívar. Se realizaron 6 muestreos entre marzo y junio de 2018. En el área de estudio se ubicaron 7 estaciones donde se colocaron 5 trampas Van Someren-Rydon cebadas con mezcla de fruta fermentada. Mediante el método de captura-marcaje-recaptura, se registraron 541 individuos del género Hamadryas (312 machos - 229 hembras). La especie más abundante fue H. feronia (Linnaeus, 1758) con 291 individuos registrados y la menos frecuente H. amphinome (Linnaeus, 1767) con 33 registros. Las proporciones sexuales variaron, aunque el número de machos siempre fue mayor y las hembras experimentaron una mayor distancia de desplazamiento. La estructura de edades y las recapturas mostraron un pico de emergencia de imagos entre abril-junio. Por último, la variación de la abundancia de Hamadryas se asocia, principalmente, con la cobertura del dosel, indicando que este factor juega un papel determinante en la dinámica poblacional de este grupo de mariposas.

Abstract Introduction: The Loxicha Region of Oaxaca, Mexico, has been historically important for the study of Nymphalidae, second in the Papilionoidea for species richness. Describing the diversity patterns of this butterfly clade in Loxicha can improve our understanding of the evolutionary history of the Sierra Madre del Sur, the Mexican Pacific slope, and Mexico in general. Objective: To describe the temporal and spatial patterns of Nymphalidae diversity along an elevational gradient (80-2 600 m), and to compare Loxicha's fauna with other regions in Mexico. Methods: We obtained 28 756 records from 21 sites in the Loxicha Region, representing seven years of sampling. We estimate and analyze the diversity, endemism, and distributional patterns for three elevational levels and five vegetation types. We estimated species composition and similarity with other regions of the Pacific and Atlantic slopes. Results: We identified 189 taxa, including species and subspecies, from 85 genera and ten subfamilies of Nymphalidae. Loxicha contains 46 % of the species in the family recognized for Mexico, including ten endemic species and 56 endemic subspecies. Cloud forest and low elevations were the most diverse habitats for this family. There is a clear divergence between the Atlantic and Pacific faunas, and the Sierra Madre del Sur has two faunal components. High-elevation sites in Oaxaca, and in the neighboring state of Guerrero, have a distinctive fauna, apparently isolated from low-elevation sites, revealing an archipelagic distribution for cloud forest Nymphalidae. Conclusions: The Loxicha Region is one of the richest areas for Nymphalidae in Mexico. Distribution on the Pacific slope is determined by geographical history and ecological conditions, including elevation. Nymphalidae can be used to test hypotheses of biogeographic regionalization in Mexico.

Resumen Introducción: Los efectos de la transformación del hábitat han sido ampliamente estudiados y son bien conocidos los efectos a diferentes niveles de organización biológica. Sin embargo, pocos estudios se han centrado en las respuestas a este proceso a nivel de múltiples taxones en diversos grupos taxonómicos y funcionales. Objetivo: Determinar las variaciones en la diversidad taxonómica y funcional de hormigas, mariposas y escarabajos coprófagos, a nivel espacial y temporal en un mosaico paisajístico de la ecorregión del piedemonte colombiano. Métodos: Evaluamos la cantidad de hábitat natural y la composición del paisaje en cuatro tipos de vegetación, durante los períodos de mayor y menor lluvia. Recolectamos mariposas con redes de mano y usamos trampas de caída con cebo para escarabajos coprófagos y hormigas. Resultados: La pérdida de hábitat afectó positivamente la riqueza de especies de hormigas y mariposas y afectó negativamente a los escarabajos peloteros. La abundancia de hormigas y mariposas tuvo un efecto positivo sobre la dominancia de especies en la vegetación transformada, para los escarabajos coprófagos la abundancia se vio afectada negativamente por la ausencia de cobertura de dosel. La pérdida de hábitat no tuvo un efecto negativo sobre la diversidad funcional ya que no hay diferencia entre la vegetación natural y la transformada. Conclusiones: La cantidad de hábitat, la conectividad del hábitat y los diferentes tipos de cobertura vegetal fueron factores importantes en el mantenimiento de la diversidad de insectos en los ecosistemas modificados del piedemonte de la Orinoquia colombiana. La falta de un patrón espacial y temporal común muestra que se deben realizar estudios de múltiples taxones de insectos para los procesos de monitoreo y conservación de la biodiversidad.

Abstract Introduction: The effects of habitat transformation have been widely studied and the effects are well-known at different levels of biological organization. However, few studies have focused on responses to this process at the level of multiple taxa in diverse taxonomic and functional groups. Objective: Determine the variations in taxonomic and functional diversity of ants, butterflies, and dung beetles, at a spatial and temporal level in a landscape mosaic of the ecoregion of the Colombian foothills. Methods: We assessed amount of natural habitat and landscape composition in four types of vegetation, during the highest and lowest rain periods. We collected butterflies with hand nets and used baited pitfall traps for dung beetles and ants. Results: Habitat loss positively affected ant and butterfly species richness, and negatively affected dung beetles. The abundance of ants and butterflies had a positive effect on the dominance of species in the transformed vegetation, for dung beetles the abundance was negatively affected by the absence of canopy cover. Habitat loss had no negative effect on functional diversity as there is no difference between natural and transformed vegetation. Conclusions: The amount of habitat, habitat connectivity and different types of vegetation cover were important factors in the maintenance of insect diversity in the modified ecosystems of foothills of the Colombian Orinoquia. The lack of a common spatial and temporal pattern shows that studies of multiple insect taxa should be carried out for biodiversity monitoring and conservation processes.

Resumen Introducción: Una actividad económica que ha tenido auge en la última década en la altillanura es la forestación de sabanas con alteraciones antrópicas, pero se desconoce su papel en la conservación de las mariposas frugívoras de los bosques de galería dentro de los núcleos forestales. Objetivo: Comparar la diversidad de mariposas frugívoras en plantaciones de eucalipto y bosques de galería, y el papel de las variables ambientales. Métodos: Utilizamos trampas Van Someren-Rydon, dos réplicas de cuatro trampas, en cada uno de los cuatro hábitats muestreados simultáneamente desde diciembre 2020 hasta julio 2021: plantación de eucaliptos de cuatro años; plantación de eucaliptos de seis años; bosque de galería de suelo seco y bosque de galería anegado. También registramos diez variables abióticas, estructurales, alimentarias y de hábitat. Resultados: Recolectamos 227 especímenes de mariposas frugívoras (30 especies, 23 géneros y 5 subfamilias de la familia Nymphalidae). Había más especies en los bosques. Las especies de mariposas variaron más del 50 % entre los hábitats; Satyrinae fue más diversa en las plantaciones. Conclusión: La forestación en esta área proporciona hábitats para algunas especies de mariposas frugívoras de los remanentes de bosques naturales adyacentes. Las forestaciones representan un escenario de alteración intermedia entre las dos unidades de paisaje dominantes en la región.

Abstract Introduction: An economic activity that has boomed in the last decade in Colombian highlands is the afforestation of anthropized savannas, but its role in the conservation of fruit-feeding butterflies of gallery forests within forest cores is unknown. Objective: To compare the diversity of fruit-feeding butterflies in eucalyptus plantations and gallery forests, and the role of environmental variables. Methods: We used Van Someren-Rydon traps, two replicates of four traps, on each of four habitats sampled simultaneously from December 2020 to July 2021: four-years-old eucalyptus plantation; six-years-old eucalyptus plantation; dry soil gallery forest and waterlogged gallery forest. We also recorded ten abiotic, structural, food and habitat variables. Results: We collected 227 specimens of fruit-feeding butterflies (30 species, 23 genera, and 5 subfamilies within the family Nymphalidae). There were more species in the forests. The butterfly species varied over 50 % between the habitats; Satyrinae were more diverse in plantations. Conclusion: Afforestation in this area provides habitats for some species of fruit-feeding butterflies from adjacent natural forest remnants. Afforestations represent an intermediate disturbance scenario between the two dominant landscape units in the region.

Resumen Objetivo: reportar las mariposas de la tribu Morphini de la Colección de Entomología del Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad de Cauca (Popayán, Colombia). Alcance: publicar un listado de especies, y realizar análisis museológicos, biológicos y de historia natural sobre la tribu Morphini del MHN-Unicauca. Metodología: se revisó la Colección de Entomología del MHN-Unicauca para identificar las especies de la tribu Morphini y realizar análisis descriptivos sobre temas museológicos y un análisis de la calidad del inventario encontrado. Resultados: se examinaron 117 especímenes de mariposas de la tribu Morphini del MHN-Unicauca (Popayán, Colombia), pertenecientes a tres especies del género Antirrhea Hübner [1822], una especie de Caerois Hübner [1819] y siete especies (12 subespecies) de Morpho Fabricius [1807]. Conclusiones: los 117 ejemplares examinados pertenecen 16 subespecies, siendo la más abundante M. helenor rugitaeniatus con 39 especímenes. Sin embargo, los análisis estadísticos indican que para la zona, potencialmente se pueden encontrar 39,08 subespecies, lo que se explicaría por la gran complejidad del área de influencia del MHN-Unicauca. Este análisis permite ubicar a la tribu Morphini como un grupo de gran potencial de estudio.

Abstract Objective: To report the butterflies of the Morphini tribe in the Entomology Collection of the Natural History Museum of Universidad de Cauca (MHN-Unicauca) (Popayan, Colombia). Scope: To publish a list of species, and carry out museological, biological and natural history analyses about the tribe Morphini in the Entomological Collection of MHN-Unicauca. Methodology: The Entomological Collection of MHN-Unicauca was reviewed to identify the species of the Morphini tribe and to carry out descriptive analyses on museological themes and an analysis of the quality of the inventory found. Main results: A total of 117 specimens of butterflies of the Morphini tribe of the Entomology Collection of MHN-Unicauca (Popayan, Colombia), belonging to three species of the genera Antirrhea Hübner, [1822], one species of Caerois Hübner, [1819] and seven species (12 subspecies) of Morpho Fabricius [1807], were examined. Conclusions: The 117 specimens examined belonged to 16 subspecies, the most abundant being M. helenor rugitaeniatus with 39 specimens. However, statistical analyses indicate that possibly 39.08 subspecies can be found for the area which would be explained by the great complexity of the area of influence of the MHN-Unicauca. This analysis allows defining the Morphini tribe as a group with great study potential.

Resumen Se realizó un inventario de las mariposas de Isla Grande, la isla más extensa del Archipiélago Islas del Rosario (Cartagena de Indias) en el mar Caribe colombiano, a partir de muestreos realizados entre agosto y noviembre de 2017, empleando redes entomológicas y trampas Van Someren-Rydon en fragmentos de bosque seco tropical, donde se ubicaron 13 transectos de 100 m x 10 m. Se registró un total de 129 individuos distribuidos en seis familias, 14 subfamilias y 25 especies. La presencia de Polygonus savigny (Hesperiidae) se confirma para el Caribe colombiano. La familia Nymphalidae fue la más representativa, por el contrario, las familias Lycaenidae, Riodinidae y Papilionidae presentaron la menor representatividad. Las especies se clasificaron a partir del número de individuos capturados, registrándose cinco especies abundantes, cuatro comunes, tres escasas y 13 raras. Se considera que la realización de muestreos en época seca y de transición permitirá ampliar el número de especies registradas para la isla. Estos resultados constituyen el primer listado de las mariposas de Isla Grande, información que constituye una línea de referencia para posteriores estudios.

Abstract An inventory of the butterflies of Isla Grande, the largest island in the Islas del Rosario Archipelago (Cartagena de Indias) in the Colombian Caribbean Sea, was developed based on samplings carried out between August and November 2017 using entomological nets and Van Someren-Rydon traps in fragments of tropical dry forest, where 13 transects of 100 m x 10 m were located. A total of 129 individuals distributed in six families, 14 subfamilies and 25 species were recorded. The presence of Polygonus savigny (Hesperiidae) is confirmed for the Colombian Caribbean. The Nymphalidae family was the most representative. On the contrary, the Lycaenidae, Riodinidae and Papilionidae families presented the least representativeness. The species were classified based on the number of individuals captured, registering five abundant species, four common species, three scarce and 13 rare. It is considered that carrying out samplings in the dry and transitional season will allow expanding the number of species recorded for the island. These results constitute the first list of the butterflies of Isla Grande, information that constitutes a reference line for further studies.

Resumen Colombia es considerado uno de los países con mayor riqueza de mariposas en el mundo, siendo el segundo después del Perú. Sin embargo, pese a ese puesto, presenta grandes zonas con un fuerte vacío de información debido a múltiples factores que han impedido su estudio. El municipio de Piamonte (Cauca) ha sido considerado como una de las regiones con mayor biodiversidad en el país, por estar en el corredor de transición andino amazónico, pero adolece de información especialmente en grupos carismáticos como las mariposas. Objetivo: determinar la riqueza de mariposas diurnas y proporcionar información parcial de algunas polillas en el municipio de Piamonte (Cauca). Metodología: con base en 20 muestreos estandarizados empleando red entomológica de mango largo, uso de trampas Van Somren Rydon con camarón en descomposición y el empleo de la técnica de Ahrenholz se obtuvo la riqueza de mariposas en el municipio. Resultados: se obtuvieron 2918 registros que corresponden 701 especies y subespecies de mariposas de las superfamilias Hesperioidea y Papilionoidea, distribuidas en seis (6) familias, 18 subfamilias y 10 familias de polillas con 78 especies para un total de 779 taxones que habitan el municipio de Piamonte. Se indican e ilustran más de 20 especies de gran importancia por su vulnerabilidad, vistosidad o rareza. Conclusiones: el municipio de Piamonte se consolida en una de las áreas con mayor riqueza de especies de mariposas en el país, que la convierten en sitio de referencia para estudiar, observar y disfrutar de estos elementos naturales en Colombia.

Abstract Colombia is considered one of the countries with the greatest wealth of butterflies in the world, being the second after Peru. However, despite this position, it presents large areas with a strong information gap due to multiple factors that have prevented its study. The municipality of Piamonte (Cauca) has been considered one of the regions with the greatest biodiversity in the country, for being in the Andean-Amazonian transition corridor, but it lacks information, especially in charismatic groups such as butterflies. Objective: To determine the richness of daytime butterflies and provide partial information on some moths in the municipality of Piamonte (Cauca). Methodology: Based on 20 standardized samplings using a long-handled entomological net, the use of Van Someren Rydon traps with decomposing shrimp, and the use of the Ahrenholz technique, the richness of butterflies in the municipality was obtained. Results: 2918 records were obtained corresponding to 701 species and subspecies of butterflies of the superfamilies Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea, distributed in six (6) families, 18 subfamilies and 10 families of moths with 78 species for a total of 779 taxa that inhabit the municipality of Piedmont. More than 20 species of great importance due to their vulnerability, showiness or rarity are indicated and illustrated. Conclusions: The municipality of Piamonte is consolidated in one of the areas with the greatest wealth of butterfly species in the country, which makes it a reference site to study, observe and enjoy these natural elements in Colombia.