Resumen Se estudia el emprendimiento y la reintegración de personas colombianas que migraron a Venezuela hacia el año 2000 y fueron deportadas a Colombia en 2015 por el gobierno venezolano. Se investiga hasta qué punto sus movilidades espaciales transfronterizas y sus redes sociales contribuyen al avance de sus microemprendimientos, y cómo el contexto geopolítico influye en su reintegración socioeconómica. La metodología comprende la observación etnográfica multisituada, las entrevistas biográficas, los mapas mentales y los talleres participativos Minga realizados con 18 individuos. Se concluye que, pese a su notable resiliencia, las personas en retorno y sus emprendimientos se enfrentan a una precariedad constante debido a la falta de apoyo estatal, los conflictos geopolíticos prevalentes, la débil economía local y el trauma de la deportación. Así mismo, buscando mejorar su reintegración socioeconómica, los migrantes que retornan efectúan estrategias de movilidad transfronteriza para aprovechar las oportunidades ofrecidas por diferentes lugares en Colombia y Venezuela.

Abstract This paper explores the entrepreneurship and reintegration of Colombians who migrated to Venezuela around 2000 and were arbitrarily deported to Colombia in 2015 by the Venezuelan government. It asks to what extent their cross-border spatial mobilities and social networks help develop their microenterprises and how the geopolitical context influences their socioeconomic reintegration. The methodology includes multi-sited ethnographic observation, biographical interviews, mental maps, and participatory Minga workshops carried out with 18 individuals. It is concluded that, despite their remarkable resilience, these individuals and their business ventures face constant precarity due to a lack of state support, prevalent geopolitical conflicts, a weak local economy, and the trauma of deportation. At the same time, in an attempt to improve their socioeconomic reintegration, returning migrants deploy cross-border mobility strategies to take advantage of the opportunities offered by different localities in Colombia and Venezuela.

Abstract The research analyzes the variables that influence the strengthening of business and tax culture through knowledge management. Methodologically, it is a study with a qualitative and analytical approach. The study highlights the importance of knowledge management as a catalyst for improving organizational culture and tax compliance in companies. Variables such as effective communication allow the organization to improve tax and administrative management through the individual knowledge of each employee. The acquisition of skills and knowledge through training and education strengthens the resilience of individuals to regulatory changes. Technology, used as a management and process optimization tool, reduces error variability while increasing efficiency and performance. Teamwork in the execution of tasks facilitates more efficient planning and optimal allocation of individual responsibilities. Finally, by implementing a risk management approach, it is possible to exercise greater diligence in the early detection of errors and minimize their impact on the ongoing business development context.

Resumen La investigación analiza las variables que influyen en el fortalecimiento de la cultura empresarial y tributaria a través de la gestión del conocimiento. A nivel metodológico es un estudio con enfoque cualitativo y analítico. El estudio destaca la importancia de la gestión del conocimiento como un catalizador para mejorar la cultura organizacional y el cumplimiento tributario en las empresas. Variables como la comunicación efectiva, permite en la organización el mejoramiento en la gestión tributaria y administrativa por medio del conocimiento individual de cada trabajador; la adquisición de habilidades y conocimientos a través de la formación y capacitación fortalece la resiliencia de los individuos ante las modificaciones regulatorias; la tecnología, utilizada como un instrumento para la gestión y optimización de los procesos, reduce la variabilidad de errores, al tiempo que aumenta la eficiencia y el rendimiento; el trabajo en equipo en la ejecución de tareas facilita una planificación más eficiente y una asignación óptima de las responsabilidades individuales; y finalmente, mediante la implementación de un enfoque de gestión de riesgos, es posible ejercer una mayor diligencia en la detección temprana de fallos y en la minimización de su impacto en el contexto del desarrollo del negocio en marcha.

INTRODUCTION: Self-employment, in which individuals work for themselves in a small business or microenterprise to earn an income or generate a salary, has been encouraged to facilitate employment opportunities in South Africa. However, participation in self-employment within the community served by professionals such as occupational therapists is limited by many factors, including effective government initiatives, such as implementing the Small Enterprise Development Agency (SEDA) policies. To enable individuals and community participation in this type of work for those with occupational dysfunction, mainly persons with disabilities, professionals such as occupational therapists need to understand the structural, contextual and occupational outcomes related to self-employment. Based on the Framework for Occupational Justice, this study explored the occupation of self-employment in microenterprises in the low-resourced urban community of Alexandra Township. METHOD: A quantitative descriptive non-experimental design study was used to identify informal microenterprises in the community using a transect walk and community mapping. Structured interviews were conducted to complete a questionnaire with key informants (service providers and business owners) who provided perceptions on factors that impacted the occupational outcomes of microenterprises. RESULTS: Structural and contextual factors from the participants' experience resulted in unjust occupational outcomes, which indicates that occupational rights, particularly participation, choice and balance, were negatively affected by the lack of opportunities, such as jobs. Occupational marginalisation and imbalance were reported since many businesses lacked adequate and appropriate space for trade. Some business owners, however, reported just occupational outcomes related to the occupational right for meaningful occupation in providing a service to the community and financial income to support themselves and their families. CONCLUSION: Occupational therapists need to play various active roles in raising the consciousness of unjust occupational outcomes and support for just occupational outcomes that are achieved in engagement in self-employment in informal microenterprises. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Occupational therapists should take note of the factors and occupational outcomes of being self-employed identified in this study and consider the roles they could play in expediting success in this occupation for clients. Occupational therapists could assume: • A collaborative role, such as referring and working with various key role players or sectors in the interest of sourcing and providing opportunities for skills development for those entering self-employment, particularly in entrepreneurial training. This may include working with the government (e.g., Department of Labour and Small Enterprise Development Agency), private sector (e.g., yes4youth), other professions (social workers and industrial psychologists) and organisations for persons with disabilities (e.g., Disabled People South Africa). • A researcher role by conducting further research in this field, e.g., the development of an evidence-based framework on self-employment for occupational therapists. More research is still needed on, e.g., domains such as performance patterns, performance skills and client factors related to self-employment for persons with disabilities. • An educator's role by incorporating and teaching content on self-employment as an occupation when training occupational therapy students. • A clinical role, where they could assist with adaptations to the skills, tasks or environment to facilitate engagement in self-employment. Essential aspects to consider by the occupational therapist together with their clients during the collaborative occupational therapy process include, but are not limited to, o The client's motivation, dedication and whether self-employment is the client's primary choice. o The client's potential to be self-employed and their level of resilience in dealing with factors affecting self-employment in the informal labour sector.

ABSTRACT Purpose: This research aimed to evaluate the potential for resilient performance in the face of crises and adversities for companies located in the city of Santa Maria – RS (Brazil). Design/methodology/approach: We adopted a quantitative approach. The research was carried out through five sequential steps: (i) construction and validation of the research instrument; (ii) definition of the sample size and sampling procedures; (iii) data collection; (iv) data analysis and interpretation of results; and (v) elaboration of recommendations. A research instrument containing 44 questions was built and distributed among potential respondents, obtaining 87 valid answers, which corresponds to a statistically representative sample for the parameters adopted. Findings: Our sample was divided into two subsets, representing the Industrial and Commerce sectors. Resilience assessment accounted for four dimensions: the ability to respond, to anticipate, to monitor, and to learn. Results for both sectors showed scores ranging from 3.4 to 3.7 (out of 5) in the four dimensions evaluated. This reveals both sectors have been developing practices that positively contribute to the improvement of resilience, although there are opportunities for improvement. Originality/value: This research sheds light on the resilience ability of the cases surveyed, enabling managers to take action to strengthen their organizations and overcome crises and adversities. Additionally, our findings demonstrate how resilience abilities can be assessed, considering the scope of an economic sector and a geographical area. This approach can be adopted by researchers, policymakers, and development agencies to assess the resilience abilities of firms within their sphere of influence. Purpose Brazil. Brazil . (Brazil) Design/methodology/approach Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology steps i (i ii (ii procedures iii (iii collection iv (iv results v (v recommendations 4 respondents 8 answers Findings subsets respond anticipate monitor learn 34 3 3. 37 7 5 evaluated Originality/value Originalityvalue Originality value surveyed Additionally assessed area researchers policymakers influence (Brazil

RESUMO Objetivo: Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de desempenho resiliente diante de crises e adversidades para empresas localizadas na cidade de Santa Maria – RS (Brasil). Design/metodologia/abordagem: A abordagem quantitativa foi adotada. A pesquisa foi realizada em cinco etapas sequenciais, a saber: (i) construção e validação do instrumento de pesquisa; (ii) definição do tamanho da amostra e procedimentos de amostragem; (iii) coleta de dados; (iv) análise de dados e interpretação dos resultados; e (v) elaboração de recomendações. Um instrumento de pesquisa contendo 44 perguntas foi elaborado e distribuído entre potenciais respondentes, obtendo-se 87 respostas válidas, o que corresponde a uma amostra estatisticamente representativa para os parâmetros adotados. Resultados: A amostra foi dividida em dois subconjuntos, representando os setores Industrial e de Comércio. A avaliação de resiliência considerou quatro dimensões: habilidade de responder, antecipar, monitorar e aprender. Os resultados para ambos os setores mostraram pontuações variando de 3,4 a 3,7 (escala de 5 pontos) nas quatro dimensões avaliadas. Isso revela que ambos os setores têm desenvolvido práticas que contribuem positivamente para o aprimoramento da resiliência, embora haja oportunidades para melhorias. Originalidade/valor: Esta pesquisa lança luz sobre a capacidade de resiliência dos casos estudados, permitindo que os gestores atuem para fortalecer suas organizações para superar crises e adversidades. Além disso, nossos resultados demonstram como as habilidades de resiliência podem ser avaliadas considerando o escopo de setores econômicos e uma área geográfica, o que pode ser adotado por pesquisadores, formuladores de políticas e agências de desenvolvimento para avaliar as habilidades resilientes das empresas sob sua área de influência. Objetivo Brasil. Brasil . (Brasil) Design/metodologia/abordagem Designmetodologiaabordagem Design metodologia adotada sequenciais saber i (i ii (ii amostragem iii (iii iv (iv v (v recomendações 4 respondentes obtendose obtendo se 8 válidas adotados Resultados subconjuntos Comércio responder antecipar aprender 34 3 3, 37 7 escala pontos melhorias Originalidade/valor Originalidadevalor Originalidade valor estudados disso geográfica pesquisadores influência (Brasil

Abstract Objective: to understand emotional resilience based on the perspective of entrepreneurial education from an experience of entrepreneurial education in Arts. Methodology/approach: This qualitative, inductive, and narrative study used several sources of information (documents, direct observation, videos, and semi-structured interviews) and analysis of narratives. Main results: Conceptual elaboration of four emotionally challenging educational contexts and five educational practices to develop emotional resilience. Theoretical/methodological contributions: We propose new reflections about entrepreneurial education contexts and practices and specific discussions for entrepreneurial education in the Arts, promoting a more updated, sophisticated, and comprehensive entrepreneurial education that prioritizes emotional resilience. Relevance/originality: Despite the importance of emotional resilience for entrepreneurship, the topic has been underestimated in research on entrepreneurship education. Social contributions: By stimulating the conceptual refinement of entrepreneurial education based on the concept of emotional resilience, we contribute to advancing research on entrepreneurship, the practice of artistic entrepreneurship, and the development of the creative economy. Objective Arts Methodology/approach Methodologyapproach Methodology approach qualitative inductive documents, documents (documents observation videos semistructured semi structured interviews narratives results Theoreticalmethodological Theoretical methodological contributions updated sophisticated Relevance/originality Relevanceoriginality Relevance originality economy

Resumo Objetivo: Entender a resiliência emocional na perspectiva da educação empreendedora a partir de uma experiência de educação empreendedora nas artes. Metodologia/abordagem: Metodologia qualitativa, indutivo e narrativa. Uso de diferentes fontes de informações (documentos, observação direta, vídeos e entrevistas semiestruturadas) e da análise de narrativas. Principais resultados: Elaboração conceitual de quatro contextos educacionais emocionalmente desafiadores e cinco práticas educacionais para o desenvolvimento da resiliência emocional. Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: Propomos novas reflexões acerca dos contextos e suas práticas no âmbito da educação empreendedora, bem como reflexões específicas para o campo da educação empreendedora nas artes, promovendo uma educação empreendedora mais atual, sofisticada e abrangente, através da qual a capacidade de ser emocionalmente resiliente torne-se uma prioridade. Relevância/originalidade: Apesar da importância da resiliência emocional para o empreendedorismo, até então, o tema encontra-se subestimado pelas pesquisas sobre educação empreendedora. Contribuições sociais: Ao estimular o refinamento conceitual da educação empreendedora, a partir do conceito de resiliência emocional, contribuímos para o avanço das pesquisas sobre empreendedorismo, para a prática do empreendedorismo artístico e para o desenvolvimento da economia criativa. Objetivo artes Metodologia/abordagem Metodologiaabordagem abordagem qualitativa narrativa documentos, documentos (documentos direta semiestruturadas narrativas resultados teóricas/metodológicas teóricasmetodológicas teóricas metodológicas atual abrangente tornese torne se prioridade Relevância/originalidade Relevânciaoriginalidade Relevância originalidade então encontrase encontra sociais criativa

ORIENTATION: Employee empowerment has received widespread attention in both academic and business literature. The idea is that an empowered employee is a productive worker; a productive worker is, in turn, a competitive asset to the organisation. However, the banking industry in many developing nations still falls short in employee empowerment. RESEARCH PURPOSE: This study aims to analyse the robust strategies for empowering bank workers and their effects on job performance. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: The study was motivated by the fact that extant studies seem inconsistent in identifying the precise empowerment strategies capable of igniting better work performance in the banking industry. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design targeting 316 middle-level bank managers in the five biggest banks in Nigeria. Data were collected using the structured questionnaire and processed using the structural equation modelling in SmartPLS software. MAIN FINDINGS: Results showed that employee empowerment variables (employee input acknowledgment, mutual decision-making, joint resolution implementation, and sense of belonging climate) were positively related to improved job performance PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: The study has shown that improved employee performance can be achieved when the adopted empowerment strategy is a mix of employee input acknowledgment, mutual decision-making, joint resolution implementation, and a sense of belonging climate. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: The study has addressed the existing gaps in the banking sector employee empowerment by highlighting four new strategies.

PURPOSE: This study extends previous research by exploring the key lessons learned by the pharmaceutical industry in South Africa from the COVID-19 pandemic supply chain disruptions. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Having embraced the interpretivist paradigm, 25 supply chain professionals were purposively selected on the basis of their experience and deep knowledge of the industry and interviewed using the semi-structured approach of interviews. A qualitative data analysis programme, ATLAS.ti (version 9.1), was used to analyse the transcripts. FINDINGS/RESULTS: Following thematic analysis, the following themes emerged from the primary data: supply networks, demand planning and management, supply chain coordination, inventory management, logistics management and local production. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: It is crucial to build resilience in the design of pharmaceutical supply chains. A comprehensive demand management strategy and use of data analytics need to be adopted by pharmaceutical companies to improve demand visibility, responsiveness and supply chain resilience. The study also revealed the need for local production, as local skills and enterprises are being developed. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This study has extended the body of knowledge on the supply chain disruptions, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry by building on the studies that were conducted during COVID-19, many of which were not based on empirical data. It also points supply chain professionals in a direction which enables them to develop a disruption strategy while providing justification for policymakers to support investment in the development of the requite skills for the pharmaceutical industry and the development of local production facilities.

Sewage spillage is fast becoming a significant concern in South Africa because of the deteriorating infrastructure and substandard service delivery. Thus, this study investigated the socioeconomic impacts of sewage spillages on businesses in the Umhlanga Rocks coastline area. A questionnaire with open and closed-ended questions was used to collect data from business owners in the affected area. One hundred business owners were handed questionnaires to complete, and 95 completed questionnaires were collected. The qualitative data from the questionnaires were analysed using thematic analysis, whereby line-by-line coding was manually completed using Excel. The quantitative data were analysed in R studio using numerous statistical tests, including the Shapiro-Wilk test, the Chi-square test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, Dunn's test, and Cohen's d test. The thematic analysis and statistical testing results showed that sewage spillages disrupted businesses significantly. Results indicated that businesses of different sizes experienced socioeconomic losses differently. Consequently, the results of this study have implications for business owners and communities living in the affected area. Moreover, findings have revealed practical strategies and interventions that may be used by micro- to medium-scale businesses to mitigate the socioeconomic impact of sewage spillages. CONTRIBUTION: The practical strategies revealed in this study contribute to reducing the vulnerability of communities and businesses to sewage spillages. Findings of the study have also been disseminated to the business owners and other relevant stakeholders to provide them with alternative solutions in 'softening the blow' caused by the spillages.

PURPOSE: Small, medium-sized and micro-enterprises (SMMEs) are a key catalyst in poverty alleviation and job creation in most economies. The global pandemic adversely impacted this sector even though many SMMEs implemented mitigating measures to curb the effect thereof. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on organisational performance and talent management practices in the manufacturing SMME sector, specifically in the Gauteng province. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: An embedded mixed-methodology research design was implemented in the study. A self-developed survey was conducted on a sample comprising 395 participants. Structural equation and mediation modelling were performed to analyse the data inferentially. Thematic analysis was used to interpret narrative responses related to business continuity measures implemented during the pandemic. FINDINGS/RESULTS: Results indicated that COVID-19 did not statistically significantly influence organisational performance or talent management facets. Moreover, the impact of COVID-19 on organisational performance was not mediated by talent management practices. Results of the narrative responses revealed that most of the SMMEs did not have a business continuity strategy in place, and they reactively modified offerings, revenue models and sales procedures while reducing human capabilities. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Small, medium-sized and micro-enterprises in the manufacturing sector could utilise the findings to develop a business continuity model underscoring diverse offerings, talent management and revenue measures to foster resilience amid an external shock. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This study is among a few empirical studies conducted on the impact of COVID-19 on organisational performance and talent management in the SMME manufacturing sector contributing to extant literature.

PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate the impacts of digital transformation on enterprise innovation resilience, with a focus on understanding how digital transformation influences innovation resilience across different stages during the life cycle of an enterprise DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Data were collected from Chinese A-share listed companies from 2012 to 2022. Industries with unique financial reporting characteristics, special treatment (ST) samples, and samples with missing data are excluded to obtain a final dataset of 18 304 observations. A regression model is employed to examine the dual effect of digital transformation on enterprise innovation resilience FINDINGS/RESULTS: The findings reveal a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between digital transformation and enterprise innovation resilience. For companies at different lifecycle stages, digital transformation significantly enhances innovation resilience during the growth phase. However, for mature and declining companies, digital transformation still exhibits an inverted U-shaped relationship with innovation resilience, albeit with a relatively lower empowerment effect during the decline phase PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Enterprises are advised to leverage the positive effects of digital transformation on innovation resilience while avoiding the pitfalls of excessive digitisation. Flexibility in adapting digital transformation strategies according to the enterprise lifecycle stage is recommended. Furthermore, enterprises should prioritise the coordinated development of various factors contributing to innovation resilience ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This study extends the examination of innovation resilience from macro-industry to micro-enterprise levels and provides insights into the dynamics of digital transformation effects on innovation resilience across different lifecycle stages. Additionally, it highlights the importance of considering multiple pathways through which digital transformation influences innovation resilience

Resumo A resiliência da mobilidade urbana é um tema emergente, com a maioria dos estudos focando em desastres naturais ou distúrbios técnicos. No entanto, há uma lacuna na compreensão da resiliência e da vulnerabilidade da mobilidade urbana diante de ameaças econômicas e políticas de transporte inadequadas, principalmente em países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, caracterizados por desigualdade social e segregação urbana. Este estudo lança luz sobre a questão das desigualdades e da segregação urbana, com o objetivo de identificar as áreas mais vulneráveis e resilientes do Rio de Janeiro, no caso de uma crise econômica. Avaliamos a resiliência e a vulnerabilidade do sistema de transporte público usando indicadores de acessibilidade comumente usados, aplicando lógica difusa a dados de 160 distritos. Consideramos um cenário sem o programa de subsídio tarifário. Os resultados indicam que os distritos com melhor acesso a sistemas de transporte de alta capacidade e oportunidades de emprego apresentam níveis mais elevados de resiliência e menor vulnerabilidade. No entanto, o estudo também revela desigualdades socioespaciais, com valores de resiliência tendendo a ser maiores nas áreas costeiras e nos distritos centrais de negócios, exacerbando as disparidades. É evidente que enfrentar as desigualdades urbanas e a segregação requer não apenas melhorar os tempos de viagem e os sistemas de transporte, mas também considerar o impacto econômico nas populações vulneráveis e promover oportunidades de emprego descentralizadas. emergente técnicos entanto inadequadas desenvolvimento Brasil Janeiro econômica usados 16 tarifário socioespaciais negócios disparidades descentralizadas 1

Abstract Resilience of urban mobility is an emerging topic, with most studies focusing on natural disasters or technical disturbances. However, there is a gap in understanding the resilience and vulnerability of urban mobility in the face of economic threats and inadequate transport policies, particularly in developing countries such as Brazil, characterized by social inequality and urban segregation. This study sheds light on the issue of urban inequalities and segregation, aiming to identify the most vulnerable and resilient areas of Rio de Janeiro in the event of an economic crisis. We assessed the resilience and vulnerability of the public transport system with commonly used accessibility indicators, applying fuzzy logic to data from 160 districts. We considered a scenario without the fare subsidy program. The results indicate that districts with better access to high-capacity transport systems and job opportunities exhibit higher levels of resilience and lower vulnerability. However, the study also uncovers socio-spatial inequalities, with resilience values tending to be higher in coastal areas and central business districts, exacerbating disparities. Addressing urban inequalities and segregation requires not only improving travel times and transportation systems but also considering the economic impact on vulnerable populations and promoting decentralized employment opportunities. topic disturbances However policies Brazil crisis indicators 16 program highcapacity high capacity sociospatial socio spatial disparities 1

Resumen En este artículo se examina el despliegue del poder empresarial en Chile en el espacio concreto del Centro de Estudios Públicos (CEP). Según datos del año 2021, son 79 las empresas, personas jurídicas y personas naturales que aportaron una donación anual a esta institución. Esta cifra de donantes motiva el objetivo principal de este artículo: analizar la estructura de poder corporativo que se teje alrededor de este think tank y de las empresas que lo financian. Para ello, se responden dos preguntas fundamentales: ¿cuáles son las empresas centrales en la red corporativa de los financiadores del CEP? y ¿cuáles son los directores y consejeros más representativos de esta red corporativa de los financiadores del CEP? Metodológicamente se ha utilizado el análisis de redes sociales que permite identificar cómo se organizan las redes corporativas cuando las empresas comparten directorios y consejeros (interlocking directorates). En este marco, se discute el liderazgo de los grupos económicos Angelini, Matte y Luksic en la red corporativa tejida alrededor de este think tank; además, se demuestra cómo hasta 40 consejeros directivos del CEP ocupan cargos en empresas que lo financian. Por último, se concluye que la estructuración reticular del poder de los grupos económicos en Chile ha traído consecuencias relacionadas con la resiliencia del neoliberalismo en el país.

Abstract This article examines the deployment of business power in Chile in a specific space - namely, the think tank Centro de Estudios Públicos (CEP). According to data from the year 2021, there are 79 companies, legal entities, and individuals that made an annual donation to the institution. This number of donors motivates the main objective of this article: to analyze the corporate power structure that is articulated between this think tank and the companies that finance it. To this end, two fundamental questions are answered: which are the core companies in the corporate network of CEP funders and which are the most representative directors and board members of this corporate network of CEP funders? Regarding the methodology, social network analysis has been used to identify how corporate networks are organized when companies share directors and advisors (interlocking directorates). The leadership of economic groups like Angelini, Matte, and Luksic in the corporate network shows how these relations are intertwined. In addition, it exhibits how 40 directors of the CEP held positions in companies that provide economic stimulus to the think tank. Finally, it is concluded about the reticular structure of the power of productive elites in Chile and their consequences related to the resilience of neoliberalism in this country.

Academic staff of higher education institutions (HEI) experienced serious challenges during the lethal coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. To overcome the spread of this deadly pandemic, the South African government instituted stringent lockdown measures such as intermittent closure of universities. Apart from distance or online teaching and learning institutions, other HEIs were keen to maintain their core activities and conduct business as usual. To resume academic programmes, they advocated a transitioning from traditional face-to-face teaching to online teaching. For effective teaching and learning to be accomplished, academics were compelled to make paradigm shifts. They had to be digitally literate and technologically savvy. Academics were also confronted with challenges of poor students who experienced difficulty in procuring devices (iphones, ipads, laptops) and data, as well as securing access to Wi-Fi. Using Resilience Theory to frame the study, I explored the influence of COVID-19 on academics and their resilience to survive this deadly pandemic. Generic qualitative research within an interpretivist paradigm was employed to determine the perceptions and experiences of 13 academics from different universities during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings reveal that the academics experienced serious emotional and psychological stress which were detrimental to their well-being. Although academics found difficulty in transitioning to online teaching, their resilience helped them cope with the extraordinary circumstances that evolved from COVID-19.

RESUMEN El ensayo parte de la premisa que la integridad de la persona y del grupo engendra la Inteligencia Colectiva en la empresa y así fortalece sinérgicamente la resiliencia colectiva, entendida como la resiliencia del individuo y de la empresa. Como se muestra, sinérgicamente es el hábito de trabajar creativamente juntos de manera interactiva, de modo que cada elemento o parte realce el efecto del otro. Se encontró que el concepto de inteligencia colectiva, impulsado por la integridad del individuo y del grupo, da orientación y comprensión, basada en una estructura de valores, lo que conduce a una resiliencia colectiva, viendo el mundo, la vida como un fenómeno con sentido, como un lugar para actuar.

ABSTRACT The essay is based on the premise that the integrity of the person and the group in the business engenders Collective Intelligence and thus synergistically strengthens the collective resilience, understood as the individual´s and the company’s resilience. Synergistically as shown, is the habit of creative interactively cooperation, so that each element or party increases the effect of the other. It was found that the concept of Collective Intelligence boosted by the integrity of the individual and the team gives meaning and comprehension based on a value structure, which leads to collective resilience, in seeing the world, the life as a phenomenon with meaning as a place to act.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la influencia de la capacidad de innovación sobre la resiliencia empresarial de los restaurantes del Valle de Toluca, Estado de México, frente a la crisis ocasionada por la pandemia de Covid-19. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo de diseño no experimental y alcance explicativo. Se aplicó una encuesta a 216 trabajadores de 75 restaurantes y se empleó la técnica de modelación de ecuaciones estructurales por mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS-SEM) para someter a prueba la hipótesis de investigación. Resultados: Se comprobó que la capacidad de innovación ejerce una influencia positiva y elevada sobre la resiliencia, presentando un poder y relevancia predictiva fuerte. Aquí se vincula la transformación y el aprovechamiento del conocimiento existente en las empresas. Limitaciones: El estudio incluyó una muestra constituida por un número pequeño de trabajadores de restaurantes y solo se han obtenido datos desde esa perspectiva, haciendo falta la apreciación de otros actores. Los hallazgos deben consultarse con discreción por ser parte de un contexto donde predomina el turismo de negocios. Conclusiones: En términos de innovación, el enfoque de explotación y exploración permitió comprender cómo se generan los procesos de adaptación organizacional ante fuertes cambios del entorno; mientras que las dimensiones de la resiliencia: anticipación, afrontamiento y adaptación, como etapas sucesivas otorgan una visión holística del proceso al que se someten las empresas para superar las crisis.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the influence of innovation capacity on the business resilience of restaurants in the Toluca Valley, State of Mexico, in the face of the crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. Methodology: Quantitative study of non-experimental design and explanatory scope. A survey was applied to 216 workers in 75 restaurants and the partial least squares structural equation modeling technique (PLS-SEM) was used to test the research hypothesis. Results: The Covid-19 pandemic encouraged the restaurant industry to strengthen itself by exploiting and exploring knowledge and skills. Innovativeness was found to exert a positive and high influence on resilience, exhibiting strong predictive power and relevance. In addition, the ability to cope with adversities is linked to the transmission, transformation, and exploitation of existing knowledge in firms. LimitationBs: This study included a sample constituted by a small number of restaurant workers and data have only been obtained from that perspective, making the appreciation of other actors lacking. The findings should be consulted with discretion as they are part of a context where business tourism predominates. Conclusions: In terms of innovation, the approach of exploitation and exploration allowed understanding how organizational adaptation processes are generated in the face of strong changes in the environment; while the dimensions of resilience: anticipation, coping and adaptation, as successive stages grant a holistic view of the process that companies undergo to overcome crises.