Resumen El turismo médico es un campo de estudio explorado desde la interdisciplina de las ciencias sociales -negocios y turismo- y de la salud pública. Desafortunadamente, debido a la naturaleza personal y privada de los temas de salud, las cifras de la industria del turismo médico a nivel global y gran parte del resto de su información suelen ser especulativas, anecdóticas y están llenas de matices y contradicciones. Desde 1990, las publicaciones de estudios de turismo se han conformado por seis plataformas teóricas que continúan vigentes y en constante cambio: 1) incidencia, 2) precaución, 3) adaptación, 4) cientificidad, 5) interés público y 6) desarrollo sostenible. Bajo este enfoque, el objetivo de este artículo es proporcionar un punto de partida para identificar, agrupar y analizar la información sobre destinos turísticos médicos en el discurso académico. Este análisis explora los temas capturados en la literatura, centrados en la marca, posicionamiento del destino turístico, ética, estandarización de los servicios del negocio del turismo y las plataformas teóricas de Jafari para contextualizar el desarrollo del campo. Particularmente, busca mostrar cómo se ha construido la discusión sobre el turismo médico internacional y si la literatura académica sobre este mercado incorpora temas de responsabilidad social, cultura de consumo y mercantilización contemporánea relacionados al desarrollo sostenible.

Abstract Medical tourism is a field of study explored within the interdisciplinary realm of social sciences -including business, tourism-, and public health. Unfortunately, industry figures and an important segment of the rest of information are speculative, anecdotal, and fraught with nuances and contradictions, as they stem from the experiences and opinions of medical travelers. Since 1990, tourism studies publications have adhered to six theoretical frameworks that remain relevant and constantly evolving: 1) incidence, 2) precaution, 3) adaptation, 4) scientificity, 5) public interest, and 6) sustainable development. The main objective of this paper is to serve as a starting point for identifying, categorizing, and analyzing information on medical tourism destinations in academic discourse. It also emphasizes the exploration of topics such as brand, positioning of tourist destinations, ethics, standardization of tourism business services, and the application of Jafari's theoretical frameworks to understand the field's development. The particular endeavor is to elucidate the manner in which the discourse surrounding international medical tourism has been formulated and to assess the extent to which academic literature has assimilated diverse aspects pertaining to social responsibility, consumer culture, contemporary commodification, and their interrelation with sustainable development.

Resumen: el estudio de la eco-innovación es un campo de relevancia ascendente en el ámbito científico, y ha sido objeto de análisis exhaustivos desde distintas perspectivas teóricas y metodológicas. La diversidad de estos enfoques evidencia la amplia y compleja naturaleza del constructo en un intento de comprender sus efectos y contribuciones ante las problemáticas ambientales complejas con las que se enfrentan los destinos turísticos. En ese sentido, el objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la influencia de la eco-innovación sobre la sustentabilidad del sector hotelero de Nuevo Nayarit, México. Para lograrlo se utilizó una metodología con enfoque cuantitativo, de corte transversal y de alcance explicativo, con una participación de 226 trabajadores de la hotelería en una muestra por conveniencia. Para probar la hipótesis de investigación se utilizó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales por mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS-SEM). Los resultados comprueban que la eco-innovación tiene una influencia significativa y positiva sobre la sustentabilidad del sector, donde las buenas prácticas de operación junto a la gestión ambiental son los aspectos de mayor poder explicativo y predictivo. Este trabajo contribuye al conocimiento del turismo en su relación con las ciencias ambientales y la gestión empresarial, evidenciando la realidad en un destino turístico internacional sobre un tema de carácter emergente. Como futuras líneas de investigación se propone ajustar el estudio a una muestra mayor y considerar aspectos específicos de la política turística y ambiental.

Abstract: the study of eco-innovation is a field of growing relevance in the scientific field, has been the subject of exhaustive analyses from different theoretical and methodological perspectives. The diversity of these approaches demonstrates the vast and complex nature of the construct in an attempt to understand its effects and contributions to the complex environmental problems faced by tourist destinations. In this sense, this research aims to analyse the influence of eco-innovation on the sustainability of the hotel sector in Nuevo Nayarit, Mexico. To achieve this, a quantitative, cross-sectional, and explanatory methodology was used, with the participation of 226 hotel workers in a convenience sample. A partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) was used to test the research hypothesis. The results show that eco-innovation has a significant and positive influence on the sustainability of the sector, where good operating practices and environmental management are the most explanatory and predictive aspects. This work contributes to the knowledge of tourism in its relationship with environmental sciences and business management, showing the reality of an international tourist destination on an emerging issue. As future lines of research, it is proposed that the study be adjusted to a larger sample of tourists.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender a produção científica sobre o Empreendedorismo Rural e a sua ligação ao setor de Turismo. Para tanto, foi utilizado o método de mineração de texto com artigos e revisões. Por meio de uma estrutura de análise específica, extraíram-se palavras dimensionais que caracterizam as temáticas: Empreendedorismo Social, Estratégias de Negócio, Gênero, Impacto Socioeconômico Local, Inovação e Competitividade, Migração e Tecnologias. Esses temas foram previamente selecionados a partir de uma revisão sistemática. Os resultados indicam a Índia como país que mais estuda sobre Empreendedorismo Rural, e onde a temática Gênero tem maior relevância. Contudo, notou-se que o setor do turismo não é expressivo nesta região. É na Espanha que a atividade turística demonstra uma ligação mais forte com o empreendedorismo no meio rural. As áreas do conhecimento evidenciam que os estudos estão concentrados em Ciências Sociais e Negócios, Gestão e Contabilidade. Em suma, esse trabalho apresentou um estudo a fim de auxiliar na melhor compreensão da evolução das pesquisas sobre turismo como forma de empreender no meio rural.

Abstract This study aimed to understand the scientific production on Rural Entrepreneurship and its connection to the Tourism sector. For that, the text mining method with articles and reviews was used. Through a specific analysis structure, dimensional words were extracted that cha-racterize the themes: Social Entrepreneurship, Business Strategies, Gender, Local Socioeco-nomic Impact, Innovation and Competitiveness, Migration, and Technologies. These themes were previously selected from a systematic review. The results indicate India as the country that most studies on Rural Entrepreneurship, and where the theme of Gender has greater relevance. However, it was noted that the tourism sector is not significant in this region. It is in Spain that tourism activity shows a stronger link with entrepreneurship in rural areas. The areas of knowledge show that the studies are concentrated in Social Sciences and Business, Management, and Accounting. In short, this work presented a study to assist in a better un-derstanding of the evolution of research on tourism as a way of undertaking in rural areas.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender la producción científica sobre emprendimiento rural y su conexión con el sector turístico. Para eso, se utilizó el método de minería de texto con artículos y reseñas. A través de una estructura de análisis específica, se extrajeron palabras dimensionales que caracterizan los temas: emprendimiento social, estrategias empresariales, género, impacto socioeconómico local, innovación y competitividad, migración y tecnologías. Estos temas fueron seleccionados previamente de una revisión sistemática. Los resultados indican la India como el país que más estudia sobre emprendimiento rural, y donde el tema de género tiene mayor relevancia. Sin embargo, se observó que el sector turístico no es significativo en esta región. Es en España donde la actividad turística muestra un vínculo más fuerte con el espíritu empresarial en las zonas rurales. Las áreas de conocimiento muestran que los estudios se concentran en Ciencias Sociales y Negocios, Gestión y Contabilidad. Así, este trabajo presentó un estudio con el fin de ayudar a comprender mejor la evolución de la investigación sobre el turismo como una forma de emprender en las zonas rurales.

BACKGROUND: Consumers are increasingly demanding memorable experiences, thereby placing pressure on businesses to meet these demands. The provision of memorable experiences is particularly important to the tourism industry as its core business is to provide experiences. To stage these experiences, businesses must know which dimensions to include. For this purpose, cognitive dimensions present a reasonable starting point. AIM: The current research aimed to explain and examine the cognitive dimensions that have an influence on the memorability of three marine tourism experiences, namely whale-watching, shark-cage diving and visits to marine protected areas. Marine tourism is one of the most popular forms of tourism worldwide, but also a desperately under-studied field, particularly in South Africa. The results of the research will assist providers and marketers of these activities in satisfying the experience needs of marine tourists by focusing their offerings on those dimensions that will enhance the memorability of the experience. The results will also help fill the gap in knowledge of the cognitive dimensions impacting the memorability of marine tourism experiences. SETTING: The study was conducted in South Africa. METHODS: Data were collected from 444 respondents using an exploratory design, mixed method approach and survey methods. Data were analysed through frequency distributions, Pearson's product-moment correlations and multivariate analysis of variance. RESULTS: Knowledge, meaningfulness, novelty and social interaction positively influence the memorability of marine tourism experiences in South Africa. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that positive interrelationships exist among all the dimensions, suggesting that these dimensions all represent the cognitive domain. Furthermore, the results also indicate that all four dimensions have a positive influence on memorable marine tourism experiences. These findings are important for the enhancement of memorable marine tourism experiences. An understanding of the identified cognitive dimensions in a marine tourism experience will lead to a more memorable experience for consumers and can result in post-purchase behaviour such as a repeat purchase, loyalty and positive word-of-mouth recommendations resulting in increased profitability for the business.

BACKGROUND: While the proliferation of social media is hailed for increasing corporate business networking and competitiveness, this claim has not been sufficiently tested in tourism small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) in African emerging economies where traditional communication modes tend to dominate. SETTING: This study investigates the use of social media in tourism SMMEs to widen their business networks to increase competitiveness AIM: This study contributes to the debate on business networking among stakeholders within the tourism sector. METHODS: To close the research gap, the current study employed stakeholder theory and survey data of 123 hospitality SMMEs to explore the influence of social media utilisation for business networking with stakeholders and its effect on business competitiveness. RESULTS: Findings showed that the majority of tourism SMMEs used social media technologies to retain their customer base, solicit feedback from customers, assert their dominance in the market, maintain contact between their co-workers and share information. Moreover, the findings indicate that there is a significant positive relationship between social media business networking and competitiveness of these firms. The study recommended that tourism SMMEs should create a policy framework for comprehensive stakeholder engagement that serves the interests of all individuals. CONCLUSION: To increase the competitiveness of such firms, SMMEs should incorporate social media into their formal internal and external information strategy.

As societies develop, the tourism industry has become one of the most powerful and largest industries in the global economy. The industrial status and economic function of the tourism industry have increased in the economic development of cities. The tourism industry has helped to drive the city economy, create employment, and facilitate culture and the environment The tourism industry, as one of the supporting industries for economic development in China, presents diverse services that are not only competitive within the industry, but could also increase national consumption. In addition to the professional service items and quality, the adjustment of business strategies aimed at the changeable environment are considered as key success factors in the tourism industry. This study analyzes the effect of business strategies on organisational performance in the tourism industry. Owners, managers, and employees from the top ten travel agencies in Taiwan were selected as the research subjects and a total of 600 questionnaires were distributed. Within the retrieved 438 surveys, 43 were incomplete and removed to yield a total of 395 valid questionnaires. Within the empirical analyses business strategies appear to have significant positive correlations with job satisfaction, organisational objective and job performance in organisational performance. Moreover, organisational culture presents a partially moderating effect for the relations between business strategies and organisational performance.

O estudo se propõe pesquisar a qualidade do desempenho docente com base na informação dos alunos, em cursos do Instituto de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas da Universidade Veiga de Almeida-UVA: Administração, Ciências Contábeis, Comunicação Social, Serviço Social, Turismo e Seqüenciais de Gestão Empresarial, Gestão Imobiliária, Gestão de Marketing Estratégico e de Técnicas de Propaganda e Marketing. Adota como princípio que um número elevado de variáveis incidindo sobre um único critério, no caso o desempenho docente, pode oferecer um resultado qualitativo apreciável (STAKE, 1974). A metodologia foi inspirada em pesquisa semelhante realizada por Maria Elba Dantas Pereira e João Crisóstomo de Morais, da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, no segundo semestre de 2000, com alunos e docentes do curso de Arquitetura.

The study researches the quality of lecturers performance based on the evaluation made by students from Applied Social Sciences Institute at Veiga de Almeida University-UVA. The graduation courses evaluated are: Administration; Accounting; Social Communication, Social Service; Tourism and two-years courses in the Business Administration Area. It estabilishes as basic principle that a great number of variables assigned to a unique criteria, in this case the teacher performance, could offer a good qualitative result (STAKE, 1974), methodology inspired by a similar research made by Maria Elba Dantas Pereira and João Crisóstomo de Morais, from Federal University of Paraíba State, during the second semester of 2000, with students and teachers of Architeture.

El estudio se propone investigar la cualidad del desenpeño docente, basado en la información de los alumnos, en los cursos del Instituto de Ciencias Sociales Aplicadas, a saber: Graduación-Administración; Ciencias de la Contabilidad; Comunicación Social; Servicio Social, Turismo y Secuenciales de Gestión Empresarial; Gestión Imobiliaria, Gestión de Marketing Estratégico y Técnicas de Publicidad y Marketing. Parte del siguiente principio:un numero muy elevado de variables que incidan sobre um único criterio, en este caso el desenpeño docente, puede ofrecer un resultado cualitativo significativo (STAKE,1974), metodología inspirada em estudio semejante realizado por Maria Elba Santos Pereira y João Crisóstomo de Morais de la Universidad Federal de Paraiba, em el segundo semestre de 2000 con alumnos y docentes del curso de Arquitetura.