ABSTRACT Karaguata is a shrub from the bromeliad family from which fiber is extracted in order to produce different products, used as an ancestral resource by the indigenous communities of the Gran Chaco. The objective of this research is to describe the progress in recent years in the use of Karaguata, taking the communities of the Ayoreos of Carmelo Peralta and the Nivaclé of Boquerón as case studies. The method used is a qualitative approach, descriptive level of ethnographic design; the technique is documentary analysis. Through these studies, the result is that these aboriginal communities have acquired a certain degree of technology and the opening to a new marketing market that can offer economic solutions for sustainable development. Although positive results are obtained, it is also necessary to take into account some extremely important aspects in order to sustain significant improvements, such as, for example, the provision of raw materials and the care of the symbolic and sociocultural value of the production made by the native peoples. The article is an introductory study to others that may be carried out in the future and whose main focus is to examine in more depth the production, distribution and trade of karaguata at the country level.

RESUMEN El karaguata es un arbusto de la familia de las bromelias del cual se extrae fibra a fin de producir distintos productos, utilizado como recurso ancestral por las comunidades indígenas del Gran Chaco. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo la descripción del avance de los últimos años del uso del karaguata, teniendo a las comunidades de los Ayoreos de Carmelo Peralta y a los Nivaclé de Boquerón como casos de estudio. El método empleado es de enfoque cualitativo, nivel descriptivo de diseño etnográfico; la técnica es de análisis documental. Por medio de estos estudios se tiene como resultado que estas comunidades aborígenes han adquirido un cierto grado de tecnología y la apertura a un nuevo mercado de comercialización que pueden ofrecer soluciones económicas de desarrollo sustentable. Aunque se obtienen resultados positivos se requiere también tener en cuenta algunos aspectos de suma importancia a fin de sostener las mejoras significativas, como por ejemplo, el aprovisionamiento de la materia prima y el cuidado del valor simbólico y sociocultural de la producción hecha por los pueblos originarios. El artículo es un estudio introductorio a otros que pueden realizarse a futuro y que tengan como enfoque principal el examinar a más profundidad la producción, distribución y comercio del karaguata a nivel país.

Abstract This study aimed to do a short and single survey of the diversity of mosquitoes found in tree holes within a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Larvae were collected through active search, inspecting tree cavities and collecting water and larvae using a homemade siphon on a single day. Eight species of Culicidae were recorded from the surveyed tree holes. Haemagogus leucocelaenus (Dyar & Shannon, 1924) and Haemagogus janthinomys Dyar, 1921 were the most abundant species, accounting for 63.1% of the total specimens collected, followed by Culex (Microculex) sp. (12.20%), Aedes terrens (Walker, 1856) (5.26%) and Aedes fulvithorax (Lutz, 1904) (1.75 %). Although there are other breeding sites in nature (bromeliads and bamboos), tree holes in native trees play a fundamental role in maintaining and conserving the culicid fauna due to their water storage capacity, especially in wild species, such as species of the genus Haemagogus Williston, 1896.

Resumen Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo realizar un estudio breve y único sobre la diversidad de mosquitos encontrados en cavidades de árboles dentro de un fragmento de Bosque Atlántico en Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Las larvas fueron recolectadas mediante búsqueda activa, inspeccionando cavidades de árboles y recolectando agua con larvas utilizando un sifón casero en un solo día. Se registraron ocho especies de Culicidae en las cavidades de árboles muestreados. Haemagogus leucocelaenus (Dyar y Shannon, 1924) y Haemagogus janthinomys Dyar, 1921 fueron las especies más abundantes, representando el 63,1% del total de especímenes recolectados, seguidas por Culex (Microculex) sp. (12,20%), Aedes terrens (Walker, 1856) (5,26%) y Aedes fulvithorax (Lutz, 1904) (1,75%). Aunque existen otros sitios de cría en la naturaleza (bromelias y bambúes), las cavidades presentes en árboles nativos desempeñan un papel fundamental en el mantenimiento y conservación de la fauna de culícidos debido a su capacidad de almacenamiento de agua, especialmente en especies silvestres pertenecientes al género Haemagogus Williston, 1896.

Abstract Background: The terrestrial bromeliad Puya ctenorhyncha is a near-threatened endemic species that grows between 2,500-4,050 m asl. Hypotheses: Hummingbirds are the most important visitors of this plant given its morphological and floral traits. Study site: The study was carried out along the “Death Road”, located in the Yungas montane cloud forest, La Paz, Bolivia. Methods: We monitored an average of 216 individuals monthly for two years (2018-2019). Besides we conducted direct observations of focal plants to quantify the visits of animals. Results: The reproductive season lasted from April to August in the first year and from May to June in the second. The mean nectar volume was 8.09 ± 1.59 μL per flower and its composition included fructose, glucose, and 86 % of water. With 341 hours of observations, we determined that Coeligena torquata (Trochilidae) is the main visitor and putative pollinator, followed by C. violifer. Males of both species were more frequent visitors than females. Coeligena torquata showed the highest activity during the afternoon while C. violifer was more active in the morning. Conclusions: Floral phenology seems to be annual and unimodal. Although the main pollinators seem to be hummingbirds, the nectar concentration and composition is more similar to bromeliad species of other genera which are pollinated by bats or passerine birds. It is important to evaluate, in future studies, the dependence of both hummingbirds and their behavioural response towards the plant.

Resumen: Antecedentes: La bromelia terrestre Puya ctenorhyncha es una especie endémica casi amenazada que crece entre los 2,500-4,050 m snm. Hipótesis: Los colibríes son los visitantes más importantes de esta planta dadas sus características morfológicas y florales. Sitio de estudio: El estudio se realizó en el “Camino de la Muerte”, situado en el bosque nublado montano de los Yungas, La Paz, Bolivia. Métodos: Monitoreamos un promedio de 216 individuos mensuales durante dos años (2018-2019), mediante observaciones de su biología fenológica. Asimismo, realizamos observaciones directas en plantas focales para cuantificar las visitas de animales. Resultados: La época reproductiva duró de abril a agosto en el primer año y de mayo a junio en el segundo. El volumen medio de néctar fue de 8,09 ± 1,59 μL por flor y su composición incluía fructosa, glucosa y 86 % de agua. Con 341 horas de observaciones, determinamos que Coeligena torquata (Trochilidae) es el principal visitante y polinizador putativo, seguido por C. violifer. Los machos de ambas especies fueron visitantes más frecuentes que las hembras. Coeligena torquata mostró la mayor actividad durante la tarde mientras que C. violifer fue más activa por la mañana. Conclusiones: La fenología floral parece ser anual y unimodal. Aunque los principales polinizadores parecen ser los colibríes, la concentración y composición del néctar es más similar a especies de bromelias de otros géneros que son polinizadas por murciélagos o aves paseriformes. Es importante evaluar, en estudios futuros, la dependencia de ambos colibríes y su respuesta de comportamiento a la planta.

Abstract. Mangroves are biologically rich ecosystems. Although it is rare to find epiphytes on mangrove trees, some orchids, bromeliads, cacti, and aroids have been recorded; however, studies on species diversity of vascular epiphytes in mangrove ecosystems are scarce. The objective of this work was to determine the floristic composition and vertical distribution of vascular epiphytes associated with the riparian mangrove phorophytes in the community of Ramonal, Othón P. Blanco, Quintana Roo. The relationship between height and diameter at breast height (DBH) of the phorophytes with epiphyte richness was evaluated, along with the colonization height in the phorophyte. Epiphytes and phorophytes wer2e also counted and measured. Epiphyte diversity analysis was performed using the Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices. A total area of 769.3 m was assessed, where five phorophyte species were recorded (n = 60). The main phorophyte was Rizophora mangle. The epiphyte family with the most species was Orchidaceae (five), followed by Bromeliaceae (three), Araceae (two), and finally Cactaceae (one), similar to findings in other Neotropical ecosystems. Diversity indices suggest a medium diversity of vascular epiphytes. Epiphyte colonization was more frequent in R. mangle stems and roots, probably influenced by its bark, microclimate, abundance, and architecture, facilitating their establishment. So far, this study represents the most comprehensive record for this valuable ecosystem, so it could be an important tool to integrate conservation and management strategies.

Resumen. Los manglares son ecosistemas de gran riqueza biológica. Aunque es raro encontrar epífitas sobre los árboles del manglar, se han registrado orquídeas, bromelias, cactáceas y aráceas; sin embargo, los estudios sobre la diversidad especies de epífitas vasculares en ecosistemas de manglar son escasos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la composición florística y distribución vertical de las epífitas vasculares asociadas a los forófitos del manglar ribereño en la comunidad de Ramonal, Othón P. Blanco, Quintana Roo. Se evaluó la relación de la altura y el diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) de los forófitos con la riqueza epífitas, además de la altura de colonización en el forófito. También se contaron y midieron las epífitas y forófitos. Para el análisis de diversidad de epífitas se emplearon los índices de Shannon-Wiener y Simpson. Se evaluó una superficie total de 769.3 m2, en donde se registraron cinco especies de forófitos (n=60). El principal forófito fue Rizophora mangle. La familia de epífitas con más especies fue Orchidaceae (cinco), seguida de Bromeliaceae (tres), Araceae (dos) y por último Cactaceae (una), similar a lo encontrado en otros ecosistemas del Neotrópico. Los índices de diversidad sugieren una diversidad media de epífitas. La colonización de epífitas fue más frecuente en tallos y raíces de R. mangle, probablemente influenciado por su corteza, microclima, abundancia y arquitectura, facilitando su establecimiento. Hasta ahora, este trabajo es el registro más completo para este valioso ecosistema, por lo que podría ser una importante herramienta para integrar estrategias de conservación y gestión.

Resumo Muitas espécies de Bromeliaceae armazenam água entre suas folhas criando microhabitats para diversos grupos biológicos. O uso de bromélias no enriquecimento de reflorestamentos oferece uma oportunidade para entender a ocupação do habitat tanque e os impactos dessas plantas no aumento da biodiversidade. Foram translocados 20 indivíduos resgatados da bromélia-tanque Hohenbergia ramageana para enriquecimento de uma área reflorestada de Mata Atlântica. Em seguida, foi gravada a dinâmica de visitação de animais no habitat tanque de H. ramageana. Dez ordens de vertebrados e invertebrados visitaram nove habitats tanques terrícolas e oito epífitos apenas um mês após a translocação. A riqueza e a composição foram semelhantes entre as translocações epífitas e terrícolas. Descobrimos que a precipitação explicou uma proporção significativa de variação do número de plantas visitadas e da riqueza de ordens de animais. Nossos resultados confirmam a importância do uso de bromélias-tanque em ecossistemas reflorestados e trazem novas evidências de que as bromélias reintroduzidas em habitats alternativos também desempenham o mesmo papel para grupos de animais que em seu habitat original. Esse conhecimento orientará planos futuros de conservação de bromélias e de restauração de ecossistemas. biológicos biodiversidade 2 broméliatanque bromélia Atlântica seguida H translocação broméliastanque original

Abstract Many species of Bromeliaceae store water among their leaves creating microhabitats for several biological groups. Using bromeliads in enrichment of reforestation offers an opportunity to understand the occupation of tank habitat, and the impacts of these plants in increasing biodiversity. We translocated 20 rescued individuals of tank-bromeliad Hohenbergia ramageana to enrich a reforested area in Atlantic Forest. Then, we recorded the visiting dynamics of animals in the tank habitat of H. ramageana. Ten orders of vertebrates and invertebrates visited nine terrestrial and eight epiphyte tank-habitats just one month after the translocation. Richness and composition were similar between epiphyte and terrestrial translocations. We found that precipitation explained a significant proportion of variation of the number of visited plants and richness of animal orders. Our results confirm the importance of using tank-bromeliads in reforested ecosystems and bring novelty that reintroduced bromeliads in alternative habitats also play the same role for animal groups as in their original habitat. This knowledge will orientate future plans of conservation of bromeliads and of ecosystem restoration. biodiversity 2 tankbromeliad bromeliad Forest Then H tankhabitats translocation translocations tankbromeliads restoration

Resumo As bromélias são plantas que além de acentuada importância ecológica, apresentam crescente potencial ornamental no mercado de flores, sendo comumente coletadas de forma extrativista, o que acarreta perda genética das espécies exploradas, pondo-as em diferentes graus de ameaça. A cultura de tecidos vegetais tem se mostrado uma alternativa viável para a propagação de muitas bromeliáceas. O objetivo deste estudo foi produzir mudas de Neoregelia mucugensis por micropropagação. A multiplicação de brotos via organogênese direta foi obtida em meio líquido estático contendo a citocinina 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP). Os brotos foram enraizados, em meio com carvão ativado, e transferidos para a condição ex vitro, sendo obtidos 100% de sobrevivência das plantas. Conclui-se, portanto que a produção de mudas de N. mucugensis é viável por micropropagação. ecológica flores extrativista exploradas pondoas pondo as ameaça bromeliáceas micropropagação 6benzilaminopurina benzilaminopurina 6 BAP. BAP . (BAP) enraizados ativado vitro 100 Concluise, Concluise Conclui se, Conclui-se N (BAP 10 1

Abstract Bromeliads are plants that, in addition to marked ecological importance, have increasing ornamental potential in the flower market, being commonly collected in an extractive way, which results in genetic loss of the exploited species, putting them in different degrees of threat. Culture of plant tissues has been shown to be a viable alternative for the propagation of many bromeliads. The aim of this study was to produce seedlings of Neoregelia mucugensis by micropropagation. In vitro multiplication of sprouts via direct organogenesis was obtained in static liquid medium containing 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) cytokinin. The sprouts were rooted in activated charcoal medium and transferred to the ex vitro condition, and 100% plant survival was obtained. It is concluded, therefore, that the production of seedlings of N. mucugensis is viable by micropropagation. importance market way species threat bromeliads micropropagation 6benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine 6 BAP (BAP cytokinin condition 100 concluded therefore N 10 1

Resumo Estrutura e função estão fortemente associadas nas folhas de bromélias. Algumas espécies não desenvolvem rosetas em tanque e devem apresentar outros atributos estruturais e fisiológicos para lidar com fatores estressores do ambiente. Três espécies de Bromeliaceae sem tanque foram comparadas de acordo com sua estrutura foliar (anatomia e composição péctica), capacidade de retenção de água e expressão da via fotossintética. Delas, Tillandsia stricta é epífita sombreada pela copa de uma mata ciliar, T. usneoides ocorre em palmeiras em uma área adjacente aberta e Dyckia minarum é terrestre e exposta a altas intensidades luminosas em campo rupestre. Apesar das condições limitantes de luz e/ou água em cada habitat, estas espécies ocorrem em áreas adjacentes. As três espécies expressam metabolismo CAM, mas D. minarum apresentou acidez mais expressiva. Seu investimento em tecidos relacionados à absorção e retenção de água pode ser relacionado à alta luminosidade, à baixa disponibilidade de nutrientes em que crescem e à expressão do CAM. Tillandsia usneoides alterou sua capacidade de armazenamento de água entre as estações, o que pode estar associada à presença de HGs com alta metil-esterificação nas paredes celulares. A maior suculência e teor relativo de água na estação chuvosa podem estimular a fotossíntese e a expressão do CAM. bromélias ambiente anatomia péctica, péctica , péctica) fotossintética Delas ciliar T rupestre eou ou habitat adjacentes CAM D expressiva luminosidade estações metilesterificação metil esterificação celulares

Abstract Structure and function are strongly related in bromeliad leaves. Some species do not develop tank rosettes and must rely on other structural and physiological attributes to deal with environmental stressors. Three species of Bromeliaceae without tanks were compared according to their leaf structure (anatomy and pectin composition), water retention abilities, and photosynthetic pathway expressions. Tillandsia stricta is an epiphyte, shaded by the canopy in a riparian forest, T. usneoides occurs on palm trees in an adjacent opened area, while Dyckia minarum is terrestrial and exposed to high light intensities in rupestrian fields. Despite limiting light and/or water conditions in each habitat, these species occur in adjacent areas. While they express CAM metabolism, D. minarum demonstrated more expressive acidity. Its greater investments in tissues related to water absorption and retention may reflect its high exposure to sunlight, poor nutrient availability for growth, and CAM expression. Tillandsia usneoides modifies its water-storing capacity between seasons, a property possibly associated with the presence of high methyl-esterified HGs in its cell walls. The higher succulence and relative water content during the rainy season may stimulate photosynthetic activity and maximize CAM expression. leaves stressors anatomy composition, composition , composition) abilities expressions epiphyte forest T area fields andor or habitat areas metabolism D acidity sunlight growth expression waterstoring storing seasons methylesterified methyl esterified walls

Resumo Investigamos as respostas ecofisiológicas das bromélias Aechmea nudicaulis e Vriesea procera, buscando avaliar sua aptidão para sobreviverem em um cenário de mudanças climáticas (cenário otimista RCP 2.6 do IPCC, 2021) em ambiente de Restinga. Para realizar tal investigação, utilizamos câmeras de topo aberto (OTC, do inglês "Open Top Chambers"). Durante um período de nove meses (Junho de 2022 à Fevereiro 2023), as bromélias A. nudicaulis e V. procera foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: tratamento T: plantas transplantadas para as condições ambientais da areia nua da restinga e submetidas às condições microclimáticas das OTC's; controle C: plantas transplantadas para as condições ambientais da areia nua da restinga. Foram avaliados as variáveis ecofisiológicas altura, diâmetro da roseta, teor relativo de água, área foliar específica e o peso total das plantas. Além disso, foram contabilizadas as plantas mortas. As OTC’s apresentaram um aumento médio da temperatura e do DPV (Défict de pressão de vapor) respectivamente de 1,6°C e 0,5 Kpa e uma redução média do URA (umidade relativa do ar) de 5,3%. Os resultados deste estudo indicaram que o aumento da temperatura local ocorrido entre o sexto e sétimo mês avaliado (novembro e dezembro) criaram condições limitantes que excederam a capacidade de tolerância das bromélias estudadas. Ademais, as condições climáticas das OTC's intensificaram os danos ocorridos nas plantas, verificados aqui pelas reduções dos valores dos atributos ecofisiológicos avaliados nas bromélias estudadas. Além disso, a elevada taxa de mortalidade (acima dos 50%) reforça a ideia que as condições climáticas das OTC’s induziram as bromélias estudadas a um processo de senescência. Portanto, esses resultados são importantes, pois indicam que mesmo o cenário mais otimista de mudanças climáticas (RCP 2.6 do IPCC 2021) pode prejudicar o crescimento e o desenvolvimento dessas bromélias, essenciais para a estrutura e o funcionamento das comunidades de Restinga. 26 2 6 2. 2021 Restinga investigação OTC, OTC (OTC Open Chambers. Chambers . Chambers") Junho 202 2023, 2023 , 2023) A V tratamentos T OTCs s C altura roseta água disso mortas Défict vapor 16C 1 05 0 5 0, umidade ar 53 3 5,3% novembro dezembro Ademais acima 50% 50 senescência Portanto importantes Chambers" 20 5,3 5,

Abstract We investigated the ecophysiological responses of the bromeliads Aechmea nudicaulis and Vriesea procera, seeking to assess their suitability to survive in a climate change scenario (optimistic scenario RCP 2.6 of the IPCC, 2021) in a Restinga environment. To carry out this investigation, we used open-top chambers (OTC). During a period of nine months (June 2022 to February 2023), the bromeliads A. nudicaulis and V. procera were subjected to the following treatments: treatment T: plants transplanted to the environmental conditions of the bare sand of the restinga and subjected to the microclimatic conditions of the OTC's; control C: plants transplanted to the environmental conditions of the bare sand of the restinga. The ecophysiological variables height, rosette diameter, relative water content, specific leaf area and total weight of the plants were evaluated. In addition, dead plants were counted. The OTC’s showed an average increase in temperature and VPD (Vapor Pressure Deficit) of 1.6°C and 0.5 Kpa, respectively, and an average reduction in RH (relative humidity) of 5.3%. The results of this study indicated that the increase in local temperature that occurred between the sixth and seventh months evaluated (November and December) created limiting conditions that exceeded the tolerance capacity of the bromeliads studied. Furthermore, the climatic conditions of the OTCs intensified the damage that occurred in the plants, verified here by the reductions in the values of the ecophysiological attributes evaluated in the bromeliads studied. In addition, the high mortality rate (above 50%) reinforces the idea that the climatic conditions of the OTC’s induced the bromeliads studied to a senescence process. Therefore, these results are important, as they indicate that even the most optimistic climate change scenario (IPCC 2021 RCP 2.6) can harm the growth and development of these bromeliads, which are essential for the structure and functioning of Restinga communities. 26 2 6 2. IPCC environment investigation opentop open top OTC. OTC . (OTC) June 202 2023, 2023 , 2023) A V treatments T s OTC's C height diameter content addition counted Vapor Deficit 16C 1 05 0 5 0. Kpa respectively humidity 53 3 5.3% November December Furthermore above 50% 50 process Therefore important communities (OTC 20 5.3 5.

Abstract Introduction: The spread of antimicrobial resistance in natural environments continues to be reported throughout the world; nevertheless, there is no study about phytotelms (water in the natural cavities of plants) in the deep understory of tropical cloud forests from Costa Rica. Objective: To detect phytotelm antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains in a Costa Rican forest and nearby town. Methods: We used the disk diffusion method to analyze the antimicrobial resistance of 10 gram-negative bacterial strains from phytotelm water collected from 10 bromeliads and 10 heliconias in both sites. Results: Three strains were multidrug resistant to more than three antibiotics in each site, and only one strain was susceptible to all antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance was similar in both environments. Conclusions: Phytotelm can be a rapid, cost-effective, and simple source for detecting antimicrobial resistance in unexplored environments.

Resumen Introducción: La propagación de la resistencia antimicrobiana en entornos naturales continúa siendo informada de todo el mundo; sin embargo, no existe ningún estudio sobre fitotelmias (agua en las cavidades naturales de las plantas) en el sotobosque profundo de los bosques nubosos tropicales de Costa Rica. Objetivo: Detectar cepas bacterianas resistentes a antibióticos en fitotelmas de un bosque costarricense y un pueblo cercano. Métodos: Utilizamos el método de difusión en disco para analizar la resistencia antimicrobiana de 10 cepas bacterianas gram-negativas aisladas del agua de fitotelmas de 10 bromelias y 10 heliconias, en ambos sitios. Resultados: Tres cepas fueron resistentes a más de tres antibióticos en cada sitio, y una fue susceptible a todos los antibióticos. La resistencia a los antibióticos fue similar en ambos entornos. Conclusiones: Las fitotelmas pueden ser una fuente rápida, económica y sencilla para detectar la resistencia antimicrobiana en entornos inexplorados.

Resumen La familia Bromeliaceae en México está integrada por 422 especies, de las cuales 18 se encuentran en Zacatecas. El objetivo fue describir los usos actuales en el Valle de Juchipila y contribuir al conocimiento de la flora estatal. Se colectaron ejemplares en tianguis, fiestas religiosas, huertos y vegetación natural. Se entrevistó a 41 informantes en tres municipios. La identificación se realizó con claves dicotómicas y comparación con ejemplares de herbario. Se registraron 5 especies y 2 géneros, incluyendo el primer registro del género Bromelia L. para Zacatecas. Tillandsia usneoides destaca como la especie de mayor valor económico. Las bromelias en el Valle de Juchipila son utilizadas principalmente con fines ornamentales. Se sugiere realizar estudios para estimar los efectos de la recolección y documentar las prácticas de manejo en poblaciones silvestres. El registro de un nuevo género confirma la importancia de continuar con exploraciones etnobotánicas en la región sur de Zacatecas.

Abstract The Bromeliaceae family in Mexico is composed of 422 species, of which 18 are found in Zacatecas. The objective was to describe the current uses of bromeliads in the Juchipila Valley and contribute to the knowledge of the state flora. Botanical specimens were collected in tianguis, religious festivities, orchards and natural vegetation. Forty-one informants were interviewed in three municipalities. Identification was carried out with dichotomous keys and comparison with herbarium specimens. Five species belonging to 2 genera were recorded, including the first record of the genus Bromelia L. for Zacatecas. Tillandsia usneoides standing out as the species with the highest economic value. The bromeliads in the Juchipila Valley are used mainly for ornamental purposes. Studies are suggested to estimate the effects of harvesting and document management practices on wild populations. The record of a new genus confirms the importance of continuing with ethnobotanical explorations in the southern region of Zacatecas.

Abstract Bromeliads have a high commercial potential as ornamental species. The creation of new varieties is of utmost importance for the market. The objective of this research was to evaluate the morpho-agronomic variability of hybrids from intra and interspecific crosses of Guzmania lingulata, G. freya, G. wittmackii, G. conifera, G. zahnii and the Vriesea “Electric” cultivar. Ten groups of plants from crosses between accessions of Guzmania and Vriesea were studied for a commercial exploitation of bromeliads between 2017 and 2018, to which the quantitative variables were measured: plant height, plant diameter, peduncle length, number of leaves, length of leaves, width of basal leaves, length of inflorescence and diameter of inflorescence. Descriptive statistics were determined for these variables as mean, CV and SD and an ANOVA was performed with a Duncan mean separation test at 0,05%. The variables were subjected to an analysis of principal components and Pearson's correlations. Regarding results, it was obtained that crossing 1 reached the highest values for all the variables except NH and DI, while crossings 4 and 6 showed the lowest values for most of the variables (p<0,05). Highly correlated variables were found, such as peduncle length (Lped) and plant height (AP), peduncle length (Lped) and plant diameter (DP), leaf length (LH) and plant diameter (DP). and inflorescence height (AI) with plant height (AP). In general, in the principal components analysis, it was found that all the variables, except the Inflorescence Diameter (DI), contribute to the variability in the first two components. According to the analyzes carried out and the quantified variables, sufficient variability was found to develop a plant breeding program.

Resumen Las bromelias tienen un alto potencial comercial como especies ornamentales. La creación de nuevas variedades es de suma importancia para el mercado. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la variabilidad morfo agronómica de híbridos provenientes de cruces intra e interaespecíficos de las especies Guzmania lingulata, G. freya, G. wittmackii, G. conifera, G. zahnii y el cultivar Vriesea “Electric”. Se estudiaron diez grupos de plantas provenientes de cruces entre accesiones de Guzmania y Vriesea para una explotación comercial de bromelias entre los años 2017 y 2018, a los cuales se les midieron las variables cuantitativas: altura de la planta, diámetro de planta, longitud del pedúnculo, número de hojas, largo de hojas, ancho de hojas basales, longitud de la inflorescencia y diámetro de la inflorescencia. A dichas variables se les determinó estadígrafos descriptivos como media, CV y DE y se realizó un ANOVA con una prueba de separación de medias de Duncan al 0,05%. Las variables se sometieron a un análisis de componentes principales y de correlaciones de Pearson. En cuanto a resultados se obtuvo que el cruce 1 alcanzó los mayores valores para todas las variables excepto NH y DI, mientras, los cruces 4 y 6 mostraron los valores más bajos para la mayoría de las variables (p<0,05). Se encontró variables con alta correlación como el largo del pedúnculo (Lped) y altura de la planta (AP), largo de pedúnculo (Lped) y diámetro de planta (DP), largo de hoja (LH) y diámetro de planta (DP) y altura de inflorescencia (AI) con altura de la planta (AP). De forma general en el análisis de componentes principales se encontró que todas las variables, excepto el Diámetro de la Inflorescencia (DI), contribuyen a la variabilidad en los dos primeros componentes. De acuerdo con los análisis realizados y las variables cuantificadas se encontró suficiente variabilidad para desarrollar un programa de mejora genética.

RESUMO Tillandsia recurvata (L.) L. é relatada pela primeira vez no Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Uma população da espécie foi encontrada na praça central do município de Chapada dos Guimarães, crescendo em diferentes forófitos. Aqui apresentamos uma descrição, comentários taxonômicos e ecológicos, dados de distribuição geográfica e fotos da espécie. L (L. Grosso Brasil Guimarães forófitos descrição ecológicos (L

ABSTRACT Tillandsia recurvata (L.) L. is reported for the first time in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. A population of the species was found in the town square of the Chapada dos Guimarães municipality, growing in multiple phorophytes. Here, we present a description, taxonomic and ecological comments, geographic distribution data, and photos of the species. L (L. Grosso Brazil municipality phorophytes Here description comments data (L

Abstract Inside epiphytic bromeliads there is a variety of microhabitats and resources for arthropods, being important sites for biodiversity. In this work, the richness and diversity of arthropods associated with Tillandsia recurvata were determined in three locations from Tecozautla municipality, Hidalgo, Mexico. In the dry season, 112 specimens of T. recurvata were collected over plants (phorophyte) of the species: Acacia schaffneri, Myrtillocactus geometrizans, Bursera fagoroides, and Prosopis laevigata. Arthropods were extracted from each epiphyte and the morphospecies were identified to order and family; the richness, the diversity, and the expected number of species by phorophyte were calculated. The highest number of species corresponded to Araneae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera orders. Richness was higher on bromeliads whose phorophyte was P. laevigata while the diversity was greater when the phorophyte was M. geometrizans. The expected number of species was higher than that found in all phorophytes. The microenvironment of T. recurvata is favorable to arthropods to find refuge or to obtain food. The results set down the possible influence of phorophytes over the arthropods species in T. recurvata.

Resumen Las bromelias epífitas albergan en su interior una variedad de microambientes y de recursos para los artrópodos, convirtiéndose en importantes sitios de biodiversidad. En este trabajo se determinó la diversidad de los artrópodos asociados a la bromelia Tillandsia recurvata en tres localidades del municipio de Tecozautla, Hidalgo, México. En la temporada de secas se colectaron 112 ejemplares de T. recurvata en las plantas (forofito) de las especies: Acacia schaffneri, Myrtillocactus geometrizans, Bursera fagoroides y Prosopis laevigata. De cada epífita se extrajeron los artrópodos y cada morfoespecie se determinó taxonómicamente a nivel de orden y familia; por forofito se evaluó la riqueza específica, la diversidad y el número esperado de especies. La mayoría de las especies colectadas son de los órdenes Araneae, Coleoptera, Diptera y Hemiptera. La mayor riqueza se presentó en las bromelias del forofito P. laevigata y una diversidad mayor en el forofito M. geometrizans. En todos los forofitos, el número esperado de especies fue mayor al encontrado. En T. recurvata se forma un microambiente propicio para la presencia de los artrópodos, ya sea como refugio o bien para conseguir alimento. Los resultados establecen la posible influencia de los forofitos en la diversidad de las especies de artrópodos en T. recurvata.

Resumo A floricultura brasileira é movida por novidades, necessitando da constante entrada de novos produtos no mercado. Esta situação favorece o Brasil que dispõe, em sua flora nativa, de espécies únicas no mundo, e com elevado potencial de aproveitamento racional para fins comerciais. A flora brasileira de potencial ornamental é pouco explorada, sendo restrita e muitas vezes extrativista a utilização de espécies com consequente erosão genética. A utilização de espécies nativas de diferentes ecossistemas pode constituir uma alternativa futura de produtos regionais diferenciados para a floricultura brasileira. Apesar da grande quantidade de recursos fitogenéticos são poucas as iniciativas de conservação e domesticação das espécies e melhoramento, para aproveitamento sustentável. Por esta razão, a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) conserva acervos de plantas ornamentais, e as iniciativas de pesquisa dessas coleções formam o projeto de Recursos Genéticos de Plantas Ornamentais. Além da conservação, buscasse em parceria com outras instituições, a caracterização e avaliação do potencial de uso destas espécies objetivando a finalização de produtos para floricultura. Desta forma, os materiais já caracterizados e documentados, possibilitam a agregação de valor aos recursos genéticos, já conservados. Atualmente, a EMBRAPA possui seis coleções ex situ de plantas ornamentais (Espécies Tropicais, Bromélias, Cactáceas e espécies do Bioma Pampa, Orquídeas Amazônicas e Amarilidáceas do Cerrado) e conta também com a variabilidade genética de bancos com germoplasma de outros produtos (Banco de germoplasma de Maracujá, Abacaxi, Paspalum, Pimenta, Abóboras) que vêm avaliando acessos, selecionando e registrando cultivares para uso ornamental. novidades mercado dispõe nativa mundo comerciais explorada melhoramento sustentável razão Embrapa (Embrapa Ornamentais instituições forma documentados genéticos conservados Atualmente Espécies Tropicais Bromélias Pampa Cerrado Banco Maracujá Abacaxi Paspalum Pimenta Abóboras acessos

Abstract Brazilian floriculture is driven by novelties, requiring the constant entry of new products into the market. This situation favors Brazil, which has, in its native flora, unique species in the world and with high potential for rational use for commercial purposes. The Brazilian flora with ornamental potential is little explored, and the use of species is restricted and, often, extractive with consequent genetic erosion. The use of native species from different ecosystems may constitute a future alternative of products for Brazilian floriculture. Despite the large amount of plant genetic resources, there are few initiatives for the conservation and domestication of species and improvement for sustainable use. For this reason, the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) conserves collections of ornamental plants, and the research initiatives of these collections form the Genetic Resources of Ornamental Plants Project. In addition to conservation, it sought, in partnership with other institutions, the characterization and evaluation of the potential use of these species aiming at the completion of products for floriculture. In this way, the materials already characterized and documented make it possible to add value to genetic resources, already maintained. Currently, Embrapa has six ex situ collections of ornamental plants (Tropical species, Bromeliads, Cactaceae and species from the Pampa Biome, Amazonian Orchids and species from Cerrado) and also counts on the genetic variability of banks of other products (Passion fruit, Pineapple, Paspalum, Pepper, Pumpkin germplasm banks) that have been evaluating accessions, selecting and registering cultivars for ornamental use. novelties market Brazil purposes explored often erosion resources reason (Embrapa Project sought institutions way maintained Currently Tropical Bromeliads Biome Cerrado Passion fruit Pineapple Paspalum Pepper accessions

Resumo As bromélias são desejáveis como plantas de vaso devido as brácteas floridas e formato geralmente grande, colorido e exótico das folhas que formam uma cisterna. A principal função das raízes de bromélias epifíticas é a fixação no substrato, enquanto a captação de água e nutrientes é realizada principalmente pelas folhas. Porém, estudos recentes têm demonstrado que as raízes das bromélias epífitas também podem auxiliar na absorção de água e nutrientes, contribuindo para o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a importância do sistema radicular na nutrição mineral da bromélia ornamental epifítica Aechmea fasciata que ocorre no Brasil. Oitenta plantas foram cultivadas por 240 dias em vasos plásticos (900 mL) contendo casca de pinus compostada e foram submetidas a 5 tratamentos com 50 mL de 0% (controle), 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% da solução nutritiva de Hoagland & Arnon (HA ), aplicada duas vezes por semana somente sobre o substrato. Foram avaliadas as variáveis biométricas e de biomassa da raiz e da parte aérea, bem como o teor de macro e micronutrientes nas folhas de A. fasciata. Os resultados mostraram que todos os parâmetros biométricos e de biomassa aumentaram com a aplicação de concentrações crescentes da solução de HA, enquanto o conteúdo nutricional nas folhas apresentou diferentes respostas, com aumento de nitrogênio e potássio, diminuição de cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, manganês, cobre, enxofre, ferro e zinco. Concluímos que A. fasciata cresce melhor quando fertilizada com solução de AH 75% ou 100% no substrato. Ressaltamos que as raízes da bromélia epifítica A. fasciata são funcionais e desempenham importante papel na sua nutrição e crescimento.

Abstract The bromeliads are desirable vase plants because of the flowering bract and the usually large, bold, colored and exotic format of the leaves that forms a cistern. The main function of epiphytic bromeliads roots is the fixation on the substrate, while water and nutrients uptake are performed mainly by leaves. However, recent studies have shown that the roots of epiphytic bromeliads can also help in the absorption of water and nutrients, contributing to plant growth and development. The present study aimed to evaluate the importance of the root system in the mineral nutrition of an epiphytic ornamental bromeliad silver vase bromeliad (Aechmea fasciata) that occurs in Brazil. 80 plants were cultivated for 240 days in plastic pots (900 mL) containing composted pine bark and were subjected to 5 treatments with 50 mL of 0% (control), 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% Hoagland & Arnon (HA) nutrient solution, applied twice a week only onto the substrate. Biometric and biomass variables of root and shoots, as well as macro- and micronutrients content in silver vase bromeliad leaves were evaluated. Results showed that all biometric and biomass parameters increased with the application of increasing HA solution concentrations, while the nutritional content in leaves showed different responses, with increase in nitrogen and potassium, decrease in calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, copper, sulfur, iron and zinc. We conclude that silver vase bromeliad grows better when fertilized with 75% or 100% HA solution on the substrate. We emphasize that the roots of the epiphytic silver vase bromeliad are functional and plays important roles in its nutrition and growth.