Resumen Actualmente en las plantaciones de Eucalyptus en Ecuador, la plaga más importante es Gonipterus sp., el control químico es la práctica más común, pero su alto costo e ineficacia ha llevado a la industria maderera a buscar alternativas, como el control biológico. El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer aspectos relacionados a la biología y ecología de Podisus sp., depredador natural de Gonipterus sp. La recolección de estas especies se realizó en las plantaciones de la empresa NOVOPAN, ubicada en la provincia de Imbabura, para luego ser trasladados al laboratorio GDETERRA-ESPOCH, donde Podisus sp. fue criado en frascos herméticos de 100 ml, a una temperatura de 22°C y una humedad relativa del 43%. Inicialmente se alimentó con larvas de Gonipterus sp. y como alternativa larvas de Spodoptera frugiperda. Los resultados revelaron un ciclo biológico de huevo a adulto de 40-45 días, longevidad adulta 75 días y una producción de huevos de 30-35 por hembra. Al no obtener suficientes larvas de esta especie, se optó por larvas de Spodoptera frugiperda como alimento. El estudio concluye que es factible criar Podisus sp. en condiciones controladas utilizando larvas de Gonipterus sp. y Spodoptera frugiperda, siendo esta última más eficiente debido a su disponibilidad.

Abstract Currently, on Eucalyptus plantations in Ecuador, the most important pest is Gonipterus sp., and chemical control is the most common practice, but its high cost and inefficiency have led the timber industry to seek alternatives such as biological control. The objective of this research was to understand aspects related to the biology and ecology of Podisus sp., a natural predator of Gonipterus sp. These species were collected in NOVOPAN plantations located in the Imbabura province and then transferred to the GDETERRA-ESPOCH laboratory. Podisus sp. was reared in 100-ml airtight containers at a temperature of 22 °C and a relative humidity of 43%. Initially, they were fed Gonipterus sp. Larvae, and alternatively, larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda. Results revealed a biological cycle from egg to adult of 40 - 45 days, adult longevity of 75 days, and egg production of 30 - 35 per female. Due to insufficient larvae of Gonipterus sp., larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda were used as an alternative food source. The study concludes that it is feasible to rear Podisus sp. under controlled conditions using larvae of both Gonipterus sp. and Spodoptera frugiperda, with the latter being more efficient due to its availability.

Resumo Os roedores podem causar danos significativos às culturas de trigo e amendoim nos países em desenvolvimento, bem como aos produtos armazenados e infraestrutura, afetando a segurança alimentar e a renda dos pequenos agricultores. O trigo (Triticum aestivum) e o amendoim (Arachis hypogea) são culturas comerciais importantes para os agricultores locais no Paquistão. Experimentos de campo foram realizados para avaliar a extensão dos danos de roedores às culturas de trigo e amendoim ao longo de seus estágios de crescimento (ou seja, germinação, floração/formação e maturidade) nas zonas agroecológicas de Pothwar Plateau, Paquistão. Usamos um método de quadrat para registrar o número de plantas de cultura danificadas. Com base nos dados de armadilhagem foram capturadas quatro espécies de roedores de sistemas de cultivo de trigo-amendoim que foram responsáveis por causar danos, ou seja, o rato-bandico-pequeno (Bandicota bengalensis) foi a espécie principal, seguido pelo rato-toupeira-de-cauda-curta (Nesokia indica), o gerbilo-da-índia (Tatera indica) e o rato-do-mato (Golunda ellioti). Em ambas as culturas, o dano máximo foi registrado na maturidade da cultura (10,7 e 14,4%, respectivamente). O menor dano relatado ao trigo e ao amendoim foi no estágio de germinação (3,5% e 6,0%, respectivamente). O menor dano relatado na germinação pode ser devido à disponibilidade de vegetação não cultivada nas bordas do campo, que pode ser um fator potencial que influencia o dano. Nossos resultados mostraram claramente a quantidade considerável de danos causados por roedores ao trigo-amendoim na maturidade em todas as zonas agroecológicas de Pothwar e indicaram que a composição de pequenos mamíferos estava mais relacionada ao estágio de maturidade/estação das culturas quando a disponibilidade de alimentos e as condições climáticas eram favoráveis e com segurança sob abrigo de cultivo. Estudos mais detalhados são necessários para entender completamente a ecologia populacional e reprodutiva das espécies de pragas de roedores relevantes em relação aos padrões de danos para otimizar o manejo, além das medidas estruturais individuais.

Abstract Rodents can cause significant damage to wheat-groundnut crops in developing countries, as well as to stored produce and infrastructure, affecting food security and income of small-holder farmers. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and groundnuts (Arachis hypogea) are important cash crops for local farmers in Pakistan. Field experiments were performed to assess the extent of rodent damage to wheat-groundnut crops throughout their growth stages (i.e, germination, flowering/peg formation and maturity) in the agro-ecological zones of Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan. We used a quadrat method to record the number of damaged crop plants. On the basis of the trapping data four rodent species were captured from wheat-groundnut cropping systems which were responsible for causing damage, i.e., lesser bandicoot rat (Bandicota bengalensis) was the main species, followed by the short-tailed mole rat (Nesokia indica), the Indian gerbil (Tatera indica) and the bush rat (Golunda ellioti). In both crops, the maximum damage was recorded at crop maturity (10.7 and 14.4%, respectively). The lowest reported damage to wheat and groundnuts was at the germination stage (3.5% and 6.0%, respectively). The lower damage reported at germination could be due to availability of non-crop vegetation at field borders that may be a potential factor influencing damage. Our findings clearly show the considerable amount of damage caused by rodents to wheat-groundnut at maturity across all the agro-ecological zones of Pothwar and indicated that the small mammal composition was more related to maturity stage/season of crops, when the availability of food and climatic condition were favorable and having security under crop shelter. More detailed studies are needed to fully understand the population and breeding ecology of the relevant rodent pest species in relation to damage patterns to optimize management beyond individual structural measures.

Abstract We studied the distribution and population status of the Cheer pheasant (Catreus wallichii) in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Study was mainly conducted in four localities Jhelum Valley (JV), Machiara National Park (MNP), Haveli and Nar Sher Ali Khan (NSAK) from 2016-2020, for five breeding seasons. Population status of Cheer pheasant was determined by the call counts method. In total 105 breeding pairs (210 birds) were estimated highest (134) being recorded from Jhelum valley followed by MNP, Haveli and Nar Sher Ali Khan While applying correction factor 158 birds were recorded. Extensive surveys were carried out in an area of 19.23 km2. Our results indicate an expansion in distribution ranges of Cheer pheasant and population has established in several new sites. Highest Mean population density of 6.11pair/km2 was recorded in Qazi Nag area of Jhelum Valley. The mean population density of Cheer pheasant was slightly higher in the month of May. Furthermore, 58% of the calling birds were detected at elevations ranging from 2300-2600m, while 17% were found at elevations between 1900-2200m. Expansion in distribution ranges of Cheer might be due to reason that bird might have been underestimated in the past or conservation measures and community awareness programs taken by the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, AJ&K. Catreus wallichii AJK AJ&K . AJ K (AJ&K) JV, JV , (JV) MNP (MNP) NSAK (NSAK 20162020, 20162020 2016 2020, 2020 2016-2020 seasons method 10 210 (21 134 (134 15 1923 19 23 19.2 km2 km sites 611pairkm2 pairkm 6 11pair pair 6.11pair/km May Furthermore 58 23002600m, 23002600m m 2300 2600m, 2600m 2300-2600m 17 19002200m. 19002200m 1900 2200m. 2200m 1900-2200m Fisheries (AJ&K (JV (MNP 2016202 201 202 2016-202 1 21 (2 13 (13 192 2 19. 611pairkm 5 230 190 201620 20 2016-20 ( (1 20162 2016-2 2016-

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a distribuição e o status populacional do faisão Cheer (Catreus wallichii) em Azad Jammu e Caxemira (AJ&K). A pesquisa foi realizada principalmente em quatro localidades: Vale Jhelum (JV), Parque Nacional Machiara (MNP), Haveli e Nar Sher Ali Khan (NSAK), de 2016 a 2020, durante cinco temporadas de reprodução. O status populacional do faisão Cheer foi determinado pelo método de contagem de chamadas. No total, 105 pares reprodutores (210 pássaros) foram estimados, com o maior número (134) registrado no vale Jhelum, seguido por MNP, Haveli e Nar Sher Ali Khan. Ao aplicar o fator de correção, 158 pássaros foram registrados. Pesquisas extensas foram realizadas em uma área de 19,23 km2. Os resultados indicam uma expansão nas faixas de distribuição do faisão Cheer, com populações estabelecidas em vários novos locais. A maior densidade populacional média de 6,11 pares/km2 foi registrada na área de Qazi Nag, no Vale Jhelum. A densidade populacional média do faisão Cheer foi ligeiramente maior no mês de maio. Além disso, 58% dos pássaros cantores foram detectados em elevações variando de 2.300-2.600 m, enquanto 17% foram encontrados em elevações entre 1.900-2.200 m. A expansão nas faixas de distribuição do Cheer pode ser devido ao fato de que o pássaro pode ter sido subestimado no passado ou medidas de conservação e programas de conscientização da comunidade implementados pelo Departamento de Vida Selvagem e Pesca de AJ&K. Catreus wallichii AJK AJ&K . AJ K (AJ&K) localidades JV, JV , (JV) MNP (MNP) NSAK, NSAK (NSAK) 201 2020 reprodução chamadas total 10 210 (21 estimados 134 (134 correção 15 registrados 1923 19 23 19,2 km2 km locais 611 6 11 6,1 pareskm2 pareskm pares/km Nag maio disso 58 2.3002.600 23002600 2.300 2.600 2 300 600 2.300-2.60 m 17 1.9002.200 19002200 1.900 2.200 1 900 200 1.900-2.20 (AJ&K (JV (MNP (NSAK 20 202 21 (2 13 (13 192 19, 61 6, 5 3002 2.3002.60 2300260 2300 2.30 2600 2.60 30 60 2.300-2.6 9002 1.9002.20 1900220 1900 1.90 2200 2.20 90 1.900-2.2 ( (1 2.3002.6 230026 230 2.3 260 2.6 3 2.300-2. 1.9002.2 190022 190 1.9 220 2.2 9 1.900-2. 2.3002. 23002 2. 26 2.300-2 1.9002. 19002 1. 22 1.900-2 2.3002 2.300- 1.9002 1.900-

ABSTRACT Ecological interactions are diverse, variable across space and time and not always well understood. The use of interaction network analysis has become a tool that promotes a deeper understanding on ecological and evolutionary processes. The interaction between insects and fungi is an interesting research model, helping to understand colonization dynamics and species specialization in spatially aggregated and ephemeral resources. Here, we describe the interactions between Drosophilidae species and the fungal basidiocarps in a subtropical forest in Brazil. Flies were collected when were visiting basidiocarps and then the basidiocarps themselves were also collected to obtain the emerging flies whose larvae fed on the fungi. We observed 31 species of drosophilids interacting with basidiocarps of 23 fungi species. An ecological network analysis was performed for the drosophilids breeding on basidiocarps and for those visiting them as adults. We found a specialized breeding network, with stronger interactions involving Hirtodrosophila and Auricularia and Zygothrica bilineata and a Marasmius species. Our results indicate the generalist habit of most Zygothrica species. The visitation network was highly specialized. Despite being well represented in the sampling, most Zygothrica species did not emerge from any fungal species. This study advances the knowledge on patterns of Drosophilid-fungi interactions and provides insights into their drivers. diverse understood processes model resources Here Brazil 3 2 adults sampling Drosophilidfungi Drosophilid drivers

Resumen Introducción: Los bosques tropicales presentan variaciones estacionales fenológicas provocando cambios en la disponibilidad de los recursos alimenticios. Bajo estas condiciones, los animales emplean estrategias de forrajeo al seguir la oferta del alimento. El perico frente naranja (Eupsittula canicularis) habita principalmente en el bosque tropical caducifolio desde el Pacífico mexicano hasta Costa Rica, sin embargo, su dieta y estrategias de forrajeo son poco conocidas. Objetivo: Evaluar la variabilidad espacial en la abundancia de recursos alimenticios, la dieta y el comportamiento de alimentación del perico en un paisaje modificado de la costa de Oaxaca, México. Métodos: Se establecieron 30 transectos para estudios fenológicos (200 × 6 m) durante la época seca (febrero-junio 2019) para determinar la disponibilidad de recursos alimenticios en el bosque tropical caducifolio, subcaducifolio y la vegetación secundaria. La dieta del perico se determinó mediante observaciones del forrajeo, y se consideró la amplitud del nicho alimenticio y la selección de recursos como estrategias de forrajeo. Resultados: En el área de estudio, el perico consume frutos (42.3 %), semillas (29.3 %) y flores (28.4 %) de 13 especies arbóreas y presenta un nicho alimenticio amplio con mayor frecuencia de forrajeo en el bosque primario. El perico selecciona recursos y ajusta sus estrategias de forrajeo de acuerdo a la disponibilidad del alimento en cada hábitat. Conclusiones: Los resultados del estudio resaltan la necesidad de mantener la estructura completa del bosque en paisajes modificados para asegurar la disponibilidad de recursos alimenticios para para el perico frente naranja durante la época reproductiva.

Abstract Introduction: Seasonal phenological variations in tropical forests cause changes in food resource availability. Animals use foraging strategies to follow the food supply in these settings. The Orange-fronted Parakeet (Eupsittula canicularis) mainly inhabits the tropical dry forest of the Mexican Pacific to Northwest Costa Rica, although little is known about its diet and foraging strategies. Objective: To assess spatial variability in food resource abundance, diet, and foraging behavior of the Orange-fronted Parakeet in a modified landscape in Oaxaca Coast, Mexico. Methods: 30 phenology transects (200 x 6 m) were established during the dry season (February-June 2019) to measure food resource availability in primary deciduous, semi-deciduous, and secondary forests. The Orange-fronted Parakeets diet was determined by focal foraging observations, and dietary niche breadth and resource selection were considered to determine feeding strategies. Results: Orange-fronted Parakeets fed on fruits (42.3 %), seeds (29.3 %), and flowers (28.4 %) of 13 plant species and presented a broad dietary niche breadth with a higher frequency of foraging in primary forest. The Orange-fronted Parakeets select resources and adapt their foraging strategies based on food resource availability in each habitat. Conclusions: The study findings highlights the need to maintain the complete forest structure in a modified landscape to ensure food resources availability for Orange-fronted Parakeets during the breeding season.

Abstract Crabs of the Dissodactylus genus are commonly found in symbiosis with other marine invertebrate organisms. This study describes the structure of the population of the Pinnotheridae crab Dissodactylus crinitichelis living in symbiosis with the sand dollar Encope emarginata on a temporal scale and over the size class distribution, sex-ratio, recruitment defined as the specimens of the two first size classes, and breeding period. Specimens were collected in sand bottoms at the infralittoral zone at Flamengo Beach in Ubatuba, in the northeastern coast of São Paulo state, using free diving performed by one diver from August 2017 to July 2018, for 30 minutes per month. 337 juvenile, 51 adult females, and 38 adult males were analyzed, comprising 12 ovigerous females. There was registered recruitment, in almost all months. The sex ratio was 1:1.3, with more females than males in the population. In March, there was a significant recruitment period with 337 juveniles in one sample. The maximum carapace width was 6.6mm in males and 7.65mm in females. The representative number of specimens in the first size class may provide information that D. crinitichelis presents some levels of spatial segregation in the population in this area and should be monitored for preservation. organisms distribution sexratio, sexratio ratio, sex-ratio classes Ubatuba state 201 2018 3 month 33 juvenile 5 analyzed 1 months 11.3, 113 1.3, 1:1.3 March sample 66mm mm 6 6mm 765mm 7 65mm D preservation 20 11 11.3 13 1.3 1:1. 2 11. 1. 1:1 1:

Resumo Caranguejos do gênero Dissodactylus são frequentemente reconhecidos associados a alguma relação simbionte. O objetivo aqui é apresentar algumas características populacionais do caranguejo pinoterídeo Dissodactylus crinitichelis, em associação à bolacha-da-praia Encope emarginata, em escala temporal, destacando a distribuição em classes de tamanho, proporção sexual, recrutamento e período reprodutivo. Os caranguejos foram amostrados mensalmente, no infralitoral não consolidado, na Praia do Flamengo, Ubatuba, litoral norte paulista, junto às bolachas-da-praia, durante sessões de mergulho livre, mensalmente de agosto/2017 a julho/2018, com esforço amostral de aproximadamente 30 minutos/mês, por um coletor. Foram obtidos 426 caranguejos, dos quais 337 indivíduos jovens e 89 adultos sendo 51 fêmeas e 38 machos, incluindo 12 fêmeas ovígeras. O recrutamento foi registrado em praticamente todo o período amostrado, com pico de frequência em março, com 71 jovens. A proporção sexual verificada foi 1:1.3, desviada para as fêmeas. A maior da largura da carapaça para machos e fêmeas de D. crinitichelis foi de 6,6 e 7,65 mm, respectivamente. O principal caráter da população amostrada foi a presença dominante de jovens, o que sugere a existência de segregação espacial da população amostrada em simbiose à bolacha-da-praia, o que parece estabelecer regiões preferenciais de recrutamento nessa praia, o que torna a região de grande importância para a conservação dessa espécie de caranguejo. simbionte bolachadapraia bolacha praia emarginata temporal tamanho reprodutivo consolidado Flamengo Ubatuba paulista bolachasdapraia, bolachasdapraia bolachas bolachas-da-praia livre agosto2017 agosto 2017 agosto/201 julho2018 julho 2018 julho/2018 3 minutosmês minutos mês minutos/mês coletor 42 33 8 5 1 ovígeras amostrado março 7 11.3, 113 1.3, 1:1.3 D 66 6 6, 765 65 7,6 mm respectivamente bolachadapraia, agosto201 201 agosto/20 julho201 julho/201 4 11 11.3 13 1.3 1:1. 76 7, agosto20 20 agosto/2 julho20 julho/20 11. 1. 1:1 agosto2 2 agosto/ julho2 julho/2 1: julho/

Abstract The Laughing Dove (Streptopelia senegalensis) is a columbid bird commonly found throughout most of Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, India and Australia. Its preferred habitat includes scrubland, agricultural lands, and human settlements. Despite this species’ extensive breeding range, very little information is available regarding its breeding ecology. The main objective of this study was to investigate the breeding features of the Laughing Dove in Taif City, Saudi Arabia between March and May 2018 and December 2018 and May 2019. The results indicate that this species constructs its nests at a mean height of 2.74 ± 0.1 m from the ground. The average number of nesting materials used for building a Laughing Dove nest was 109.3 ± 11.25. This study recorded that this species starts breeding in the middle of February. A clutch of two eggs comprised 72% of all the nests, with a mean of 1.75 ± 0.06 eggs per clutch. The average egg size was 25.27 ± 0.43 mm x 20.25 ± 0.19 mm, with an average egg volume of 5.01 ± 0.13 cm3. In total, 39.5% of the eggs hatched, and 64.7% of hatchlings reached the fledgling stage, resulting in an overall breeding success of 25.6%. This study suggested that nest desertion and predation were the major factors contributing to nest failure. Streptopelia senegalensis Africa East Asia Australia scrubland lands settlements range ecology City 201 2019 274 2 74 2.7 01 0 1 0. ground 1093 109 3 109. 1125 11 25 11.25 February 72 175 75 1.7 006 06 0.0 2527 27 25.2 043 43 0.4 2025 20 20.2 019 19 501 5 5.0 013 13 cm3 cm total 395 39 39.5 hatched 647 64 7 64.7 stage 256 6 25.6% failure 2. 10 112 11.2 17 1. 00 252 25. 04 4 202 20. 50 5. 39. 64. 25.6 11.

Resumo A rola-do-senegal (Streptopelia senegalensis) é uma ave columbídea comumente encontrada na maior parte da África, Oriente Médio, Ásia Central, Índia e Austrália. Seu hábitat preferido inclui cerrado, terras agrícolas e assentamentos humanos. Apesar da extensa gama de reprodução desta espécie, muito pouca informação está disponível sobre sua ecologia reprodutiva. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as características reprodutivas da rola-do-senegal na cidade de Taif, Arábia Saudita entre março e maio de 2018 e dezembro de 2018 e maio de 2019. Os resultados indicam que esta espécie constrói seus ninhos a uma altura média de 2,74 ± 0,1 m do chão. O número médio de materiais de nidificação usados para a construção de um ninho de rola-do-senegal foi de 109,3 ± 11,25. Este estudo registrou que esta espécie começa a se reproduzir em meados de fevereiro. Uma ninhada de dois ovos compôs 72% de todos os ninhos, com média de 1,75 ± 0,06 ovo por ninhada. O tamanho médio dos ovos foi de 25,27 ± 0,43 mm x 20,25 ± 0,19 mm, com volume médio de ovos de 5,01 ± 0,13 cm3. No total, 39,5% dos ovos eclodiram e 64,7% dos filhotes atingiram a fase de filhote, resultando em um sucesso reprodutivo geral de 25,6%. Este estudo sugeriu que a deserção do ninho e a predação foram os principais fatores que contribuíram para o fracasso do ninho. roladosenegal rola senegal Streptopelia senegalensis África Médio Central Austrália cerrado humanos reprodutiva Taif 201 2019 274 2 74 2,7 01 0 1 0, chão 1093 109 3 109, 1125 11 25 11,25 fevereiro 72 175 75 1,7 006 06 0,0 2527 27 25,2 043 43 0,4 2025 20 20,2 019 19 501 5 5,0 013 13 cm3 cm total 395 39 39,5 647 64 7 64,7 filhote 256 6 25,6% 2, 10 112 11,2 17 1, 00 252 25, 04 4 202 20, 50 5, 39, 64, 25,6 11,

Abstract Species of Opuntia (prickly pears), widely propagated for human use, are present in many agroforestry systems. Like other perennials, they are subject to environmental pressures that influence their reproductive ecology and reproductive output. Here, we studied floral biology, breeding system, and flower-bee interactions of Opuntia atropes, which is subject to management, to better understand its reproductive ecology. We documented floral phenology, morphology, and mating system by observing live flowers, measuring fixed flowers, and performing pollination treatments. We recorded frequency, behavior, and floral visitors’ handling time to determine the most effective pollinator. Opuntia atropes has large, herkogamous flowers and high P/O ratios. These traits promote outcrossing, which was supported by the results of pollination treatments. Fruit weight and seed set exhibited moderate pollen limitation. Floral visitors comprised nine bee species. Diadasia sp. was the most effective pollinator according to frequency and behavior. Opuntia atropes shows preferential outcrossing through pollination by a specialist bee despite being in a modified habitat. Pollen limitation and variation in reproductive success may lead to mating system evolution in O. atropes. The observed bee diversity suggests that O. atropes is an important source of floral resources in the dry season in semi-arid environments under moderate human disturbance. prickly pears, pears , pears) use systems perennials output Here biology flowerbee flower management phenology morphology treatments behavior large PO P O ratios species sp habitat semiarid semi arid disturbance

ABSTRACT The Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus (Gmelin, 1788) has a wide distribution through Americas, from Canada and Alaska to Argentina and Uruguay. Beside common, several aspects of its natural history are still poorly known, especially at Neotropical Region. The aim of this study was to obtain data regarding to the home range, nesting and feeding habits of Bubo virginianus in the Brazilian Pampas. This study was conducted from April 2015 to April 2018, in Santa Margarida do Sul, central region of Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil. The study area presents patches of Eucaliptus spp. tree, under which the vegetation is composed by grass with some spine bushes. The surrounding area of the main patch of Eucaliptus is used for extensive cattle ranch and rice and soy crops. Data was collected by direct observation, with unless one visit each 15 days during the non-reproductive period, and unless one visit per week during the breeding season. In these observations we checked the use of the nest and the use of diurnal resting perches, where we collected pellets for diet analyses. Considering 95% of locations, the home range of the pair of great horned owl was estimated as 0.35 km² considering MCP method or 0.41 km² considering Kernel estimates. Individuals seem interested in bordering locations of the home range during night and the center of the area for resting during the daylight. The nest was used for a period of three months, in three consecutive breeding seasons. Breeding season is related to the austral winter, with one or two chicks hatching near late winter. The juveniles stayed with the parents for up to 10 months (7 to 10 months) and dispersed from the parents’ home range in the autumn of the next year. Furthermore, diet was based in rodents, especially Holochilus vulpinus (Brants, 1827), and birds, following a common pattern for this species. Gmelin, Gmelin (Gmelin 1788 Americas Uruguay known Region Pampas 201 2018 State Brazil spp tree bushes crops observation 1 nonreproductive non reproductive perches analyses 95 035 0 35 0.3 km 041 41 0.4 estimates daylight seasons winter 7 ( year Furthermore rodents Brants, Brants (Brants 1827, 1827 , 1827) birds species 178 20 9 03 3 0. 04 4 182 17 2 18

RESUMO O jacurutu Bubo virginianus (Gmelin, 1788) tem ampla distribuição pela América, estendendo-se desde o Alasca e norte do Canadá, até o centro da Argentina e Uruguai. Apesar de relativamente comum, diferentes aspectos da história natural desta espécie ainda permanecem pouco conhecidos, sobretudo na Região Neotropical. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi obter informações referentes à área de vida utilizada por B. virginianus, sua biologia reprodutiva e dieta no Pampa brasileiro. O estudo foi realizado entre abril de 2015 e abril de 2018, no município de Santa Margarida do Sul, região central do Pampa brasileiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A área de estudo conta com capões de Eucaliptus spp., sob os quais a vegetação é predominantemente formada por gramíneas, com manchas de arbustos espinhosos em pontos específicos. Os arredores do capão principal são utilizados para criação extensiva de gado em campo nativo além de cultivos de soja e arroz. A coleta de dados foi baseada no acompanhamento visual dos indivíduos com ao menos uma observação quinzenal durante o período não reprodutivo, e ao menos uma observação semanal durante o período de utilização do ninho. Além do ninho, foram verificados os poleiros de descanso dos indivíduos monitorados e coletadas as egagrópilas regurgitadas, para posterior estudo de seus hábitos alimentares. A área de vida utilizada pelo casal foi estimada em 0,35 km² pelo método do MCP, ou 0,41 km² baseado em estimativas pelo método de Kernel. Os indivíduos parecem demonstrar interesse por locais limítrofes da área de vida durante a noite e preferindo a parte central da mesma para abrigo/descanso durante o dia. O tempo de utilização do ninho foi de três meses em todos os períodos reprodutivos. A estação reprodutiva da espécie está relacionada ao pico do inverno, com um a dois filhotes nascendo próximo ao final da estação. Os filhotes permaneceram na área de vida dos pais por um período de sete até dez de meses, dispersando durante os meses do outono do ano seguinte. Por fim, a dieta foi baseada em roedores, sobretudo Holochilus vulpinus (Brants, 1827) e aves, seguindo um padrão já conhecido para espécie. Gmelin, Gmelin (Gmelin 1788 América estendendose estendendo se Canadá Uruguai comum conhecidos Neotropical Assim B brasileiro 201 2018 Sul Brasil spp spp. gramíneas específicos arroz reprodutivo regurgitadas alimentares 035 0 35 0,3 km MCP 041 41 0,4 Kernel abrigodescanso abrigo dia reprodutivos inverno seguinte fim roedores Brants, Brants (Brants 1827 aves 178 20 03 3 0, 04 4 182 17 2 18 1

Abstract Ecological and life history traits have been used to understand the basic ecology of fishes. This study aimed to examine the existence of plasticity in life history traits of populations of Hollandichthys multifasciatus in ten blackwater streams. This is an inseminating Characidae, endemic to the Atlantic coastal drainages of Brazil. Different aspects of the life-history of the species, such as mean length, sex ratio, absolute and relative fecundity, gonadosomatic index, condition factor, length-weight relationship and the growth parameter (b) of 185 specimens were studied during the period of low precipitation (June-September). Fish samples were obtained along a 100 m stretch of each stream, and some habitat variables recorded. ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests indicated a similarity in most of the analyzed traits, with exception of the mean length of immatures, Gonadosomatic Index of mature males and condition factor of immatures and mature adults. Also, slope tests of the length-weight relationship were significantly different for immatures. The observed differences were attributed to heterogeneity in food availability and/or other site-specific factors, which may influence growth and/or breeding aspects among the studied localities. The approach used herein may improve understanding of trait plasticity under natural conditions, helping to understand fish-community responses to anthropogenic changes.

Abstract Interactions between plant and pollinators are associated with the origin and maintenance of species diversity, as well as ecosystem functioning. The potential of pollination as an ecosystem service is evidenced by its association with food production. Understanding pollination at the landscape scale is essential for characterizing the pollination service for several crops that depend on pollinators for fruit and seed set that make up the human diet. Our aim was to carry out a literature review of studies and projects funded by BIOTA/FAPESP to illustrate the main research approaches developed in the field of Pollination Biology, especially related to plant-pollinator interactions. Plant-pollinator interactions in the Atlantic forest were leveraged as a result of this long-term research program, during which several papers were published in international journals. Pollination by bees (melittophily) was the most representative pollination system studied. In addition to melittophily, other interactions were studied such as pollination by hawkmoths (sphingophily), by hummingbirds (ornithophily) and by bats (chiropterophily). The specific mutualistic relationships between fig trees and fig wasps were also subject of studies within the Program. At the beginning of the BIOTA/FAPESP Program, there were many gaps in basic information about pollination and breeding systems of Brazilian native plant species. Thus, the Program was fundamental to fuel research on the natural history of plants and pollinators from the Atlantic forest. Overall, the Program funded studies that investigated themes such as functional pollination ecology, pollinator effectiveness, plant population genetics, structure and dynamics of plant-pollinator interaction networks, as well as geographic distribution and macroevolution of pollination systems, as well as genetic and molecular studies of native plant populations focusing on pollen flow and genetic structure of populations. Additionally, studies on pollination in the context of landscape ecology had the aim of assessing the effects of forest fragmentation on the functioning of plant populations and their interactions with pollinators and the relationships between landscape structure and ecological processes, biodiversity, and ecosystem service. Therefore, the Program had a prominent role in producing basic data with great implications for understanding the ecology and promoting the conservation of plant-pollinator interactions. diversity production diet BIOTAFAPESP BIOTA FAPESP Biology plantpollinator Plantpollinator Plant longterm long term program journals melittophily (melittophily sphingophily, sphingophily , (sphingophily) ornithophily (ornithophily chiropterophily. chiropterophily . (chiropterophily) Thus Overall effectiveness genetics networks Additionally processes biodiversity Therefore (sphingophily (chiropterophily

Resumo A interação planta-polinizador está associada à origem e manutenção da diversidade de espécies de plantas e ao funcionamento dos ecossistemas. O potencial da polinização como serviço ecossistêmico é destacado quando associado à produção de alimentos. Compreender esta interação na escala da paisagem é essencial para caracterizar o serviço de polinização para muitos cultivos que dependem dos polinizadores para a formação de frutos e sementes que integram a dieta humana. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica de estudos e projetos financiados pelo BIOTA/FAPESP para ilustrar as principais abordagens de pesquisa desenvolvidas no campo da Biologia da Polinização, especialmente relacionadas à interação planta-polinizador. As interações planta-polinizador na Mata Atlântica foram alavancadas como resultado desse programa de pesquisa de longo prazo, durante o qual vários artigos foram publicados em revistas internacionais. A polinização por abelhas (melitofilia) foi o sistema de polinização mais representativo estudado. Além da melitofilia, outras interações foram estudadas, como a polinização por mariposas (esfingofilia), por beija-flores (ornitofilia) e por morcegos (quiropterofilia). As relações mutualísticas específicas entre figueiras e vespas do figo também foram objeto de estudos no âmbito do Programa. No início do Programa BIOTA/FAPESP, havia muitas lacunas sobre informações básicas sobre polinização e sistemas de reprodução de espécies vegetais nativas brasileiras. Assim, o Programa foi fundamental para desenvolver pesquisas sobre a história natural de plantas e polinizadores da Mata Atlântica. No geral, o Programa financiou estudos que investigaram temas como ecologia funcional da polinização, eficácia de polinizadores, genética de populações de plantas, estrutura e dinâmica de redes de interação planta-polinizador, bem como distribuição geográfica e macroevolução dos sistemas de polinização, além de estudos genéticos e moleculares de populações de plantas nativas com foco no fluxo de pólen. Adicionalmente, estudos sobre polinização no contexto da ecologia da paisagem tiveram como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da fragmentação florestal no funcionamento das populações de plantas e suas interações com os polinizadores e as relações entre a estrutura da paisagem e os processos ecológicos, biodiversidade e serviços ecossistêmicos. Portanto, o Programa teve um papel de destaque na produção de dados básicos com grandes implicações para o entendimento da ecologia e promoção da conservação das interações planta-polinizador. plantapolinizador planta polinizador ecossistemas alimentos humana BIOTAFAPESP BIOTA FAPESP Polinização plantapolinizador. polinizador. prazo internacionais melitofilia (melitofilia estudado estudadas esfingofilia, esfingofilia , (esfingofilia) beijaflores beija flores ornitofilia (ornitofilia quiropterofilia. quiropterofilia . (quiropterofilia) brasileiras Assim geral plantapolinizador, polinizador, pólen Adicionalmente ecológicos ecossistêmicos Portanto (esfingofilia (quiropterofilia

Abstract Understanding the floral and reproductive biology of botanical species is crucial for the development of strategies in plant breeding systems. Jatropha curcas L. is a promising species for the manufacture of biofuels, being previously studied mainly in genetic improvement to develop characteristics suitable to biofuels. In order to contribute with data for hybridization and breeding programs, this paper studies the floral biology and reproductive system in two experimental populations of different ages of Jatropha curcas in Cruz das Almas/BA. Both of them were examined about their anthesis, durability, number of flowers, stigma receptivity, P:O ratio, and reproduction tests. As observed, Jatropha curcas is a monoecious species and its flowering occurs between September and April. Inflorescences are composed of unisexual flowers with daytime anthesis (♂: 05-06h; ♀: 07-08h), where the staminates last 10h and pistillates 60h. The physic nut is self-compatible, forming fruits by self-fecundation and cross-pollination, although the greatest number of fruits/seeds is generated by natural pollination. Experiment 02, presented a larger number of flowers, probably due to the plant’s age and physiology. Performing artificial pollination between 08:00h and 09:30h is recommended for larger production since the stigma is receptive and the flowers have a large amount of pollen available.

Abstract The genus Verger Navás 1918 (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae), is a Neotropical genus exclusive to the Andean region, with most of its species distributed from Tierra del Fuego to north central Chile and Argentina. Currently, 20 species of the genus have been described from adults and only six larvae have been associated and diagnosed. The ecology of the species is completely unknown. In this work, we describe and illustrate the immature stages of Verger lutzi (Navás 1918) and study its breeding phenology, larval growth and adult emergence. The main characters that enable the separation of this species are the coloration the body, shape of the anterior ventral apotome, shape and distribution of metanotal setal areas, distribution of tracheal gills and number of accessory teeth in the anal prolegs. Reproduction occurs during the summer and females lay their eggs on the wetland basin formed by humid leaf litter and organic debris, covered by herbaceous vegetation. Larvae hatch after flooding and overwinter in the wetland. Larvae develop fast during spring and emergence begins in December before the wetland dries up. Description of the immature stages is helpful for use of macroinvertebrates biomonitoring, ecological studies and understanding their ecosystem services in seasonal-lentic habitats.

Resumen Los corredores ribereños proporcionan hábitat para muchas especies de aves en zonas urbanas, aunque han sido poco estudiadas en el noreste mexicano. En este estudio evaluamos la estructura y composición de la comunidad de aves del Río La Silla en Monterrey, Nuevo León. Entre febrero de 2018 y enero de 2020, llevamos a cabo censos mensuales, empleando 11-12 puntos de conteo de radio variable en cada uno de tres sitios: El Realito, Tolteca-Riberas y Cortijo. Registramos un total de 152 especies de aves: 85 residentes, 60 migratorias y 7 ocasionales. La mayoría de las especies tuvieron bajas abundancias, con solo 7 especies comunes o abundantes. Las familias con mayor riqueza fueron Tyrannidae (18 especies), Parulidae (17 spp) y Accipitridae (10 spp), mientras los gremios alimenticios más representados fueron insectívoros, carnívoros y piscívoros. Registramos 16 especies en riesgo, incluyendo 4 especies de psitácidos en riesgo a nivel nacional e internacional. Además, reportamos la actividad reproductiva de la garza tricolor, Egretta tricolor, y la garza azul, E. caerulea, en el área urbana. El sitio de Cortijo, en un área mayormente urbano y con actividad antropogénica, presentó significativamente menor abundancia de aves y menor similitud en avifauna comparado con los otros dos sitios del Río La Silla. Asimismo, la mayor riqueza de aves se registró en El Realito (129 spp), seguido de Tolteca-Riberas (102 spp) y Cortijo (82 spp). Nuestros resultados muestran la importancia de este corredor ribereño para las aves residentes y migratorias en esta metrópoli del noreste de México.

Abstract Riparian corridors provide habitat for many bird species in urban areas, although they have been little studied in northeastern Mexico. In this study we evaluated the structure and composition of the avian community of La Silla River in Monterrey, Nuevo León. Between February 2018 and January 2020, we performed monthly surveys, employing 11-12 variable-radius point counts in each of three sites: El Realito, Tolteca-Riberas and Cortijo. We registered a total of 152 bird species: 85 residents, 60 migratory, and 7 occasional. The majority of species had low abundance, with only 7 common or abundant species. The avian families with greatest species richness were Tyrannidae (18 species), Parulidae (17 spp) and Accipitridae (10 spp), while the best represented feeding guilds were insectivores, carnivores and piscivores. We registered 16 threatened species, including 4 psittacine species at risk nationally and internationally. We also report breeding activity of Tricolored Heron, Egretta tricolor, and the Little Blue Heron, E. caerulea, in this urban riparian corridor. The Cortijo site that was mainly urban and with constant anthropogenic activity, had significantly lower bird abundance and least similarity in avian community compared with the other two sites of La Silla River. Furthermore, highest species richness was recorded in El Realito (129 spp), followed by Tolteca-Riberas (102 spp) and Cortijo (82 spp). Our results demonstrate the importance of this urban riparian corridor for resident and migratory birds in this metropolis of northeastern Mexico.

Resumen Los mosquitos tienen un papel importante en la transmisión de parásitos y patógenos con efectos en la salud humana y animal, y algunos son también indicadores de la salud de los ecosistemas. Aunque se ha estudiado bastante la presencia y la distribución de estos insectos para entender la dinámica de las enfermedades que transmiten y diseñar estrategias para su monitoreo y el estudio de sus especies, se conoce relativamente poco sobre su ecología en muchas regiones tropicales. El género Trichoprosopon Theobald, de la tribu Sabethini, incluye unas 13 especies de mosquitos con distribución en el Neotrópico en hábitats principalmente rurales y selváticos. Algunas especies se han encontrado infectadas con arbovirus como el Bussuquara, el de la encefalitis de San Luis, el Ilhéus, el Pixuna y el Wyeomyia, en tanto que otras se consideran indicadores biológicos por su asociación con ecosistemas particulares en microambientes naturales de parques urbanos o áreas conservadas con presencia de plantas epífitas como las bromelias. En la presente revisión se actualiza la información sobre el género Trichoprosopon en Colombia, especialmente en lo relativo a su importancia médica y los registros históricos de las especies con presencia en el país, adicionando algunos nuevos a partir de muestreos en las costas Caribe y del Pacífico, en las montañas altoandinas y los valles interandinos (periodo 2009-2018). Se presenta la lista de especies con su distribución y notas ecológicas, registrándose siete especies válidas en diez departamentos que ocupan hábitats con criaderos en plantas fitotelmata: [Tr andinum Leví-Castillo, Tr. compressum Lutz, Tr. digitatum (Rondani), Tr. evansae Antunes, Tr. lampropus Howard, Dyar & Knab, Tr. lanei (Antunes) y Tr. pallidiventer (Lutz)]; así mismo, se registran dos nuevas especies que harían parte de los complejos descritos en ecosistemas cafeteros andinos.

Abstract Mosquitoes play an important role in the transmission of parasites and pathogens affecting human and animal health, which also serve as indicators of the health of ecosystems. Although there is a number of studies on mosquito presence and distribution, and their importance in diseases dynamics or in the design of strategies to monitor and study their species, there are few with updated information on their distribution and ecology in Neotropical countries. The genus Trichoprosopon Theobald includes 13 species of mosquitoes with distribution in the Neotropics, mainly in rural and sylvatic habitats. Some species have been found infected with arboviruses as the Bussuquara, the Saint Louis encephalitis virus, the Ilhéus, the Pixuna, and the Wyeomyia, and others are considered biological indicators due to their association with ecosystems such as microhabitats with epiphytes plants and other phytotelmate. Here we present an updated review of the genus in Colombia especially focused on the medical importance and historical records of the species complemented with new records from entomological surveys in the Caribbean and Pacific coasts, and the high Andean and inter-Andean valleys. We include the list of seven Trichoprosopon species with their distribution and ecological notes in ten Colombian departments with natural breeding sites in phytotelmata plants: [Tr. andinum Leví-Castillo, Tr. compressum Lutz, Tr. digitatum (Rondani), Tr. evansae Antunes, Tr. lampropus Howard, Dyar & Knab, Tr. lanei (Antunes), and Tr. pallidiventer (Lutz)]. We also include two new species found in Andean coffee ecosystems in southwestern Antioquia.