RESUMEN Introducción: Los brotes recurrentes de dengue subrayan la necesidad de abordajes más efectivos en la prevención y control de vectores. A menudo, las intervenciones se centran en un enfoque biomédico y de promoción de la salud desde un enfoque individual, sin integrar factores socioambientales ni ser evaluados científicamente Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la recolección de residuos domésticos de gran tamaño sobre potenciales criaderos de mosquitos transmisores del dengue en Asunción, Paraguay durante los años 2017 a 2021. Material y métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental, longitudinal, donde se encuestaron 350 hogares, como línea de base durante el 2017 y una línea de cierre en 108 hogares en 2021. Se utilizó el método de Diferencia en Diferencia (DID) para comparar la presencia de criaderos antes y después de la intervención en 43 hogares intervenidos y 65 no intervenidos. Resultados: La recolección diferenciada fue utilizada principalmente por aquellos hogares que tenían una gran cantidad de residuos sólidos de gran tamaño, pero no para deshacerse de todos estos objetos, sino sólo de una parte (DID de -52% en el número total de criaderos y DID de 1% en número de hogares con criaderos). Encontramos una reducción significativa en el número de total de criaderos de gran tamaño, pero no observamos diferencias en el número total de hogares con criaderos. Factores subjetivos, como la creencia de que los objetos en desuso podrían llegar a ser útiles en el futuro explicaban en gran medida su presencia en los hogares, incluso con el servicio disponible. Conclusiones: El enfoque de la gestión municipal en los residuos voluminosos puede contribuir a la prevención del dengue por el hecho de que no constituyen residuos de generación rápida en los hogares, y su eliminación puede tener un impacto relativamente duradero. El factor subjetivo relacionado con la presencia de estos criaderos en los hogares debe ser objeto de mayores estudios.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Recurrent dengue outbreaks underscore the need for more effective approaches to vector prevention and control. Often, interventions focus on a biomedical and health promotion approach from an individual approach, without integrating socio-environmental factors or being scientifically evaluated. Objetive: To evaluate the impact of large household waste collection on potential breeding sites of dengue-transmitting mosquitoes in Asuncion, Paraguay during the years 2017 to 2021. Material and methods: Quasi-experimental, longitudinal study, where 350 households were surveyed, as a baseline during 2017 and a closing line in 108 households in 2021. The Difference-in-Difference (DID) method was used to compare the presence of breeding sites before and after the intervention in 43 intervened and 65 non-intervened households. Results: Differentiated collection was mainly used by those households that had a large amount of large solid waste, but not to dispose of all these objects, but only part of them (DID of -52% in the total number of breeding sites and DID of 1% in the number of households with breeding sites). We found a significant reduction in the total number of large breeding sites but did not observe differences in the total number of households with breeding sites. Subjective factors, such as the belief that disused objects could become useful in the future, were largely responsible for the reduction in the number of large breeding sites. Conclusions: The municipal management approach to bulky waste can contribute to dengue prevention because it does not constitute rapidly generated waste in households, and its disposal can have a relatively long-lasting impact. The subjective factors related to the presence of these breeding sites in households warrant further study.

Abstract Within households, bulky solid waste serves as the predominant breeding ground for mosquitoes that transmit dengue fever. The aim of this study is to identify and describe the relationship between material and subjective factors, using socioecological theoretical frameworks for health prevention. A descriptive cross-sectional study is conducted, using a simple random sample of 350 households in Asunción, Paraguay. To compare households based on the presence or absence of large breeding sites, the chi-square test, non-parametric Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon statistical test, and Yuen's robust T statistical test is employed. Additionally, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to determinate the Odd Ratio (OR). The study concludes that individualistic approaches in dengue prevention must be transcended and management capacities in homes must be increased by addressing environmental barriers and social beliefs, given the factor that most significantly explaines the presence of obsolete objects in homes is the belief that these items could prove useful in the future. In the multivariate analysis, the perception of usefulness of the potential breeding sites was one of the two significant variables that explain this behavior. The other significant variable was the low coverage of waste collection.

Resumen Dentro de los hogares, los residuos sólidos voluminosos constituyen el tipo de criadero más frecuente del mosquito transmisor del dengue. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar y describir la relación entre factores materiales y subjetivos, a través de un marco teórico socioecológico de prevención de la salud. Se realiza un estudio transversal descriptivo, mediante una muestra aleatoria simple de 350 hogares en Asunción, Paraguay. Para comparar los hogares, según la presencia o no de criaderos de gran tamaño, se usa la prueba de chi cuadrado, en el caso de variables categóricas, el test estadístico no paramétrico Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon, el test estadístico robusto T de Yuen y un análisis multivariado de regresión logística, para el cálculo del Odd Ratio (OR). El estudio concluye que se deben trascender los enfoques individualistas en la prevención del dengue y aumentar las capacidades de gestión en los hogares. Abordalas barreras del entorno y las creencias sociales, dado que el factor que explica con mayor fuerza estadística la existencia de objetos en desuso dentro de los hogares es la creencia de considerarlos de utilidad en el futuro. En el análisis multivariado, la percepción de utilidad del potencial criadero fue la variable que más explicaba la conducta. La otra variable significativa fue la baja cobertura de recolección de residuos.

Abstract To determine the species composition, relative abundance and seasonal variation of different mosquitoes Genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex, and Culiseta) in different habitats the present research work was carried out in Entomology Research Laboratory of The University of Peshawar. Sampling performed from variety of permanent and temporary breeding habitats was carried out on monthly basis from targeted breeding sites for two consecutive years through dipping method. Species diversity in the survey sites was noted. Collection from these seventeen various types of potential larval habitats, yielded a total of 42,430 immature constituting 41,556 larvae and 874 pupae. Among these only 19,651 adult mosquitoes emerged comprising 11,512 female and 8,139 male mosquitoes. 78% (n= 15333) of mosquito larvae were from permanent and 22% (n=4318) were from temporary breeding sites. This study showed that Peshawar valley harbours 15 species from the genera Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex and Culiseta. When the density of each species was examined, Culex quinquifasciatus was found to be dominant (79%) and constant in distribution. Among the temporary habitats Aedes albopictus was found as the most prevalent species particularly from tree holes and water cisterns. The highest intensity of mosquitoes was in June (2243 emerged adults) and November (2667 emerged adults) while the lowest was in January (203 emerged adults). A perfect positive correlation (r = +0.8) was found between temperature and population of mosquitoes (df 10 and α 0.05). The species diversity index for mosquitoes remained between 0.12 and 1.76. The Margalef’s richness components was noticeably low for bamboo traps (0.2) and fairly high for rice fields, Percolating water and Animal tracks (1.3) which shows the abundance of mosquito species in these habitats. Similarly Pielou’s Evenness was highest for bamboo traps (E=1) showing species uniform distribution. Animal tracks were presumed not only the diverse habitat rather also possessed high value for species richness and species evenness. Temperature, rainfall, humidity and other related attributes responsible for species variation and abundance need to be analysed further to pave way for controlling vector species in their oviposition targeted sites. composition (Aedes Anopheles Armigeres Culiseta method noted 42430 42 430 42,43 41556 41 556 41,55 87 pupae 19651 19 651 19,65 11512 11 512 11,51 8139 8 139 8,13 78 n= n (n 15333 22 n=4318 n4318 4318 (n=4318 1 examined 79% 79 (79% distribution cisterns 2243 (224 adults 2667 (266 203 (20 adults. . r +0.8 08 0 df 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) 012 12 0.1 176 76 1.76 Margalefs Margalef s 0.2 02 2 (0.2 fields 1.3 13 3 (1.3 Pielous Pielou E=1 E1 E (E=1 evenness Temperature rainfall 4243 4 43 42,4 4155 55 41,5 1965 65 19,6 1151 51 11,5 813 8,1 7 1533 n=431 n431 431 (n=431 (79 224 (22 266 (26 20 (2 +0. 00 0.0 01 0. 17 1.7 (0. 1. (1. E= (E= 424 42, 415 5 41, 196 6 19, 115 11, 81 8, 153 n=43 n43 (n=43 (7 26 ( +0 (0 (1 (E n=4 n4 (n=4 +

Resumo Para determinar a composição de espécies, abundância relativa e variação sazonal de diferentes gêneros de mosquitos (Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex e Culiseta) em diferentes habitats, o presente trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Entomologia da Universidade de Peshawar. A amostragem coletada a partir de uma variedade de habitats de reprodução permanentes e temporários foi realizada mensalmente a partir de locais de reprodução alvo por 2 anos consecutivos através do método de imersão. A diversidade de espécies nos locais de pesquisa foi anotada. A coleta desses 17 tipos diferentes de habitats larvais potenciais rendeu um total de 42.430 imaturos, constituindo 41.556 larvas e 874 pupas. Destes, emergiram apenas 19.651 mosquitos adultos, sendo 11.512 fêmeas e 8.139 machos. 78% (n = 15333) das larvas do mosquito eram de criadouros permanentes e 22% (n = 4318) de criadouros temporários. Este estudo mostrou que o vale de Peshawar abriga 15 espécies dos gêneros Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex e Culiseta. Quando a densidade de cada espécie foi examinada, Culex quinquifasciatus foi considerado dominante (79%) e constante na distribuição. Entre os habitats temporários, o Aedes albopictus foi encontrado como a espécie mais prevalente, principalmente em ocos de árvores e cisternas de água. A maior intensidade de mosquitos foi em junho (2.243 adultos emergidos) e novembro (2.667 adultos emergidos), enquanto a menor foi em janeiro (203 adultos emergidos). Uma correlação positiva perfeita (r = +0,8) foi encontrada entre temperatura e população de mosquitos (DF 10 e α 0,05). O índice de diversidade de espécies de mosquitos permaneceu entre 0,12 e 1,76. Os componentes de riqueza de Margalef foram visivelmente baixos para armadilhas de bambu (0,2) e razoavelmente altos para campos de arroz, água percolada e rastros de animais (1,3), o que mostra a abundância de espécies de mosquitos nesses habitats. Da mesma forma, a uniformidade de Pielou foi maior para armadilhas de bambu (E = 1), mostrando distribuição uniforme das espécies. As pegadas de animais foram presumidas não apenas como habitat diverso, mas também possuíam alto valor para riqueza e uniformidade de espécies. Temperatura, chuva, umidade e outros atributos relacionados responsáveis pela variação e abundância das espécies precisam ser analisados mais a fundo para abrir caminho para o controle de espécies de vetores em seus locais de oviposição alvo. (Aedes Anopheles Armigeres Culiseta imersão anotada 1 42430 42 430 42.43 imaturos 41556 41 556 41.55 87 pupas Destes 19651 19 651 19.65 11512 11 512 11.51 8139 8 139 8.13 machos 78 n 15333 22 4318 examinada 79% 79 (79% prevalente 2.243 2243 243 (2.24 emergidos 2.667 2667 667 (2.66 emergidos, , 203 (20 emergidos. . r +0,8 08 0 DF 0,05. 005 0,05 05 0,05) 012 12 0,1 176 76 1,76 0,2 02 (0,2 arroz 1,3, 13 1,3 3 (1,3) forma E 1, 1) diverso Temperatura chuva 4243 4 43 42.4 4155 55 41.5 1965 65 19.6 1151 51 11.5 813 8.1 7 1533 431 (79 2.24 224 24 (2.2 2.66 266 66 (2.6 20 (2 +0, 00 0,0 01 0, 1,7 (0, (1,3 424 42. 415 5 41. 196 6 19. 115 11. 81 8. 153 (7 2.2 (2. 2.6 26 ( +0 (0 (1, 2. + (1

Resumo O maracujá-amarelo pertence à família Passifloraceae e tem grande importância econômica, nutricional e social na Colômbia. Apresenta uma grande diversidade fenotípica e genotípica que ainda não foi explorada ou utilizada em programas de melhoramento genético. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a diversidade genética de 84 cultivares de Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa de nove fazendas do município de Miraflores, Boyacá, Colômbia, utilizando oito marcadores microssatélites (SSR). Com base nessas informações, foram determinadas estimativas de parâmetros de diversidade genética, análise de variância molecular (AMOVA), distâncias genéticas e conjuntos de cultivares. Baixos níveis de diferenciação genética entre cultivares foram observados na análise Bayesiana pelo software Structure, bem como ausência de correlação entre distâncias genéticas e geográficas. A heterozigosidade observada (0,50) foi maior que a esperada (0,43), sugerindo um número significativo de indivíduos heterozigotos. O número de alelos por locus variou de 2 a 4, com média de 2,88. Em geral, os SSR foram classificados como informativos (0,36). O valor médio do Índice de Shannon foi de 0,71, o que demonstra variabilidade moderada nesta cultivar. AMOVA apresentou maior diversidade dentro das cultivares (98%). O fluxo gênico (Nm=28,4) foi moderado e isso pode ser explicado pelo fluxo de pólen entre as diferentes cultivares, pelo sistema de reprodução da espécie, pela autoincompatibilidade e pela introdução de genótipos de outros locais pelos agricultores. A diversidade genética identificada neste estudo é suficiente para iniciar programas de melhoramento visando identificar cultivares com maiores produtividades. maracujáamarelo maracujá amarelo econômica Colômbia genético 8 f Miraflores Boyacá SSR. . (SSR) informações AMOVA, , (AMOVA) Structure geográficas 0,50 050 0 50 (0,50 0,43, 043 0,43 43 (0,43) heterozigotos 4 288 88 2,88 geral 0,36. 036 0,36 36 (0,36) 071 71 0,71 cultivar 98%. 98 98% (98%) Nm=28,4 Nm284 Nm 28 (Nm=28,4 espécie agricultores produtividades (SSR (AMOVA 0,5 05 5 (0,5 04 0,4 (0,43 2,8 03 0,3 3 (0,36 07 7 0,7 9 (98% Nm=28, Nm28 (Nm=28, 0, (0, (0,4 2, (0,3 (98 Nm=28 Nm2 (Nm=28 (0 (9 Nm=2 (Nm=2 ( Nm= (Nm= (Nm

Abstract The Yellow passion fruit belongs to the Passifloraceae family with great economic, nutritional and social importance in Colombia. It presents a great phenotypic and genotypic diversity, which has not yet been explored or used in genetic improvement programs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of 84 cultivars of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa from nine farms in the municipality of Miraflores, Boyacá, using eight microsatellite markers (SSR). On the basis of this information, estimates of genetic diversity parameters, molecular variance analysis (AMOVA), genetic distances, and cluster of cultivars were obtained. Low levels of genetic differentiation between cultivars were observed in the Bayesian analysis using Structure software, as well as the absence of correlation between genetic and geographic distances. The observed heterozygosity (0.50) was greater than the expected heterozygosity (0.43), suggesting a significant number of heterozygous individuals. The number of alleles per locus varied from 2 to 4, with a mean 2.88. In general, SSR were classified as informative (0.36). The average value of the Shannon Index was 0.71, which shows moderate variability in this cultivar. AMOVA showed higher diversity within cultivars (98%). The gene flow (Nm=28.4) was moderate, this can be explained by the flow of pollen between the different cultivars, the reproduction system of the species, self-incompatibility and the introduction of genotypes from other sites by farmers. The genetic diversity identified in this study is sufficient to initiate breeding programs aimed at identifying cultivars with higher yields. economic Colombia 8 f Miraflores Boyacá SSR. . (SSR) information parameters AMOVA, , (AMOVA) distances obtained software 0.50 050 0 50 (0.50 0.43, 043 0.43 43 (0.43) individuals 4 288 88 2.88 general 0.36. 036 0.36 36 (0.36) 071 71 0.71 cultivar 98%. 98 98% (98%) Nm=28.4 Nm284 Nm 28 (Nm=28.4 species selfincompatibility self incompatibility farmers yields (SSR (AMOVA 0.5 05 5 (0.5 04 0.4 (0.43 2.8 03 0.3 3 (0.36 07 7 0.7 9 (98% Nm=28. Nm28 (Nm=28. 0. (0. (0.4 2. (0.3 (98 Nm=28 Nm2 (Nm=28 (0 (9 Nm=2 (Nm=2 ( Nm= (Nm= (Nm

Resumo O burro doméstico possui um papel fundamental como animal de tração na economia rural do Paquistão, onde a população desse animal está aumentando a cada ano. A região de controle de mtDNA completa de 40 burros amostrados aleatoriamente foi ampliada por PCR e sequenciada bidirecionalmente por intermédio de primers específicos. Haplótipos distintos de mtDNA obtidos no estudo atual (KY446001 − KY446011) foram submetidos a medidas de haplótipo (h) e diversidade de nucleotídeos (π) por meio de DnaS, bem como análises filogenéticas, de rede e AMOVA. Havia um total de 27 sítios polimórficos presentes em 11 haplótipos de mtDNA exclusivos dos 40 animais estudados de diferentes regiões. A rede de união de vizinhos e a rede de união mediana ilustram a divisão de todos esses haplótipos em duas linhagens núbias e somalis bem definidas, confirmando a origem materna africana do burro doméstico do Paquistão. Os parâmetros de diversidade h (0,967 ± 0,037) e π (0,02917 ± 0,00307) revelaram altos níveis de diversidade genética em burros paquistaneses. AMOVA demonstrou apenas 1% de diferenças genéticas entre as duas linhagens maternas de mtDNA, apontando a falta de subestrutura populacional em burros paquistaneses, como é o caso da população mundial de burros domésticos. Os burros paquistaneses têm origem materna africana e altos níveis de diversidade de mtDNA. A alta diversidade genética pode ser por causa da reprodução não seletiva e de heteroplasmia. Aqui, fornecemos o primeiro relatório sobre a diversidade do mtDNA da região de controle em burros domésticos do Paquistão.

Abstract Domestic donkey plays a key role as a draft animal in rural economy of Pakistan where its population is increasing every year. The complete mtDNA control region of forty randomly sampled donkeys was PCR- amplified and sequenced bi-directionally using specific primers. Distinct mtDNA haplotypes obtained in the current study (KY446001−KY446011) were subjected to haplotype (h) and nucleotide diversity (π) measures using DnaS as well as to phylogenetic, Network, and AMOVA analyses. There were a total 27 polymorphic sites present within 11 unique mtDNA haplotypes from the studied 40 animals from different regions. Neighbor-joining network and median-joining network both illustrated the splitting of all these haplotypes into two well-defined Nubian and Somali lineages, confirming African maternal origin of Pakistani domestic donkey. Diversity parameters h (0.967± 0.037) and π (0.02917± 0.00307) were found to reveal high levels of genetic diversity in Pakistani donkeys. AMOVA demonstrated only 1% of genetic differences between two mtDNA maternal lineages, pointing to lack of population substructure in Pakistani donkeys as is the case with worldwide domestic donkey population. Pakistani donkeys have African maternal origin and high levels of mtDNA diversity. High genetic diversity may be due to non-selective breeding and heteroplasmy. We herein provide the first report on mtDNA diversity of control region in Pakistani domestic donkey.

Abstract We studied the distribution and population status of the Cheer pheasant (Catreus wallichii) in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Study was mainly conducted in four localities Jhelum Valley (JV), Machiara National Park (MNP), Haveli and Nar Sher Ali Khan (NSAK) from 2016-2020, for five breeding seasons. Population status of Cheer pheasant was determined by the call counts method. In total 105 breeding pairs (210 birds) were estimated highest (134) being recorded from Jhelum valley followed by MNP, Haveli and Nar Sher Ali Khan While applying correction factor 158 birds were recorded. Extensive surveys were carried out in an area of 19.23 km2. Our results indicate an expansion in distribution ranges of Cheer pheasant and population has established in several new sites. Highest Mean population density of 6.11pair/km2 was recorded in Qazi Nag area of Jhelum Valley. The mean population density of Cheer pheasant was slightly higher in the month of May. Furthermore, 58% of the calling birds were detected at elevations ranging from 2300-2600m, while 17% were found at elevations between 1900-2200m. Expansion in distribution ranges of Cheer might be due to reason that bird might have been underestimated in the past or conservation measures and community awareness programs taken by the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, AJ&K. Catreus wallichii AJK AJ&K . AJ K (AJ&K) JV, JV , (JV) MNP (MNP) NSAK (NSAK 20162020, 20162020 2016 2020, 2020 2016-2020 seasons method 10 210 (21 134 (134 15 1923 19 23 19.2 km2 km sites 611pairkm2 pairkm 6 11pair pair 6.11pair/km May Furthermore 58 23002600m, 23002600m m 2300 2600m, 2600m 2300-2600m 17 19002200m. 19002200m 1900 2200m. 2200m 1900-2200m Fisheries (AJ&K (JV (MNP 2016202 201 202 2016-202 1 21 (2 13 (13 192 2 19. 611pairkm 5 230 190 201620 20 2016-20 ( (1 20162 2016-2 2016-

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a distribuição e o status populacional do faisão Cheer (Catreus wallichii) em Azad Jammu e Caxemira (AJ&K). A pesquisa foi realizada principalmente em quatro localidades: Vale Jhelum (JV), Parque Nacional Machiara (MNP), Haveli e Nar Sher Ali Khan (NSAK), de 2016 a 2020, durante cinco temporadas de reprodução. O status populacional do faisão Cheer foi determinado pelo método de contagem de chamadas. No total, 105 pares reprodutores (210 pássaros) foram estimados, com o maior número (134) registrado no vale Jhelum, seguido por MNP, Haveli e Nar Sher Ali Khan. Ao aplicar o fator de correção, 158 pássaros foram registrados. Pesquisas extensas foram realizadas em uma área de 19,23 km2. Os resultados indicam uma expansão nas faixas de distribuição do faisão Cheer, com populações estabelecidas em vários novos locais. A maior densidade populacional média de 6,11 pares/km2 foi registrada na área de Qazi Nag, no Vale Jhelum. A densidade populacional média do faisão Cheer foi ligeiramente maior no mês de maio. Além disso, 58% dos pássaros cantores foram detectados em elevações variando de 2.300-2.600 m, enquanto 17% foram encontrados em elevações entre 1.900-2.200 m. A expansão nas faixas de distribuição do Cheer pode ser devido ao fato de que o pássaro pode ter sido subestimado no passado ou medidas de conservação e programas de conscientização da comunidade implementados pelo Departamento de Vida Selvagem e Pesca de AJ&K. Catreus wallichii AJK AJ&K . AJ K (AJ&K) localidades JV, JV , (JV) MNP (MNP) NSAK, NSAK (NSAK) 201 2020 reprodução chamadas total 10 210 (21 estimados 134 (134 correção 15 registrados 1923 19 23 19,2 km2 km locais 611 6 11 6,1 pareskm2 pareskm pares/km Nag maio disso 58 2.3002.600 23002600 2.300 2.600 2 300 600 2.300-2.60 m 17 1.9002.200 19002200 1.900 2.200 1 900 200 1.900-2.20 (AJ&K (JV (MNP (NSAK 20 202 21 (2 13 (13 192 19, 61 6, 5 3002 2.3002.60 2300260 2300 2.30 2600 2.60 30 60 2.300-2.6 9002 1.9002.20 1900220 1900 1.90 2200 2.20 90 1.900-2.2 ( (1 2.3002.6 230026 230 2.3 260 2.6 3 2.300-2. 1.9002.2 190022 190 1.9 220 2.2 9 1.900-2. 2.3002. 23002 2. 26 2.300-2 1.9002. 19002 1. 22 1.900-2 2.3002 2.300- 1.9002 1.900-

Abstract Families of 38 month-old Calycophyllum spruceanum planted at three locations in the Peruvian Amazon were analyzed for breeding purpose. Significant differences were detected among families, sites and combined sites for the traits trunk diameter (D), height (H), number of nodes (NN), number of branches (NB) and survival rate (SUR), except for NN at site 2 and SUR at site 3 and combined sites. The correlation of the genotype-environment interaction was simple for D, H, NN, and SUR (0.77-0.89). Heritability was generally highest for D, H, NN, and NB (0.12-0.7), and the genotypic coefficient of variation ranged from 8.6-27.4%. Genetic correlations between these traits within and among sites ranged from 0.35-1.0. The selection of 75 trees from different families, within blocks and locations, suggested the possibility of genetic gains (6.1-29.8%) for D, H, NN, and NB, and that the remaining effective population size can be exploited in future selection cycles. monthold month old purpose families D , (D) H (H) (NN) (NB SUR, (SUR) genotypeenvironment genotype environment 0.770.89. 077089 0.77 0.89 . 0 77 89 (0.77-0.89) 0.120.7, 01207 0.12 0.7 12 7 (0.12-0.7) 8.627.4%. 86274 8.6 27.4%. 8 6 27 4 8.6-27.4% 0.351.0. 03510 0.35 1.0. 35 1 0.35-1.0 6.129.8% 61298 6.1 29.8% 29 (6.1-29.8% cycles (D (H (NN (SUR 770 0.770.89 07708 077 089 0.8 (0.77-0.89 120 0.120.7 0120 012 0.1 07 0. (0.12-0.7 627 8.627.4% 8627 86 8. 274 27.4% 8.6-27.4 351 0.351.0 0351 035 0.3 10 1.0 0.35-1. 129 6.129.8 6129 61 6. 298 29.8 (6.1-29.8 0.770.8 0770 08 (0.77-0.8 0.120. 01 (0.12-0. 62 8.627.4 862 27.4 8.6-27. 0.351. 03 1. 0.35-1 6.129. 612 29. (6.1-29. 0.770. (0.77-0. 0.120 (0.12-0 8.627. 27. 8.6-27 0.351 0.35- 6.129 (6.1-29 0.770 (0.77-0 (0.12- 8.627 8.6-2 6.12 (6.1-2 (0.77- (0.12 8.62 8.6- (6.1- (0.77 (0.1 (6.1 (0.7 (0. (6. (0 (6 (

ABSTRACT Zygothrica is a genus of Drosophilidae (Diptera) whose species utilize flowers and fungi for breeding sites, with records of fungi being used as courtship arena. Due to this habit, its representation in Drosophilidae surveys using banana-baited traps is generally low. However, Zygothrica orbitalis was well represented in a few samples with these traps. In this study, we report for the first time the breeding site of Z. orbitalis in living fruits of Psychotria brachyceras (Rubiaceae), noting that the use of living fruits is rare among Drosophilidae. The fructification of the plant occurs in the area of study from May to August, with previous collection records of the species in the Restinga (sandbank or strand) forest. Additionally, the emergence of some individuals of the invasive species Drosophila suzukii was observed, which highlights the necessity for continuous study of this plant to understand the dynamics between a native and an exotic species. Besides the ecological importance, our results are relevant for understanding the evolution of trophic resource use by the Zygothrica genus. Diptera (Diptera sites arena habit bananabaited banana baited low However Z Rubiaceae, Rubiaceae , (Rubiaceae) August sandbank strand forest Additionally observed importance (Rubiaceae

ABSTRACT In this review, we discuss dengue surveillance, prevention, and control measures in Brazil. Data on dengue epidemics between 2000 and 2024 indicates an increase in the number of dengue cases and deaths. Global climate change is a key driver of this growth. Over the past 25 years, nearly 18 million Brazilians have been infected with the dengue virus, and the highest number of dengue cases in Brazil's history is projected to reach 2024. Dengue mortality in Brazil increased geographically over time. As of June, there were approximately 6 million probable cases and 4,000 confirmed deaths in Brazil, which represents the greatest dengue epidemic to date. Several technologies have been developed to control Aedes aegypti, including the deployment of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes, indoor residual spraying, sterile insect techniques, and mosquito-disseminated insecticides. The Ministry of Health recommends integrating these technologies into health services. Brazil is the first country to incorporate the Takeda vaccine into its public health system, and the Butantan vaccine is currently undergoing Phase 3 clinical trials. Increasing the vaccination coverage and implementing novel Ae. aegypti control technologies could reduce the number of dengue cases in Brazil in the coming years. Community activities such as home cleaning and elimination of potential mosquito breeding sites, facilitated by social media and health education initiatives, must continue to achieve this reduction. Ultimately, a multisectoral approach encompassing sanitary improvements, mosquito control, vaccination, and community mobilization is crucial in the fight against dengue epidemics. review surveillance prevention 200 202 growth 2 years 1 virus Brazils s time June 4000 4 000 4,00 date Wolbachiainfected Wolbachia mosquitoes spraying techniques mosquitodisseminated disseminated insecticides services system trials Ae sites initiatives reduction Ultimately improvements 20 400 00 4,0 40 0 4,

Resumo A migração de aves é um fenômeno que leva milhares de indivíduos a se deslocarem entre diferentes áreas de alimentação e reprodução, podendo esses movimentos ultrapassarem fronteiras geopolíticas. Este é um comportamento crucial para a sobrevivência de muitas espécies. No entanto, os impactos antrópicos estão afetando os habitats das espécies, contribuindo para o declínio populacional das aves. Diante disto, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os distúrbios causados pelas atividades turísticas sobre as aves migratórias que visitam os estuários dos rios Cardoso e Camurupim, no litoral do estado do Piauí, e propor medidas para mitigar as perturbações sobre as aves. As amostragens foram realizadas em três pontos de observação, onde foram analisadas as alterações do comportamento das aves em repostas às atividades turísticas. Para isto, foram utilizados binóculos, câmera fotográfica e um telêmetro a laser para auxiliar na elaboração das zonas de impacto. Embora ocorram diversos tipos de atividades turísticas na região, as principais perturbações são causadas pelo kitesurf e turistas caminhando próximo às áreas de alimentação ou repouso das espécies. Calidris minutilla, Calidris pusilla, Calidris alba, Actitis macularius e Charadriius semipalmatus foram as espécies menos sensíveis aos distúrbios, reagindo com mais frequência dentro das zonas de impactos Z = 0-30m e Z = 30-60m, ao passo que as espécies Pluvialis squatarola, Numenius hudsonicus, Tringa melanoleuca, Calidris canutus, Limnodromus griseus e Pandion haliaetus apresentaram maiores distâncias de fuga. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que a presença de turistas caminhando e a prática do kitesurf são as principais atividades que impactam as aves migratórias na região, o que demonstra a necessidade de medidas para mitigar tais impactos. Com base nos resultados deste estudo, a criação de zonas de proteção mínima de 160m e 200m são indicadas para mitigar os distúrbios provocados pela aproximação de banhistas e kitesurfistas. reprodução geopolíticas entanto disto Camurupim Piauí observação isto binóculos impacto região minutilla pusilla alba 030m m 0 30m 3060m, 3060m 30 60m, 60m 30-60m squatarola hudsonicus melanoleuca canutus fuga kitesurfistas 3

Abstract The bird migration phenomenon makes thousands of individuals displace between different sites for feeding and breeding purposes. These displacements often make these birds cross geopolitical borders. This behavior is crucial for the survival of many species; however, anthropogenic impacts affect their habitats and contribute to bird-population decline. In light of the foregoing, the aims of the present study are to analyze disturbances caused by touristic activities over migratory birds who visit the estuaries of Cardoso and Camurupim rivers on the coast of Piauí State, and to suggest measures aimed at mitigating disturbances over birds. Samples were collected at three observation points to analyze changes in bird behavior, in response to touristic activities in these sites. Binoculars, a camera and a laser rangefinder were used to help drawing impact zones. Although several touristic activities are performed in the herein assessed region, the main disturbance in it is caused by both kitesurf practitioners and tourists who walk by these species’ feeding or resting zones. Calidris minutilla, Calidris pusilla, Calidris alba, Actitis macularius and Charadriius semipalmatus were the species least sensitive to disturbances, and they more often reacted to them within impact zones Z = 0-30m and Z = 30-60m, whereas species Pluvialis squatarola, Numenius hudsonicus, Tringa melanoleuca, Calidris canutus, Limnodromus griseus and Pandion haliaetus flee to distances. Based on the current results, kitesurfing and tourists walking by these sites account for the main impact on migratory birds in this region. This finding highlights the need of taking measures to mitigate such impacts. Accordingly, creating minimum protection zones to cover distances ranging from 160m to 200m radius is a recommendation to mitigate disturbances caused by bathers and kitesurf practitioners’ approaching. purposes borders however birdpopulation population decline foregoing State Binoculars region minutilla pusilla alba 030m m 0 30m 3060m, 3060m 30 60m, 60m 30-60m squatarola hudsonicus melanoleuca canutus results Accordingly approaching 3

Abstract The Southeast region of Brazil contains a great wealth of species of anuran amphibians, which face several threats, such as environmental degradation and climate change. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out more studies on the influence of environmental variables on their space-time distribution, especially in the breeding season. The objective of the study was to identify the main climatic and habitat variables that influence the distribution of anuran amphibians in Serra do Japi, São Paulo, Brazil. Data collection in the field was carried out on a fine scale, at the study sites Montanhas do Japi (MJ) and Sítio do Sol (SS), where the environmental variables: climatic (temperature and relative humidity of the air) and terrain elevation were measured, as well as the habitat variables (types of substrate, position within the substrate, terrain slope, height of the individual to the ground, and distance to the water mirror). The variables elevation, temperature and relative humidity were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient; while habitat and location variables were evaluated through a multivariate approach, using cluster analysis with the k-means technique. In MJ, four groups were obtained, with six species of frogs, where the predominant one was Brachycephalus rotenbergae. In SS, three groups were obtained, with seven species, where the predominant one was Phyllomedusa burmeisteri. Spatiotemporal distribution was obtained under a different combination of variables, where fine information was included on substrate (water or adjacent to water, soil, vegetation) and position of the observed individual (in water or soil, leaf litter, herbaceous/shrub vegetation). It was confirmed that there is an environmental climate dependence on the reproductive conditions of anurans living in Mata Atlântica conditions, although there is little variability explained based on the analyzed data. These results contribute to the generation of more specific knowledge about the requirements of frogs during their breeding season.

Resumen El sureste de Brasil contiene una gran riqueza específica de anfibios anuros, los cuales enfrentan diversas amenazas, tales como degradación del ambiente y el cambio climático. Ante esto, es necesario realizar más estudios sobre la influencia de las variables ambientales en su distribución espacio-temporal, especialmente en la época reproductiva. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las principales variables ambientales, climáticas y del hábitat, que influyen en la distribución de anfibios anuros en la Serra do Japi, São Paulo, Brasil. La toma de datos en campo se realizó a escala fina, en los sitios de estudio Montanhas do Japi (MJ) y Sítio do Sol (SS), donde se midieron variables ambientales: climáticas (temperatura y humedad relativa del aire) y elevación del terreno, así como variables del hábitat (tipos de sustrato, posición dentro del sustrato, pendiente del terreno, altura del individuo al suelo y distancia al espejo de agua). Las variables elevación, temperatura y humedad relativa fueron analizadas a través del coeficiente de correlación de Pearson; mientras que las variables del hábitat y ubicación se evaluaron mediante un enfoque multivariado, utilizando análisis de cluster con la técnica de k-medias. En MJ se obtuvieron cuatro cluster, con seis especies de anuros, donde la predominante fue Brachycephalus rotenbergae. En SS se obtuvieron tres cluster, con siete especies, donde la predominante fue Phyllomedusa burmeisteri. Se obtuvo la distribución espacio temporal bajo diferente combinación de variables, donde se incluyó información fina sobre el sustrato (agua o adyacente al agua, suelo, vegetación) y la posición del individuo observado (en el agua o sobre el suelo, hojarasca, vegetación herbácea/arbustiva). Se confirmó que hay dependencia de situaciones ambientales y climática en las condiciones reproductivas de los anuros que viven en condiciones de Mata Atlântica, aunque hubo poca variabilidad explicada con base a los datos analizados. Estos resultados contribuyen en la generación de conocimiento más puntual sobre los requerimientos de los anuros durante su época reproductiva.

Abstract Culicoides is a small dipteran genus of Ceratopogonidae Family with worldwide distribution. Due to their hematophagous habits, species within this genus are a biting nuisance to humans and domestic animals. They also transmit protozoa, filarial worms, and several arboviruses. The Northeastern region of Brazil is characterized by a semi-arid climate and few bodies of water, which does not favor breeding sites for ceratopogonids. In addition to the climatic factor, studies on Biting Midges Culicoides are scarce in this geographic region. The municipality of Pacoti, located in Serra de Baturité, in Ceará, is an important area for agricultural production and ecotourism; also, Pacoti is located in an environmental protection area. Due to the medical and veterinary importance of these biting midges, a survey was conducted in Pacoti. For capture, CDC-type light traps were used near forested areas, where collections were carried out during two periods: March 2015, and August 2022. Of the 17 species found, 12 are new records for the municipality of Pacoti, nine are new records for the state of Ceará, and four are recorded for the first time for the Northeast region. Of the registered incriminated vectors, we found C. paraensis, C. insignis, and C. pusillus. The knowledge of biodiversity and geographic distribution update of Culicoides may contribute to prevention and control measures for vector-borne diseases in Ceará. habits animals protozoa worms arboviruses semiarid semi arid water ceratopogonids factor Baturité Ceará ecotourism midges capture CDCtype CDC type areas periods 2015 2022 1 vectors C paraensis insignis pusillus vectorborne vector borne 201 202 20 2

Resumo O gênero Culicoides é um diminuto diptero da família Ceratopogonidae com distribuição mundial. Devido aos seus hábitos hematófagos, as espécies desse gênero são um incômodo para os humanos e animais domésticos transmitem protozoários, vermes filariais, bem como, diversos arbovírus. A região Nordeste do Brasil é caracterizada por clima semiárido e poucos corpos d’água, o que não favorece criadouros de ceratopogonídeos. Além do fator climático, estudos sobre mosquitos picadores são escassos nesta região geográfica. O município de Pacoti, localizado na Serra de Baturité, no Ceará, é uma importante área de produção agrícola e ecoturismo; além disso, Pacoti está localizada na área de preservação ambiental. Devido à importância médica e veterinária desses maruins, foi então realizada uma pesquisa em Pacoti. Para a captura das amostras foram utilizadas armadilhas luminosas do tipo CDC em áreas florestadas is, onde as coletas foram realizadas em dois períodos: março de 2015 e agosto de 2022. Das 17 espécies encontradas nesse estudo, 12 são novos registros para o município de Pacoti, nove são novos registros para o estado do Ceará e quatro são registrados pela primeira vez para a região Nordeste. Das espécies vetoras incriminadas temos: C. paraensis, C. insignis e C. pusillus. O conhecimento da biodiversidade e a atualização da distribuição geográfica dos Culicoides poderão contribuir para medidas de controle de doenças transmitidas por vetores no Ceará. mundial hematófagos protozoários filariais como arbovírus dágua, dágua d água, água d’água ceratopogonídeos climático Baturité ecoturismo disso ambiental maruins is períodos 201 2022 1 estudo temos C paraensis pusillus 20 202 2

ABSTRACT The Markham’s Storm-Petrel (Hydrobates markhami) is considered "Near Threatened” worldwide, due to the high impact of light pollution and the destruction and degradation of its breeding habitat. So far, it is known that most of the breeding population is found in the colonies of the Atacama Desert in northern Chile. However, some records of fledglings attracted to luminaries suggested the probable existence of breeding sites in southern Peru. Therefore, an expedition was carried out in the departments of Arequipa, Moquegua and Tacna. During seven days, 2000 linear km were traveled in search of suitable substrate for breeding. The methodol-ogy included visual and olfactory inspection of cavities, complemented with the use of borescopes and playback; additionally, the search for individuals in flight was carried out with the help of binoculars and thermal visor. Fifteen nests of Markham’s Storm-Petrel were found in Pampa Pie de Candela, in the department of Tacna, two of which contained chicks between 60-90 days old. It was estimated to be a relatively marginal, sparsely populated colony, with about 30 breeding pairs in total. The colony is threatened by the advance of agriculture in the desert. This finding reveals the potential of southern Peru for the species and encourages the search for new colonies.

RESUMEN La Golondrina de Mar Negra (Hydrobates markhami) es considerada "Casi Amenazada” a nivel mundial, debido al alto impacto de la contaminación lumínica y a la destrucción y degradación de su hábitat reproductivo. Hasta ahora, se conoce que la mayor parte de la población reproductiva se encuentra en las colonias del desierto de Atacama, en el norte de Chile. Sin embargo, algunos antecedentes de volantones atraídos a luminarias daban cuenta de la probable existencia de sitios de reproducción en el sur de Perú. Por ello, se realizó una expedición en los departamentos de Arequipa, Moquegua y Tacna. Durante siete días se recorrieron 2000 km lineales en busca de sustrato adecuado para la reproducción de golondrinas de mar. La metodología incluyó inspección visual y olfativa de cavidades, complementada con la utilización de boroscopios y playback; adicionalmente, se realizó la búsqueda de ejemplares en vuelo con ayuda de binoculares y visor termal. Se encontraron 15 nidos de golondrinas de mar negra en Pampa Pie de Candela, en el departamento de Tacna, dos de los cuales contenían en su interior pichones de entre 60-90 días de edad. Se estimó que el sitio descripto es un territorio reproductivo relativamente marginal, poco denso, con unas 30 parejas reproductoras en total. Este se encuentra amenazado por el avance de la agricultura en el desierto. Nuestro hallazgo revela el potencial del sur del Perú para la especie e insta a la búsqueda de nuevos sitios de reproducción.

Abstract Introduction: The cattle industry in Osa Peninsula dates back to 1948, and is a significant part of local development. By understanding its current state, improvement opportunities can be identified for cattle breeding farms. Objective: To characterize bovine production in Bahia Drake and Puerto Jimenez, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Methodology: We visited production systems from August 2017 to April 2018, and made interviews on producers, land, herd and other aspects. Results: We evaluated 43 production systems in P. Jimenez and 27 in Drake. In P. Jimenez, 81% of the people in charge of the farm were men and 95% landowners (mean: 35 years of experience). Mean farm size was 88ha, with 63% of the area dedicated to pasture. Mean herd size was 77 animals, with an animal load of 1,61AU/ha. Corresponding values for Bahía Drake were 89% men, 95% landowners, 25 year experience; 79ha, with 39% pasture; 44 animals, and 1,21UA/ha. Conclusion: At both sites, most of the people in charge are male owners, and there are no marked differences in farms or herds between sites.

Resumen Introducción: La industria ganadera en la Península de Osa se remonta a 1948 y es una parte significativa del desarrollo local. Al comprender su estado actual, se pueden identificar oportunidades de mejora para las fincas de cría de ganado. Objetivo: Caracterizar la producción de bovinos en Bahía Drake y Puerto Jiménez, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Metodología: Visitamos sistemas de producción desde agosto de 2017 hasta abril de 2018 y realizamos entrevistas sobre productores, tierras, ganado y otros aspectos. Resultados: Evaluamos 43 sistemas de producción en P. Jiménez y 27 en Drake. En P. Jiménez, el 81% de las personas a cargo de la finca eran hombres y el 95% eran propietarios de tierras (media: 35 años de experiencia). El tamaño medio de la finca fue de 88 ha, con el 63% del área dedicada a pastos. El tamaño medio del rebaño fue de 77 animales, con una carga animal de 1,61 UA/ha. Los valores correspondientes para Bahía Drake fueron 89% de hombres, 95% propietarios de tierras, 25 años de experiencia; 79 ha, con el 39% de pastos; 44 animales, 1,21 UA/ha. Conclusión: En ambos sitios, la mayoría de las personas a cargo son propietarios masculinos y no hay diferencias marcadas entre ambos sitios en cuanto a fincas o rebaños.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes, mainly by those of the Aedes genus, currently constitute a global challenge. Objective: To identify the socio-environmental factors that facilitated the spread of dengue in Cauto Cristo municipality during 2022. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study was carried out on the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the 337 patients diagnosed with dengue in Cauto Cristo municipality, Granma province, in 2022. In the analysis, the variables taken into account were sex, people's council, month of the year, infestation rate and risk factors. Results: The people's council with the most cases of dengue was Cauto Cristo Este (42.14%), with 68.30% of the female sex affected; the highest peak of the disease occurred in the period from July to October, in which there were 78.93% of confirmed cases in the year. Two hundred eighty-six positive outbreaks were detected throughout the study period, with high infestation rate. The main risk factors were non-use of repellent (95.54%), followed by the presence of breeding sites in workplaces (71.51%). Conclusions: All popular councils reported cases of dengue, mainly in Cauto Cristo people´s council, with several outbreaks detected and high infestation rate. Among the main risk factors were the non-use of repellent, the presence of breeding sites in workplaces and in or around the home. The largest peak of the disease occurred between July and October 2022.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los arbovirus transmitidos por mosquitos y principalmente por los del género Aedes constituyen, actualmente, un reto a nivel mundial. Objetivo: Identificar los factores socioambientales que facilitaron la propagación del dengue en el municipio Cauto Cristo, durante el año 2022. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal sobre las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los 337 pacientes diagnosticados con dengue en el municipio Cauto Cristo, provincia Granma, en el año 2022. En el análisis, se tuvieron en cuenta las variables: sexo, consejo popular, mes del año, índice de infestación y factores de riesgo. Resultados: El consejo popular con más casos de dengue fue Cauto Cristo Este (42,14 %), con una afectación del sexo femenino del 68,30 %; el mayor pico de la enfermedad se produjo período de julio a octubre, en el que hubo 78,93 % de los casos confirmados en el año. Se detectaron 286 focos positivos durante todo el período de estudio, con alto índice de infestación. El no uso de repelente (95,54 %), seguido de la presencia de criaderos en centros de trabajo (71,51 %) fueron los principales factores de riesgo. Conclusiones: Todos los consejos populares reportaron casos de dengue, principalmente el consejo popular Cauto Cristo Este, con varios focos detectados y alto índice de infestación. Entre los principales factores de riesgo, se identificaron el no uso de repelente, la presencia de criaderos en centros de trabajo y en la vivienda o sus alrededores. El mayor pico de la enfermedad ocurrió entre julio y octubre de 2022.