Abstract Within households, bulky solid waste serves as the predominant breeding ground for mosquitoes that transmit dengue fever. The aim of this study is to identify and describe the relationship between material and subjective factors, using socioecological theoretical frameworks for health prevention. A descriptive cross-sectional study is conducted, using a simple random sample of 350 households in Asunción, Paraguay. To compare households based on the presence or absence of large breeding sites, the chi-square test, non-parametric Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon statistical test, and Yuen's robust T statistical test is employed. Additionally, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to determinate the Odd Ratio (OR). The study concludes that individualistic approaches in dengue prevention must be transcended and management capacities in homes must be increased by addressing environmental barriers and social beliefs, given the factor that most significantly explaines the presence of obsolete objects in homes is the belief that these items could prove useful in the future. In the multivariate analysis, the perception of usefulness of the potential breeding sites was one of the two significant variables that explain this behavior. The other significant variable was the low coverage of waste collection.

Resumen Dentro de los hogares, los residuos sólidos voluminosos constituyen el tipo de criadero más frecuente del mosquito transmisor del dengue. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar y describir la relación entre factores materiales y subjetivos, a través de un marco teórico socioecológico de prevención de la salud. Se realiza un estudio transversal descriptivo, mediante una muestra aleatoria simple de 350 hogares en Asunción, Paraguay. Para comparar los hogares, según la presencia o no de criaderos de gran tamaño, se usa la prueba de chi cuadrado, en el caso de variables categóricas, el test estadístico no paramétrico Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon, el test estadístico robusto T de Yuen y un análisis multivariado de regresión logística, para el cálculo del Odd Ratio (OR). El estudio concluye que se deben trascender los enfoques individualistas en la prevención del dengue y aumentar las capacidades de gestión en los hogares. Abordalas barreras del entorno y las creencias sociales, dado que el factor que explica con mayor fuerza estadística la existencia de objetos en desuso dentro de los hogares es la creencia de considerarlos de utilidad en el futuro. En el análisis multivariado, la percepción de utilidad del potencial criadero fue la variable que más explicaba la conducta. La otra variable significativa fue la baja cobertura de recolección de residuos.

Resumo O burro doméstico possui um papel fundamental como animal de tração na economia rural do Paquistão, onde a população desse animal está aumentando a cada ano. A região de controle de mtDNA completa de 40 burros amostrados aleatoriamente foi ampliada por PCR e sequenciada bidirecionalmente por intermédio de primers específicos. Haplótipos distintos de mtDNA obtidos no estudo atual (KY446001 − KY446011) foram submetidos a medidas de haplótipo (h) e diversidade de nucleotídeos (π) por meio de DnaS, bem como análises filogenéticas, de rede e AMOVA. Havia um total de 27 sítios polimórficos presentes em 11 haplótipos de mtDNA exclusivos dos 40 animais estudados de diferentes regiões. A rede de união de vizinhos e a rede de união mediana ilustram a divisão de todos esses haplótipos em duas linhagens núbias e somalis bem definidas, confirmando a origem materna africana do burro doméstico do Paquistão. Os parâmetros de diversidade h (0,967 ± 0,037) e π (0,02917 ± 0,00307) revelaram altos níveis de diversidade genética em burros paquistaneses. AMOVA demonstrou apenas 1% de diferenças genéticas entre as duas linhagens maternas de mtDNA, apontando a falta de subestrutura populacional em burros paquistaneses, como é o caso da população mundial de burros domésticos. Os burros paquistaneses têm origem materna africana e altos níveis de diversidade de mtDNA. A alta diversidade genética pode ser por causa da reprodução não seletiva e de heteroplasmia. Aqui, fornecemos o primeiro relatório sobre a diversidade do mtDNA da região de controle em burros domésticos do Paquistão.

Abstract Domestic donkey plays a key role as a draft animal in rural economy of Pakistan where its population is increasing every year. The complete mtDNA control region of forty randomly sampled donkeys was PCR- amplified and sequenced bi-directionally using specific primers. Distinct mtDNA haplotypes obtained in the current study (KY446001−KY446011) were subjected to haplotype (h) and nucleotide diversity (π) measures using DnaS as well as to phylogenetic, Network, and AMOVA analyses. There were a total 27 polymorphic sites present within 11 unique mtDNA haplotypes from the studied 40 animals from different regions. Neighbor-joining network and median-joining network both illustrated the splitting of all these haplotypes into two well-defined Nubian and Somali lineages, confirming African maternal origin of Pakistani domestic donkey. Diversity parameters h (0.967± 0.037) and π (0.02917± 0.00307) were found to reveal high levels of genetic diversity in Pakistani donkeys. AMOVA demonstrated only 1% of genetic differences between two mtDNA maternal lineages, pointing to lack of population substructure in Pakistani donkeys as is the case with worldwide domestic donkey population. Pakistani donkeys have African maternal origin and high levels of mtDNA diversity. High genetic diversity may be due to non-selective breeding and heteroplasmy. We herein provide the first report on mtDNA diversity of control region in Pakistani domestic donkey.

Abstract To determine the species composition, relative abundance and seasonal variation of different mosquitoes Genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex, and Culiseta) in different habitats the present research work was carried out in Entomology Research Laboratory of The University of Peshawar. Sampling performed from variety of permanent and temporary breeding habitats was carried out on monthly basis from targeted breeding sites for two consecutive years through dipping method. Species diversity in the survey sites was noted. Collection from these seventeen various types of potential larval habitats, yielded a total of 42,430 immature constituting 41,556 larvae and 874 pupae. Among these only 19,651 adult mosquitoes emerged comprising 11,512 female and 8,139 male mosquitoes. 78% (n= 15333) of mosquito larvae were from permanent and 22% (n=4318) were from temporary breeding sites. This study showed that Peshawar valley harbours 15 species from the genera Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex and Culiseta. When the density of each species was examined, Culex quinquifasciatus was found to be dominant (79%) and constant in distribution. Among the temporary habitats Aedes albopictus was found as the most prevalent species particularly from tree holes and water cisterns. The highest intensity of mosquitoes was in June (2243 emerged adults) and November (2667 emerged adults) while the lowest was in January (203 emerged adults). A perfect positive correlation (r = +0.8) was found between temperature and population of mosquitoes (df 10 and α 0.05). The species diversity index for mosquitoes remained between 0.12 and 1.76. The Margalef’s richness components was noticeably low for bamboo traps (0.2) and fairly high for rice fields, Percolating water and Animal tracks (1.3) which shows the abundance of mosquito species in these habitats. Similarly Pielou’s Evenness was highest for bamboo traps (E=1) showing species uniform distribution. Animal tracks were presumed not only the diverse habitat rather also possessed high value for species richness and species evenness. Temperature, rainfall, humidity and other related attributes responsible for species variation and abundance need to be analysed further to pave way for controlling vector species in their oviposition targeted sites.

Resumo Para determinar a composição de espécies, abundância relativa e variação sazonal de diferentes gêneros de mosquitos (Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex e Culiseta) em diferentes habitats, o presente trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Entomologia da Universidade de Peshawar. A amostragem coletada a partir de uma variedade de habitats de reprodução permanentes e temporários foi realizada mensalmente a partir de locais de reprodução alvo por 2 anos consecutivos através do método de imersão. A diversidade de espécies nos locais de pesquisa foi anotada. A coleta desses 17 tipos diferentes de habitats larvais potenciais rendeu um total de 42.430 imaturos, constituindo 41.556 larvas e 874 pupas. Destes, emergiram apenas 19.651 mosquitos adultos, sendo 11.512 fêmeas e 8.139 machos. 78% (n = 15333) das larvas do mosquito eram de criadouros permanentes e 22% (n = 4318) de criadouros temporários. Este estudo mostrou que o vale de Peshawar abriga 15 espécies dos gêneros Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex e Culiseta. Quando a densidade de cada espécie foi examinada, Culex quinquifasciatus foi considerado dominante (79%) e constante na distribuição. Entre os habitats temporários, o Aedes albopictus foi encontrado como a espécie mais prevalente, principalmente em ocos de árvores e cisternas de água. A maior intensidade de mosquitos foi em junho (2.243 adultos emergidos) e novembro (2.667 adultos emergidos), enquanto a menor foi em janeiro (203 adultos emergidos). Uma correlação positiva perfeita (r = +0,8) foi encontrada entre temperatura e população de mosquitos (DF 10 e α 0,05). O índice de diversidade de espécies de mosquitos permaneceu entre 0,12 e 1,76. Os componentes de riqueza de Margalef foram visivelmente baixos para armadilhas de bambu (0,2) e razoavelmente altos para campos de arroz, água percolada e rastros de animais (1,3), o que mostra a abundância de espécies de mosquitos nesses habitats. Da mesma forma, a uniformidade de Pielou foi maior para armadilhas de bambu (E = 1), mostrando distribuição uniforme das espécies. As pegadas de animais foram presumidas não apenas como habitat diverso, mas também possuíam alto valor para riqueza e uniformidade de espécies. Temperatura, chuva, umidade e outros atributos relacionados responsáveis pela variação e abundância das espécies precisam ser analisados mais a fundo para abrir caminho para o controle de espécies de vetores em seus locais de oviposição alvo.

ABSTRACT The Markham’s Storm-Petrel (Hydrobates markhami) is considered "Near Threatened” worldwide, due to the high impact of light pollution and the destruction and degradation of its breeding habitat. So far, it is known that most of the breeding population is found in the colonies of the Atacama Desert in northern Chile. However, some records of fledglings attracted to luminaries suggested the probable existence of breeding sites in southern Peru. Therefore, an expedition was carried out in the departments of Arequipa, Moquegua and Tacna. During seven days, 2000 linear km were traveled in search of suitable substrate for breeding. The methodol-ogy included visual and olfactory inspection of cavities, complemented with the use of borescopes and playback; additionally, the search for individuals in flight was carried out with the help of binoculars and thermal visor. Fifteen nests of Markham’s Storm-Petrel were found in Pampa Pie de Candela, in the department of Tacna, two of which contained chicks between 60-90 days old. It was estimated to be a relatively marginal, sparsely populated colony, with about 30 breeding pairs in total. The colony is threatened by the advance of agriculture in the desert. This finding reveals the potential of southern Peru for the species and encourages the search for new colonies.

RESUMEN La Golondrina de Mar Negra (Hydrobates markhami) es considerada "Casi Amenazada” a nivel mundial, debido al alto impacto de la contaminación lumínica y a la destrucción y degradación de su hábitat reproductivo. Hasta ahora, se conoce que la mayor parte de la población reproductiva se encuentra en las colonias del desierto de Atacama, en el norte de Chile. Sin embargo, algunos antecedentes de volantones atraídos a luminarias daban cuenta de la probable existencia de sitios de reproducción en el sur de Perú. Por ello, se realizó una expedición en los departamentos de Arequipa, Moquegua y Tacna. Durante siete días se recorrieron 2000 km lineales en busca de sustrato adecuado para la reproducción de golondrinas de mar. La metodología incluyó inspección visual y olfativa de cavidades, complementada con la utilización de boroscopios y playback; adicionalmente, se realizó la búsqueda de ejemplares en vuelo con ayuda de binoculares y visor termal. Se encontraron 15 nidos de golondrinas de mar negra en Pampa Pie de Candela, en el departamento de Tacna, dos de los cuales contenían en su interior pichones de entre 60-90 días de edad. Se estimó que el sitio descripto es un territorio reproductivo relativamente marginal, poco denso, con unas 30 parejas reproductoras en total. Este se encuentra amenazado por el avance de la agricultura en el desierto. Nuestro hallazgo revela el potencial del sur del Perú para la especie e insta a la búsqueda de nuevos sitios de reproducción.

RESUMO Este ensaio parte da premissa de que a melhor estratégia para controlar os mosquitos vetores das arboviroses, e alcançar efetivos resultados profiláticos no complexo ambiente urbano das favelas brasileiras, é promover rotineiras ações de manejo ambiental inseridas em uma orientação integrada e interdisciplinar. Essa premissa se sustenta na complexa realidade social e urbana das favelas, no histórico de insucessos das ações de controle dos vetores em obter eficazes resultados profiláticos e nos exemplos bem-sucedidos de manejo ambiental no País. O método profilático alternativo utilizado no Brasil com base na liberação de mosquitos, em particular infectados com Wolbachia é comentado, mas ainda não possui resultado profilático nas favelas brasileiras. A partir dessa premissa, argumentamos que existe um grande potencial de utilizar habilidades na mediação de conflitos para buscar efetivas e factíveis ações de manejo ambiental na eliminação dos criadouros urbanos dos vetores das arboviroses nas favelas onde residem muitas comunidades socialmente vulneráveis.

ABSTRACT This essay starts from the premise that the best strategy to control mosquito vectors of arboviruses and achieve effective prophylactic results in the complex urban environment of Brazilian slums is to promote routine environmental management actions within an integrated and interdisciplinary approach. This premise is based on the complex social and urban reality of the slums, on the history of failures of vector control actions to obtain effective prophylactic results, and on the successful examples of environmental management in the country. The alternative prophylactic method used in Brazil based on the release of mosquitoes, in particular, infected with Wolbachia, is commented on, but still lacks prophylactic results in Brazilian slums. From this premise, we argue that there is great potential for using conflict mediation skills to pursue effective and feasible environmental management actions to eliminate urban breeding sites for arboviruses vectors in the slums where many socially vulnerable communities reside.

RESUMO Este ensaio parte da premissa de que a melhor estratégia para controlar os mosquitos vetores das arboviroses, e alcançar efetivos resultados profiláticos no complexo ambiente urbano das favelas brasileiras, é promover rotineiras ações de manejo ambiental inseridas em uma orientação integrada e interdisciplinar. Essa premissa se sustenta na complexa realidade social e urbana das favelas, no histórico de insucessos das ações de controle dos vetores em obter eficazes resultados profiláticos e nos exemplos bem-sucedidos de manejo ambiental no País. O método profilático alternativo utilizado no Brasil com base na liberação de mosquitos, em particular infectados com Wolbachia é comentado, mas ainda não possui resultado profilático nas favelas brasileiras. A partir dessa premissa, argumentamos que existe um grande potencial de utilizar habilidades na mediação de conflitos para buscar efetivas e factíveis ações de manejo ambiental na eliminação dos criadouros urbanos dos vetores das arboviroses nas favelas onde residem muitas comunidades socialmente vulneráveis. brasileiras interdisciplinar bemsucedidos bem sucedidos País comentado vulneráveis

ABSTRACT This essay starts from the premise that the best strategy to control mosquito vectors of arboviruses and achieve effective prophylactic results in the complex urban environment of Brazilian slums is to promote routine environmental management actions within an integrated and interdisciplinary approach. This premise is based on the complex social and urban reality of the slums, on the history of failures of vector control actions to obtain effective prophylactic results, and on the successful examples of environmental management in the country. The alternative prophylactic method used in Brazil based on the release of mosquitoes, in particular, infected with Wolbachia, is commented on, but still lacks prophylactic results in Brazilian slums. From this premise, we argue that there is great potential for using conflict mediation skills to pursue effective and feasible environmental management actions to eliminate urban breeding sites for arboviruses vectors in the slums where many socially vulnerable communities reside. approach country mosquitoes particular Wolbachia reside

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are the main vector of human arbovirosis in tropical and subtropical areas.  Its adaptation to urban and rural environments generates infestations inside households. Therefore, entomological surveillance in association with spatio-temporal analysis is an innovative approach to vector control and dengue management. The main aim was to inspect immature pupal stages in households belonging to municipalities at high risk of dengue in Cauca, Colombia by implementing entomological indices and relating how they influence adult mosquito density. Here, we provide novel data for the geographical distribution of 3,806 immature pupal stages of Ae. aegypti. We also report entomological indices and spatial characterization. The results suggest that for Ae. aegypti species, pupal productivity generates high densities of adults in neighbouring households, evidencing seasonal behaviour. This dataset is of great importance as it provides an innovative strategy for vector-borne disease mitigation using vector spatial patterns and their association with entomological indicators and breeding sites in high-risk neighbourhoods.

Los mosquitos Aedes aegypti son el principal vector de las arbovirosis humanas en zonas tropicales y subtropicales. Su adaptación a entornos urbanos y rurales genera infestaciones en el intradomicilio de las viviendas. De aquí que, la vigilancia entomológica en asociación con el análisis espacial y el análisis espacio-temporal sean un enfoque innovador para el control de vectores y la gestión del dengue.El objetivo principal de la investigación fue realizar una comparación de la vigilancia entomológica, mediante el uso de índices cuantitativos de pupas y de adultos en tres municipios de alto riesgo de dengue Patía (El Bordo), Miranda y Piamonte del departamento del Cauca, con el fin de examinar cómo influye la productividad de pupas, entre índices entomológicos, en la densidad de mosquitos adultos y otros patrones espaciales y temporales. Ae. aegypti , sus índices entomológicos y su caracterización espacial. Los resultados sugieren que, para las especies de Ae. aegypti , la productividad de pupas genera altas densidades de adultos en las viviendas vecinas, evidenciando un comportamiento estacional.Estos resultados son de gran importancia ya que proporciona una estrategia innovadora para la mitigación de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores utilizando patrones espaciales de los vectores y su asociación con indicadores entomológicos y lugares de cría en barrios de alto riesgo para la transmisión del dengue.

RESUMEN La tendencia al aumento de las actividades al aire libre relacionadas con el turismo de naturaleza genera preocupación entre investigadores y conservacionistas debido al impacto potencial sobre la vida silvestre. Entre los lugares que experimentan una mayor presión son los sitios de concentración de aves, como las colonias de nidificación. Topes de Collantes (centro-sur de Cuba) es un área protegida donde se encuentran las mayores colonias de nidificación de Vencejo de Collar de Cuba. Se evaluó si la actividad turística interfiere con los elementos clave de la biología reproductiva de la especie (la cronología reproductiva, los factores limitantes para establecer una colonia de anidación y los picos de actividad durante el día en las colonias de nidificación) en tres sitios de nidificación del área. Los impactos de las actividades recreativas y la interacción entre visitantes y aves se determinaron por observación directa a través de caminatas dentro de los sitios de estudio, sus alrededores y senderos. No se detecta impactos directos de los visitantes en las tres colonias de nidificación evaluadas, donde se observa una efectiva segregación espacio-temporal. Sin embargo, la presencia de especies exóticas y el daño a los sitios (las paredes de las cuevas) por graffiti requiere estrategias de manejo, que incluyan orientación y educación ambiental.

ABSTRACT The trend to increase outdoor activities related to nature-based tourism raises concern among researchers and conservationists due to the potential impact on wildlife. Among the places experiencing increasing pressure are the sites of bird’s concentration, such as nesting colonies. Topes de Collantes (south-center Cuba) is a protected area where the largest nesting colonies of White-collared Swift are found in Cuba. In the work is evaluated if the tourist activity interferes with the key elements of the reproductive biology of the species (the breeding chronology, the limiting factors to establish a nesting colony and the peaks of activity during the day at nesting colonies) in three study sites at Topes de Collantes. The impacts of recreational activities and the interaction between visitors and birds were determined by direct observation through walks within the studied sites, their surroundings and trails. We did not detect direct impacts of visitors in either of the three nesting colonies evaluated, where we observed an effective space-time segregation. However, the presence of alien species and damage to cave walls by graffiti requires management strategies, including guidance and environmental education.

ABSTRACT In recent years, Latin America has been most affected by dengue fever. Paraguay is not exempt from this issue. Various efforts have been made by the health system to deal with the problem, but the expected results have not been achieved. Knowing which aspects limit the achievement of these outcomes is important to developing effective strategies. Objective: to identify barriers for proper adherence, coverage, and adoption of a communication strategy aimed at controlling Aedes aegypti breeding sites. Methods: on the basis of interviews conducted with those responsible for the execution of the strategy (adherence) and surveys applied to the beneficiary population (coverage and adoption), a cross-sectional analytical observation study was performed with the inclusion of a qualitative phenomenological component with a comprehensive interpretive perspective. Results: perceived barriers for the adherence were related to structural determinants (political, institutional, and socioeconomic barriers) and intermediate determinants (environmental, physical, and behavioral barriers). For coverage, it was observed that in the High (HER) and Low Entomological Risk (LER) neighborhoods, the main barriers were access to the Internet at home and the lack of knowledge about the awareness campaign aimed at controlling the vector breeding sites. In terms of adoption, no variables were found to be significantly associated with the HER or LER groups. It was also found that there were no meaningful differences in coverage and adoption between the two types of neighborhoods. Conclusion: there are perceived barriers for the adherence to communication strategies and other emerging ones related to vector control tasks, as well as barriers that limit coverage and adoption of the communication strategy. The information obtained will be very useful for decision-making by the health authorities.

RESUMEN Latinoamérica es una de las zonas más afectadas por el dengue en los últimos años. Paraguay no estuvo ajeno a esta problemática. Distintos esfuerzos se han hecho desde el sector salud para contrarrestarlo, pero no se han obtenido los resultados esperados. Conocer los aspectos que limitan conseguir estos resultados es importante para la elaboración de estrategias efectivas. Objetivo: Identificar barreras para adherencia, cobertura y adopción de una estrategia de comunicación orientada al control de criaderos de Aedes aegypti. Materiales y Métodos: Empleando entrevistas realizadas a funcionarios encargados de la implementación de la estrategia (adherencia) y encuestas aplicadas a la población beneficiaria (cobertura y adopción) se realizó un estudio observacional analítico tipo cross sectional con la inclusión de un componente cualitativo fenomenológico con perspectiva comprensiva interpretativa. Resultados: Las barreras percibidas para la adherencia se relacionaron con determinantes estructurales (barreras políticas, institucionales y socioeconómicas) y determinantes intermedios (barreras ambientales, físicas y conductuales). Mientras que, para la cobertura, se observó que, en los barrios de Alto (ARE) y Bajo Riesgo Entomológico (BRE) las principales barreras fueron el acceso a internet en el hogar y el no conocimiento de la campaña de comunicación orientada al control de criaderos del vector. En cuanto a la adopción, se observó que, para ambos grupos ARE y BRE ninguna variable resultó significativamente asociada. Así también, se observó que, entre ambos tipos de barrios, no se registraron diferencias significativas en la cobertura y en la adopción. Conclusión: Existen barreras percibidas para la adherencia a las estrategias de comunicación, y otras emergentes relacionadas con las tareas de control vectorial, al igual que, barreras que limitan la cobertura y la adopción de la estrategia de comunicación. La información obtenida será de gran utilidad para la toma de decisiones por parte de las autoridades sanitarias.

Resumen Desde 1990, en la academia se refiere a un giro en el modo de estudiar y comprender al espacio rural y a la ruralidad. Y se asocia al pluriempleo, la protección ambiental y la interacción con la urbanidad, dejando de lado el debate agrarista para centrarse en el ruralista. La explicación de esta reestructuración conceptual se asocia con cambios en las formas de funcionamiento del sistema global y el rol asignado al espacio urbano y rural. Este último se instaura como un sistema complejo, al que se suma la prestación de servicios y bienes vinculados al uso y disfrute de los recursos naturales y culturales a través de lugares de recreación y turismo. Así, adquieren relevancia las reflexiones teóricas y aplicaciones sobre la terciarización, la prestación de servicios, el turismo rural y la producción de datos estadísticos referidos a estos temas. En Argentina, a partir de la devaluación de la moneda en 2002, surgieron problemáticas por la facilidad de acceso internacional a nuestros recursos y la puesta en valor de nuevas tierras para usos asociados a la producción agropecuaria, la explotación minera y el auge del turismo relacionado al ambiente y lo alternativo. Bajo este contexto, se incorporan variables relativas al turismo y la recreación en los Censos Nacionales Agropecuarios (CNA). En este sentido, la propuesta de este trabajo consiste en analizar, desde el punto de vista espacial, la variación del turismo y la recreación en el espacio rural de Argentina, empleando como fuente de información los CNA 2002 y 2018, relevados por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC). Se comparan e interpretan las distribuciones espaciales que surgen de los resultados censales a partir del nivel subprovincial (departamentos y partidos) y de las distintas variables que refieren al turismo y la recreación que se ofrecen desde las explotaciones agropecuarias (EAP), o unidades estadísticas de estos censos particulares. Tanto en 2002 como en 2018, los indicadores en común son: total de EAP con límites definidos con turismo rural, total de EAP con actividad recreativa de caza, pesca, participación en tareas de campo y no participación en tareas de campo, total de EAP con hospedaje y número de plazas. El abordaje de la temática no solo resulta del análisis de las fuentes enunciadas, sino también de la revisión de literatura especializada. A nivel operativo, se emplea un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG) de libre acceso para la elaboración de cartografía temática que exhibe situaciones de crecimiento, estabilidad y disminución. Como resultado fundamental se establece que el crecimiento general de la actividad turística y recreativa en los espacios rurales de Argentina es un hecho señalado por la evidencia estadística oficial. Al igual que en otros países, este conjunto de servicios se vuelve un sector importante y emergente de la economía a raíz de procesos y tendencias globales como el retorno a la naturaleza, la reminiscencia respecto de espacios de crianza, la preservación de las tradiciones y la visión del turismo como alternativa de desarrollo. No obstante, la desagregación geográfica permite apreciar que el decrecimiento en determinados sectores del mapa también es una realidad. De esta manera, el trabajo se consolida como una primera fotografía espacial que cuenta con la potencialidad del barrido nacional y sobre la cual es posible realizar futuros zooms interpretativos que permitan complejizar el análisis e interpretar al turismo y la recreación en el espacio rural de la mano de otras fuentes y variables. Se espera que la indicación de casos especiales represente un aporte de utilidad para la selección de estudios puntuales y la toma de decisiones a través de la focalización e instrumentación de políticas sectoriales.

Abstract Since 1990, academic sources have reported a shift in the approach to studying and understanding the rural environment and rurality. This shift is associated with multi-employment, environmental protection, and interaction with urbanity, leaving aside the agrarian debate to focus on the ruralist approach. The explanation for the conceptual restructuring is associated with changes in the functioning modalities of the global system and the role assigned to urban and rural scopes. The latter is a complex system, in addition to the provision of services and goods linked to the use and enjoyment of natural and cultural resources through recreation sites and tourism. Thus, theoretical reflections and applications on outsourcing, service provisioning, rural tourism, and the production of statistical data on these topics become relevant. In Argentina, the devaluation of the currency in 2002 triggered issues arising from the ease of international access to our resources and the valuation of new land for uses associated with farming, mining, and the surge of environmental and alternative tourism. In this context, variables related to tourism and recreation have been incorporated into the National Agricultural Census (CNA, for its acronym in Spanish). In this sense, the aim of this work is to analyze, from a spatial perspective, the variation of tourism and recreation in rural areas of Argentina, based on the information gathered by the 2002 and 2018 CNAs surveyed by the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INDEC). We compared and interpreted the spatial distributions arising from census results at a sub-province level (departments and parties) and the different variables that refer to tourism and recreation offered by the statistical units of these particular censuses, named agricultural developments (EAPs). The common indicators in 2002 and 2018 are the total number of EAPs with defined boundaries and rural tourism, the total number of EAPs with recreational hunting, and fishing, with and without involvement in field tasks, and the total number of EAPs with accommodation facilities and their capacity. The approach to the subject results not only from the analysis of the stated sources, but also from the review of specialized literature. At the operational level, a free-access Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to construct thematic cartography illustrating cases of growth, stability, and decline. A key finding is that the overall growth of tourism and recreational activities in rural areas of Argentina is a fact indicated by official statistical evidence. Similar to other countries, these services have become a major and emerging sector of the economy as a result of global processes and trends such as the return to nature, the reminiscence about breeding spaces, the preservation of traditions, and the vision of tourism as alternative development. However, geographic disaggregation allows for appreciating the decrease in certain areas of the map. In this way, the present work represents a first spatial photographic approach with a potential national scope suitable for conducting interpretive zooms in the future and for conducting complex analyses and interpreting rural tourism and recreation together with other sources and variables. We expect that the indication of particular cases will represent a useful contribution to the selection of case studies and decision-making through the targeting and implementation of sectoral policies.

Abstract The conservation of fish assemblages depends on the longitudinal and lateral connectivity between riverine habitats, in particular during the breeding season and the initial development. This study investigated the composition and spatio-temporal structure in the ichthyoplankton of the hydrographic basin of the Paraguay River in western Brazil to identify the local spawning grounds and the importance of the longitudinal connectivity of economically valuable migratory species. Data were collected at 10 sites between two breeding seasons (2017/2018 and 2018/2019). Were collected 8,635 larvae, representing 55 taxa in 25 families, including the migratory species Brycon hilarii, Hemisorubim platyrhynchos, Piaractus mesopotamicus, Prochilodus lineatus, Pseudoplatystoma spp., Salminus brasiliensis, Sorubim lima, and Zungaro jahu, which are important fishery resources, with the highest larval densities being recorded between November and January. The Sepotuba, Paraguay, Jauru, and Cabaçal rivers were the areas of greatest connectance, and should thus be considered critical for the conservation of the longitudinal connectivity of this fluvial system, indicating that the migratory species spawn upriver. More efficient fisheries management mechanisms are needed, respecting the spawning period of migratory species, maintaining quality and longitudinal connectivity between habitats, and characteristics necessary for successful larval recruitment.

Resumo A conservação das assembleias de peixes depende da conectividade longitudinal e lateral entre habitats ribeirinhos, em especial durante o período reprodutivo e de desenvolvimento inicial. Objetivou-se avaliar a composição e a estrutura espaço-temporal do ictioplâncton da bacia hidrografia do rio Paraguai no oeste do Brasil para identificar as áreas de desova e a importância da conectividade longitudinal para a reprodução das espécies migradoras de interesse comercial. Os dados foram coletados em 10 pontos entre dois períodos reprodutivos (2017/2018 e 2018/2019). Capturaram-se 8635 larvas, pertencentes a 25 famílias e 55 táxons, incluindo espécies migradoras de interesse comercial, Brycon hilarii, Hemisorubim platyrhynchos, Piaractus mesopotamicus, Prochilodus lineatus, Pseudoplatystoma spp., Salminus brasiliensis, Sorubim lima e Zungaro jahu, que são importantes recursos pesqueiros, com maiores densidades larvais entre novembro e janeiro. Os locais com maiores interações e conectância foram os rios Sepotuba, Paraguai, Jauru e Cabaçal e, portanto, devem ser considerados áreas críticas para a conservação da conectividade longitudinal no sistema fluvial, indicando que as espécies migradoras têm desovado a montante dos locais amostrados. São necessários mecanismos de gestão pesqueira mais eficientes, respeitando o período de desova das espécies migradoras, mantendo a qualidade e conectividade longitudinal entre habitats, características necessárias ao sucesso do recrutamento larval.

Abstract The Maguari Stork (Ciconia maguari) is one of the three species of the family Ciconiidae that occur in South America. Despite abundant in landscapes dominated by wetlands and grasslands, detailed studies on its biology are scarce. This study is aimed at investigating aspects of the breeding of Maguari Storks in Brazil. Photographic records were searched in the WikiAves database. A total of 65 records, obtained by citizens along 13 years in 32 municipalities, showed evidences of breeding activities in Brazil. Most (86%) of these records were gathered in the Pampa biome, in southern Brazil. Nests were large platforms and contained 1-3 young. Nests built on the ground were in grasslands or reed patches. Those built on shrubs were at boundaries between lakes and grasslands, and were often in colonial nesting sites with egrets and herons. Incubation occurred between July and November, and nestlings were found between August and December. Juveniles able to fly were recorded between late October and February. Most records of breeding activities were obtained at sites located < 300 m above sea level. As the Maguari Stork is a conspicuous and charismatic species, its conservation could substantially benefit from the awareness of landowners to promote eco-tourism in their properties, attracting birdwatchers. For this, it should be ensured the integrity of grasslands, marshes, and lakes with microhabitats often used for nesting (woody plants and reed patches).

Abstract Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis, feeds on insect pests in many agro-ecosystems. Thus, there is an urgent need to study the breeding chronology of cattle egret, in order to develop suitable protection programs for this beneficial bird to perform its role as abiological control agent in Egyptian agro-ecosystems. The study was conducted at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, from December 2018 to December 2020; in different habitats (irrigation canals, drainage canals, garbage collection areas and Abbasa ponds). The mean clutch size ranged from 2-5 eggs/nest with an incubation period ranging between 21-25 days. The mean percentage of hatching success was 90.21%, while the total number of mortality eggs was 47 and the total egg hatching was 433. Also the total number of nests located nearby tree trunks were 73, while nests located in the core of the tree were 47 nests, and nests located at the peripherals were 15 nests.

Resumo A garça-vaqueira (Bubulcus ibis) alimenta-se de insetos-praga em muitos agroecossistemas. Assim, há uma necessidade urgente de estudar a cronologia reprodutiva da garça bovina, a fim de desenvolver programas de proteção adequados para que esta ave benéfica desempenhe seu papel como agente de controle biológico nos agroecossistemas egípcios. O estudo foi conduzido na província de Sharkia, no Egito, de dezembro de 2018 a dezembro de 2020; em diferentes habitats (canais de irrigação, canais de drenagem, áreas de coleta de lixo e lagoas Abbasa). O tamanho médio da ninhada variou de 2-5 ovos/ninho com um período de incubação variando entre 21-25 dias. A porcentagem média de sucesso de eclosão foi de 90,21%, enquanto o número total de ovos de mortalidade foi de 47 e o total de ovos eclodidos foi de 433. O número total de ninhos localizados próximos aos troncos das árvores foi de 73, enquanto os ninhos localizados no núcleo da árvore foram 47 ninhos, e 15 ninhos localizados nas periferias.

Abstract Potential breeding containers for Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes are found in different environments, these places are considered by the National Dengue Control Program in Brazil as strategic points (SP), which have favorable conditions for the development of those insects. The aim of this study is to identify potential breeding containers for A. aegypti and A. albopictus at strategic points in the city of Codó, Maranhão. This study was conducted in five districts, one in each administrative area of the city. A survey of the types and quantity of existing strategic points in each neighborhood was carried out, and surveys of these properties were carried out to inspect the potential breeding containers, with the collection of the vectors’ number of immatures found at them. 125 properties were inspected of which 76.91% and 81.25% were vacant lots in the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. There was a difference between the median of the different strategic points (H = 21.96; p < 0.0001), For A. aegypti, there was no difference between the medians of number of immatures regarding the strategic points (H = 3.71; p = 0.28). The total number of immature A. albopictus was higher in vacant lots than in workshops (H = 9.41; p = 0.02, p < 0.05). 4,356 and 4,911 potential breeding containers were found in the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Regarding the potential breeding containers, 7 (0.16%) and 47 (0.96%) were found with immature vectors, in the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. There were more positive containers in the rainy season for which there was a difference between the median of the number of mosquitoes per positive container (H = 15.66; p = 0.01), the number of immatures for the tires group was greater than Vases and Fixed groups (p < 0.05); the same result was observed in the analyses of the species in the separate form. The impressive number of potential breeding containers found in the SP in both seasons highlights the importance of developing control strategies for these vectors, with emphasis on places such as vacant lots, workshops, tire shops and junkyards, which are serving as dispersal urban sites of vectors.

Resumo Os potenciais criadouros dos mosquitos Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus são encontrados em diversos ambientes, esses locais são considerados pelo Programa Nacional de Controle da Dengue como pontos estratégicos (PE), os quais possuem condições favoráveis ao desenvolvimento desses insetos. Propõe-se nesse estudo identificar os potenciais criadouros de A. aegypti e A. albopictus em pontos estratégicos na cidade de Codó, Maranhão. Este estudo foi realizado em cinco bairros, um em cada zona administrativa da cidade. Foi realizado o levantamento dos tipos e quantidade de pontos estratégicos existentes em cada bairro, e vistorias desses imóveis para inspeção dos recipientes potencial criadouro, com coleta das formas imaturas encontradas nestes. Foram inspecionados 125 imóveis, para os quais houve diferença entre a mediana dos diferentes pontos estratégicos (H = 21,96; p < 0,0001), sendo que os terrenos baldios foram mais frequentes com 76,91% e 81,25% nos períodos seco e chuvoso, respectivamente. Para A. aegypti não houve diferença entre as medianas de imaturos em relação aos pontos estratégicos (H = 3,71; p = 0,28). A quantidade de imaturos de A. albopictus foi maior em terrenos baldios do que em oficinas (H = 9,41; p = 0,02, p < 0,05). Foram encontrados 4.356 e 4.911 recipientes potenciais criadouros nos períodos seco e chuvoso, nesta ordem. Em relação aos recipientes positivos, 7 (0,16%) e 47 (0,96%) foram encontrados com imaturos dos vetores, nos períodos seco e chuvoso, respectivamente. Só houve predominância de recipiente positivo no período chuvoso, para o qual houve diferença entre as medianas de imaturos das duas espécies (H = 15,66; p = 0,01), sendo que a quantidade de imaturos para o grupo Pneus foi maior que Vasos e Fixos (p < 0,05), o mesmo resultado foi observado nas análises das espécies da forma separada. O número expressivo de recipientes potenciais criadouros encontrados nos PE nos dois períodos, evidencia a importância de se desenvolver estratégias de controle a esses vetores com ênfase em locais como terrenos baldios, oficinas, borracharias e ferros-velhos, os quais estão servindo de local de dispersão dos vetores em área urbana.

Abstract Tetragonisca fiebrigi is a stingless bee distributed among Argentine Northside, commonly known as ‘yateí’. The breeding and employment of its products (honey and pollen) it´s called ‘meliponiculture’. The botanic source can influence the pollen loads colour collected by the bees, and this peculiarity allows the procurement of crucial data, which aids in establishing the floral origin without the need for laboratory equipment. The objec tive of this project is to define the relationship between the colour and its floral origin for the development of a regional colour chart, which can benefit the appreciation of the foraged resources by T. fiebrigi. It was borne in mind two sampling sites, The National Park “El impenetrable” (Chaco, Argentina) and the city of Corrientes (Corrientes, Argentina). In both points, it was made a survey related to nest location and the capture of specimens with pollen loads. At the laboratory the loads were separated by colour and, by using conventional melissopalyn ology techniques and virtual palinotheques, it was possible to identify 11 pollen taxa. We found out that 100% of analyzed loads had a monofloral provenance, that favoured us to link these taxa with a chart of 11 colours, proposed in this production. T. fiebrigi forage native plants of each ecoregion, in preference, trees which have pollen with a microreticulate exine. These results allowed us to generate the first colour chart of pollen loads for the Chaco Region.

Resumen Tetragonisca fiebrigi es una abeja sin aguijón distribuida en todo el norte argentino comúnmente conocida como “yateí”. La crianza y el aprovechamiento de sus productos (miel y polen) es denominado meli ponicultura. La fuente botánica puede influir en el color de las cargas polínicas colectadas por las abejas, y esta peculiaridad permite obtener datos cruciales que ayudan a la identificación del origen floral sin la necesidad de equipamiento de laboratorio. Es por ello, que el objetivo de este trabajo es definir la relación del color con el origen floral para la elaboración de una carta de colores regionales, que permita apreciar los recursos acopiados por T. fiebrigi. Se tuvieron en cuenta dos sitios de muestreo, El Parque Nacional El Impenetrable (Chaco, Argentina) y la ciudad de Corrientes (Corrientes, Argentina). En ambos puntos se realizó un revelamiento para la localización de nidos y la captura de ejemplares con cargas polínicas. En el laboratorio, las cargas, fueron separadas por color y, mediante técnicas convencionales de melisopalinología y el uso de palinotecas virtuales, se lograron identificar 11 taxones polínicos. Se observó que, el 100 % de las cargas analizadas tuvieron un origen monofloral, lo que permitió vincular estos taxones a una carta de 11 colores, propuesta en este trabajo. T. fiebrigi pecorea plantas nativas de cada ecorregión, preferentemente árboles cuyo polen presenta exina microrreticulada. Estos resultados permitieron generar la primera carta de colores de cargas polínicas para la Región Chaqueña.