Resumen Se informa sobre nuevas asociaciones entre el parasitoide Habrobracon hebetor (Say) y dos géneros de coleópteros plaga de postcosecha en frutos descascarados de Juglans regia L, Carpophilus Stephens (Nitidulidae) y Oryzaephilus Ganglbauer (Silvanidae) en la provincia de La Rioja. Además, se registró este parasitoide a partir de larvas de Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Se amplía la distribución de H. hebetor para la provincia de La Rioja. Se proporcionan datos sobre porcentajes de parasitoidismo.

Abstract New associations are reported between the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Say) and two genera of postharvest pest coleopters on shelled fruits of Juglans regia L, Carpophilus Stephens (Nitidulidae) and Oryzaephilus Ganglbauer (Silvanidae) in the province of La Rioja. Furthermore, this parasitoid was recorded from larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The distribution of H. hebetor is expanded to the province of La Rioja. Data on percentages of parasitoidism are provided.

ABSTRACT. Cotesia flavipes parasitizes Diatraea saccharalis, a pest that causes major losses to sugarcane production. The mass production of C. flavipes and its subsequent release onto sugarcane is one form of biological control of D. saccharalis. An essential factor for successfully fighting this pest is the development of host diets that can increase the efficiency of C. flavipes production. Palm oil contains saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated linoleic acid. However, little is known about the effects of palm oil on C. flavipes production in the laboratory. Different concentrations of palm oil were added to the D. saccharalis diet and its nutritional indices were analyzed. Subsequently, the production and sex ratio of C. flavipes were determined. Our results indicated that the addition of higher palm oil concentrations to an artificial diet generated a high relative consumption rate (RCR) in D. saccharalis, and consequently a high relative metabolic rate (RMR), which resulted in a lower production of the parasitoid. In contrast, the lowest palm oil concentration in the artificial diet generated a low RMR and resulted in high-efficiency conversion of ingested food (ECI), enabling D. saccharalis to yield more C. flavipes. This suggests that palm oil influences the quantity of D. saccharalis ingested, which determines the number of C. flavipes that will be generated. In this study, supplementation of a D. saccharalis diet with 0.25% palm oil increased the production of C. flavipes. Therefore, this level of palm oil supplementation can aid in the production of C. flavipes on a laboratory-scale. Further research, including increasing the number of parasitoids, must be performed to mass-produce the augmentative releases of C. flavipes to manage D. saccharalis. ABSTRACT C D acids acid However laboratory analyzed Subsequently determined RCR (RCR RMR, , (RMR) parasitoid contrast highefficiency ECI, ECI (ECI) study 025 0 25 0.25 Therefore laboratoryscale. laboratoryscale scale. scale laboratory-scale research parasitoids massproduce produce (RMR (ECI 02 2 0.2 0.

Egeria densa is a submerged aquatic weed that can grow into dense monocultures in rivers and dams in South Africa, which negatively affects ecosystem functioning and services. The biological control agent Hydrellia egeriae Rodrigues-Júnior (Diptera: Ephydridae) was first released against Egeria densa Planchon (Hydrocharitaceae) in South Africa in 2018. Biotic resistance in an introduced range can have negative impacts on the ability of a biological control agent to establish and exert top-down pressure. Dipteran and lepidopteran species that are used as biological control agents are often susceptible to higher levels of parasitism in their introduced range than biological control agents from other insect orders. In addition, ecological analogues that are present in South Africa, make H. egeriae particularly vulnerable to biotic resistance. Considering this, post-release surveys were conducted to investigate if native parasitoids will extend their host range to include H. egeriae. Chaenusa seminervata van Achterberg, C. anervata van Achterberg (Braconidae: Alysiinae: Dacnusini) and Ademon lagarosiphonae van Achterberg (Braconidae: Opiinae) were reared from field-collected H. egeriae pupae, within a year of its release. These braconid parasitoids were previously recorded from a native herbivore, Hydrellia lagarosiphon Deeming (Diptera: Ephydridae). Parasitism levels of H. egeriae ranged from 50 to 74% in cold months and 0 to 60% in warmer months, with higher levels of parasitism at a site where H. lagarosiphon naturally occurs. This study also found that cumulative release events of the biological control agent increase the probability of parasitism of field populations, by directly increasing the host pool. However, biological control efficacy can potentially be increased by limiting release efforts to a maximum of two release events per site per season, with particular focus on releasing in warm (i.e. spring/summer) months. Continued post-release surveys are necessary to not only monitor H. egeriae's impact on E. densa, but also to obtain a better understanding of seasonal parasitism levels across E. densa-invaded sites in South Africa.

Abstract Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is the main pest of the olive tree (Olea europaea L., Oleaceae) in Brazil and its management has been difficult, as there are few products recommended for its control. This study aimed to evaluate the population dynamics of P. forficifera and the entomofauna of parasitoid eggs and larvae in three olive orchards under different cultivation systems, in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The study was carried out from October to May, in the 2017/18 and 2018/19 harvests, in olive orchards of different cultivars in the municipalities of Pelotas and Rio Grande, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Population dynamics of P. forficifera varied according to the agricultural season, the months sampled, and the orchards (sites) evaluated. The highest infestation reached around 60% of the shoots in some months, depending on the orchard evaluated. During the pest infestation period, the occurrence of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma foersteri Takahashi, 2021 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was observed along with three larval parasitoids belonging to the genera Dolichogenidea Viereck, 1911, Hymenochaonia Dalla Torre, 1898 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Temelucha Förster, 1869 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Temelucha hilux Gauld, 2000 is recorded for the first time in association with a host, and its distribution in the country is extended to the southern region, from Brazil. Due to the scarcity of information on pest management, the natural occurrence of natural enemies in crops is of paramount importance in helping to manage P. forficifera in the field. The population dynamics of P. forficifera is also influenced by the parasitoid community, made up of at least four species of parasitic Hymenoptera. Therefore, strategies aimed at managing P. forficifera must be well developed in order to maintain and increase natural biological control in the field. Munroe 195 Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Crambidae Olea L L. Oleaceae difficult P systems May 201718 2017 18 2017/1 201819 2018 19 2018/1 harvests season sampled sites (sites evaluated 60 period Takahashi 202 Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae Viereck 1911 Torre 189 Braconidae Förster 186 Ichneumonidae. Ichneumonidae . Ichneumonidae) Gauld 200 host region field community Therefore 20171 201 1 2017/ 20181 2018/ 6 20 191 2

Resumo Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) é a principal praga da oliveira (Olea europaea L., Oleaceae) no Brasil e seu manejo é dificil, pois há poucos produtos recomendados para seu controle. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a flutuação populacional de P. forficifera e avaliar os parasitoides de ovos e lagartas associados à praga em três olivais conduzidos sob diferentes sistemas de cultivo no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O estudo foi realizado entre outubro e maio, nas safras de 2017/18 e 2018/19, em pomares de oliveira de diferentes cultivares nos municípios de Pelotas e Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A dinâmica populacional de P. forficifera variou em função da safra agrícola, dos meses amostrados e dos pomares (locais) avaliados. A maior infestação alcançou cerca de 60% das brotações em alguns meses, dependendo do pomar avaliado. Durante o período de infestação da praga, foi observada a ocorrência do parasitoide de ovos Trichogramma foersteri Takahashi, 2021 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) juntamente com três parasitoides larvais pertencentes aos gêneros Dolichogenidea Viereck, 1911 e Hymenochaonia Dalla Torre, 1898 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) e Temelucha Förster, 1869 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Temelucha hilux Gauld, 2000 é registrado pela primeira vez em associação a um hospedeiro e sua distribuição no país é estendida para a região Sul do Brasil. Devido à escassez de informações sobre o manejo da praga, a ocorrência natural de inimigos naturais nos cultivos agrícolas é de suma importância para auxiliar no manejo da P. forficifera a campo. A dinâmica populacional de P. forficifera é influenciada também, pela comunidade de parasitoides, formada por no mínimo quatro espécies de himenópteros parasitoides. Assim, estratégias direcionadas para o manejo da P. forficifera devem ser bem elaboradas para manter e aumentar o controle biológico natural a campo. Munroe 195 Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Crambidae Olea L L. Oleaceae dificil P maio 201718 2017 18 2017/1 201819 2018 19 2018/19 agrícola locais (locais avaliados 60 avaliado Takahashi 202 Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae Viereck 191 Torre 189 Braconidae Förster 186 Ichneumonidae. Ichneumonidae . Ichneumonidae) Gauld 200 campo também Assim 20171 201 1 2017/ 20181 2018/1 6 20 2018/ 2

Abstract A new species of the genus Gnamptodon Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Telengaiinae) from Brazil is described and illustrated. The new data now presented extend the geographical distribution and the number of species to this genus in neotropical region. Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Braconidae Telengaiinae illustrated region

Resumo Uma nova espécie do gênero Gnamptodon Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Telengaiinae) do Brasil é descrita e ilustrada. Os novos dados aqui apresentados ampliam a distribuição geográfica e o número de espécies para esse gênero na região neotropical. Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Braconidae Telengaiinae ilustrada neotropical

Resumo Mosca-das-frutas sul-americana, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Tephritidae), é uma importante praga da região subtropical do Brasil. Este inseto tem relação tritrófico entre frutos silvestres e parasitoides e está associado a pomares de macieiras (Malus domestica Borkh.) adjacentes à Mata Atlântica no Paraná. Assim, investigamos o grau de infestação da mosca-das-frutas e o parasitismo natural em frutas silvestres e cultivadas ao redor de pomares de maçã. Para tanto, foram coletados frutos de Acca sellowiana (Berg.) Burret, Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart), Eugenia uniflora L., Eugenia pyriformis Cambessèdes, Psidium cattleianum Sabine, Psidium guajava (L.), Annona neosericea Rainer e Eriobotrya japonica (Thumb) em pomares de maçã adjacentes à Mata Atlântica localizados nos municípios de Campo do Tenente, Lapa e Porto Amazonas. No total, coletamos 18.289 frutos durante quatro anos de cultivo. A ocorrência de A. fraterculus depende do período de suscetibilidade dos frutos da maçã. A. sellowiana e P. cattleianum foram considerados multiplicadores primários de mosca-das-frutas e P. guajava foi secundário, todos ocorrendo após a colheita da maçã (período IS). Os parasitóides a associados a A. fraterculus foram Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes, 1924) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), Opius bellus (Gahan, 1930), Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti, 1911) e Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti, 1911) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), todos os quais são primeiros registros na Mata Atlântica no Paraná. Primeiro registro de O. bellus ocorrendo no Estado do Paraná, assim como, primeiro registro da associação tritrófica entre o hospedeiro A. neosericea, parasitoides D. areolatus e O. bellus e mosca-das-frutas A. fraterculus. O hospedeiro P. cattleianum se destacou entre as espécies de Myrtaceae pela alta diversidade de parasitóides associados (81% dos parasitóides). O número total de espécies de Figitidae (76,5%) foi superior ao de espécies de Braconidae. A influência de eventos climáticos no sul do Brasil na produção de frutas silvestres deve ser mais estudada para entender a associação de A. fraterculus com a relação tritrófica.

Abstract The South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an important pest in the subtropical region of Brazil. This insect has tritrophic relation between wild fruits and parasitoids and is associated with apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchards adjacent to the Atlantic Forest in Paraná. We thus investigated the degree of infestation of the fruit fly and natural parasitism in wild and cultivated fruits surrounding apple orchards. For this purpose, we collected fruits of Acca sellowiana (Berg.) Burret, Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart), Eugenia uniflora L., Eugenia pyriformis Cambessèdes, Psidium cattleianum Sabine, Psidium guajava (L.), Annona neosericea Rainer and Eriobotrya japonica (Thumb) in apple orchards adjacent to the Atlantic Forest located in Campo do Tenente, Lapa and Porto Amazonas counties. In total, we collected 18,289 fruits during four growing years. The occurrence of A. fraterculus depends on the susceptible period of apple fruits. A. sellowiana and P. cattleianum were considered primary fruit fly multipliers and P. guajava was secondary, all occurring after the apple harvest (IS period). The group of parasitoids with A. fraterculus was Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes, 1924) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), Opius bellus (Gahan, 1930), Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti, 1911) and Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti, 1911) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) all of which are first records in the Atlantic Forest in Paraná. First record of O. bellus occurring in the State of Paraná, as well as, first record of the tritrophic association between host plant A. neosericea, parasitoids D. areolatus and O. bellus and fruit fly A. fraterculus. The host P. cattleianum stood out among the Myrtaceae species in regard to the high diversity of parasitoid species (81% of parasitoids). The total number of Figitidae species (76.5%) was higher than that of Braconidae species. The influence of climatic events in southern Brazil on wild fruit production should be further studied to understand the association of A. fraterculus with the tritrophic relationship.

Abstract Anthonomus eugenii (Cano, 1894) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is the most important pest in chili crop. In Mexico, the natural parasitism of various control agents on the chili pepper weevil has been reported. This work the presence of parasitoids Jaliscoa hunteri (Crawford, 1908) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Urosigalphus sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is describes for the first time for the Puebla state, with a percentage of parasitism of 1.3% and 3.7%, respectively. In addition, it was determined that the population fluctuation of these natural enemies coinciding with the largest population of A. eugenii, therefore, these parasitoids can be considered an alternative for the biological control of the pest.

Resumen La plaga más importante en el cultivo de chile es Anthonomus eugenii (Cano, 1894) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). En México se ha reportado el parasitismo natural de diversos agentes de control sobre el picudo del chile. En este trabajo se describe por primera vez la presencia de los parasitoides Jaliscoa hunteri (Crawford, 1908) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) y Urosigalphus sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) en el estado de Puebla, con un porcentaje de parasitismo del 1.3 % y 3.7 %, respectivamente. Además, se determinó que la fluctuación poblacional de estos enemigos naturales coincidió con la mayor población de A. eugenii, por lo que estos parasitoides pueden ser considerados una alternativa para el control biológico de la plaga.

Abstract During the storage period of dry tobacco and its derivatives, insect pests such as species of Ephestia Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), popularly known as moths, cause damage to the product, being controlled mainly with physical practices and synthetic chemicals, although with limitations on their use and results. Some biological control agents, such as the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), have the potential to control these pests. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of H. hebetor release in tobacco farms and industrial warehouses, on the infestation of Ephestia spp. adults. Parasitoids were released in tobacco farmers and tobacco industry warehouses between 2016-2018, comprising two years/crop seasons. Each release consisted of 1,000 parasitoids (four times) in tobacco farmers warehouses (70 m2) and 30,000 (five times) in tobacco industry warehouses (8,000 m2). Pheromone-baited sticky traps were used to weekly monitor the average number of adults of Ephestia spp. in warehouses with (WP) and without parasitoid release (NP). The average number of adults of Ephestia spp. captured in the traps in WP environments at farmers and industry level was significantly lower than the average captured in NP from the third and fifth weeks. In the following weeks, the averages of Ephestia spp. were always significantly lower in the WP environments until the end of monitoring. Therefore, the use of H. hebetor for moth control should be considered as part of a biological control program in stored tobacco environments. derivatives Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Pyralidae, Pyralidae , Pyralidae) moths product chemicals results agents Say (Say Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Braconidae, Braconidae Braconidae) H spp 20162018, 20162018 2016 2018, 2018 2016-2018 yearscrop years crop seasons 1000 1 000 1,00 four times 70 (7 m2 m 30000 30 30,00 five 8,000 8000 8 (8,00 m2. . Pheromonebaited Pheromone baited (WP NP. (NP) weeks monitoring Therefore 2016201 201 2016-201 100 00 1,0 7 ( 3000 3 30,0 8,00 800 (8,0 (NP 201620 20 2016-20 10 0 1, 300 30, 8,0 80 (8, 20162 2 2016-2 8, (8 2016-

Abstract Although tropical agroforestry systems modify natural environments, they are proposed as a sustainable alternative for food production and biodiversity conservation. This work explores how the diversity of parasitoids is modified between different areas in a fragmented scenario such as an agroforestry system. It was found that there is no direct effect of plant diversity on the group of parasitoids studied. However, the number of specialist species is high, which indicates that in diversified agroforestry, these probably function as a remnant of natural habitat or as a refuge for parasitoids that disperse towards the different types of management within the agroforestry. Therefore, in future studies, it is necessary to consider the controls exerted by the bottom-up effects of plant diversity, adding to this the context of the interactions that occur in agroforestry systems.

Resumen Los sistemas agroforestales tropicales, aunque modifican los ambientes naturales, se proponen como una alternativa de sustentabilidad para la producción de alimentos y la conservación de la biodiversidad. Este trabajo explora cómo se modifica la diversidad de parasitoides entre diferentes áreas, en un escenario fragmentado como lo es un sistema agroforestal . Se encontró que no hay un efecto directo de la diversidad de plantas en el grupo de parasitoides estudiado; pero el número de especies especialistas es alto, lo cual señala que en agroforestales diversificados estos probablemente funcionen como remanente de hábitat natural o como refugio para los parasitoides que se dispersan hacia los diferentes tipos de manejo dentro del agroforestal. Por lo anterior es necesario considerar en futuros estudios los controles ejercidos por los efectos de abajo hacia arriba de la diversidad de plantas, sumando a esto el contexto de las interacciones que ocurren en los sistemas agroforestales.

ABSTRACT The Cerrado biome occupies 22% of Brazil's land area and has one of the highest levels of endemism of flora and fauna species of any biome. As components of the fauna, the arthropods stand out as they perform several functions within ecosystems and serve as bioindicators of environmental quality. This work aimed to evaluate the association of the arthropod fauna with tree canopies in an area surrounding a fragment of a legal reserve adjacent to a coffee plantation. The study was conducted at the Juliana farm (18°43'29"S; 47°29'55"W), located in the municipality of Monte Carmelo, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The canopy net methodology was used, in which a net bag was wrapped around the branches and shaken five times, covering the four cardinal directions in the crowns of 20 trees. The contents of the net were placed in plastic bags, sealed, identified, and taken to the laboratory. Twelve monthly collections were performed between August 2018 and July 2019, for a total of 240 samples. The collected specimens were identified in taxonomic groups using a taxonomic key. During the sampling period, 804 individuals were collected, belonging to 56 taxa of the classes Arachnida and Insecta. Xylopia aromatica (Annonaceae) was the most representative tree species, with 50% of the sampled taxa found in its branches. The order Araneae and the families Asilidae and Tephritidae (Diptera) and Formicidae (Hymenoptera) were the predominant taxa in the faunistic analysis. As potential predators, Araneae and Formicidae were the most important groups and were found in all tree species sampled. The families Braconidae and Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) were the most common among the parasitoids. We conclude that the legal reserve and permanent preservation areas maintain populations of tree species that can generate a survival site for natural enemies and other canopy arthropods.

RESUMEN El Cerrado ocupa el 22% de la superficie terrestre de Brasil y tiene uno de los niveles más altos de endemismo de fauna y flora en comparación con otros biomas. Como componentes de la fauna se destacan los artrópodos, los cuales realizan varias funciones dentro de los ecosistemas y pueden servir como indicadores ambientales. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la asociación de la fauna de artrópodos con las copas de los árboles en un área de borde de un fragmento de bosque perteneciente a una reserva natural adyacente a una plantación de café. El estudio se realizó en la finca Juliana (18°43'29 "S; 47°29'55" O), ubicada en el municipio de Monte Carmelo, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Se adaptó la metodología de red de dosel para realizar la colecta de especímenes. Se envolvió una bolsa de red alrededor de las ramas de copas de 20 árboles y se agitó cinco veces, cubriendo los cuatro puntos cardinales. El contenido de la red se colocó en bolsas plásticas que luego de selladas e identificadas fueron llevadas al laboratorio. Se realizaron doce colectas mensuales entre agosto de 2018 y julio de 2019, totalizando 240 muestras. Los grupos taxonómicos a los que pertenecían los especímenes colectados fueron identificados utilizando una clave taxonómica. Se colectaron 804 individuos pertenecientes a 56 taxones de las clases Arachnida e Insecta. Xylopia aromatica (Annonaceae) fue la especie arbórea más representativa, conteniendo en sus ramas el 50% de los taxones colectados. El orden Araneae y las familias Asilidae y Tephritidae (Diptera) y Formicidae (Hymenoptera) fueron los taxones predominantes en el análisis faunístico. Los depredadores potenciales Araneae y Formicidae fueron los grupos más conspicuos, encontrándose en todas las especies de árboles analizadas. Las familias Braconidae e Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) fueron las más comunes entre los parasitoides. Concluimos que la reserva natural y las áreas de preservación permanente mantienen poblaciones de especies arbóreas que pueden generar espacios de supervivencia para enemigos naturales y otros artrópodos del dosel.

The alien invasive large cabbage white, Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pieridae), although introduced into South Africa more than 27 years ago, has not dramatically expanded its distribution, possibly because it is effectively attacked by two parasitoid wasp species. Even though there is a cohort of parasitoid species associated with P. brassicae in the Northern Hemisphere, these are the only two recorded parasitoids in South Africa. We determine these parasitoid wasps as Cotesia glomerata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Braconidae: Microgastrinae) and Pteromalus puparum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pteromalidae), and provide high resolution images and DNA barcodes to facilitate their recognition. This is the first record of C. glomerata from the Afrotropical region.

RESUMEN Las arvenses en el cultivo de café tienen diversos servicios ecosistémicos, uno de ellos es servir de refugio y alimento de enemigos naturales de insectos plaga. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el potencial de las arvenses del café como alimento y refugio de enemigos naturales en el café de sombra y sol. Se realizó muestreos de arvenses en un transecto de 100 m, en cada tipo de cafetal. Para la captura de insectos se utilizó al mismo tiempo, trampas Malaise y capturas manuales cada 15 días durante cinco meses. Luego de identificar las arvenses dominantes, se llevaron a cabo observaciones y una recolección directa de insectos a tres horarios diferentes, durante tres días. Se realizaron análisis faunísticos, así como el análisis de similitud de Bray Curtis y la prueba T de Student. Las arvenses predominantes en cafetal de sol y sombra fueronEmilia sonchifolia, Acmella oppositifolia, Bidens pilosayCommelina diffusa, Salvia palifolia, Stachytarpheta cayennensisrespectivamente, en las cuales se encontraron mayor actividad de insectos en el horario de 11:30-12:00pm. En estas arvenses se encontraron hasta 15 familias donde se destaca las familias; Formicidae, Braconidae y Coccinellidae. El sistema bajo sombrío presentó una fauna de enemigos naturales similar con respecto al cafetal a libre exposición. Mediante este estudio exploratorio comprobó que las arvenses albergan una diversidad de enemigos naturales importante en los agroecosistemas cafeteros.

ABSTRACT Weeds in coffee crops have diverse ecosystem services, such as sheltering and feeding natural enemies of pest insects. This study aimed to identify the potential of coffee weeds as food and refuge for natural enemies in shaded and sun coffee crops. Weeds were sampled in a 100 m transect installed in each type of coffee crop. Malaise traps and sweep-nets were both used to capture insects every 15 days for five months. After identifying the dominant weeds, observations and a direct recollection of insects were carried out at three different hours during three days. Faunistic analyses were performed, as well as the Bray and Curtis (1957) similarity analysis and the Student's t test. Emilia sonchifolia, Acmella oppositifolia, Bidens pilosa were predominant in the free exposure sun plantation coffee crops and Commelina diffusa, Salvia palifolia, Stachytarpheta cayennensis in under shade coffee crops. High insect activity was found between 11:30 am-12:00 pm. In these weeds, we found about 15 families, the most important were Formicidae, Braconidae, and Coccinellidae. We concluded that the shaded coffee crops exhibited a natural enemy community similar to that of the sun. Through this exploratory study, we verified that weeds harbor a diversity of natural enemies important to the coffee agroecosystems.

RESUMO A citricultura está crescendo no Estado do Pará, Brasil, mas faltam informações sobre as pragas conhecidas como moscas-das-frutas e os parasitoides associados na região. Visando abordar esta lacuna no conhecimento, foram coletados frutos de laranja (Citrus sinensis), laranja var. lima (C. sinensis), lima-da-pérsia (C. limettioides), limão-cidra (C. medica) e tangerina (C. reticulata). Registramos, pela primeira vez, infestação em condições naturais de campo por Anastrepha obliqua em C. sinensis no Pará e identificamos uma tritrófica entre C. sinensis, A. obliqua e os parasitoides Opius bellus e Asobara anastrephae.

ABSTRACT Citriculture is a growing industry in Pará state, Brazil, but information regarding fruit flies and their associated parasitoids in this region is lacking. To address this gap in knowledge, we collected oranges (Citrus sinensis), lime oranges (C. sinensis), common sweet limes (C. limettioides), citrons (C. medica) and mandarins (C. reticulata). We recorded field infestation by Anastrepha obliqua in C. sinensis under natural conditions for the first time in the study region, and a tritrophic relationship between C. sinensis, A. obliqua, and the parasitoids Opius bellus and Asobara anastrephae was identified.

Resumen Se relacionan las especies de la familia Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) presentes en cultivos de maíz en el Estado de Durango, México. Se resalta la presencia de Meteorus arizonensis y Meteorus laphygmae (Euphorinae) como nuevos registros de parasitoides del gusano cogollero, Spodoptera frugiperda. Estos nuevos registros contribuyen al conocimiento de la diversidad de himenópteros, los cuales, además pueden ser utilizados en programas de control biológico.

Abstract In this paper, are listed some species of the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) present in corn crops in the State of Durango, Mexico. The presence of Meteorus arizonensis and Meteorus laphygmae (Euphorinae) is highlighted as new records of parasitoids of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. These new records contribute to the knowledge of the diversity of hymenopteran, which can also be used in biological control programs.

Abstract: Urban trees are a source of food resources, habitat and refuge for the biodiversity that occurs in cities. However, the taxonomic identity and status of each plant species as native and / or exotic of in an ecosystem influences its interactions with biodiversity. Wasps are one of the main insects present in terrestrial ecosystems, including urban ecosystems, as components of their biodiversity, playing an important role as biocontrol agents (predators and parasitoids) of populations of other insects associated with urban flora or as phytophagous. Seeking to deepen into the knowledge of the diversity of wasps in the city of Bogotá and their ecological interactions, in this study the diversity of wasps associated with three native and three exotic species frequently in urban parks of the city was evaluated. In total, 22 wasp families and 227 morphospecies were identified. The families Bethylidae, Chalcididae and Crabronidae are recorded for the first time in Bogotá. On the other part, the families Eulophidae, Ichneumonidae and Braconidae were the ones that contributed with the most richness and abundance in this study. Regarding their association with the evaluated plant species, a greater diversity of morphospecies associated with native tree species was found, however, there is an effect of the taxonomic identity and the factor park on the results that are discussed. It highlighting the importance of conserving the native urban flora in green spaces of Bogota’s city, in order to maintain and preserve the diversity of wasps principally with parasitoid and predator habits and thus enhance their role as natural biocontrol agents of insects that affect the health of urban trees, at the same time that ecological processes and functionality of this urban ecosystem would be stimulated.

Resumen: El arbolado urbano es fuente de recursos alimenticios, hábitat y refugio para la biodiversidad que ocurre en las ciudades. No obstante, la identidad taxonómica y el estatus de cada especie de planta como nativa y/o exótica de un ecosistema influencia sus interacciones con la biodiversidad. Las avispas son uno de los principales insectos presentes en los ecosistemas terrestres, incluyendo el urbano, como componentes de su biodiversidad, ejerciendo un rol importante como controladores biológicos (parasitoides y depredadores) de las poblaciones de otros insectos asociados a la flora urbana o como fitófagos. Buscando profundizar en el conocimiento de la diversidad de avispas en la ciudad de Bogotá y sus interacciones ecológicas, en este estudio se evaluó la diversidad de avispas asociadas a tres especies arbóreas nativas y tres exóticas frecuentes en los parques urbanos de la ciudad. En total se identificaron 22 familias de avispas y 227 morfoespecies. Las familias Bethylidae, Chalcididae y Crabronidae se registran por primera vez en Bogotá. Por su parte, las familias Eulophidae, Ichneumonidae y Braconidae fueron las que aportaron la mayor riqueza y abundancia en este estudio. Con respecto a su asociación con las especies vegetales evaluadas, se encontró una mayor diversidad de morfoespecies asociadas a las especies arbóreas nativas, sin embargo, hay un efecto de la identidad taxonómica de la especie y la variable parque sobre los resultados encontrados que se discuten. Se resalta la importancia de conservar la flora nativa en los espacios verdes de la ciudad de Bogotá, con el fin de mantener y conservar la diversidad de avispas principalmente de hábitos parasitoides y depredadores y así potencializar su rol como biocontroladores naturales de los insectos que afectan la salud del arbolado urbano, al mismo tiempo que se dinamizarían los procesos ecológicos y funcionalidad de este ecosistema urbano.