Resumo As mudanças antropogênicas têm causado profundas repercussões, que levaram a uma degradação progressiva dos recursos naturais. No caso da Amazônia equatoriana, a alta taxa de desmatamento, as mudanças no uso da terra e o manejo extensivo da pecuária têm levado a baixas taxas de produção, com uma ameaça iminente ao conforto térmico dos ruminantes. O presente estudo teve como objetivo contrastar como o uso de sistemas silvipastoris (SPs) representa uma opção viável para a reconversão da pecuária extensiva. O presente estudo comparou o uso de sistemas silvipastoris versus um sistema pastoral convencional, como alternativa para a recuperação de áreas degradadas. Portanto, sob um delineamento em blocos inteiramente casualizados, Brachiaria decumbens foi avaliada com três tratamentos: Controle = pastoral convencional, SPs1 = densidade 100 árvores/ha-1 e SPs2 = 150 árvores/ha-1. Todas as variáveis ambientais e indicadores bioclimáticos [temperatura e carga de calor radiante (RHL)] mostraram-se mitigados sob SPs (P < 0,001), o que se traduz em melhor conforto térmico para ruminantes (RHL; 638 vs. 1.749 ± 40; P < 0,001). Embora os tratamentos tenham afetado todas as variáveis agronômicas de Brachiaria decumbens (P < 0,001 a 0,004), o mês condicionou a maioria das determinações químicas (P < 0,001). Isso significa que o uso de SPs em médio ou longo prazo pode contribuir para a recuperação de pastagens em processos de degradação. Consequentemente, os SPs como alternativa de produção limpa ajudariam a melhorar alguns aspectos, como qualidade do solo e rendimentos agronômicos, bem como maior qualidade nutricional das pastagens. De qualquer forma, estudos de longo prazo devem ser realizados para contrastar nossas respostas. repercussões naturais equatoriana desmatamento (SPs extensiva convencional degradadas Portanto casualizados 10 árvores/ha1 árvoresha1 árvoresha árvores/ha 1 árvores ha árvores/ha- 15 árvores/ha1. 1. temperatura RHL (RHL) mostraramse mostraram 0,001, 0001 , 0 001 0,001) (RHL 63 vs 1749 749 1.74 40 0,001. . 0,00 0,004, 0004 0,004 004 0,004) Consequentemente aspectos agronômicos forma respostas ha1 000 00 6 174 74 1.7 4 0,0 17 7 0,

Abstract Athropogenic changes have caused profound repercussions, which have led to a progressive degradation of natural resources. In the case of the Ecuadorian Amazon, the high rate of deforestation, changes in land use and extensive livestock management have led to low production rates with an eminent threat to the thermal comfort of ruminants. The present study aimed to contrasts how the use of SPs represents a viable option for the reconversion of extensive livestock farming. The current study compared the use of silvopastoral systems (SPs) versus a conventional pastoral system, as an alternative for the recovery of degraded areas. Therefore, under a completely randomized block design, Brachiaria decumbens was evaluated with three of treatments, such as Control = conventional pastoral, SPs1 = density 100 trees/ha-1 and SPs2 = 150 trees/ha-1. All environmental variables and bioclimatic indicators (temperature and radiant heat load: RHL) were shown to be mitigated under SPs (P < 0.001), which translates into better thermal comfort for ruminants (RHL; 638 vs. 1749 ± 40; P < 0.001). Although, the treatments affected all the agronomic variables of Brachiaria decumbens (P < 0.001 to 0.004), the month conditioned most of the chemical determinations (P < 0.001). This means that the use of SPs in the medium or long term could contribute to the recovery of pastures in degradation processes. Consequently, SPs as a clean production alternative would help improve aspects such as soil quality, agronomic yields, as well as greater nutritional quality of pastures. In any case, long-term studies should be performed to contrast our responses. repercussions resources Amazon deforestation farming (SPs system areas Therefore design 10 trees/ha1 treesha1 treesha trees/ha 1 trees ha trees/ha- 15 trees/ha1. 1. temperature load RHL 0.001, 0001 , 0 001 0.001) (RHL 63 vs 174 40 0.001. . Although 0.00 0.004, 0004 0.004 004 0.004) processes Consequently yields longterm responses ha1 000 00 6 17 4 0.0 0.

ABSTRACT This study’s main objective was to determine the novel impact of supplementing Brachiaria decumbens leaf meal on the growth performance, blood biochemistry, and stress biomarkers of commercial broilers raised in hot and humid environments. A total of 300 male Ross 308 day-old broilers were divided into six different treatment groups at random. In Treatment 1, commercial diets without any additional additives were given to the broilers. In Treatment 2, broilers were fed commercial diets containing 100 mg/kg of the antibiotic oxytetracycline. Similar commercial diets supplemented with 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg of B. decumbens leaf meal were respectively given to Treatments 3, 4, 5, and 6 without the use of antibiotics. Growth performance, serum lipid profiles, acute phase proteins, hormones, and heat shock proteins all differed significantly (p<0.05) among the treatments. The greatest final body weight, body weight gain, and lowest feed conversion ratio were generally seen in T3, for broilers supplemented with 25 mg/kg of B. decumbens leaf meal. Moreover, T3 broilers supplemented with 25 mg/kg of B. decumbens leaf meal showed the lowest AGP, corticosterone, and HSP 70 concentrations, while T6 broilers treated with 100 mg/kg of B. decumbens leaf meal had the lowest LDL and highest HDL values. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that supplementing broilers with B. decumbens leaf meal only requires a small amount to improve growth and reduce the effects of stress, but that a higher concentration is necessary to improve lipid profiles. studys s performance biochemistry environments 30 dayold day old random 1 2 10 mgkg mg kg oxytetracycline 50 75 B 3 4 5 antibiotics profiles hormones p<0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0.05 treatments gain T Moreover AGP corticosterone 7 concentrations values p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 p<0. p0 (p<0. p<0 (p<0 p< (p< (p

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of row spacing for sowing of ‘BRS Mandarim’ pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) on soil fertility and on the yield and nutritional values of brachiaria (Urochloa decumbens) pasture. Pigeon pea was sown in an area in the initial stage of degradation and cultivated with brachiaria. Four row-spacing treatments were evaluated for pigeon pea sowing, using the following row spacing: single rows spaced at 40, 80, and 120 cm; and a double-row with 40 cm between rows, spaced at 120 cm. In addition, a reference area treatment without pigeon pea was used. The nutritive parameters of the total available forage and of the pigeon pea plants were measured at three following development stages of pigeon pea plants: vegetative stage, at 79 days after sowing (DAS); beginning of the reproductive stage, with green pods, at 157 DAS; and final stage of grain production (dry pods), at 281 DAS. The use of the legume provided an economy of up to R$ 1,716.30 ha−1 in the application of nitrogen fertilizers. Pigeon pea used as green manure provides a significant increase of 53.5 to 140% in the dry matter yield of brachiaria. BRS Mandarim Cajanus cajan Urochloa decumbens pasture rowspacing 80 12 doublerow double 4 addition 7 DAS (DAS) pods 15 , pods) 28 R 171630 1 716 30 1,716.3 ha1 ha ha− fertilizers 535 53 5 53. 140 8 (DAS 2 17163 71 3 1,716. 14 1716 1,716 171 1,71 17 1,7 1,

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do espaçamento entre linhas para plantio de guandu (Cajanus cajan) ‘BRS Mandarim’ sobre a fertilidade do solo e sobre a produtividade e o valor nutricional de pastagem de braquiária (Urochloa decumbens). O guandu foi semeado em área com estágio inicial de degradação e cultivada com braquiária. Quatro tratamentos foram avaliados para a semeadura de guandu, tendo-se utilizado os seguintes espaçamentos entre linhas: fileiras únicas espaçadas em 40, 80 e 120 cm; e fileira dupla com 40 cm entre as fileiras, espaçadas em 120 cm. Além disso, foi utilizada uma área de referência de tratamento sem guandu. Os parâmetros nutritivos da forragem total disponível e das plantas de guandu foram mensurados nos três seguintes estágios de desenvolvimento das plantas de guandu: estágio vegetativo, aos 79 dias após a semeadura (DAS); início do estágio reprodutivo, com vagens verdes, aos 157 DAS; e estágio final de produção de grãos (vagens secas), aos 281 DAS. O uso da leguminosa proporcionou economia de até R$ 1.716,30 ha−1 na aplicação de fertilizantes nitrogenados. O guandu como adubação verde proporciona um aumento significativo de 53,5 a 140% na produtividade de matéria seca da braquiária. Cajanus cajan BRS Mandarim Urochloa decumbens. decumbens . decumbens) tendose tendo se 8 12 4 disso vegetativo 7 DAS (DAS) reprodutivo verdes 15 secas, secas , secas) 28 R 171630 1 716 30 1.716,3 ha1 ha ha− nitrogenados 535 53 5 53, 140 (DAS 2 17163 71 3 1.716, 14 1716 1.716 171 1.71 17 1.7 1.

Resumo A magnetização da água e o geoprocessamento são ferramentas cada vez mais utilizadas no manejo de ervas daninhas. Nosso objetivo foi estudar a influência da magnetização da água na eficiência do herbicida e verificar se existe uma relação entre os escores de controle e o índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada (NDVI). No experimento de laboratório, a água foi submetida à magnetização e avaliada em relação a quatro características. No experimento de campo, parcelas de capim-braquiária foram submetidas a tratamentos em esquema fatorial (6 × 2 + 1). Seis fatores herbicidas (doses de glyphosate e glyphosate + 2,4-D) e a magnetização ou ausência de magnetização da calda foram avaliados e comparados com o tratamento controle (sem pulverização). Avaliações de controle de plantas daninhas foram realizadas seis vezes. As imagens foram obtidas usando uma câmera multiespectral incorporada para determinar os valores de NDVI. Os dados relacionados às características da água foram analisados por meio do teste t. O controle de plantas daninhas e os dados de NDVI foram submetidos à análise de variância e são apresentados em gráficos de regressão. A análise de dispersão dos dados NDVI foi realizada de acordo com os escores de controle. O processo de magnetização diminuiu o pH da água e aumentou a tensão superficial, mas não influenciou nos escores de controle ou no NDVI. Conforme a dose de glyphosate foi aumentada, os escores de controle foram maiores e os valores de NDVI foram menores. A água magnetizada não afetou a eficiência biológica dos herbicidas, e houve uma forte correlação entre os escores de controle e os valores de NDVI.

Abstract Water magnetization and geoprocessing are increasingly utilized tools in weed management. Our objective was to study the influence of water magnetization on herbicide efficiency and to verify whether there is a relationship between control scores and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). In the laboratory experiment, water was subjected to magnetization and evaluated with respect to four characteristics. In the field experiment, plots of Brachiaria grass were subjected to treatments in a factorial scheme (6 × 2 + 1). Six herbicidal factors (doses of glyphosate and glyphosate + 2,4-D) and the magnetization or absence of magnetization of the spray solution were evaluated and compared against the control treatment (without spraying). Weed control assessments were carried out six times. Images were obtained using an embedded multispectral camera to determine the NDVI values. Data related to water characteristics were analyzed using the t test. Weed control and NDVI data were subjected to analysis of variance and are presented in regression graphs. Dispersion analysis of NDVI data was performed according to the control scores. The magnetization process decreased the pH of the water and increased the surface tension, but it did not influence the control scores or the NDVI. As the glyphosate dose was increased, the control scores were higher and the NDVI values were lower. Magnetized water did not affect the biological efficiency of the herbicides, and there was a strong correlation between the control scores and the NDVI values.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the seasonal effect of months of the year upon the physiological and productive responses of crossbred dairy cows raised in an Amazonian climate. Twenty lactating cows were evaluated, fed on Brachiaria decumbens pasture, with free access to water and mineral supplementation. Data from climate variables air temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), rainfall (RA) and temperature and humidity index (THI) were recorded dur ing the months of January to April 2019. The physiological data collected were: respiratory rate (RR, mov/min), heart rate (HR, beats/min), rectal temperature (RT, ºC), udder surface temperature (UST, ºC), body surface temperature (BST, ºC), dorsum surface temperature (DST, ºC), front surface temperature (FST, ºC) and rear shin temperature (RST). Milk production (MP) was also measured. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) of RST and RR with values ranging from 34.8 to 35.5°C and 32.0 to 36.2 mov/min, respectively. There were no significant difference (P>0.05) for BST, and the values for MP and THI were 3.8; 3.8; 4.6; 4.1 kg and 77.7; 79.7; 80.6; 80.1, respectively. It was concluded that there was a seasonal effect of the months of the year evaluated on the respiratory rate of animals, however, it did not change the MP and the THI. The Amazon environment is conducive to causing thermal stress in lactating cows raised on pasture, requiring the use of shading to facilitate the ability of these animals to dissipate heat. pasture supplementation AT, AT , (AT) RH, RH (RH) RA (RA (THI 2019 RR, (RR movmin mov/min mov min mov/min) HR, HR (HR beats/min, beatsmin beats/min beats beats/min) RT, RT (RT ºC, ºC UST, UST (UST BST (BST DST, DST (DST FST, FST (FST RST. . (RST) (MP measured P<0.05 P005 P 0 05 (P<0.05 348 34 8 34. 355C C 35 5 320 32 32. 362 36 2 36. respectively P>0.05 (P>0.05 3.8 38 3 4.6 46 4 6 41 1 4. 77.7 777 77 7 79.7 797 79 80.6 806 80 801 80.1 however heat (AT (RH 201 (RST P<0.0 P00 (P<0.0 P>0.0 (P>0.0 3. 77. 79. 80. 20 P<0. P0 (P<0. P>0. (P>0. P<0 (P<0 P>0 (P>0 P< (P< P> (P> (P

Resumo O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos sazonais dos meses do ano sobre as respostas fisiológicas e produtivas de vacas leiteiras mestiças criadas em clima amazônico. Foram avaliadas 20 vacas lactantes, alimentadas com pasto de Brachiaria decumbens, com acesso livre a água e suplementação mineral. Foram registrados dados das variáveis climáticas temperatura do ar (TA), umidade relativa do ar (UR), precipitação pluviométrica (PP) e índice de temperatura e Umidade (ITU) durante os meses de janeiro a abril de 2019. Os dados fisiológicos coletados foram: frequência respiratória (FR, mov/min), frequência cardíaca (FC, bat./min), temperatura retal (TR, ºC), temperatura superficial do úbere (TSU, ºC), temperatura superfície corporal (TSC, ºC), temperatura superficial do dorso (TSD, ºC), temperatura superficial da fronte (TSF, ºC) e temperatura superficial da canela (TSCA, °C). Também foi mensurada a produção de leite (PL, kg). Houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) da TSCA e FR com valores variando de 34,8 a 35,5°C e 32,0 a 36,2 mov/min, respectivamente. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) para TSC e os valores observados para PL e ITU foram 3,8; 3,8; 4,6; 4,1 kg e 77,7; 79,7; 80,6; 80,1, respectivamente. Houve efeito sazonal dos meses avaliados sobre a taxa respiratória dos animais, no entanto, isso não alterou a PL nem o ITU. O ambiente amazônico é propício a causar estresse térmico em vacas lactantes mantidas a pasto, sendo necessário o uso de sombreamento para facilitar a capacidade de dissipação de calor corporal desses animais. 2 decumbens mineral TA, TA , (TA) UR, UR (UR) PP (PP (ITU 2019 FR, (FR movmin mov/min mov min mov/min) FC, FC (FC bat./min, batmin bat./min bat bat./min) TR, TR (TR ºC, ºC TSU, TSU (TSU TSC, (TSC TSD, TSD (TSD TSF, TSF (TSF TSCA, (TSCA °C. C °C . °C) PL, (PL kg. kg) P<0,05 P005 P 0 05 (P<0,05 348 34 8 34, 355C 35 5 320 32 32, 362 36 36, respectivamente P>0,05 (P>0,05 3,8 38 3 4,6 46 4 6 41 1 4, 77,7 777 77 7 79,7 797 79 80,6 806 80 801 80,1 animais entanto (TA (UR 201 P<0,0 P00 (P<0,0 P>0,0 (P>0,0 3, 77, 79, 80, P<0, P0 (P<0, P>0, (P>0, P<0 (P<0 P>0 (P>0 P< (P< P> (P> (P

Abstract: The demand for techniques that make it possible to assess the physiological potential of seeds quickly and assertively make near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) and seedling analysis using ILASTIK software promising tools. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological potential of Urochloa decumbens seeds using near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) and ILASTIK software. Seeds from 10 lots of U. decumbens were classified according to their physiological potential (germination and vigor) and then FT-NIR spectra were obtained from individual seed samples, the original spectra being pre-processed with different dispersion correction methods used for the construction of a classification model through partial least squares discriminant analysis (PSL-DA). For the ILASTIK evaluation, the seedlings were photographed at 7 and 14 days of germination and the trained classifier was applied to the images, generating data on the numbers of strong seedlings, weak seedlings and non-germinated seeds. With data from the FT-NIR technique pre-processed by the 2nd derivative of Savitzky-Golay, it was possible to obtain a classification model with high efficiency to discriminate the classes regarding the physiological potential of the seeds. ILASTIK was efficient to classify seeds according to their physiological potential after only 7 days of germination. FT-NIR and ILASTIK analyses are non-destructive and fast alternatives, with great potential for quality control of U. decumbens seed lots. Abstract nearinfrared near infrared FTNIR FT NIR (FT-NIR tools 1 U vigor samples preprocessed pre processed PSLDA. PSLDA PSL DA . (PSL-DA) evaluation images nongerminated non germinated nd SavitzkyGolay, SavitzkyGolay Savitzky Golay, Golay Savitzky-Golay nondestructive destructive alternatives (PSL-DA

Resumo: A demanda por técnicas que permitam avaliar o potencial fisiológico das sementes de forma rápida e assertiva fazem da espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo (FT-NIR) e da análise de plântulas pelo software ILASTIK ferramentas promissoras. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o potencial fisiológico de sementes de Urochloa decumbens por meio da espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo (FT-NIR) e do software ILASTIK. Sementes de 10 lotes de U. decumbens foram classificadas quanto o potencial fisiológico (germinação e vigor) e depois foram obtidos espectros FT-NIR de amostras individuais de sementes, sendo os espectros originais pré-processados utilizando diferentes métodos de correção de dispersão utilizados para a construção de um modelo de classificação por meio da PLS-DA. Para a avaliação do ILASTIK, as plântulas foram fotografadas aos 7 e 14 dias de germinação e o classificador treinado foi aplicado às imagens, gerando dados de número de plântulas fortes, plântulas fracas e sementes não germinadas. Com os dados da técnica FT-NIR pré-processados pela 2ª derivada de Savitzky-Golay, foi possível obter um modelo de classificação com alta eficiência para discriminar as classes quanto ao potencial fisiológico das sementes. O ILASTIK foi eficiente para a classificação das sementes quanto ao potencial fisiológico com apenas 7 dias de germinação. As análises pelo FT-NIR e ILASTIK são alternativas não destrutivas e rápidas, com grande potencial para o controle de qualidade de lotes de sementes de U. decumbens. Resumo FTNIR FT NIR (FT-NIR promissoras 1 U vigor préprocessados pré processados PLSDA. PLSDA PLS DA. DA PLS-DA imagens fortes germinadas ª SavitzkyGolay, SavitzkyGolay Savitzky Golay, Golay Savitzky-Golay rápidas

The main goal of this investigation was to determine the effects of Brachiaria decumbens leaf meal on the health performance, blood biomarkers, and relative telomere length of broiler chickens raised in tropical conditions. A total of 300, day-old, male, Ross 308 broilers were divided into six groups and given various feeding regimens based on a completely randomized design model. T1 commercial feed was devoid of antibiotics (negative control) whereas T2 commercial feed was supplemented with 100 mg/kg oxytetracycline (positive control). Commercial diets supplemented with 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg of powdered B. decumbens leaf meal was given to the birds in treatments T3, T4, T5, and T6, respectively. Throughout the 42-day study, there were a few occurrences of leg problems, diarrhoea, and fatalities, but no statistical association was detected. The growth performance, leucocyte profile, immunoglobulin and cytokine concentrations, and relative telomere length, however, differed substantially among treatments.T3 broilers fed with diets supplemented with 25 mg/kg of B. decumbens leaf meal exhibited the best growth performance (highest final body weight and body weight gain; lowest cumulative feed conversion ratio), leucocyte profiling (increased total white blood cell count, monocytes, and basophil count; decreased heterophil to lymphocyte ratio), immunoglobulins (up-regulated IgG, IgA, and IgM), cytokines (increased IL4 and IL7), and telomere length. In conclusion, B. decumbens leaf meal can be used instead of antibiotics to enhance the growth and health of broilers raised in hot, humid conditions.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate different pastures types on carbon footprint (CF). The cattle in the Piedmont zone, Cumaral, Meta, Colombia are principally Brahman, the pastures are formed with the tropical forage grasses Brachiaria decumbens for improved pastures (IP) and degraded pastures of B. brizantha (DP), also, various silvopastoral systems (SPSs) depending of planting trees on pasture at the same time and in the same space were evaluated. GHG emissions per kg of live weight (LW) were estimated to be reduced from 9.14, and 7.17 to 4.4 kgCO2eq.kgLW-1 in SPSs, and IP to DP, respectively. In all systems the largest GHG emission were enteric fermentation CH4, manure management N2O, feed animal management CO2. Soil C sequestration rates ranged from 2.46 to -1.72 tCO2.ha-1.yr-1 in DP to SPSs, respectively, IP account for -1.35tCO2eq.ha-1yr-1. CF were neutralized from 8.12 to -11.6 kg CO2eq.kg LW-1 in DP to IP. The beef production system with the lowest CF studied were that based on SPSs, mainly B. decumbens associated with Acacia mangium, accounting -60 kg CO2eq.kgLW-1. In our study, all other SPSs had a very large impact on negative CF, due to differences in C stored in biomass that would account for GHG neutralization of -15.3, -21.8, -24.31, -20.42 kg CO2eq.kgLW-1 in SPSs of B. decumbens + Gliricidia sepium, B. decumbens + Mangifera indica, B. decumbens + G. angustifolia and B. decumbens + citrus cinensis, respectively. It is possible to neutralize CF in beef cattle production through several SPSs in Piedmont’s case study. CF. . (CF) zone Cumaral Meta Brahman (IP B , (DP) also (SPSs evaluated LW (LW 914 9 14 9.14 717 7 17 7.1 44 4 4. kgCO2eq.kgLW1 kgCO2eqkgLW1 kgCOeqkgLW kgCO2eq.kgLW 1 kgCO2eq kgLW kgCO eq kgCO2eq.kgLW- respectively CH4 CH N2O NO N O CO2 CO 246 2 46 2.4 1.72 172 72 -1.7 tCO2.ha1.yr1 tCO2ha1yr1 tCOhayr tCO2.ha 1.yr tCO2 ha yr tCO tCO2.ha-1.yr- 1.35tCO2eq.ha1yr1. 135tCO2eqha1yr1 tCOeqhayr 1.35tCO2eq.ha 1yr 1. 35tCO2eq -1.35tCO2eq.ha-1yr-1 812 8 12 8.1 11.6 116 11 6 -11. CO2eqkg COeqkg CO2eq LW1 LW- mangium 60 -6 CO2eq.kgLW1. CO2eqkgLW1 COeqkgLW CO2eq.kgLW study 15.3, 153 15 3 -15.3 21.8, 218 21 -21.8 24.31, 2431 24 31 -24.31 20.42 2042 20 42 -20.4 CO2eq.kgLW1 CO2eq.kgLW- sepium indica G cinensis Piedmonts s (CF (DP 91 9.1 71 7. kgLW1 eqkgLW kgCO2eqkgLW kgCOeq 2. 1.7 -1. ha1 yr1 tCO2.ha1.yr tCO2ha1yr tCO2ha tCOha tCO2.ha-1.yr ha1yr1 1.35tCO2eq.ha1yr1 eqha 135tCO2eqha1yr 135tCO2eqha tCOeqha tCOeq -1.35tCO2eq.ha-1yr- 81 8. 11. -11 eqkg COeq - CO2eqkgLW 15.3 -15. 21.8 -21. 24.31 243 -24.3 20.4 204 -20. 9. -1 hayr ha1yr 1.35tCO2eq.ha1yr -1.35tCO2eq.ha-1yr 15. -15 21. -21 24.3 -24. 20. -20 -2 24. -24

ABSTRACT Alternative substrates were evaluated for mycorrhizal inoculants production considering the beneficial effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for plants and environment. The first step of the experiment aimed at evaluating the potential of substrates produced from sugarcane bagasse (SB), coconut fibre (CF) and urban waste compost (UWC) to produce AMF inoculants, by using Brachiaria decumbens as multiplier plant. The experiment has followed a randomized block design, at 7x3 factorial arrangement (seven substrates: SB, CF, SB+CF 1:1, SB+UWC 3:1, CF+UWC 3:1, SB+CF+UWC 3:3:2, Soil+Sand 3:1, vs. three substrate preparations: inoculated/sterilized, inoculated/non-sterilized, non-inoculated/sterilized). Inoculums produced in the first experimental stage were tested at the second stage, based on the inoculated/sterilized preparation. Seed germination, dry shoot biomass, mycorrhizal root rate and total spore production were assessed in both tests. There was significant decrease in seed emergence in organic substrates in relation to Soil+Sand, although the plants growth in organic substrates was greater. Artificial inoculation was not superior to spontaneous substrate mycorrhization or affected inoculum production. Mycorrhizal colonization of roots was equivalent in most organic substrates and in Soil+Sand. However, spore production stood out in organic substrate mixes, mainly when CF and UWC were used. This finding was confirmed at the second experimental stage.

Abstract The objective of the study was to determine the chemical composition, digestibility and yield of Brachiaria decumbens at different regrowth ages. The times were; little rainy (January-April) and rainy (July-October). The treatments (regrowth ages: 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 days) were distribu-ted in a randomized block design with four replications. The dry matter (DM) presented higher values (p≤0.01), at 60 days with 6.05 and 1.83 t DM ha-1 for the rainy and dry season. The crude protein (p≤0.01) at both periods was reflected at 30 days, 11.82% for the rainy season and 12.28% for the dry season. The digestibility showed the highest percentages (p≤0.001) at 30 days in rains and little rains, with 57.9 and 61.13%. The chemical composition, digestibility and yield of Brachiaria decumbens were directly influenced by the different regrowth ages, increasing the production of the plant and decreasing its quality. Quadratic and cubic regression equations (coefficients greater than 0.72) were obtained, which established a close relationship with age and performance indicators, chemical composition and digestibility.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la composición química, digestibilidad y rendimiento de Brachiaria decumbens a diferentes edades de rebrote. Las épocas fueron; poco lluvioso (Enero -Abril) y lluvioso (Julio-Octubre). Los tratamientos (edades de rebrote: 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 y 105 días) se distribuyeron en un diseño de bloques al azar con cuatro réplicas. La materia seca (MS) presentó valores superiores (p≤0.01), a los 60 días con 6.05 y 1.83 t MS ha-1 para el lluvioso y poco lluvioso. La proteína bruta (p≤0.01) en ambos períodos se reflejó a los 30 días, 11.82 % para el lluvioso y 12.28 % para el poco lluvioso. La digestibilidad mostró los porcentajes mayores (p≤0.001) a los 30 días en lluvias y pocas lluvias, con 57.9 y 61.13%. La composición química, digestibilidad y rendimiento de Brachiaria decumbens fue influenciada de forma directa por las diferentes edades de rebrote, al aumentar la producción de la planta y disminuir su calidad. Se obtuvieron ecuaciones de regresión cuadráticas y cúbicas (coeficientes superiores a 0.72) que establecieron una estrecha relación con la edad y los indicadores del rendimiento, la composición química y digestibilidad.

Resumen El trópico húmedo ecuatoriano tiene potencial para la producción ganadera y los cultivares de Urochloa pueden ser una opción para la producción de alimento, pero se deben considerar las condiciones ambientales y de manejo, ya que estas determinarán el rendimiento y valor nutritivo del forraje. Se evaluó el rendimiento de materia seca total (MST; t ha-1), componentes morfológicos (%; hoja, tallo, material muerto e inflorescencia) y la digestibilidad in situ de la MS (DISMS; g kg-1) en cinco cultivares de Urochloa: Mulato II, Marandú, Xaraés, Piatá y Señal (testigo), a tres edades de rebrote (4, 6 y 8 semanas), durante las épocas de lluvias (ELL) y seca (ESE). Los datos se analizaron dentro de cada época con un diseño de bloques completos al azar en arreglo de parcelas divididas. Durante la ELL no hubo diferencia (P>0.05) en MST, entre cultivares evaluados. Durante la ESE Marandú presentó menor rendimiento que Xaraés (0.92 vs 1.21 t ha-1). La proporción de componentes morfológicos fue diferente entre cultivares (P<0.05) y las hojas fueron el componente que más contribuyó al rendimiento. La DISMS se redujo de 64 a 56 % y de 60 a 56 %, cuando el forraje se cosechó a 4 y 8 semanas durante la ELL y ESE, respectivamente. Los cultivares evaluados mostraron rendimientos aceptables de MST, 2.6 y 1.0 t ha-1 y DISMS, 602 y 574 g kg-1, durante la ELL y ESE, respectivamente; por lo que pueden ser una alternativa forrajera para la ganadería del trópico húmedo de Ecuador.

Abstract The humid tropics of Ecuador is a potential livestock production area. Urochloa spp. cultivars are a forage option in this region. Environmental and management conditions determine forage yield and nutritional value and should be researched prior to establishing new forage species. An evaluation was done of total dry matter yield (TDM; t ha-1), morphological components proportions (%; leaf, stem, dead material and inflorescence) and in situ dry matter digestibility (DMD; g kg-1)) in five Urochloa cultivars (Mulato II, Marandú, Xaraés, Piatá and Señal [control]) and at three regrowth ages (4, 6 and 8 wk) during the rainy and dry seasons. A completely randomized block design in a split plot arrangement was used to analyze the data by season. During the rainy season, TDM did not differ (P>0.05) between cultivars. In the dry season, Marandú had a lower yield than Xaraés (0.92 vs 1.21 t ha-1). Morphological component proportions differed between cultivars (P<0.05), although the leaves contributed the most overall to yield. From four to eight weeks, DMD decreased from 64 to 56 % in the rainy season and from 60 to 56 % in the dry season. The evaluated cultivars exhibited acceptable TDM yields (2.6 t ha-1 in rainy season, 1.0 t ha-1 in dry season) and DMD (602 g kg-1 in rainy season, 574 g kg-1 in dry season). They are adequate forage alternatives for livestock in the humid tropics of Ecuador.

RESUMO: O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do cultivo do café sobre a atividade das enzimas do solo β-glicosidase, arilsulfatase e fosfatase ácida em função de dois diferentes regimes hídricos associados ou não à calagem e ao cultivo de braquiária nas entrelinhas. Esse estudo foi realizado em um experimento conduzido no campo experimental do Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária dos Cerrados, utilizando a cultivar IAC 144 (Coffea arabica L.), sob um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico argiloso. Foram considerados dois regimes hídricos (RH), RH1 com irrigação plena em turnos de rega ao longo do ano e RH3 com estresse hídrico controlado, por cerca de 70 dias, na época seca. Em cada regime hídrico foram avaliadas a aplicação ou não de calcário em cobertura e a presença ou ausência de braquiária cultivada nas entrelinhas das plantas do cafezal. As atividades das enzimas β-glicosidase, arilsulfatase e fosfatase ácida foram avaliadas durante as estações chuvosa e seca. A calagem e a presença de braquiária nas entrelinhas tiveram efeito positivo sobre a atividade das três enzimas avaliadas nesse estudo, em graus variáveis, dependendo da época de coleta das amostras e/ou do RH. Nossos resultados evidenciam que a braquiária nas entrelinhas do café foi o fator de maior impacto positivo sobre a atividade enzimática do solo.

ABSTRACT: This research evaluated the effects of coffee cultivation with two different water regimes associated or not with liming and the presence/absence of brachiaria as intercrop on the activities of the soil enzymes β-glucosidase, arylsulfatase and acid phosphatase. The study was carried out at the experimental farm of Embrapa Cerrados, using the cultivar IAC 144 (Coffea arabica L.), under a clayey dystrophic Cerrado Oxisol. Two water regimes (WR) were considered, WR1 with irrigation shifts throughout the year and WR3 with controlled water stress, for about 70 days, in the dry season. In each water regime, effects of lime application (with/without) and the presence/absence of brachiaria cultivated between the lines of coffee plants were evaluated. The activities of the enzymes β-glucosidase, arylsulfatase and acid phosphatase were evaluated during the rainy and dry seasons. Liming and intercropped brachiaria positively affected the activities of the three enzymes assessed in this study at varying degrees, depending on season and/or the WR. Our findings evidenced that intercropped brachiaria in coffee rows was the factor that most positively impacted soil enzymes activities.

Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate the inoculation and co-inoculation of bacteria with biotechnological potential, isolated from Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. and Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) Schweickerdt, under germination and seedling growth of B. decumbens cv. Basilisk, as well as, to verify the influence of the co-inoculum in the soil indigenous bacterial community. For this, two assays in a completely randomized design were set up. The experimental period was 21 days. In a germination chamber, 25 treatments were evaluated (24 bacterial inoculants and a control – without inoculation). In greenhouse assay, were used five co-inoculations (bacterial consortium). The bacterial consortium was obtained based on the bacterial strain performance in the germination test. In addition, the control and one treatment with mineral fertilizer (NPK) were tested. In germination test, the seed inoculation promoted increases of 61, 40, 144, 82, 6, 96, 91 and 52% in germination vigor, speed germination index, number of absorbent hairs, number of plumules, primary root length, hypocotyl length, total length, and dry matter of seedlings, respectively, when compared to control. The co-inoculation also increased the growth parameters of B. decumbens plants when compared to the control treatment. In addition, promoted changes in the soil bacterial community structure. Becoming an important strategy to increase the germination rate and germination speed of B. decumbens plants.

ABSTRACT Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn is a cosmopolitan plant with great competitive abilities, including allelopathy. The search for plants with negative allelopathic effects on other undesirable plants has led to the discovery of new useful substances for weed control. The objective of this research was to evaluate the allelopathic effect of P. aquilinum on seed germination and growth of four economically important weeds: Bidens pilosa L., Brachiaria decumbens Stapf, Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex DC and Rumex crispus L. Two experiments were conducted under laboratory and greenhouse conditions using extracts and dried plant residues of P. aquilinum, respectively. For the first experiment, extracts of bracken were obtained using four different solvents (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) and applied to the test seeds; germination rates were determined. For the second experiment, dry residues of bracken were applied to the soil at concentrations of 2, 5, and 10% and their effect on weed growth variables was determined; a control treatment (no appliacation) was also included. In addition, the presence of some chemical groups associated with each type of extract was qualitatively detected. The extracts inhibited seed germination by 52 - 97% in all the studied species. Dichloromethane and methanol were the most efficient solvents, while E. sonchifolia was the most sensitive species. The dry residues of bracken reduced germination by 18 - 44% of all the weeds, as well as root length of Bidens pilosa (-30%) and Brachiaria decumbens (-82%). The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and polyphenols in the extracts. These results suggest that P. aquilinum can be a good alternative for the biocontrol of the weeds under study and provide knowledge for the development of bioherbicides.

Resumen Se planteó la hipótesis de que es posible que el inóculo de diferentes especies de rumiantes con capacidades digestivas diferentes que se alimentan de un determinado forraje puede mostrar diferentes utilizaciones de alimento en comparación con otras especies de rumiantes. Se evaluaron cinco gramíneas Brachiaria: B. decumbens cv. Basilisk, B. decumbens acceso D70, B. humidicola cv. Tupi, B. humidicola cv. Común, y B. ruziziensis acceso R124, en dos edades de rebrote (21 y 42 d). Se analizó la producción, el contenido bromatológico, la digestibilidad de materia seca in vitro (DMSiv) y la digestibilidad de la fibra detergente neutro in vitro (DFDNiv) utilizando inóculos bovinos u ovinos. El experimento utilizó un diseño factorial de 5 × 2 × 2 y encontró efectos significativos para la variedad de gramínea y la edad de rebrote. Además, se encontraron interacciones significativas de gramínea × edad en la materia seca, la proteína cruda, la fibra detergente neutro y la fibra detergente ácido de la muestra total y lamina de la hoja. Hubo un efecto significativo de la variedad de gramínea y la edad de la gramínea en la masa del forraje, la relación lámina de la hoja/tallo, lámina de la hoja, tallo, material senescente y crecimiento. En los ensayos de la digestibilidad in vitro, el origen del inóculo mostró un efecto significativo en algunas variedades. Debido a las diferencias en los ensayos in vitro, se recomendó el uso de inóculos específicos de las especies para las evaluaciones de alimentos según el animal al que se destina. Asimismo, B. decumbens cv. Basilisk presentó la mejor digestibilidad in vitro (DMSiv y DFDNiv) en inóculo bovino, mientras que B. humidicola cv. Tupi tuvo mejor digestibilidad in vitro (DMSiv y DFDNiv) en inóculo ovino.

Abstract It was hypothesized that it is possible that inoculum from different ruminant species with different digestive abilities feeding from a certain forage may show different feed utilizations comparing to other ruminant species. Five Brachiaria grasses were evaluated: B. decumbens cv. Basilisk, B. decumbens access D70, B. humidicola cv. Tupi, B. humidicola cv. Common, and B. ruziziensis access R124, at two regrowth ages (21 and 42 d). Production, bromatological content, in vitro dry matter digestibility (ivDMD) and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (ivNDFD) were analyzed using bovine or ovine inoculums. The experiment used a 5 × 2 × 2 factorial design and found significant effects for grass variety and regrowth age. In addition, significant interactions from grass × age on dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of total sample and leaf blade were found. There were significant effect of grass variety and grass age on forage mass, leaf blade/stem ratio, leaf blade, stem, senescent material and growth. In vitro digestibility assays of inoculum source showed significant effect in some varieties. Due to differences in in vitro assays, it was recommended the use of species-specific inoculums for feed evaluations according to the animal it is intended for. Also, B. decumbens cv. Basilisk presented the best in vitro digestibility (ivDMD and ivNDFD) in bovine inoculum, whereas B. humidicola cv. Tupi had better in vitro digestibility (ivDMD and ivNDFD) in ovine inoculum.