ABSTRACT: In Brazil, urea is the most used nitrogen (N) fertilizer to improve forage production. However, their excessive use can cause environmental impacts through N losses, such as ammonia (NH3) volatilization. Therefore, the current study adjusted and estimated the NH3 volatilization from urea applied on tropical pastures in three rainfall conditions using mathematical models. Data were collected from Marandu grass (Brachiaria brizantha) fertilized with 50 kg N ha-1 during wet, intermediate, and dry conditions. Ammonia volatilization was measured in five semi-open chambers for 21 days. The linear, quadratic, exponential, Gompertz, Groot, and Richards models were tested for fitting and estimating the NH3 volatilization. The Gompertz, Groot, and Richards models generated predictions similar to the observed data, with a high determination coefficient, indicating a better fit of these equations to data, with precision and accuracy. However, the Groot model was selected due to the lowest root mean square error of prediction (0.29 % total N lost as NH3). The greatest N loss as NH3 volatilization occurred in the wet, followed by intermediate and dry conditions (20.2, 17.0, and 11.3 % total N lost as NH3, respectively). Therefore, nitrogen losses as NH3 volatilization after application of 50 kg N ha-1, as urea source, are altered according to the weather conditions, reaching 20% of N added in the wet rainfall period. The Groot model is recommended for fitting and estimating the NH3 volatilization from urea applied on Marandu grass pastures in the wet and dry rainfall conditions. ABSTRACT Brazil (N production However NH (NH3 Therefore Brachiaria brizantha 5 ha1 ha 1 ha- semiopen semi open 2 days linear quadratic exponential Gompertz data coefficient accuracy 0.29 029 0 29 (0.2 NH3. . NH3) 20.2, 202 20 (20.2 170 17 17.0 113 11 3 11. respectively. respectively respectively) ha1, 1, source period (NH 0.2 02 (0. 20.2 (20. 17. 0. (0 20. (20 ( (2

RESUMO: No Brasil, a ureia é o fertilizante nitrogenado mais utilizado para melhorar a produção de forragem. No entanto, seu uso excessivo pode causar impactos ambientais por meio de perdas de nitrogênio (N), como a volatilização da amônia (NH3). Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi ajustar a volatilização de NH3 da ureia aplicada em pastos tropicais em três condições de chuva utilizando modelos matemáticos. Dados foram coletados de pastos de capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizantha) adubado com 50 kg N ha-1 em condições úmidas, intermediárias e secas. A volatilização da NH3 foi medida em cinco câmaras semiabertas durante 21 dias. Os modelos, linear, quadrático, exponencial, Gompertz, Groot e Richards foram testados para ajuste e estimativa da volatilização do NH3. Os modelos de Gompertz, Groot e Richards geraram predições semelhantes aos dados observados, com alto coeficiente de determinação, indicando um melhor ajuste dessas equações aos dados, com acurácia e precisão. No entanto, o modelo Groot foi selecionado devido ao menor erro quadrático médio das predições (0,29% de N total perdido como NH3). A maior volatilização de NH3 ocorreu em condições climáticas úmida, seguido por intermediária e seca (20,2; 17,0 e 11,3% de N total perdido como NH3, respectivamente). Portanto, as perdas de N como volatilização de NH3 após a aplicação de 50 kg N ha-1, como fonte de ureia, são alteradas de acordo com as condições climáticas, atingindo a 20% do N adicionado nas condições úmidas. O modelo Groot é recomendado para ajuste e estimativa da volatilização de NH3 da ureia aplicada em pastos de capim Marandu em condições úmidas e secas. RESUMO Brasil forragem entanto N, , (N) NH . (NH3) Portanto matemáticos capimmarandu marandu Brachiaria brizantha 5 ha1 ha 1 ha- secas 2 dias linear exponencial Gompertz observados determinação precisão 0,29% 029 0 29 (0,29 NH3) úmida 20,2 202 20 (20,2 170 17 17, 113 11 3 11,3 respectivamente. respectivamente respectivamente) ha1, 1, (N (NH3 0,29 02 (0,2 20, (20, 11, (NH 0,2 (0, (20 0, (0 (2 (

Abstract Soil chemical analysis is a fundamental to achieve optimal cultivation conditions in a productive silvopastoral system, essential for the planning and management of this activity. The objective of this research is to map the spatial distribution of nutrients in the soil in a 5-year-old silvopastoral system composed of brachiaria-brizantha and jacarandá-da-bahia, and to analyze the effect of tree density and canopy on nutrient levels. The study was conducted at the experimental area of the Capixaba Institute for Research, Technical Assistance, and Rural Extension (INCAPER) in the district of Pacotuba, ES. The delimitation of the work area was done using geographic information systems, to create a regular grid of points to enable systematic soil sampling. A total of 75 disturbed soil samples were collected at depths of 0-0.10 m to obtain quantitative soil nutrient data. High-quality images obtained using a remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) allowed for the overlay of soil nutrient data, pasture data, forest inventory data, and sample plot data to assist in comparative analyses. This enabled identification of the areas with lower canopy development, particularly in the northeast portion. By cross-referencing the spatialized soil nutrient data with the data obtained through RPA, it was possible to correlate them with the lower or higher development of the system. The use of RPA, together with a georeferenced database, proved to be an innovative and powerful tool to support decision-making, allowing for the monitoring of system evolution and serving as a basis for evaluating the relationship between chemical elements and tree canopies. activity 5yearold yearold 5 year old brachiariabrizantha brachiaria brizantha jacarandádabahia, jacarandádabahia jacarandá da bahia, bahia jacarandá-da-bahia levels Research Assistance INCAPER (INCAPER Pacotuba ES systems sampling 7 00.10 0010 0 0.10 10 0-0.1 Highquality High quality RPA (RPA analyses portion crossreferencing cross referencing database decisionmaking, decisionmaking decision making, making decision-making canopies 00 00.1 001 010 0.1 1 0-0. 00. 01 0. 0-0 0-

Resumo A análise química do solo é uma prática fundamental para obter as condições ideais de cultivo em um sistema silvipastoril produtivo, além de ser essencial para o planejamento e manejo dessa atividade. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo mapear a distribuição espacial dos nutrientes no solo em um sistema silvipastoril de 5 anos composto por brachiaria-brizantha e jacarandá-da-bahia, analisar o efeito da densidade das árvores e das copas nos teores de nutrientes e espacializar os dados. O estudo foi realizado na área experimental do Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (INCAPER), localizada no distrito de Pacotuba, ES. A delimitação da área de trabalho foi realizada com o uso de sistemas de informações geográficas, abrangendo a área cultivada, para criar uma malha regular de pontos para permitir a amostragem sistemática do solo. Foram coletadas 75 amostras deformadas de solo nas profundidades de 0-0,10 m para obtenção dos teores de nutrientes do solo. As imagens de alta qualidade obtidas pelo uso de aeronaves remotamente pilotadas (ARP) permitiram sobrepor os dados de nutrientes do solo, de pastagem, do inventário florestal e das parcelas amostrais para auxiliar nas análises comparativas. Isso possibilitou a identificação de áreas com menor desenvolvimento das copas, principalmente na porção nordeste. Por meio do cruzamento dos dados de espacialização dos nutrientes do solo com os dados obtidos com o uso de ARP, foi possível correlacioná-los quanto ao menor ou maior desenvolvimento do sistema. Assim, a utilização de aeronaves remotamente pilotadas, juntamente com banco de dados georreferenciado, mostrou-se uma ferramenta inovadora e poderosa para apoio na tomada de decisões em sistemas silvipastoris, possibilitando o acompanhamento da evolução do sistema, e servir como base para avaliar a relação entre os elementos químicos e as copas das árvores. produtivo atividade sentido brachiariabrizantha brachiaria brizantha jacarandádabahia, jacarandádabahia jacarandá bahia, bahia jacarandá-da-bahia Pesquisa INCAPER, INCAPER , (INCAPER) Pacotuba ES geográficas cultivada 7 00,10 0010 0 0,10 10 0-0,1 ARP (ARP pastagem comparativas nordeste correlacionálos correlacioná los Assim georreferenciado mostrouse mostrou se silvipastoris (INCAPER 00 00,1 001 010 0,1 1 0-0, 00, 01 0, 0-0 0-

ABSTRACT. The objective of this study was to evaluate the fermentation profile and nutritional value of Marandu grass silage (Urochloa brizantha (Hoschst.Ex. A. Rich) R. D. Webster cv. Marandu Syn. Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. Ex A. Rich) Stapf cv. Marandu} with different levels of inclusion of dehydrated banana peel. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with marandu grass with five levels of dehydrated banana peel (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% of natural matter) with eight replicates. The data collected were submitted to analysis of variance and, when the "F" test was significant, the inclusion levels of the pre-dried banana peel were analyzed utilizing orthogonal polynomials and linear and quadratic regression models. The mean values of N-NH3 were adjusted to the linear regression model (p < 0.01), while the pH values had the lowest value of 4.3 with the inclusion of 15% of banana peel. The mean values of the gas loss (PG, P = 0.01) and the dry matter recovery (RMS; P = 0.01) were adjusted to the quadratic regression model, with a minimum point of 16.15% for losses and 21% as the maximum point for dry matter recovery. The rate of degradation potential degradability of the dry matter (SD; P = 0.74) did not vary with the inclusion of the banana peel. The potential degradability standardized at 2, 5 and 8% was adjusted to the regressive linear regression model (p < 0.01), and for each percentage point of inclusion of the banana peel, there was a reduction of 0.23, 0.14 and 0.10%, respectively. The inclusion of 10 to 20% dehydrated banana peel in the marandu grass silage improves the fermentation profile and the nutritional value of the silage. ABSTRACT Urochloa Hoschst.Ex. HoschstEx Hoschst (Hoschst.Ex A Rich R D cv Syn Hochst. Hochst (Hochst 0, 0 (0 20 3 40 replicates F "F significant predried pre dried models NNH3 NNH N NH3 NH N-NH p 0.01, 001 0.01 , 01 43 4 4. 15 PG, PG (PG RMS (RMS 1615 16 16.15 21 SD (SD 0.74 074 74 2 8 023 23 0.23 014 14 0.1 010 0.10% respectively 1 Hoschst.Ex ( 00 0.0 161 16.1 0.7 07 7 02 0.2 0. 0.10 16.

ABSTRACT. Supplementation strategies have been studied to increase animal performance and the quality of meat. Thus, this study was carried out to evaluate the influence of different supplementation strategies on the performance, feed intake, digestibility and ingestive behaviour of crossbred steers on Brachiaria brizantha pasture, during the dry season. The experiment was performed in Bahia, Brazil, from August 2015 to January 2016, with a dry season of 203 days. Thirty-three crossbred steers with an average weight of 269.5 ± 41.8 kg were distributed in a completely randomised design with three treatments and 11 replicates per treatment. The results were analysed using an ANOVA and a Tukey test, with a 5% probability of error. The treatments were mineral salt with urea and the supplementation of protein based on the animals’ body weight (BW), as follows: 0.1 and 0.2% BW. There was no effect of supplementation strategy on the initial and final body weights. Supplementation strategies did not influence (p > 0.05) the variables related to the intake of total dry matter. There was an effect (p < 0.05) on the dry matter and crude protein digestibility coefficients. For ingestive behaviour, feed intake, grazing time and idle time tended to be altered by the supply strategies (p < 0.05), but rumination was not affected (p > 0.05) by the evaluated strategies. In conclusion, the supplementation strategies used during the dry season resulted in a similar performance; therefore, the adopted strategy can be chosen according to the economic and regional conditions of the production system. Thus, the strategy adopted could be chosen according to the economic and regional conditions of the production. ABSTRACT meat Thus pasture Bahia Brazil 201 2016 20 days Thirtythree Thirty 2695 269 5 269. 418 41 8 41. 1 treatment test error animals BW, BW , (BW) follows 01 0 0. 02 2 0.2 weights p 0.05 005 05 coefficients 0.05, conclusion therefore system 26 4 (BW 0.0 00

ABSTRACT The largest proportion of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the Agriculture sector of the Brazilian national GHG inventory is derived from the large (>200 million head) herd of cattle. The greatest contribution to these emissions comes from the enteric methane from cattle, but the direct and indirect emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) from cattle excreta and N fertilizer are responsible for approximately 9 % of all national anthropogenic GHG emissions. Ammonia (NH3) can be volatilized from N fertilizer and cattle excreta and deposited in sites remote from the source, constituting an indirect source of N2O. This study aimed to determine whether direct N2O emissions and NH3 volatilization from N-fertilized pastures were greater than those derived from a mixed grass-legume pasture without N fertilizer addition. Emissions of N2O and NH3 from excreta and N fertilizer from a Palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) monoculture fertilized with 2 × 60 kg N ha-1 yr-1 urea were compared to those from a mixed Palisade grass-forage peanut (Arachis pintoi) pasture. Dung and urine were collected from these cattle, and NH3 losses and N2O emissions from the excreta and from N fertilizer were monitored using static chamber techniques. Volatilization of NH3 and N2O emissions were found to be greater from urine than from dung. Ammonia losses from excreta and urea fertilizer were low, not exceeding 6.8, 1.1, and 4.7 % of the N applied as urine, dung, and fertilizer, respectively. The N2O emissions showed a tendency to be greater for the urine from the N-fertilized compared to the mixed grass-legume pasture, and the N2O emissions from the urine of the N-fertilized pasture ranged from 0.08 to 0.94 % of applied urine N. The N2O emission from the N fertilizer was at maximum 0.46 % of the applied N. The direct N2O emissions and the loss of NH3 by volatilization (indirect N2O emission) from the excreta of cattle grazing the mixed grass-legume pasture were similar to, or lower than, the grazed grass monoculture fertilized with 120 kg N ha-1 yr-1. As the mixed pasture received no N fertilizer and hence no GHG emission from its manufacture or application, introducing forage peanut to the Urochloa brizantha pastures shows potential to be responsible for lower GHG emissions than the N fertilized grass pasture. (GHG >200 200 (>20 head NO O (N2O NH (NH3 Nfertilized grasslegume legume addition cv Marandu 6 ha1 ha 1 ha- yr1 yr yr- grassforage Arachis pintoi techniques dung low 68 8 6.8 11 1.1 47 4 7 4. respectively 008 0 08 0.0 094 94 0.9 046 46 0.4 12 yr1. 1. application >20 20 (>2 (NH 6. 00 0. 09 04 >2 (> > (

ABSTRACT The Crop-Livestock Integration system has sustainable potential. But pests such as the defoliating caterpillar Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) can reduce the productivity of this system. The objective was to report transgenic maize and Brachiaria brizantha (A. Rich.) (Poaceae) plants attacked by S. frugiperda in the Crop-Livestock Integration system. Feroz VIP3 ® transgenic maize (SYN8A98 TLTG Viptera) and B. brizantha MG-5 Xaraés plants attacked by S. frugiperda were evaluated 20 days after planting, weekly and for 28 days. The transgenic maize plants were less attacked by S. frugiperda than those of B. brizantha. The negative impact of this pest on B. brizantha suggests the planning and adopting strategies for its control, such as the use of traps, resistant cultivars, and biological or chemical products, minimizing losses in animal production and, consequently, in human food. CropLivestock Crop Livestock potential J. J (J E Smith Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Noctuidae A. A (A Rich. Rich Poaceae (Poaceae S VIP SYN8A98 SYNA SYN (SYN8A9 Viptera B MG5 MG 5 MG- 2 planting control traps cultivars products consequently food SYN8A9 (SYN8A SYN8A

ABSTRACT The objective was to investigate the feeding behavior of sheep in marandu grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) pastures under continuous stocking with the same average height and different horizontal structures. The treatments were composed of less heterogeneous pastures (P-H, 24% coefficient of variation of plant heights and more heterogeneous pastures (P+H, 46% coefficient of variation of plant heights) and the locations of the picket, front and back, were also evaluated. A randomized block design was used, with split plots in space and four replications in two years. Crossbred lambs were used, managed under continuous stocking and variable stocking rate, to maintain average height of pastures at 30 cm. Greater masses of total forage, live leaf, live stem and dead material, and greater time of sheep in rumination, occurred in the front, in relation to the paddock background. In P-H, grazing time (GT) did not vary between regions. In P+H, GT was lower at the front than at the background. Idle time (IT) was similar between P-H and P+H. However, the animals remained more IT in the front than in the background. The feeding behavior of grazing sheep is modified in marandu grass pastures under continuous stocking with the same average height, but with different spatial variability of the vegetation. Brachiaria cv Marandu structures PH, PH P H, H (P-H 24 (P+H 46 picket back evaluated used years rate 3 cm forage leaf material rumination background (GT regions P+H (IT However vegetation 2 4

RESUMO Objetivou-se investigar o comportamento ingestivo de ovinos em pastos de capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) sob lotação contínua com mesma altura média e diferentes estruturas horizontais. Os tratamentos foram compostos de pastos menos heterogêneo (P-H, 24% de coeficiente de variação das alturas das plantas) e pastos mais heterogêneo (P+H, 46% de coeficiente de variação das alturas das plantas), também foi avaliado os locais do piquete, frente e fundo. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas no espaço e quatro repetições em dois anos. Foram utilizadas borregas mestiças, manejadas sob lotação continua e com taxa de lotação variável, para manter altura média dos pastos em 30cm. Maiores massas de forragem total, folha viva, colmo vivo e material morto, e maior tempo dos ovinos em ruminação, ocorreram na frente, em relação ao fundo do piquete. No P-H, o tempo em pastejo (TP) não variou entre as regiões. No P+H, o TP foi menor na frente do que no fundo. O tempo em ócio (TO) foi semelhante entre os P-H e P+H. Porém, os animais permaneceram mais TO na frente que no fundo. O comportamento ingestivo de ovinos em pastejo é modificado em pastos de capim-marandu sob lotação contínua com mesma altura média, porém com diferentes variabilidades espaciais da vegetação. Objetivouse Objetivou se capimmarandu capim marandu Brachiaria cv Marandu horizontais PH, PH P H, H (P-H 24 plantas (P+H 46 plantas, , piquete acaso anos mestiças variável 30cm cm total viva morto ruminação (TP regiões P+H (TO Porém vegetação 2 4

ABSTRACT Soil quality can be understood as its capacity to provide several essential services within the ecosystem and has been used to understand the impact of different managements, providing information that proves the benefits and your maintenance of the agroecosystem. To understand the impact of different managements, this study aimed to compare the chemical, physical, and biological soil properties in pasture areas managed with different recovery times in an integrated crop-livestock system about perennial pastures and secondary forest. The following management systems were evaluated: Secondary Forest (SF), Perennial Pasture (PP), pasture recovered to five years through the intercropping corn + Brachiaria brizantha (Palisade grass) (ICL5), and pasture recovered to eight years through the intercropping corn + Brachiaria brizantha (Palisade grass) (ICL8). Different soil properties were evaluated, namely: Chemical: pH, H+Al, Al 3+ , P, K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , TOC, SB, CEC, V, and m; Physical: soil bulk density (Bd), total porosity (Tp), macroporosity (Ma), microporosity (Mi), soil resistance to penetration (Pr), and gravimetric soil water content (GWc); and biological: soil microbial biomass carbon (SMB-C), basal soil respiration (BSR), metabolic quotient (qCO 2 ), and microbial quotient (qMic). Perennial pasture and ICL8 areas were the ones that most contributed to the increase in nutrients (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and K + ), TOC and sorption complex. The ICL8 area showed the best results in soil physical variables Ma, Tp, Pr, and GWc were the best results for the ICL8 area. Secondary forest and ICL8 areas presented the best results from SMB-C and qMic. Between periods of pasture recovery through the integration of crops and livestock, the longer the recovery time, the greater its beneficial effects on the different chemical, physical and biological soil properties, overcoming secondary forest and perennial pasture. managements agroecosystem chemical croplivestock crop livestock evaluated SF, SF (SF) PP, PP (PP) Palisade grass ICL5, ICL5 ICL (ICL5) ICL8. . (ICL8) namely Chemical pH HAl H H+Al 3 P SB CEC V m Physical Bd, Bd (Bd) Tp (Tp) Ma (Ma) Mi, Mi (Mi) Pr (Pr) (GWc) SMBC, SMBC SMB C (SMB-C) BSR, BSR (BSR) qCO ) qMic (qMic) complex time (SF (PP (ICL5 (ICL8 (Bd (Tp (Ma (Mi (Pr (GWc (SMB-C (BSR (qMic (ICL

ABSTRACT In the present study it was evaluated the density of recruits in an area previously occupied by Urochloa brizantha pasture undergoing forest restoration and in a Semideciduous Forest. Was evaluated the effect of the available light on the biomass of the exotic grass, and investigated associations of recruit density with soil variables and understory light availability. The seed rain in both areas was also evaluated. The biomass of U. brizantha was positively associated with available light and, a negative association was found between recruit density and available light when considering the two areas together. A negative associatio between recruit density and soil pH was found. The results suggest that the low soil fertility did not limited recruitment in the semideciduos forest. The results showed that high resource availability favors the competitivity of U. brizantha, impairing the forest restoration in area previously used as pastures. So, pratices that result in decreasing in light availability would favors the forest restoration in areas previously used as pasture. Forest grass U together pastures So

RESUMO No presente estudo foi avaliada a densidade de recrutas em uma área em restauração florestal previamente ocupada por pastagem de Urochloa brizantha e em uma Floresta Semidecidual. Foi avaliado o efeito da luz disponível sobre a biomassa da grama exótica e investigamos as associações da densidade de recrutamento com as variáveis do solo e a disponibilidade de luz no sub-bosque. A chuva de sementes em ambas as áreas também foi avaliada. A biomassa de U. brizantha foi associada positivamente com a luz disponível e, uma associação negativa foi encontrada entre a densidade de recrutamento e a luz disponível quando consideradas as duas áreas em conjunto. Foi encontrada uma associação negativa entre densidade de recrutamento e pH do solo. Os resultados sugerem que a baixa fertilidade do solo não limitou o recrutamento na Floresta Semidecidual. Os resultados mostraram que a alta disponibilidade de recursos favorece a competitividade da U. Brizantha com espécies nativas, dificultando a restauração florestal em áreas anteriormente utilizadas como pastagens. Assim, práticas que resultem na diminuição da disponibilidade de luz favoreceriam a restauração florestal em áreas nessas condições. Semidecidual subbosque. subbosque sub bosque. bosque sub-bosque U conjunto nativas pastagens Assim condições

ABSTRACT: The present study evaluated germination, production, and morphological composition of Urochloabrizantha intercropped with corn and sorghum; and silage fermentation losses and aerobic stability of intercrop silage using microbial inoculant. Twenty experimental parcels (5.0 × 3.6 m) were used in a blocked randomized design to evaluate four treatments obtained from a 2 × 2 factorial arrangements: I) crop material (corn vs. sorghum) and II) Brachiaria (U. brizantha) establishment (present vs. absent). Corn- and sorghum-brachiaria integrated systems showed similar brachiaria germination, forage yield, and morphological composition. There was no crop and brachiaria interaction effect on the variables related to corn and sorghum plants and the total productivity. Brachiaria decreased the stem diameter and increased the population of maize and sorghum plants. However, it did not affect systems productivity. Microbial inoculation did not affect corn silage effluent losses and reduced sorghum silage effluent losses. In corn silage, brachiaria did not affect gas losses, while in sorghum silage, brachiaria increased the gas losses. Total losses were higher in sorghum silage than in corn silage, which resulted in a lower DM recovery. The treatments did not affect the pH of the silage after aerobic exposure. However, brachiaria increased silage temperature evaluated at 32 and 40 hours after aerobic exposure. Thus, corn or sorghum consortium has similar brachiaria morphological composition and productivity. Moreover, in intercropped silage, brachiaria increases effluent losses and reduces silage aerobic stability. ABSTRACT germination production inoculant 5.0 50 5 0 (5. 36 3 6 3. m arrangements I vs II U. U (U brizantha absent. absent . absent) Corn sorghumbrachiaria yield productivity However recovery exposure 4 Thus Moreover 5. (5 (

RESUMO: O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a germinação, produção e composição morfológica de Urochloabrizantha consorciada com milho e sorgo, perdas de fermentação da silagem e estabilidade aeróbia da silagem consorciada com inoculante microbiano. Vinte parcelas experimentais (5.0 × 3.6 m) foram usadas em um delineamento em blocos casualizados para avaliar quatro tratamentos em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2: I) Cultura (milho vs. sorgo) e II) Estabelecimento da Brachiaria (U. brizantha) (presente vs. ausente). Os sistemas integrados milho e sorgo-brachiaria apresentaram germinação, produção de forragem e composição morfológica semelhante. Não houve efeito da interação cultura e braquiária sobre as variáveis relacionadas às plantas de milho e sorgo e a produtividade total. A brachiaria diminuiu o diâmetro do caule e aumentou a população de plantas de milho e sorgo. No entanto, não afetou a produtividade dos sistemas. A inoculação microbiana não afetou as perdas de efluente da silagem de milho e reduziu as perdas de efluente da silagem de sorgo. Na silagem de milho, a brachiaria não afetou as perdas de gás, enquanto na silagem de sorgo, a brachiaria aumentou as perdas de gás. As perdas totais foram maiores na silagem de sorgo do que na silagem de milho, o que resultou em menor recuperação da MS. Os tratamentos não afetaram o pH da silagem pós exposição aeróbia. Contudo, a brachiaria aumentou a temperatura da silagem 32 e 40 horas após exposição aeróbia. Portanto, os consórcios milho e sorgo-brachiaria apresentam composição morfológica e produtividade semelhantes. Além disso, na silagem consorciada, a brachiaria aumenta as perdas por efluentes e reduz a estabilidade aeróbia. RESUMO germinação microbiano 5.0 50 5 0 (5. 36 3 6 3. m I vs II U. U (U brizantha ausente. ausente . ausente) sorgobrachiaria semelhante total entanto gás MS Contudo 4 Portanto semelhantes disso 5. (5 (

ABSTRACT Hyperspectral sensors and regression analysis have been used to analyze the most important spectral ranges for biophysical parameters of target crops, aiding in management decision-making. This study aimed to analyze the spectral response of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandú leaves to increasing rates of urea fertilization and predict leaf nitrogen content (LNC). Four rates of urea fertilization (0, 25, 50, and 75 kg of N ha-1) were applied. Eight leaves were collected per plot seven times at monthly intervals and subjected to hyperspectral analysis. Leaf spectral responses differed statistically within the visible region, particularly at 550 nm (green). The regression models achieved moderate to good R2 values (0.53 to 0.83) for predicting LNC and identified important wavelengths in the red edge region (715 to 720 nm). These findings demonstrate the potential of spectral analysis to detect changes and forecast leaf nitrogen content in B. brizantha cv. Marandú crops at different fertilization levels. decisionmaking. decisionmaking decision making. making decision-making cv LNC. . (LNC) 0, 0 (0 25 50 7 ha1 ha 1 ha-1 applied 55 green. green (green) R 0.53 053 53 (0.5 0.83 083 83 715 (71 72 nm. nm) B levels (LNC ( 2 5 ha- (green 0.5 05 (0. 0.8 08 8 71 (7 0.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of improving the economic value of integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) compared to conventional systems specialized in monoculture. The experimental area was 16.02 ha, divided into 18 paddocks of 0.89 ha each, organized in a randomized block design, with three replicates and six models of production systems: crop system [corn ( Zea mays ) grain production], livestock system (beef cattle under grazing conditions), and four ICLS, identified as: ICLS-1, corn integrated with Marandu palisadegrass [ Urochloa brizantha (Hoechst. ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster cv. Marandu (syn. Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu] sown simultaneously without herbicide; ICLS-2, corn and Marandu palisadegrass sown simultaneously with herbicide; ICLS-3, corn and Marandu palisadegrass with lagged sowing; and ICLS-4, corn and Marandu palisadegrass sown simultaneously, with herbicide in rows and between-rows of corn. We demonstrated the economic impact analysis combined with the risk optimization and discounted cash flow techniques based on Monte Carlo simulation, considering price and productivity uncertainties. The indicators of added value and return on investment of ICLS had an economic advantage compared with conventional systems. It was also found that ICLS needed a smaller operational area than conventional systems for the economic break-even point. Integrated systems provide lower financial and operational risk levels and greater economic value per hectare compared with conventional systems specialized in monoculture. croplivestock (ICLS monoculture 1602 16 02 16.0 1 089 0 89 0.8 each design production, , production] beef conditions, conditions conditions) as ICLS1, ICLS1 1, ICLS-1 Hoechst. Hoechst (Hoechst A Rich. Rich RD R D R.D cv syn. syn (syn ICLS2, ICLS2 2, 2 ICLS-2 ICLS3, ICLS3 3, 3 ICLS-3 sowing ICLS4, ICLS4 4, 4 ICLS-4 betweenrows between simulation uncertainties breakeven break even point 160 16. 08 8 0. ICLS-

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate phosphorus (P) concentration in serum and bone, the percentage of ash and the specific bone density of buffaloes on Ilha de Marajó before and after mineral supplementation. For this study, 14 crossbred buffaloes of Murrah and Mediterranean descent aged between 18 and 36 months were used. The average values of P before supplementation in serum and bone, the percentage of bone ash and the specific bone density were 5.68mg/dL±1.18, 16.53%±0.53, 59.95%±1.96 and 1.52g/cm3±0.32, respectively, which demonstrated P deficiency in animals raised on Ilha de Marajó. After supplementation with P for a period of seven months, the values were 6.61mg/dL±0.87, 16.90%±0.56 and 60.30%±0.95 and 1.71g/cm3±0.21, respectively. These results showed a significant increase in P concentration in blood serum, specific bone density and percentage of P in ash (P<0.05), but there was no significant increase in the percentage of ash. The average increase in P in the serum and ash did not reach normal levels in all animals; however, 28.6% of the animals had normal values of P in serum and 50% in the ash, and 64.3% had normal specific bone density values. The nonre-establishment, in some of the animals, of the variables of P serum and bone after supplementation for seven months may have occurred as a result of the low intake of the mineral mixture and by the low concentration of P in the Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu used for feeding animals during the experiment. ABSTRACT (P 1 3 568mgdL118 mgdL 5 68mg dL mg 5.68mg/dL±1.18 1653053 16 53 0 16.53%±0.53 5995196 59 95 96 59.95%±1.9 152gcm3032 gcm 52g cm3 32 g cm 1.52g/cm3±0.32 respectively 661mgdL087 6 61mg 87 6.61mg/dL±0.87 1690056 90 56 16.90%±0.5 6030095 60 30 60.30%±0.9 171gcm3021 71g 21 1.71g/cm3±0.21 P<0.05, P005 P<0.05 , 05 (P<0.05) however 286 28 28.6 50 643 64 64.3 nonreestablishment, nonreestablishment nonre establishment, establishment nonre-establishment cv experiment 568mgdL11 5.68mg/dL±1.1 165305 16.53%±0.5 599519 9 59.95%±1. 152gcm303 1.52g/cm3±0.3 661mgdL08 8 6.61mg/dL±0.8 169005 16.90%±0. 603009 60.30%±0. 171gcm302 2 1.71g/cm3±0.2 P00 P<0.0 (P<0.05 28. 64. 568mgdL1 5.68mg/dL±1. 16530 16.53%±0. 59951 59.95%±1 152gcm30 1.52g/cm3±0. 661mgdL0 6.61mg/dL±0. 16900 16.90%±0 60300 60.30%±0 171gcm30 1.71g/cm3±0. P0 P<0. (P<0.0 568mgdL 5.68mg/dL±1 1653 16.53%±0 5995 59.95%± 152gcm3 1.52g/cm3±0 661mgdL 6.61mg/dL±0 1690 16.90%± 6030 60.30%± 171gcm3 1.71g/cm3±0 P<0 (P<0. 5.68mg/dL± 165 16.53%± 599 59.95% 152gcm 1.52g/cm3± 6.61mg/dL± 169 16.90% 603 60.30% 171gcm 1.71g/cm3± P< (P<0 5.68mg/dL 16.53% 59.95 1.52g/cm3 6.61mg/dL 16.90 60.30 1.71g/cm3 (P< 16.53 59.9 1.52g/cm 16.9 60.3 1.71g/cm 16.5 59. 16. 60.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar as concentrações de fósforo (P) no soro e no osso, o percentual de cinzas e a densidade óssea específica em búfalas da Ilha de Marajó antes e após suplementação mineral seletiva. Foram utilizadas 14 búfalas mestiças de Murrah com Mediterrânea, com idades entre 18 e 36 meses. Os valores médios de P, antes da suplementação, no soro, no osso, o percentual de cinzas e a densidade óssea específica foram de 5,68mg/dL±1,18, 16,53%±0,53, 59,95%±1,96 e 1,52g/cm3±0,32, respectivamente, o que demonstra deficiência de P nos animais criados na Ilha de Marajó. Após a suplementação com P por um período de sete meses os valores foram 6,61mg/dl±0,87, 16,90%±0,56 e 60,30%±0,95 e 1,71g/cm3±0,21 respectivamente. Esses resultados caracterizam um aumento significativo nas concentrações de P no soro sanguíneo, na densidade óssea específica e no percentual de P nas cinzas (P<0,05), porém não houve um aumento significativo no percentual de cinzas. O aumento médio nos valores de P no soro e nas cinzas não alcançou patamares de normalidade em todas as búfalas, entretanto 28,6% delas tinham valores normais de P no soro e 50% nas cinzas, 64,3% tinham valores normais da densidade óssea específica. O não restabelecimento, em parte dos animais, das variáveis ósseas e sanguíneas após suplementação com P durante sete meses pode ter ocorrido em virtude da baixa ingestão da mistura mineral e da baixa concentração de P em Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu utilizada para alimentação dos animais durante o experimento. RESUMO Objetivouse Objetivou se (P osso seletiva 1 Mediterrânea 3 568mgdL118 mgdL 5 68mg dL mg 5,68mg/dL±1,18 1653053 16 53 0 16,53%±0,53 5995196 59 95 96 59,95%±1,9 152gcm3032 gcm 52g cm3 32 g cm 1,52g/cm3±0,32 respectivamente 661mgdl087 mgdl 6 61mg dl 87 6,61mg/dl±0,87 1690056 90 56 16,90%±0,5 6030095 60 30 60,30%±0,9 171gcm3021 71g 21 1,71g/cm3±0,2 sanguíneo P<0,05, P005 P<0,05 , 05 (P<0,05) 286 28 28,6 50 643 64 64,3 restabelecimento cv experimento 568mgdL11 5,68mg/dL±1,1 165305 16,53%±0,5 599519 9 59,95%±1, 152gcm303 1,52g/cm3±0,3 661mgdl08 8 6,61mg/dl±0,8 169005 16,90%±0, 603009 60,30%±0, 171gcm302 2 1,71g/cm3±0, P00 P<0,0 (P<0,05 28, 64, 568mgdL1 5,68mg/dL±1, 16530 16,53%±0, 59951 59,95%±1 152gcm30 1,52g/cm3±0, 661mgdl0 6,61mg/dl±0, 16900 16,90%±0 60300 60,30%±0 171gcm30 1,71g/cm3±0 P0 P<0, (P<0,0 568mgdL 5,68mg/dL±1 1653 16,53%±0 5995 59,95%± 152gcm3 1,52g/cm3±0 661mgdl 6,61mg/dl±0 1690 16,90%± 6030 60,30%± 171gcm3 1,71g/cm3± P<0 (P<0, 5,68mg/dL± 165 16,53%± 599 59,95% 152gcm 1,52g/cm3± 6,61mg/dl± 169 16,90% 603 60,30% 171gcm 1,71g/cm3 P< (P<0 5,68mg/dL 16,53% 59,95 1,52g/cm3 6,61mg/dl 16,90 60,30 1,71g/cm (P< 16,53 59,9 1,52g/cm 16,9 60,3 16,5 59, 16, 60,

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to identify differences in morphogenesis, structure, and forage accumulation rate of Urochloa brizantha cv. MG13 Braúna, from Urochloa cv. Cayana and Urochloa cv. Convert 330 (sabiá grass) during the deferment period. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications in experimental plots of 12.25m2. The evaluations took place for two years, 2021 and 2022. The deferment period was 90 days. Phyllochron (PHY) and leaf senescence rate (LSR) were lower at the beginning of deferred, contrary to leaf elongation rate (LER) and population density tillers (PDT). Stem growth rate (SGR) was higher in 2021 and at the beginning of deferment. Leaf growth rate (LGR) and total growth rate (TGR) were higher at the beginning of deferment. The braúna grass presented higher PDT. The SGR and the TGR of cayana grass are superior to those of braúna grass. The braúna grass produces a canopy consisting of lighter and denser byts, compared to other weeds. In Uberlândia, MG, braúna grass with an initial height of 30cm produces less stem, while cayana grass produces more forage during deferral. morphogenesis structure cv MG MG1 Braúna 33 sabiá randomized 1225m2 m 12 25m2 12.25m2 years 202 2022 9 days PHY (PHY LSR (LSR deferred LER (LER PDT . (PDT) (SGR LGR (LGR (TGR byts weeds Uberlândia cm stem deferral 3 1225m 1 25m 12.25m 20 (PDT 2

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar diferenças nos padrões de morfogênese, de estrutura e de taxa de acúmulo de forragem da Urochloa brizantha cv. MG13 Braúna, da Urochloa cv. Cayana e da Urochloa cv. Convert 330 (capim-sabiá), durante o período de diferimento. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em parcelas experimentais de 12,25m2. As avaliações ocorreram por dois anos, 2021 e 2022. O período de diferimento foi de 90 dias. O filocrono (FIL) e a taxa de senescência foliar (TSF) foram menores no início do diferimento, contrariamente à taxa de alongamento foliar (TAlF) e à densidade populacional de perfilhos (DPP). A taxa de crescimento de colmo (TCC) foi maior em 2021 e no início do diferimento. As taxas de crescimento de folha (TCF) e a taxa de crescimento total (TCT) foram maiores no início do diferimento. O capim-braúna apresentou maior DPP. A TCC e a TCT do capim-cayana são superiores às do capim-braúna. O capim-braúna produz um dossel constituído por perfilhos mais leves e mais densos, em comparação aos demais capins. Em Uberlândia, MG, o capim-braúna com altura inicial de 30cm produz menos colmo, enquanto o capim-cayana produz mais forragem durante o diferimento. morfogênese cv MG MG1 Braúna 33 capimsabiá, capimsabiá capim sabiá , (capim-sabiá) acaso repetições 1225m2 m 12 25m2 12,25m2 anos 202 2022 9 dias FIL (FIL TSF (TSF TAlF (TAlF DPP . (DPP) (TCC TCF (TCF (TCT capimbraúna braúna capimcayana cayana capimbraúna. braúna. densos capins Uberlândia cm 3 (capim-sabiá 1225m 1 25m 12,25m 20 (DPP 2

Abstract Phosphorus (P) is one of the main nutrients capable of increasing yields of tropical grasses. The definition of adequate P fertilizer rates can contribute to improving forage production of pastures. However, the efficiency in the response of different genotypes of Urochloa mosambicensis (Hack.) Dandy (Bushveld herringbone grass) to P fertilizer rates is not known. This study aimed to quantify the response of U. mosambicensis genotypes to P fertilizer levels and classify the genotypes as to efficiency and responsiveness. The experiment was carried out in pots, under controlled conditions, in a completely randomized design, in a 2 x 9 factorial with five replications. The factors consisted of equivalent P rates of 10 and 90 kg ha-1 of P2O5 (triple superphosphate) and eight genotypes of U. mosambicensis (UmCO-1 (2), UmCO-2 (2), UmCO-4 (1), UmCO-8 (1), UmCO-11 (2), UmCO-12 (2), UmCO-13 (2) and UmCO-14 (2)), in addition to a control, Urochloa brizantha syn. Brachiaria brizantha cv. BRS Piatã. Each experimental unit consisted of one pot. Biometric attributes and dry mass yield were evaluated over four cutting cycles. There was no effect of the P fertilization x genotypes interaction for the variables evaluated. However, the highest fertilizer rate increased dry mass yield and tiller population density in all genotypes and cuttings evaluated. The genotype UmCO-4 (1) and the cultivar BRS Piatã proved to be responsive to and efficient in P use. The highest P rate promoted greatest production of dry mass and greatest number of tillers in all genotypes of U. mosambicensis. (P grasses pastures However Hack. Hack (Hack. Bushveld grass known U responsiveness pots conditions design replications 1 ha1 ha ha- PO O P2O triple superphosphate UmCO1 UmCO (UmCO- 2, , UmCO2 UmCO- UmCO4 4 1, UmCO8 8 UmCO11 11 UmCO-1 UmCO12 12 UmCO13 13 (2 UmCO14 14 (2)) control syn cv pot cycles (1 use (Hack (UmCO (

Resumo O fósforo (P) é um dos principais nutrientes capazes de aumentar a produtividade de gramíneas tropicais. A definição de doses de P pode contribuir para aumentar a produção de forragem em pastagens cultivadas. Todavia não se conhece a eficiência na resposta de diferentes genótipos de capim-corrente (Urochloa mosambicensis (Hack.) Dandy) a doses de P. Este estudo objetivou quantificar a resposta de genótipos de capim-corrente a níveis de adubação com P e classificá-los segundo a sua eficiência e responsividade. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos, em condições controladas, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, num esquema fatorial 2 x 9, com cinco repetições. Os fatores consistiram de doses equivalentes de P de 10 e 90 kg ha-1 de P2O5 (superfosfato triplo) e oito genótipos de U. mosambicensis (UmCO1 (2), UmCO-2 (2), UmCO-4 (1), UmCO-8 (1), UmCO-11 (2), UmCO-12 (2), UmCO-13 (2) e UmCO-14 (2)), além da testemunha Urochloa brizantha syn. Brachiaria brizantha cv. BRS Piatã. Cada unidade experimental foi constituída de um vaso. Foram avaliados atributos biométricos e rendimento de massa seca ao longo de quatro ciclos de corte. Não houve efeito da interação entre adubação x genótipos para as variáveis avaliadas. Entretanto, a maior dose do fertilizante incrementou o rendimento de massa seca e densidade populacional de perfilhos em todos os genótipos e cortes avaliados. O genótipo UmCO-4 (1) e a cultivar BRS Piatã revelaram-se responsivos e eficientes no uso de P. A maior dose de P promoveu maior produção de massa seca e maior número de perfilhos em todos os genótipos de U. mosambicensis. (P tropicais cultivadas capimcorrente capim corrente Hack. Hack (Hack. Dandy classificálos classificá los responsividade vasos controladas casualizado 9 repetições 1 ha1 ha ha- PO P2O superfosfato triplo U UmCO1 UmCO (UmCO 2, , UmCO2 UmCO- UmCO4 4 1, UmCO8 8 UmCO11 11 UmCO-1 UmCO12 12 UmCO13 13 (2 UmCO14 14 (2)) syn cv vaso corte avaliadas Entretanto (1 revelaramse revelaram (Hack (