Abstract Introduction: Sticholecitha serpentis is a poorly studied parasite of the snakes’ esophagus, with an unclear taxonomy. Currently, there are few records of S. serpentis in snakes in Brazil. Although it has been recorded in snakes of the family Viperidae, it has not yet been reported in Bothrops atrox. Objectives: To present new morphological characters, as well as ecological and parasitic relationships of S. serpentis with B. atrox. Methods: The samples were obtained in a dryland area in the Tapajós National Forest, Pará State, Brazil. Ten specimens of B. atrox were examined manually with the aid of tweezers, and three were positive for trematodes identified as S. serpentis in the oral cavity. Results: We provide scanning electron microscopy images, with detailed images of the S. serpentis tegument and its spines, as well as details of the dorsal keel using light microscopy methods. Moreover, we report the first record of S. serpentis parasitizing an Amazonian viperid, with infection frequency data of 30 %. Conclusion: We emphasize that the new morphological data presented in this manuscript provide additional information to facilitate the identification of this trematode in future studies.

Resumen Introducción: Sticholecitha serpentis es un parásito del esófago de serpientes poco estudiado y su sistemática no está clara. Actualmente, existen pocos registros del parásito en serpientes en Brasil. Aunque ha sido registrada en serpientes de la familia Viperidae, aún no ha sido reportada en Bothrops atrox. Objetivos: Presentar novedades en aspectos morfológicos, relaciones ecológicas y parasitarias de S. serpentis, parásito encontrado por primera vez en la cavidad bucal de B. atrox. Métodos: Las muestras provienen de un área seca en la Floresta Nacional de Tapajós, Estado de Pará, Brasil. Diez especímenes de B. atrox fueron examinados manualmente con la ayuda de pinzas. De estos individuos tres fueron positivos para trematodos compatibles con S. serpentis en la cavidad oral. Resultados: Se proporcionan imágenes de microscopía electrónica de barrido, con imágenes del tegumento de S. serpentis y sus espinas, y detalles de la quilla dorsal mediante métodos de microscopía óptica. Además, se reporta el primer registro de parasitismo por S. serpentis en un vipérido amazónico, con datos de frecuencia de infección del 30 %. Conclusión: Los nuevos datos morfológicos presentados en este manuscrito proporcionan información adicional para facilitar la identificación de este tremátodo en futuros estudios.

Abstract 21. Radio telemetry has become a valuable tool for studying the spatial and reproductive ecology of snakes. Various methodologies have been used to attach radio transmitters to snakes, including external placement with adhesive tape, forced ingestion, and skin glue application. Still, these methods have limitations and negative effects on snakes, such as transmitter loss or alterations in feeding behavior. This study presents the first case of radio transmitter implantation in the species Bothrops alternatus in Argentina. Two large venomous snakes B. alternatus specimens, were captured from the wild. A procedure was followed based on previous work with specific adaptations for venomous snakes. The specimens were anesthetized with isoflurane and provided with oxygen throughout the surgery. A 2 cm incision was made in each specimen, the muscle was divided, and access to the celomic cavity was obtained. The previously sterilized radio transmitter was placed in this cavity, and its antenna was tunneled under the skin towards the upper body. Subsequently, the muscle layers and skin were sutured with sterile material. The surgery was successful in both specimens, lasting approximately 30 minutes, with rapid recovery post-anesthesia. The transmitters emitted signals detected at distances of up to 500 meters in the field, allowing tracking of the snakes’ movements over 10 days. However, it was observed that the transmitter battery life was shorter than expected, limiting long-term monitoring. This work represents a significant contribution to the field of snake radio telemetry in Argentina, providing a detailed and successful protocol for radio transmitter implantation in venomous snakes.

Resumen 17. La radiotelemetría se ha convertido en una herramienta valiosa para estudiar la ecología espacial y reproductiva de las serpientes. Diferentes metodologías han sido utilizadas para colocar radiotransmisores en serpientes, incluida la colocación externa con cinta adhesiva, la ingestión forzada y la aplicación de pegamento en la piel, aunque presentan limitaciones y efectos negativos en las serpientes, como la pérdida de los transmisores o la alteración del comportamiento alimentario. En el presente trabajo se presenta el primer caso de implantación de radiotransmisores en la especie Bothrops alternatus en la Argentina. Se utilizaron dos ejemplares de yarará grande B. alternatus capturados de la naturaleza. Se siguió un procedimiento basado en trabajos anteriores con adaptaciones específicas propias para tratar serpientes venenosas. Los ejemplares fueron anestesiados con isoflurano, con soporte de oxígeno durante toda la cirugía. En cada ejemplar se realizó una incisión de 2 cm de longitud, se dividió el músculo y se accedió a la cavidad celómica. El radiotransmisor, previamente esterilizado, se colocó en esta cavidad y su antena se tunelizó bajo la piel hacia la parte superior del cuerpo. Posteriormente, se suturaron los planos musculares y la piel con material estéril. La cirugía fue exitosa en ambos especímenes, con una duración de aproximadamente 30 minutos y una recuperación rápida después de la anestesia. Los radiotransmisores emitieron señales que se captaron a distancias de hasta 500 metros en el campo, lo que permitió rastrear el movimiento de las serpientes durante un período de 10 días. Sin embargo, se observó que la duración de la batería de los transmisores fue menor de lo esperado, lo que limitó el seguimiento a largo plazo. Este trabajo representa una contribución significativa al campo de la radiotelemetría en serpientes en la Argentina, proporcionando un protocolo detallado y exitoso para la implantación de radiotransmisores en serpientes venenosas.

ABSTRACT Background: Ophidic accident is a neglected disease that affects tropical countries. Latin America is the second region after Africa, with the most cases worldwide. Local lesions accompany its clinical course up to systemic affectations such as renal, hematological, and neurological lesions. Cardiac complications are rare, especially in patients who do not have cardiovascular risk factors. There are reports of acute myocardial infarction, but there is little information about heart failure due to Bothrops spp. Case report: We present the case of a 25-year-old man without cardiovascular risk factors who was admitted to the intensive care unit and developed heart failure with cardiogenic shock and multi-organ failure secondary to a snake bite. Conclusions: Although the characteristic clinical course of a bothropic ophidian accident and its systemic manifestations are mainly related to coagulation abnormalities, there are cardiovascular complications within its clinical presentation that, although rare, if not detected promptly and not adequately managed, are associated with high morbidity and mortality.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: El accidente ofídico es una enfermedad desatendida que afecta a los países tropicales. América Latina es la segunda región después de África, con mayor número de casos a nivel mundial. Su curso clínico incluye lesiones locales hasta afectaciones sistémicas como lesiones renales, hematológicas y neurológicas. Las complicaciones cardiacas son raras, especialmente en pacientes que no tienen factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Hay reportes de infarto agudo de miocardio, pero existe poca información sobre la insuficiencia cardíaca debida a Bothrops spp. Reporte de caso: Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 25 años sin factores de riesgo cardiovascular que fue admitido en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y desarrolló insuficiencia cardíaca con choque cardiogénico y fallo multiorgánico secundario a una mordedura de serpiente. Conclusiones: Aunque el curso clínico característico de un accidente ofídico bothrópico y sus manifestaciones sistémicas están principalmente relacionadas con anomalías de la coagulación, hay complicaciones cardiovasculares dentro de su presentación clínica que, aunque raras, si no se detectan prontamente y no se manejan adecuadamente, están asociadas con alta morbilidad y mortalidad.

Abstract Variability in snake venom composition is well-documented and crucial for understanding snake ecology and predicting snakebites. In this study, we characterize the venom composition and biological activities of newborn female and male Bothrops moojeni and their mother. Our results reveal significant differences between the venom of newborn females and males, demonstrating a broad and diverse range of proteins. The venoms of newborn females showed higher serine protease effects, increased hemorrhagic activity, and greater lethality compared to the venom of newborn males. However, no differences were observed in phospholipase A2 and coagulant activity. The differences in protein composition and toxic activities between maternal and neonatal venom, as well as between the venoms of newborn females and males, contribute to understanding the diverse outcomes of snakebites. These results underscore the importance of considering sex and ontogeny in understanding venom composition in snakes. welldocumented documented snakebites study mother males proteins effects activity However A snakes

Resumo A variabilidade na composição dos venenos de serpentes é bem documentada e crucial para a compreensão da ecologia das serpentes ou do prognóstico dos envenenamentos ofídicos. Nesse estudo, caracterizamos a composição e a atividade biológica do veneno de fêmeas e machos recém-nascidos e sua mãe. Nossos resultados revelaram diferenças significativas entre o veneno de fêmeas e machos recém-nascidos, demonstrando uma ampla e diversificada gama de proteínas. Os venenos de fêmeas recém-nascidas apresentaram mais efeitos de serina protease, aumento da atividade hemorrágica e maior letalidade em comparação ao veneno dos machos recém-nascidos. No entanto, nenhuma diferença foi observada na fosfolipase A2 e na atividade coagulante. As diferenças na composição proteica e nas atividades tóxicas entre o veneno materno e neonatal, bem como entre os venenos de fêmeas e machos recém-nascidos contribuem para a compreensão dos diversos resultados dos acidentes ofídicos. Esses resultados ressaltam a importância de considerar o sexo e a ontogenia na compreensão da composição do veneno desses animais. ofídicos estudo recémnascidos recém nascidos mãe recémnascidos, nascidos, proteínas recémnascidas nascidas protease recémnascidos. nascidos. entanto coagulante neonatal animais

Resumo O estudo das serpentes envolve fatores fisiológicos, comportamentais e de interação com um ambiente extremamente dinâmico e complexo. A relação destes animais com a biodiversidade ainda é bastante preliminar, pouco estudada e muito alimentada por práticas populares ligadas a medicina tradicional, correntes esotéricas e místicas. Nessa linha que este estudo propôs conhecer sobre o efeito do extrato bruto alcoólico a 80% da Petiveria alliacea L, popularmente conhecida como Erva Tipi, e seus efeitos associados à repelência da serpente Bothrops moojeni. Foi construído um complexo de caixas para a observação do deslocamento da serpente, realizado por um período total de seis dias, sendo os três primeiros para definição do padrão exploratório e os outros dois para o teste ao extrato alcóolico de Tipi e finalmente no sexto dia um ciclo com presença de um atrativo vivo. Foi observado que o animal não teve comportamento de inibição e se deslocou pelo complexo de forma análoga ao que ocorre na natureza e demonstrou comportamento de evitar se manter na presença do extrato tanto com a presença de um atrativo vivo como sem ele, preferindo se deslocar nos outros compartimentos. Os resultados mostram que essa ferramenta proposta é valida para estudo de deslocamento das serpentes Bothrops moojeni, da mesma maneira que agregou valores na importância da biodiversidade do Cerrado e sobre as práticas populares da Erva Tipi, uma vez que o efeito repelente sobre a serpente foi significativo nos dois testes realizados.

Abstract The serpent study involves physiological, behavioral and interaction factors with an extremely dynamic and complex environment. The relation of these animals with biodiversity is still quite preliminary, little studied and sustained by popular practices related to traditional medicine, esoteric and mystical currents. Therefore, this study proposed to know about the effect of 80% crude alcoholic extract of Petiveria alliacea L., popularly known as Tipi Herb, and its effects associated with the repellency of the Bothrops moojeni serpent. A complex of boxes was built for the observation of the snake's displacement, carried out for a total period of six days, the first three for defining the exploratory pattern and the other two for testing the alcoholic extract of Tipi, and finally on the sixth day, one cycle with the presence of a live attractant as bait. It was observed that the animal had no inhibition behavior and moved through the complex in a way like what occurs in nature and showed behavior to avoid remaining in the presence of the extract both with the presence of a live attractant or without it, preferring to move in the other compartments. The results show that this proposed tool is valid for the study of displacement of Bothrops moojeni snakes, in the same way that it added values on the importance of cerrado biome biodiversity and on the popular medicine practices of Tipi Herb, since the repellent effect on the snake was significant in the two tests performed.

ABSTRACT This case study examines the clinical course of a Bothrops snakebite poisoning that occurred in Jarinu, São Paulo, Brazil, in 2021. The patient required a fasciotomy in the upper limb due to acute compartment syndrome, followed by a second surgical procedure involving dermo-epidermal grafting. In the late postoperative period, the patient experienced retraction, leading to a subsequent surgical intervention to correct the retraction in the left upper limb. The severity of the snakebite accident, the effects of venom on tissues, complications, acute compartment syndrome, as well as the indications and techniques for decompressive fasciotomy, are discussed based on the available literature. Jarinu Paulo Brazil 2021 syndrome dermoepidermal dermo epidermal grafting period accident tissues complications literature 202 20 2

RESUMO Este relato de caso aborda o curso clínico de um envenenamento botrópico ocorrido no município de Jarinu, SP, no ano de 2021. O paciente necessitou de fasciotomia em membro superior após síndrome compartimental aguda com enxertia dermoepidérmica em um segundo momento cirúrgico. No pós-operatório tardio, o paciente evoluiu com retração, necessitando de reabordagem cirúrgica com correção de retração de membro superior esquerdo. Discute-se a gravidade do acidente ofídico, efeitos do veneno nos tecidos, complicações, síndrome compartimental aguda, indicação e técnica da fasciotomia descompressiva com base na literatura. Jarinu SP 2021 cirúrgico pósoperatório pós operatório tardio esquerdo Discutese Discute se ofídico tecidos complicações literatura 202 20 2

Abstract Hemostasis is a complex set of biological processes responsible for blood fluidity within normal vessels and for the physiological interruption of bleeding in cases of vascular injury. Bothrops moojeni snake venom is rich in bioactive compounds of pharmacological and clinical interest since its protein components are capable of interfering with many points of the hemostatic process. Here, we present the B. moojeni venom proteins that affect hemostasis and discuss their pharmacological and clinical potential. This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. Data were obtained from the CAPES Journal Portal database, using the terms “Bothrops” AND “hemostasis”, in a search for scientific articles made available in the last 20 years. Many components isolated from B. moojeni snake venom are characterized for their effect on hemostasis and possible application in the diagnosis and treatment of hemostatic disorders. injury process Here B potential MetaAnalyses Meta Analyses PRISMA (PRISMA protocol database “Bothrops hemostasis, , “hemostasis” 2 years disorders “hemostasis

Abstract Background: The bioactive peptides derived from snake venoms of the Viperidae family species have been promising as therapeutic candidates for neuroprotection due to their ability to prevent neuronal cell loss, injury, and death. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the cytoprotective effects of a synthetic proline-rich oligopeptide 7a (PRO-7a; <EDGPIPP) from Bothrops jararaca snake, on oxidative stress-induced toxicity in neuronal PC12 cells and astrocyte-like C6 cells. Methods: Both cells were pre-treated for four hours with different concentrations of PRO-7a, submitted to H2O2-induced damage for 20 h, and then the oxidative stress markers were analyzed. Also, two independent neuroprotective mechanisms were investigated: a) L-arginine metabolite generation via argininosuccinate synthetase (AsS) activity regulation to produce agmatine or polyamines with neuroprotective properties; b) M1 mAChR receptor subtype activation pathway to reduce oxidative stress and neuron injury. Results: PRO-7a was not cytoprotective in C6 cells, but potentiated the H2O2-induced damage to cell integrity at a concentration lower than 0.38 μM. However, PRO-7a at 1.56 µM, on the other hand, modified H2O2-induced toxicity in PC12 cells by restoring cell integrity, mitochondrial metabolism, ROS generation, and arginase indirect activity. The α-Methyl-DL-aspartic acid (MDLA) and L-NΩ-Nitroarginine methyl ester (L-Name), specific inhibitors of AsS and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which catalyzes the synthesis of polyamines and NO from L-arginine, did not suppress PRO-7a-mediated cytoprotection against oxidative stress. It suggested that its mechanism is independent of the production of L-arginine metabolites with neuroprotective properties by increased AsS activity. On the other hand, the neuroprotective effect of PRO-7a was blocked in the presence of dicyclomine hydrochloride (DCH), an M1 mAChR antagonist. Conclusions: For the first time, this work provides evidence that PRO-7a-induced neuroprotection seems to be mediated through M1 mAChR activation in PC12 cells, which reduces oxidative stress independently of AsS activity and L-arginine bioavailability. Background loss injury death Therefore prolinerich proline rich PRO7a PROa PRO (PRO-7a <EDGPIPP EDGPIPP stressinduced induced PC PC1 astrocytelike astrocyte like C Methods pretreated pre treated PRO7a, 7a, H2O2induced HOinduced H2O2 H O 2 h analyzed Also investigated Larginine L arginine (AsS b M Results 038 0 38 0.3 μM However 156 1 56 1.5 µM hand metabolism αMethylDLaspartic α Methyl DL aspartic MDLA (MDLA LNΩNitroarginine NΩ Nitroarginine LName, LName Name , (L-Name) NOS, NOS (NOS) Larginine, arginine, PRO7amediated PROamediated DCH, DCH (DCH) antagonist Conclusions time PRO7ainduced PROainduced bioavailability HO H2O 03 3 0. 15 5 1. (L-Name (NOS amediated (DCH ainduced

RESUMO Acidentes ofídicos causados por serpentes do gênero Bothrops são responsáveis por 70% das notificações no país. O soro antiofídico é o antídoto específico contra o envenenamento causado por essas serpentes. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o estado de saúde de equinos produtores de soro antibotrópico, pelo monitoramento dos parâmetros hematológicos e do ferro sérico, durante a realização do protocolo de três imunizações. Os animais foram avaliados em 17 momentos experimentais: controle (antes da aplicação do imunógeno), quatro horas, 24h, 48h, 72h e sete dias após as inoculações, para cada imunização. Houve diminuição significativa nos valores dos eritrócitos, da hemoglobina e do hematócrito após a segunda imunização. Verificaram-se diminuições significativas nos valores do ferro durante as três imunizações. Foram verificadas diminuições significativas nos valores dos linfócitos, nas duas primeiras imunizações, e aumento significativo dos valores dos neutrófilos nas três imunizações. Os eosinófilos, monócitos e basófilos não apresentaram diferença significativa ao longo das três imunizações. O protocolo de imunização descrito neste trabalho causou reação inflamatória no local da aplicação do imunógeno e reações transitórias dos parâmetros hematológicos e do ferro, pois, no final do protocolo de imunização, os valores das variáveis retornaram aos intervalos de referência. 70 país antibotrópico sérico imunizações 1 experimentais antes imunógeno, , imunógeno) horas 24h h 48h inoculações eritrócitos Verificaramse Verificaram se linfócitos eosinófilos pois referência 7

ABSTRACT Ophidic accidents caused by snakes of the genus Bothrops are responsible for 70% of notifications in the country. The antiophidic serum is the specific antidote against envenomation caused by these snakes. Aiming to evaluate the health status of horses producing antibotropic serum, the hematological variables and serum iron were delineated along the protocol of three immunizations. The animals were evaluated at 17 experimental moments, being: control (before the immunogen application), four hours, 24h, 48h, 72h and seven days after inoculations, for each immunization. There was a significant decrease in erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values after the second immunization. Serum iron values showed significant decreases during the three immunizations. Significant decreases in lymphocyte values were noted in the first two immunizations, while there was a significant increase in neutrophil values during all three immunizations. Eosinophils, monocytes, and basophils did not show significant difference throughout the three immunizations. The immunization protocol described in this study caused an inflammatory reaction at the site of immunogen application and transient changes in hematological parameters and iron levels, as by the end of the immunization protocol, the variable values returned the reference levels. 70 country immunizations 1 moments being before application, , application) hours 24h h 48h inoculations erythrocyte hemoglobin Eosinophils monocytes levels 7

ABSTRACT: Ophidian accidents have been a medical and veterinary challenge. The only treatment available and recommended by the World Health Organization and the Ministry of Health is serotherapy. This study evaluated the liver function of equines submitted to the immunization protocol currently used by the “Instituto Vital Brazil” to produce anti-Bothrops serum. Five equines were evaluated with Bothrops venom inoculation during three immunization cycles. Blood samples were taken for a biochemical test and a liver assessment due to the damage caused to the liver. The biochemical data that presented significant differences in all animals compared to baseline were AST, ALT, GGT, FA, GLDH and serum protein. Creatinine did not change throughout the experiment. The results obtained suggest that liver alterations may occur throughout the three immunization cycles. There is a great need for new studies aimed at broadening knowledge about venom inoculation protocols in serum producer equines and minimizing the adverse effects of immunization. ABSTRACT challenge serotherapy Instituto Brazil antiBothrops anti cycles AST ALT GGT FA protein experiment

RESUMO: Acidentes ofídicos têm sido um desafio médico e veterinário. O único tratamento disponível e preconizado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde e pelo Ministério Saúde é a soroterapia. O presente estudo avaliou a função hepática dos equinos submetidos ao protocolo de imunização empregado atualmente pelo Instituto Vital Brazil para produção do soro antibotrópico. Foram avaliados cinco equinos com inoculação de veneno Botrópico durante o período de três ciclos de imunizações. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para realização de exame bioquímico e avaliação hepática por conta das lesões causadas no fígado. Os dados bioquímicos que apresentaram diferenças significativas, em todos os animais, comparados ao tempo basal, foram AST, ALT, GGT, FA, GLDH e proteína sérica. Creatinina não apresentou alteração ao longo do experimento. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que ao longo dos três ciclos de imunização podem ocorrer alterações hepáticas. Há uma grande necessidade de novos estudos com objetivo de ampliar o conhecimento acerca dos protocolos de inoculação de veneno nos equinos soroprodutores e minimizar os efeitos adversos da imunização. RESUMO veterinário soroterapia antibotrópico imunizações fígado significativas animais basal AST ALT GGT FA sérica experimento hepáticas

RESUMO: Bothrops atrox é a serpente mais comum na Amazônia, e seu veneno provoca alterações locais e sistêmicas. Este relato descreve os achados clínico-patológicos e laboratoriais de ofidismo por Bothrops em seis equídeos no Pará, Brasil. Os animais, que pertenciam a cinco propriedades rurais diferentes, apresentaram sinais clínicos de apatia, anorexia e aumento da sensibilidade ao toque em áreas de aumento de volume. Três animais foram picados na parte distal dos membros pélvicos e três na região da cabeça. Os animais afetados na área dos membros pélvicos apresentaram edema acentuado que se estendia do boleto até a coxa e exibiam dificuldade de locomoção. Aqueles afetados na região da cabeça exibiam aumento de volume que conferia a aparência de uma “cabeça de rinoceronte”, bem como escurecimento da mucosa dos lábios e gengivas. Todos os animais apresentaram taquicardia e taquipneia, e os achados laboratoriais de dois animais evidenciaram anemia, leucocitose, aumento do tempo de coagulação e aumento das enzimas hepáticas (AST e GGT) e renais (ureia e creatinina). O tratamento foi ineficaz, e três dos quatro animais tratados faleceram. A necropsia foi realizada em três animais e foi observada hemorragia extensa no tecido dos locais da picada da serpente e líquido sanguinolento incoagulável nas cavidades. Observou-se congestão no diafragma, na serosa do intestino delgado e áreas mais claras na superfície renal. A histopatologia mostrou degeneração muscular, necrose, necrose tubular aguda, hemorragia e cilindros hialinos nos rins. Este relato destaca os achados clínico-patológicos de picada de serpente em equídeos. Além disso, parece ser o primeiro relato de envenenamento por Bothrops em uma mula no Brasil. RESUMO Amazônia sistêmicas clínicopatológicos clínico patológicos Pará Brasil diferentes apatia locomoção rinoceronte, rinoceronte , rinoceronte” gengivas taquipneia anemia leucocitose AST GGT ureia creatinina. creatinina . creatinina) ineficaz faleceram cavidades Observouse Observou diafragma renal muscular aguda rins disso

ABSTRACT: Bothrops atrox is the most common viper in the Amazon, and its venom causes local and systemic changes. This report describes the clinicopathological and laboratory findings of ophidism due to Bothrops in six horses in Pará, Brazil. The animals, which belonged to five different rural properties, showed clinical signs of apathy, anorexia, and increased touch sensitivity in areas of increased volume. Three animals were bitten in the distal part of the pelvic limbs and three in the head area. The affected animals in the distal limb area exhibited marked edema extending from the fetlock to the thigh and had difficulty moving. Those affected in the head region exhibited an increase in volume that gave the appearance of a “rhinoceros head,” as well as blackening of the mucosa of the lips and gums. All animals exhibited tachycardia and tachypnea, and laboratory findings of two animals showed anemia, leukocytosis, increased clotting time, and elevated liver (AST and GGT) and kidney enzymes (urea and creatinine). Treatment was ineffective, and three of four treated animals died. Necropsy was performed on three animals, revealing extensive hemorrhage in the tissues at the snake bite sites and incoagulable bloody fluid in the cavities. Congestion was observed in the diaphragm, in the serosa of the small intestine, and in lighter areas on the renal surface. Histopathology showed muscle degeneration, necrosis, acute tubular necrosis, hemorrhage, and hyaline casts in the kidneys. This case report highlights the clinicopathological findings of snakebite in horses. In addition, this seems to be the first report of bothropic envenom in a mule in Brazil. ABSTRACT Amazon changes Pará Brazil properties apathy anorexia moving rhinoceros head, gums tachypnea anemia leukocytosis time AST GGT urea creatinine. creatinine . creatinine) ineffective died cavities diaphragm intestine surface degeneration necrosis kidneys addition

Resumen Introducción: Actualmente, la biodiversidad está administrada principalmente por áreas protegidas, pero la proximidad con las actividades humanas genera conflictos, los cuales están poco estudiados en los trópicos. Objetivo: Estimar el conflicto entre humanos y vida silvestre en la zona de amortiguamiento de la Reserva Biológica Alberto Manuel Brenes, San Ramón, Costa Rica. Métodos: Entrevistamos a los propietarios o administradores de 59 fincas. Resultados: Registramos 540 incidentes, en su mayoría con mamíferos (N=479); los coyotes (Canis latrans) mataron 1 074 animales en 183 ataques en 12 granjas. También registramos conflictos con jaguar, Panthera onca, puma, Puma concolor, ocelote, Leopardus pardalis y tigrillo, Leopardus wiedii, que depredaron 261 animales domésticos. También se reportaron otros mamíferos y serpientes, especialmente la terciopelo, Bothrops asper. En seis ocasiones, los hechos se produjeron a más de 500m de una vivienda; sin embargo, la mayoría estaban a 0-25m de una casa (media 398m). Los campesinos han sacrificado pumas, coyotes, mapaches y serpientes y no hubo un control coordinado de instituciones, ONG y comunidades. Conclusión: Los coyotes son los animales salvajes más comúnmente involucrados y se necesita un esfuerzo coordinado que incluya tanto a las organizaciones como a las comunidades.

Abstract Introduction: Currently, biodiversity is mainly managed by protected areas, but proximity with human activities results in conflicts, which are poorly studied in the tropics. Objective: To estimate human-wildlife conflict in the buffer zone of the Alberto Manuel Brenes Biological Reserve, San Ramón, Costa Rica. Methods: We interviewed the owners or managers of 59 farms. Results: We recorded 540 incidents, mostly with mammals (N=479); coyotes (Canis latrans) killed 1 074 animals in 183 attacks at 12 farms. We also recorded conflicts with jaguar, Panthera onca, puma, Puma concolor, ocelot, Leopardus pardalis, and margay, Leopardus wiedii, which preyed on 261 domestic animals. Other mammals and snakes were also reported, especially the Fer-de-lance, Bothrops asper. In six occasions, the incidents took place over 500m from a house; however, most were 0-25m from a house (mean 398m). The farmers have sacrificed pumas, coyotes, raccoons and snakes and there was not a coordinated control effort from institutions, NGOs and communities. Conclusion: Coyotes are the most common wild animals involved and there is need for a coordinated effort that includes both organizations and communities.

ABSTRACT Background: Snakebite is a neglected global health problem with high morbidity. We describe compartment syndrome (CS) cases related to snakebites by Bothrops spp. Methods: The medical records of patients admitted with snakebites envenomation were reviewed. Results: Of 47 patients with Bothrops spp. envenomation (4 male; mean age: 42 years), 7 (15%) developed CS. The mean time to antivenom administration was 9.5 hours. The time to fasciotomy was variable. Seven patients developed infection and four had acute kidney injury. Conclusions: The incidence of CS is higher than that reported previously. This may be due to the clinical severity and long delay before administering antivenom. Background morbidity (CS spp Methods reviewed Results 4 ( male age years, years , years) 15% 15 (15% 95 9 5 9. hours variable injury Conclusions previously 1 (15 (1

Abstract This study presents the first complete mitogenome of the Brazilian Atlantic bushmaster Lachesis with insights into snake evolution. The total length was 17,177 bp, consisting of 13 PCGs, 22 tRNAs, two rRNAs and a duplicate control region (CRs). Almost all genes were encoded by the heavy-strand, except for the ND6 gene and eight tRNAs (tRNA-Gln, Ala, Asn, Cys, Tyr, Ser[TGA anticodon], Glu, Pro). Only ATG, ATA, and ATC were starting codons for protein-coding sequences. Stop codons mainly were TAA, AGA, AGG, and TAG; whereas ND1, ND3, and CYTB terminated with incomplete stop codons. Phylogeny retrieved Lachesis within the Crotalinae as the sister group of Agkistrodon; and the Lachesis+Agkistrodon clade as the sister group of (Sistrurus+Crotalus)+Bothrops. The tree supports Crotalinae, Viperinae, and Azemiopinae in the Viperidae family, being sister taxa of Colubridae+(Elapidae+Psammophiidae). The mean genetic distance across 15 snake families and 57 nucleotide sequences was 0.37. The overall mean value of genetic distance across the Crotalinae was 0.23, with Lachesis muta exhibiting the shortest distance of 0.2 with Agkistrodon piscivorus, Protobothrops dabieshanensis and P. flavoviridis and the greatest 0.25 with Gloydius blomhoffii, Trimeresurus albolabris, S. miliarius, and Deinagkistrodon acutus. The complete Atlantic L. muta mitogenome presented herein is only the third annotated mitogenome from more than 430 described Brazilian snake species. evolution 17177 17 177 17,17 bp 1 PCGs 2 CRs. CRs . (CRs) heavystrand, heavystrand heavy strand, strand heavy-strand ND tRNAGln, tRNAGln tRNA Gln, Gln (tRNA-Gln Ala Asn Cys Tyr SerTGA Ser TGA anticodon, anticodon , anticodon] Glu Pro. Pro Pro) ATG ATA proteincoding protein coding TAA AGA AGG TAG ND1 ND3 LachesisAgkistrodon Sistrurus+Crotalus+Bothrops. SistrurusCrotalusBothrops Sistrurus+Crotalus +Bothrops. Sistrurus Crotalus Bothrops (Sistrurus+Crotalus)+Bothrops Viperinae family Colubridae+Elapidae+Psammophiidae. ColubridaeElapidaePsammophiidae Colubridae+ Elapidae+Psammophiidae Colubridae Elapidae Psammophiidae Colubridae+(Elapidae+Psammophiidae) 5 037 0 37 0.37 023 23 0.23 02 0. piscivorus P 025 25 blomhoffii albolabris S miliarius acutus L 43 species 1717 17,1 (CRs Sistrurus+Crotalus+Bothrops SistrurusCrotalus +Bothrops Colubridae+Elapidae+Psammophiidae ElapidaePsammophiidae Colubridae+(Elapidae+Psammophiidae 03 3 0.3 4 171 17,