RESUMEN Uno de los factores que más influye en las características químicas de un metal en solución es el nivel de acidez. El pH, por lo tanto, afecta la reactividad del ion y por ende su interacción con los puntos de unión de la pared celular de la planta. Este estudio evaluó el efecto del pH en la capacidad de bioacumulación de metales pesados en el alga roja Bostrychia calliptera (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae). Se sometieron talos del alga a diferentes concentraciones de mercurio (Hg) y Plomo (Pb), desde 0,1 hasta 10 mg/L para Hg y desde 0,1 hasta 15 mg/L para Pb, durante periodos exposición de 0, 12, 24 y 96 horas, bajo diferentes niveles de pH. Las concentraciones de metal acumulado se determinaron por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica. Las mayores tasas de acumulación se encontraron en el alga expuesta a pH 8 (tanto para Hg como para Pb), el cual es un nivel de pH muy cercano al medido en el área de muestreo. La concentración de metal en el alga se incrementó de manera lineal hasta las 48 h de exposición, tiempo en el que se evidenció una mayor eficiencia de acumulación durante el primer intervalo del periodo del bioensayo. El presente estudio permitió identificar el uso potencial del alga B. calliptera como especie bioindicadora de metales pesados en ambientes estuarinos.

ABSTRACT One of the factors with a bigger influence on the chemical characteristics of metal in solution is the level of acidity. Solution pH affects the cell wall metal-binding sites and the metal ion chemistry in water. This study evaluated the effect of pH on the bioaccumulation capacity in the red algae B. calliptera (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae) exposed to different pH ranges. Algae thalli were subjected to different concentrations ofmercury (Hg) and Lead (Pb), at concentrations from 0.1 to 10 mg/L for Hg and from 0.1 to 15 mg/L for Pb, respectively, during the following exposure times: 0, 12, 24 and 96 hours for each ion. Metal concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry according to standard APHA methods. The highest accumulation rates were found when the algae were exposed to pH 8 (for both Hg and Pb), which is a level very close to that measured in the study area. The metal concentration in the algae increased linearly until 48 hrs, a time where a greater accumulation efficiency was evident. The present study allowed to identify the potential use of the alga B. calliptera as a bioindicator species for heavy metals in estuarine environments.

RESUMEN Las raíces de Rhizophora mangle proveen un hábitat de guardería para muchas especies debido a la estructura tridimensional que forman, lo cual delimita un área de difícil acceso para depredadores grandes. Adicionalmente, proveen un sustrato duro para muchas especies bentónicas, que se atan a las raíces y contribuyen a la estructura tridimensional del ecosistema. Entre esos organismos, encontramos varias macroalgas, que contribuyen a la productividad primaria del ecosistema y proveen alimento y refugio a los herbívoros. En el presente estudio se identificaron las macroalgas asociadas a las raíces de Rhizophora mangle, en playa Cholón, en las islas del Rosario, Caribe colombiano. Se reportan 36 especies of macroalgas: 21 Rhodophyta, once Chlorophyta y cuatro Phaeophyceae. De esas 36 especies, 19 son nuevos registros para las islas, y otros seis son nuevos registros para Colombia. Este es el primer estudio sobre las macroalgas asociadas a las raíces de manglar en el Caribe colombiano, e ilustra tanto la alta diversidad de la flora marina en el Caribe suroccidental, como la falta de estudios sobre el tema.

ABSTRACT The roots of the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle, provide a nursery habitat for many species, due to the tridimensional structure they provide, which delimits an area difficult to access to large predators. Moreover, they provide a hard substrate for many benthonic species, which attach to the roots and contribute to the tridimensional structure of the ecosystem. Among these organisms, there are several macroalgae, which contribute to the primary productivity of the ecosystem and provide food and shelter to herbivores. In the present study we identified the macroalgae associated with the roots of Rhizophora mangle, in Cholón beach, Rosario Islands National Park, Caribbean Colombia. We report a total of 36 species of macroalgae: 21 Rhodophyta, eleven Chlorophyta, and four Phaeophyceae. Of these, 19 are new records for the islands, and six are new records for Colombia. This is the first study on the macroalgae associated with mangrove roots in the Colombian Caribbean, and it highlights both the high diversity of the marine flora of the Southwestern Caribbean, as well as the paucity of studies on the topic.

This study aimed to test the effectiveness of physical and chemical procedures for surface decontamination of Bostrychia binderi Harvey. For this, thalli were washed and immersed in chemical solutions (5% liquid detergent, 1% povidone iodine and 0.2% sodium hypochlorite) at different times and combinations. After treatments the thalli were cultivated in laboratory to verify possible negative effects caused by the procedures to alga. Contaminating organisms in the algal culture medium were quantified at the end of cultivation. Washing, spraying, removing of macrofauna individuals with tweezers, thalli immersion in 5% liquid detergent for 60 seconds, after in 0.2% sodium hypochlorite for 2 minutes were effective procedures to eliminate all contaminants analyzed. Thalli immersion in 1% povidone iodine did not affect negatively the thalli growth, whereas immersion in 0.2% sodium hypochlorite for 5 minutes affected. For establishment of Bostrychia’s unialgal cultures we recommend the proposed protocol in this study.

Este estudo objetivou testar a eficácia de procedimentos físicos e químicos para descontaminação da superfície de Bostrychia binderi Harvey. Para isto, talos foram lavados e imersos em soluções químicas (detergente líquido 5%, iodopovidona 1% e hipoclorito de sódio 0,2%) em diferentes tempos e combinações. Após os tratamentos, os talos foram cultivados para verificar possíveis efeitos negativos causados ​​pelos procedimentos à alga. Contaminantes no meio de cultura dos talos foram quantificados no final do cultivo. Procedimentos de lavagem, remoção física de indivíduos da macrofauna, imersão de talos em detergente líquido 5% por 60 segundos, depois em hipoclorito de sódio 0,2% por 2 minutos, foram eficazes para eliminar os contaminantes analisados. Imersão de talos em iodopovidona 1% não afetou o crescimento dos talos, enquanto que imersão em hipoclorito de sódio 0,2% por 5 minutos afetou. Para estabelecimento de culturas unialgais de Bostrychia recomendamos o protocolo proposto neste estudo.

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou testar a eficácia de procedimentos físicos e químicos para descontaminação da superfície de Bostrychia binderi Harvey. Para isto, talos foram lavados e imersos em soluções químicas (detergente líquido 5%, iodopovidona 1% e hipoclorito de sódio 0,2%) em diferentes tempos e combinações. Após os tratamentos, os talos foram cultivados para verificar possíveis efeitos negativos causados pelos procedimentos à alga. Contaminantes no meio de cultura dos talos foram quantificados no final do cultivo. Procedimentos de lavagem, remoção física de indivíduos da macrofauna, imersão de talos em detergente líquido 5% por 60 segundos, depois em hipoclorito de sódio 0,2% por 2 minutos, foram eficazes para eliminar os contaminantes analisados. Imersão de talos em iodopovidona 1% não afetou o crescimento dos talos, enquanto que imersão em hipoclorito de sódio 0,2% por 5 minutos afetou. Para estabelecimento de culturas unialgais de Bostrychia recomendamos o protocolo proposto neste estudo.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to test the effectiveness of physical and chemical procedures for surface decontamination of Bostrychia binderi Harvey. For this, thalli were washed and immersed in chemical solutions (5% liquid detergent, 1% povidone iodine and 0.2% sodium hypochlorite) at different times and combinations. After treatments the thalli were cultivated in laboratory to verify possible negative effects caused by the procedures to alga. Contaminating organisms in the algal culture medium were quantified at the end of cultivation. Washing, spraying, removal of macrofauna individuals with tweezers, thalli immersion in 5% liquid detergent for 60 seconds, after in 0.2% sodium hypochlorite for 2 minutes were effective procedures to eliminate all contaminants analyzed. Thalli immersion in 1% povidone iodine did not affect negatively the thalli growth, whereas immersion in 0.2% sodium hypochlorite for 5 minutes affected. For establishment of Bostrychia unialgal cultures we recommend the protocol proposed in this study.

Abstract The richness and biomass distribution of mangrove macroalgae were evaluated along the main salinity gradient of the Paranaguá Bay subtropical estuarine complex in southern Brazil. We used a spatially hierarchical design to investigate the spatial scales that contributed most to the variation in richness and biomass within the association. A total of eighteen taxa of macroalgae and cyanobacteria were identified with nonlinear patterns of distribution. While richness correlated with the salinity gradient, algal biomass did not follow the predicted pattern. Conversely, most of the mangrove macroalgae distribution patterns were more related to small-scale processes than to salinity variation. These results indicated that even though coastal regions are exposed to large-scale environmental processes, the somewhat disregarded small-scale processes should be also considered to unravel patterns in biological distributions.

ABSTRACT Global change and coastal eutrophication are affecting macroalgae worldwide. We analyzed the effects of increased water temperature (25, 28 and 32 °C) and eutrophication on the growth of Bostrychia binderi and Bostrychia montagnei in a range of salinities (18, 24, 30, 36 and 42 PSU) through three independent multifactorial experiments. Both species had higher growth at 25 °C than at 28 and 32 °C (warming scenario projected by IPCC), suggesting a negative effect of ocean warming. The species showed a broad tolerance to the range of salinities tested, with higher growth at 36 and 42 PSU, as a local adaptation strategy. Oligotrophic seawater significantly affected the growth of both species because the lowest growth was found in this condition, whereas highest growth was found with increased availability of nutrients, which is probably because estuaries are nutrient-rich environments due to continental runoff. High temperatures, low salinities and few nutrients had negative interactive effects on the growth of both species. Our results show that ocean warming can be detrimental to the studied macroalgae, and that both species are tolerant to eutrophication, with B. montagnei being more sensitive than B. binderi. Our results also reinforce the euryhaline characteristic of the genus Bostrychia.

Resumen El complejo Bostrychietum es conocido como una agrupación de algas asociada a las raíces de mangle en zonas tropicales y subtropicales. Se presenta una revisión de los aspectos taxonómicos, filogenéticos y ecofisiológicos de las especies del género Bostrychia distribuidas en el Pacífico colombiano. Los estudios basados en los caracteres taxonómicos y los análisis morfológicos del complejo concluyen que en el Pacífico colombiano habitan los siguientes morfotipos del género Bostrychia: B. calliptera y B. pinnata (morfo 1), B. moritziana y B. radicans (morfo 2), B. tenella (morfo 3), B. binderi (morfo 4). B. pinnata se considera sinonimia de B. calliptera, en tanto que B. moritziana y B. radicans conforman un grupo con morfología similar. La evaluación de genes nucleares, plastídicos y mitocondriales, así como la descripción complementaria de caracteres taxonómicos en Bostrychia, ha determinado que el complejo no es monofilético, es taxonómicamente indistinguible y está compuesto por tres linajes evolutivos. Desde el punto de vista ecofisiológico, las especies del complejo Bostrychetum están permanentemente expuestas a cambios extremos en el régimen lumínico, la salinidad y el nivel de inundación impuesto por la marea. B. calliptera y C. leprieurii registran fotosíntesis positiva en agua y en aire, lo que demuestran su capacidad para enfrentar los periodos de desecación durante la marea baja y explican el patrón de zonación y el ensamblaje algal en las raíces de mangle. Esta revisión plantea perspectivas de investigación que complementen los estudios taxonómicos y filogenéticos de las especies y evalúen su tolerancia al estrés ambiental propio del ambiente intermareal de los bosques de manglar.

Abstract The Bostrychietum complex is known as an algal assemblage associated with mangrove roots in tropical and subtropical areas. This review presents an analysis of the taxonomy, phylogeny and ecophysiology of Bostrychia species present in the Colombian Pacific Coast. Taxonomic and morphological studies have concluded that the following Bostrychia morphotypes are present: B. calliptera y B. pinnata (morpho 1), B. moritziana y B. radicans (morpho 2), B. tenella (morpho 3), B. binderi (morpho 4). B. pinnata is considered a synonym of B. calliptera, and B. moritziana and B. radicans are a group with differentiated morphology. The evaluation of nuclear, plastidic and mitochondrial genes, as well as complementary descriptions of Bostrychia taxonomic characters, has determined that the complex is non-monophyletic, that it is taxonomically indistinguishable and that it comprises three evolutionary lineages. From an ecophysiological point of view, Bostrychetum complex species are continuously exposed to extreme changes in the light regime, salinity and the tidal levels. B. calliptera and C. leprieurii exhibited positive photosynthesis activity in water and air. Such physiological response shows their capacity to survive to dessication periods during low tide and it explains the zonation pattern and the algal assamblages associated to mangrove roots. This review proposes research perspectives to complement species taxonomic and phylogenetic studies and to evaluate their resistance to intertidal environmental stress in mangrove forests.

This manuscript describes the biooxidation of rac-camphor using whole cells of marine-derived fungus Botryosphaeria sp. CBMAI 1197. The main biotransformation products of this monoterpene were achieved via a hydroxylation reaction and occurred with 5 days of rac-camphor incubation. Products were identified by means of gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data. The major hydroxylated products were 6-endo-hydroxycamphor, 6-exo-hydroxycamphor, 5-exo-hydroxycamphor, 5-endo-hydroxycamphor, 3-exo-hydroxycamphor and 8-hydroxycamphor. The 6-exo-hydroxycamphor was obtained through a retro-aldol reaction when 6-endo-hydroxycamphor was maintained in presence of CDCl3; this isomerization was confirmed by 1H NMR and GC-MS data.

Abstract Marine environment is one of the most important sources regarding natural products research. Besides, marine microorganisms have been denominated as a talented natural source for discovery of new leads. Although the association of macroalgae and fungi has been described regarding ecological issues, there is a lack of studies about marine seaweed endophytic fungi. In this context, the goal of this study was to evaluate cytotoxic, antifungal and antibacterial activities of endophytic fungi isolated from the Brazilian marine seaweed Bostrychia tenella (J.V. Lamouroux) J. Agardh (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta). Forty-five endophytic microorganism strains were isolated from B. tenella. Crude extracts and organic fractions of ten selected strains were obtained after growth in rice medium. Samples were evaluated for cytotoxicity, antifungal and antibacterial assays. Penicillium strains showed positive results in a diversity of assays, and other five strains were active in at least one test. In addition, cytochalasin D was isolated from Xylaria sp. This alga is composed of a microbiological potential, since its endophytic strains exhibited remarkable biological properties. Moreover, cytochalasin D isolation has confirmed chemical potential of marine endophytic strains. This is the first study in which cultured fungi isolates from the Brazilian macroalga B. tenella were evaluated concerning biological properties. Results corroborated that this species could be a pharmaceutical source from marine environment. Furthermore, Acremonium implicatum is being firstly described as marine endophyte and Xylaria sp., Trichoderma atroviride and Nigrospora oryzae as marine seaweed endophytes. Thus, this work reports the first study relating detailed isolation, cultivation and biological evaluation (cytotoxic, antifungal and antibacterial) of endophytes Penicillium decaturense and P. waksmanii from the Brazilian marine red alga B. tenella. We are also reporting the isolation of cytochalasin D, a known antitumor and antibiotic compound, from Xylaria sp. strain. Despite widespread prevalence in terrestrial and marine habitats, this present work describes the first occurrence of cytochalasin D as a metabolite from marine seaweed endophyte.

Para determinar el porcentaje de remoción de cromo en la asociación alga-bacteria, se tomaron ejemplares del alga Bostrychia calliptera de pneumatóforos de Avicennia germinans y Rizophora mangle, en la desembocadura del Río Dagua, Pacífico colombiano. El ensayo se realizó in vitro en agua marina sintética a dos concentraciones de cromo 5 y 10mg/L, empleando biorreactores con cuatro tratamientos; i) material Alga-Bacteria (AB), ii) material algal con antibiótico Alga-antibiótico (AA), iii) consorcio bacteriano natural (CBN) y iv) control sin presencia de B. calliptera ni bacteria. Se monitoreó el comportamiento de poblaciones bacterianas y el porcentaje de disminución de cromo mediante AAS (Espectroscopía de absorción atómica). Se obtuvo diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos Alga-bacteria (AB) y el consorcio bacteriano natural (CBN), siendo Alga-bacteria más eficiente a 10mg/L (87%). El consorcio bacteriano natural CBN obtuvo mayor porcentaje de remoción a bajas concentraciones de cromo a 5ppm (62.85%). Los resultados mostraron una interacción positiva entre las bacterias asociadas (CBN) a la superficie del alga roja B. calliptera en su proceso acumulativo de cromo.

Water pollution is one of the most important environmental problems worldwide. Recently, biotechnology studies have oriented efforts to study algae-bacterium consortia with the aim to understand the mechanisms to find a possible solution in environmental sciences. This study determined the percentage of chromium removal by the alga-bacterium association exposed to a set of different chromium concentrations under controlled in vitro conditions. Wild plants of Bostrychia calliptera associated with bacterial populations were collected from Dagua River, Pacific coast of Colombia, and were monitored in the laboratory. The trial was conducted with synthetic seawater in bioreactors at two chromium levels: 5 and 10mg/L, and four different experimental treatments: i) algae-bacteria (AB), ii) algae with antibiotic (AA), iii) algal surface sediment, Natural Bacterial Consortium (CBN), and iv) the control without algae or bacteria. The experimental design followed a model of two factors (chromium concentration x combination types) with repeated measures using one factor. The microbial population behavior and the chromium concentration percentage were monitored by using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). According to the data, Algae-bacteria (AB) treatment was the most efficient combination at 10mg/L (87%), whereas the bacterial consortia (CBN) was the most efficient at 5mg/L (62.85%). The results showed significant differences of chromium uptake between algae-bacteria (AB) and natural bacterial consortia (CBN), meaning the importance of those treatments in the chromium removal from coastal waters.

Through an oceanographic cruise carried out between the southern area of Aysén and the northern one of Magallanes, Canal Trinidad to Canal Smyth (50º00'S, 75º00'W to 52º00'S, 73º48'W), 13 collecting stations were made to gather biological material to record and characterizing the intertidal biotopes of this extended area. A total of 19 biotopes were identified, from which 12 of those had been recorded previously at more septentrional areas of Aysén; other 6 represented variations of those previously recorded in other areas and only 1 was described as a new intertidal biotope. Among the former ones are rocky shore biotopes belonging to the dominant species Bostrychia harveyi, Acrosiphonia pacifica, Porphyra sp., Adenocystis utricularis, Iridaea tuberculosa and Mazzaella laminarioides-Nothogenia fastigiata. Among the 6 ones which represent variations of some biotopes before described there are 2 of Porphyra sp., 3 of Bostrychia harveyi and 1 of Mazzaella laminarioides-Nothogenia fastigiata. Just the rocky shore biotope integrated by the macroalgae Caepidium antarcticum and crustose coralline algae was the only new one. This new biotope is distributed in the lower eulitoral subzone of sheltered areas and it is characterized by having a strong subantarctic influence. Coastal biotope biodiversity was high, as a consequence of the multiple geographic, geologic, oceanographic and climatic factors interacting in this extended region. In general, the area was characterized by exhibiting a high biological diversity reflected through the diversity of observed biotopes, which demonstrated the presence of highly productive ecosystem.

Durante un crucero oceanográfico realizado entre el sector sur de la región de Aysén y sector norte de Magallanes, Canal Trinidad a Canal Smyth (50º00'S,75º00'W a 52º00'S, 73º48'W), sur de Chile, se efectuaron 13 estaciones de recolección de material biológico para registrar y caracterizar los biotopos del intermareal rocoso del área. Se identificaron 19 biotopos, 12 de los cuales eran biotopos reconocidos para otras áreas más septentrionales de Aysén; 6 correspondían a variantes de los anteriores y uno sólo fue reconocido y descrito como biotopo nuevo. Entre los primeros están los biotopos de litoral rocoso correspondientes a las especies dominantes Bostrychia harveyi, Acrosiphonia pacifica, Porphyra sp., Adenocystis utricularis, Iridaea tuberculosa y Mazzaella laminarioides-Nothogenia fastigiata. Entre los 6 que representaban variantes de algunos de los biotopos anteriormente descritos hubo 2 de Porphyra sp., 3 de Bostrychia harveyi y 1 de Mazzaella laminarioides-Nothogenia fastigiata. Sólo el biotopo de litoral rocoso integrado por la macroalga Caepidium antarcticum y algas coralináceas crustosas, constituyeron un biotopo nuevo para el área que se distribuye en la subzona eulitoral inferior de frentes protegidos y se caracteriza por presentar una fuerte influencia subantártica. La diversidad de biotopos costeros fue alta, como consecuencia de los múltiples factores geográficos, geológicos, oceanográficos y climáticos que interactúan en esta extensa región. En general, el área se caracterizó por presentar una alta diversidad biológica reflejada en la diversidad de biotopos encontrados, que indicaría la presencia de ecosistemas altamente productivos.

This study describes the isolation and structural determination of two amides, isolated for the first time: N,4-dihydroxy-N-(2'-hydroxyethyl)-benzamide (0.019%) and N,4-dihydroxy-N-(2'-hydroxyethyl)-benzeneacetamide (0.023%). These amides, produced by the red macroalgae Bostrychia radicans, had their structures assigned by NMR spectral data and MS analyses. In addition, this chemical study led to the isolation of cholesterol, heptadecane, squalene, trans-phytol, neophytadiene, tetradecanoic and hexadecanoic acids, methyl hexadecanoate and methyl 9-octadecenoate, 4-(methoxymethyl)-phenol, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, methyl 4-hydroxybenzeneacetate, methyl 2-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoate, hydroquinone, methyl 4-hydroxymandelate, methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid and (4-hydroxyphenyl)-oxo-acetaldehyde. This is the first report concerning these compounds in B. radicans, contributing by illustrating the chemical diversity within the Rhodomelaceae family.

La variación espacial y temporal de la biomasa de especies de macroalgas asociadas al manglar que crecen en raíces de Rhizophora mangle y neumatóforos de Avicennia germinans en la bahía de Buenaventura, Colombia, fueron estudiadas en tres estaciones entre noviembre de 1999 y septiembre de 2003. Dieciocho especies fueron colectadas en todas las estaciones, las cuales incluyeron nueve Rhodophyceae, cinco Chlorophyceae y cuatro Cyanophyta (Cianobacterias). Cuatro especies (tres Rhodophyceae y una Ulvophyceae) dominaron la flora algal contribuyendo al 90 % de la biomasa total algal. Bostrychia calliptera fue la especie dominante con 32 % de la biomasa total, seguida por Boodleopsis verticillata (26 %), Catenella impúdica (18 %) y Caloglossa leprieurii (12 %). La biomasa total de las cuatro especies dominantes registró diferencias significativas entre los períodos climáticos del área de estudio (103.1 ± 25.9 g m-2 para el periodo de menos lluvias vs. 59.7 ± 12.5 g m-2 para el periodo lluvioso). La biomasa promedio por especie en la bocana del estuario fue significativamente más alta que en las áreas internas (promedio anual de 30.7 ± 10.8 vs. 13.8 ± 4.1 g m-2 respectivamente). Basados en la distribución vertical de la biomasa en la raíz, se detectó una zona superior estrecha y dominada por B. calliptera, una zona media amplia, con poblaciones mezcladas de C. impudica y B. calliptera, registrando valores anuales de biomasa total promedio de 86.8 ± 24.1 g m-2, y una zona baja desde la base de la raíz, dominada por C. leprieurii y B. verticillata. Los resultados indican que el nivel de inundación mareal y la distribución vertical en la raíz parecen ser los factores de mayor influencia en las variaciones de la biomasa algal.

The spatial and temporal variation of biomass of mangrove-associated macroalgae growing on roots of Rhizophora mangle and pneumatophores of Avicennia. Germinans were studied at three sampling stations in Buenaventura bay, Colombia, between November 1999 and September 2003. Eighteen species of algae were collected including nine Rhodophyceae, five Chlorophyceae and four Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria). Four species dominated the algal flora and collectively contributed with 90 % of the total algal biomass. Bostrychia calliptera was the most dominant with 32 % of the total biomass, followed by Boodleopsis verticillata (26 %), Catenella impudica (18 %), and Caloglossa leprieurii (12 %). Algal biomass between seasons showed significant differences, with higher biomass found during the dry season compared to those of the rainy season. The algal biomass at the mouth of the estuary was significantly higher than that found in the inner areas of the estuary (annual means of 30.7 ± 10.8 vs. 13.8 ± 4.1 g m-2 respectively).Three well-defined vertical zones were observed, based on algal biomass: A narrow upper zone, dominated by B. calliptera; a wide middle zone, with mixed populations of C. impudica and B. calliptera, registering annual mean of 86.8 ± 24.1 g m-2, and a bottom zone, dominated by C. leprieurii and B. verticillata. The results indicated that water level inundation and the vertical position along the roots seem to be the most important factors influencing the algal biomass.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane/methanol extract of the marine alga Bostrychia tenella has led to the isolation of two aromatic compounds, the new sulfate metabolite potassium 4-(hydroxymethyl)-benzenosulfonate (1) and the compound 1-methoxyphenethyl alcohol (2), described previously as a synthetic product. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods including NMR, MS, IR and by comparison with literature data.

RESUMO O presente trabalho caracteriza as assembléias de macroalgas de dois manguezais localizados no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (Ubatuba-São Paulo) avaliando a composição, a abundância, as variações espaço-temporais na biomassa e no estado reprodutivo das algas. Dez amostras foram coletadas aleatoriamente, em quatro campanhas, em três pontos de coleta ao longo dos Rios Picinguaba e Rio da Fazenda. Um total de 16 táxons foi identificado. Os táxons mais representativos em termos de freqüência de ocorrência e biomassa foram Bostrychia calliptera, Bostrychia moritziana e Bostrychia radicans. Os maiores valores de biomassa das amostras foram observados no ponto B do Rio Fazenda, em setembro (160,17 ± 75,51 g.m-2) e os menores no ponto C do rio Picinguaba, em março (24,85 ± 23,80 g.m-2). A ausência de uma tendência na distribuição das macroalgas indica que os rios apresentam condições semelhantes para o desenvolvimento das espécies típicas do "Bostrychietum", possivelmente, devido à alta vazão dos rios, aliada à ausência de um período de seca ao longo do ano.

ABSTRACT The present study characterizes the seaweed assemblages growing on trunks of mangrove trees in two rivers of the Serra do Mar State Park - Núcleo Picinguaba (Ubatuba County, São Paulo State) evaluating composition, abundance, temporal and spatial distribution variations and reproductive phases of seaweeds. Ten samples were randomly collected on four collecting events at three different mangrove sampling sites along the rivers Picinguaba and Fazenda, and 16 seaweed taxa were reported. The more expressive species in terms of frequency and biomass were Bostrychia calliptera, Bostrychia moritziana and Bostrychia radicans. The highest values were observed on samples from site B at the River Fazenda in September (160.17 ± 75.51 g.m-2), while the lowest values were found on samples from site C at the River Picinguaba in March (24.85 ± 23.80 g.m-2). No clear pattern in the distribution of the species was found. The obtained results indicate that both rivers are under similar environmental conditions for the growth of the "Bostrychietum" species, probabily due to the high water volume of both rivers combined with the lack of a dry season along the year.