RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo de caso foi aplicar um método de fixação robusto usando a técnica de placa e pino, que combina pinos intramedulares com placas ósseas para proporcionar estabilização rígida. Essa técnica, embora comumente usada em mamíferos, ainda não foi documentada na medicina aviária. A cirurgia envolveu avaliações pré-operatórias detalhadas e planejamento cirúrgico meticuloso, refletindo padrões utilizados em ortopedia de pequenos animais, para garantir que os implantes fossem bem adaptados às necessidades anatômicas únicas do pássaro. No pós-operatório, o pássaro foi monitorado de perto, com radiografias de acompanhamento que mostravam o sucesso do alinhamento dos implantes e a cura avançada dos ossos sem sinais de infecção. O resultado foi positivo, com o pássaro recuperando a funcionalidade completa da asa e sendo liberado de volta à natureza após a recuperação em um centro de reabilitação de vida selvagem. Este caso destaca a eficácia da técnica de placa e pino no manejo de fraturas complexas em pacientes aviários, enfatizando seu potencial como uma opção valiosa para casos semelhantes, particularmente em aves grandes e selvagens. A aplicação bem-sucedida e o resultado desta abordagem fornecem uma contribuição significativa para a ortopedia veterinária, expandindo as metodologias potenciais para o tratamento de fraturas em espécies aviárias.

ABSTRACT The aim of this case study was to apply a robust fixation method using the plate rod technique, which combines intramedullary pins with bone plates to provide rigid stabilization. Although commonly used in mammals, this technique has not yet been documented in avian medicine. The surgery involved detailed pre-operative evaluations and meticulous surgical planning, reflecting standards used in small animal orthopedics, to ensure that the implants were well-suited to the unique anatomical needs of the bird. In the post-operative phase, the bird was closely monitored, with follow-up radiographs showing successful implant alignment and advanced bone healing without any signs of infection. The outcome was positive, with the bird regaining full wing functionality and being released back into the wild after recovery at a wildlife rehabilitation center. This case highlights the effectiveness of the plate rod technique in managing complex fractures in avian patients, emphasizing its potential as a valuable option for similar cases, particularly in large and wild birds. The successful application and outcome of this approach provide a significant contribution to veterinary orthopedics, expanding potential methodologies for fracture treatment in avian species.

ABSTRACT The Atlantic Forest has one of the richest avifaunas in the world, with endemic, migratory and endangered taxa. However, some of the ornithological knowledge produced there has yet to be organized and published, hindering effective conservation actions. For example, a study concluded in 2005 documented 213 species for Parque das Neblinas (PN), a private reserve located in the Serra do Mar in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, but there has been no update since. We retrieved, organized, and technically evaluated ornithological data produced for PN over the last 20 years, including that from articles, online platforms, occasional lists and a systematic inventory logging 250 field hours. Data consolidation resulted in 293 bird species for PN, including 88 endemic and nine threatened with extinction. Two-hundred and fifty-seven species were recorded by different researchers and bird observers while 141 were recorded by the field inventory, which added 24 species to the total list, showing great potential for new research. The PN bird community is typical of the São Paulo plateau, with the occurrence of species from coastal lowlands as well as drier areas in the interior, and represents an important area for the conservation of Atlantic Forest birds that is also suitable for bird observation and photography.

In 1909, Arthur Neiva published an article titled “Contribuição para os estudos dos dipteros. Observação sobre a biolojia e sistematica das anofelinas brasileiras e suas relações com o impaludismo”, highlighting the biology, ecology, and distribution of Anophelinae mosquitoes and the need for more taxonomic studies in Brazil. This came 11 years after Ronald Ross and Grassi demonstrated mosquito roles in transmitting Plasmodium to birds and humans. Despite considerable advances in the understanding of Anophelinae species, knowledge remains insufficient given the complexity of Brazil’s ecosystems, the intensified anthropogenic environmental changes since the mid-20th century, and the persistent public health challenges posed by malaria. This perspective article presents the distribution of Plasmodium vectors and potential vector species in Brazil using climate variables and a maximum entropy model. Geographical distribution maps of Anophelinae species, including putative species, are provided. The article also discusses the current knowledge of vector species distribution in relation to Brazil’s malaria elimination plan, along with the ecological and anthropogenic factors influencing vector distribution.

RESUMO Investigamos os efeitos da forma da ração, da superdosagem de fitase e do ácido cítrico sobre o desempenho do crescimento, a digestibilidade do fósforo e a população microbiana intestinal de frangos de corte. Para isso, 1.000 pintinhos de corte Cobb 500 recém-eclodidos e de crescimento direto foram distribuídos em 8 tratamentos experimentais com cinco baias de réplica cada e 25 frangos de corte por réplica em um arranjo fatorial 2x2x2 com duas formas de ração (pellets ou purê), duas concentrações de fitase (0 ou 2.000 FTU por kg) e dois níveis de ácido cítrico (0 ou 0,4% da dieta) por 42 dias. As aves alimentadas com ração peletizada apresentaram maior ganho de peso e consumo de ração do que aquelas alimentadas com a forma de purê (p<0,05). A adição de ácido cítrico e fitase às dietas peletizadas, em comparação com as dietas à base de purê, resultou em maior ganho de peso corporal dos frangos (p<0,05). Em comparação com as dietas de purê, a adição de fitase à dieta peletizada reduziu a população bacteriana aeróbica cecal (p<0,05). A adição de fitase e ácido cítrico às dietas peletizadas aumentou a digestibilidade do fósforo e do cálcio (p<0,05). Em geral, o uso da forma de pellets com uma mistura de ácido cítrico e fitase foi melhor do que outros tratamentos para melhorar o desempenho e a digestibilidade do fósforo e do cálcio.

ABSTRACT We investigated the effects of feed form, phytase super dosing, and citric acid on growth performance, phosphorus digestibility, and intestinal microbial population of broiler chickens. For this purpose, 1000 newly hatched, straight-run Cobb 500 broiler chicks were assigned to 8 experimental treatments with five replicate pens each and 25 broiler chickens per replicate in a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement with two forms of feed (pellets or mash), two phytase concentrations (0 or 2000 FTU per kg), and two citric acid levels (0 or 0.4% of diet) for 42 days. Birds fed pelleted feed showed higher weight gain and feed intake than those fed mash form (p<0.05). Adding citric acid and phytase to the pelleted diets compared to the mash diets resulted in elevated body weight gain in chickens (p<0.05). Compared to the mash diets, the addition of phytase to the pelleted diet reduced the cecal aerobic bacterial population (p<0.05). The addition of both phytase and citric acid to the pelleted diets enhanced the phosphorus and calcium digestibility (P<0.05). In general, the use of pellet form with a mixture of citric acid and phytase was better than other treatments to improve performance and digestibility of phosphorus and calcium.

Many species of vulture are under threat from man-made inventions; this has led to wounded and sick vultures presenting for veterinary treatment and in need of pain management. Following the devastating effect of diclofenac on vultures in South Asia, meloxicam was found to be very safe for vultures, as a treatment as well as through ingestion of meat from treated animals. Many studies investigated the safety of meloxicam, and all found it to be safe up to 2 mg/kg, which was deemed the maximum likely exposure through treated carcasses. All studies exposed the birds either through oral dosing, treated meat or intramuscular administration, no instances of toxicity where recorded and all birds remained healthy. In this case the bird was exposed to a single dose of 2 mg/kg, intravenously, with no signs of toxicity. This appears to be the first recorded instance of accidental intravenous administration of meloxicam in a vulture.

RESUMO: Oitocentas e sessenta frangas Embrapa 051 foram alocadas em três grupos de peso corporal às 19 semanas (pesadas: 1,48 kg ± 0,01 DP, N= 172 aves, médias: 1,32 kg ± 0,039 DP, N= 516 aves, leves: 1,19 kg ± 0,019 DP, N=172 aves) e alojadas em piso com ninhos por 65 semanas. As aves pesadas apresentaram maior produção de ovos nas semanas 24-28, enquanto as médias superaram as pesadas nas semanas 41-46, e as leves superaram as pesadas nas semanas 61-65. Nas semanas 57 a 65, não houve diferenças significativas na produção de ovos entre as aves pesadas e médias. O peso às 19 semanas afetou ovos no chão, ovos trincados e ovos duplos (P < 0,05) nas semanas 22-34. As aves pesadas botaram menos ovos no chão, as médias tiveram menos ovos trincados (0,3%), e as leves produziram menos ovos com duas gemas (1,1%). Não houve impacto significativo do peso inicial no peso dos ovos. Em conclusão, o peso às 19 semanas influencia o ciclo de postura, com aves pesadas, médias e leves exibindo padrões distintos de produção de ovos, uso do ninho e características de qualidade em diferentes fases do ciclo. RESUMO 05 1 (pesadas 148 48 1,4 001 0 01 0,0 DP N 17 132 32 1,3 0039 039 0,03 51 119 1,1 0019 019 N172 N=17 6 2428, 2428 24 28, 28 24-28 4146, 4146 41 46, 46 41-46 6165. 6165 61 65. 61-65 5 chão P 0,05 005 2234. 2234 22 34. 34 22-34 0,3%, 03 0,3% , 3 (0,3%) 1,1%. 11 1,1% . (1,1%) conclusão postura 14 4 1, 00 0, 13 003 N17 N=1 242 2 24-2 414 41-4 616 61-6 223 22-3 0,3 (0,3% (1,1% N1 24- 41- 61- 22- (0,3 (1,1 (0, (1, (0 (1 (

ABSTRACT: A total of 860 Embrapa 051 pullets were allocated into three groups based on their 19-week body weights (heavy: 1.48 kg ± 0.01 SD, N= 172 birds, medium: 1.32 kg ± 0.039 SD, N= 516 birds, light: 1.19 kg ± 0.019 SD, N=172 birds) and housed in floor pens with nests for a 65-week production period. Heavy-weight birds exhibited higher egg production during weeks 24-28, while medium-weight hens surpassed heavy-weight counterparts between weeks 41-46, and light-weight hens outperformed heavy-weight birds in weeks 61-65. From weeks 57-65, no significant egg production differences were noted between heavy and medium-weight hens. Body weight at 19 weeks affected floor eggs, cracked eggs, and double-yolk eggs (P < 0.05) during weeks 22-34. Heavy-weight hens laid fewer floor eggs, medium-weight hens had fewer cracked eggs (0.3%), and light-weight hens produced fewer double-yolk eggs (1.1%). No significant impact of weight grouping on egg weight was observed. Results indicated that body weight at 19 weeks influences the laying cycle, with heavy, medium, and light-weight hens exhibiting distinct egg production patterns, nest use and egg quality traits at different phases of the cycle. ABSTRACT 86 05 19week week (heavy 148 1 48 1.4 001 0 01 0.0 SD N 17 medium 132 32 1.3 0039 039 0.03 51 light 119 1.1 0019 019 N172 N=17 65week 65 period Heavyweight Heavy 2428, 2428 24 28, 28 24-28 mediumweight heavyweight 4146, 4146 41 46, 46 41-46 lightweight 6165. 6165 61 65. 61-65 5765, 5765 57 65, 57-65 doubleyolk double yolk P 0.05 005 2234. 2234 22 34. 34 22-34 0.3%, 03 0.3% , 3 (0.3%) 1.1%. 11 1.1% . (1.1%) observed cycle patterns 8 14 4 1. 00 0. 13 003 5 N17 N=1 6 242 2 24-2 414 41-4 616 61-6 576 57-6 223 22-3 0.3 (0.3% (1.1% N1 24- 41- 61- 57- 22- (0.3 (1.1 (0. (1. (0 (1 (

Resumen (Objetivo) El objetivo fue analizar la composición de aves asociadas a cultivos orgánicos de cacao (Theobroma cacao) manejado debajo de 3 diferentes tipos de cobertura arbórea. (Metodología) Distribuimos 3 puntos de conteo en cada finca, para registrar todas las aves observadas y escuchadas, en muestreos de 5 minutos. Los conteos fueron realizados por triplicado, tanto en las primeras horas de la mañana como al atardecer. La diferencia en la composición de la avifauna entre las fincas fue analizada con la prueba ANOSIM. Las abundancias se transformaron por medio de la función decostand y el método Hellinger del paquete estadístico R-Vegan. La agrupación de las especies entre las plantaciones se efectuó mediante el escalamiento multidimensional no métrico (nMDS) y el índice de Bray-Curtis. La contribución de las especies a la disimilitud entre grupos fue analizada con el módulo SIMPER. Consideramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas cuando P ≤ 0,05. (Resultados) Observamos 428 individuos, clasificados en 49 especies y 23 familias. La finca donde las plantas de cacao crecen en condiciones más sombreadas, debido al desarrollo del dosel, mostró mayor cantidad de especies (34) y de individuos (146). La composición de aves varió significativamente entre las fincas (F(1,8) = 3,22; P < 0,02). La abundancia media de 19 especies (39,6 %) hizo notar diferencias significativas (P < 0,05), al comparar la finca con mayor sombra y menor sombra. (Conclusión) La composición de aves es más compleja en aquellas fincas de cacao orgánico que conservan un mayor desarrollo estructural de los árboles de dosel y que están cerca de bosque en regeneración.

Resumo (Objetivo) O objetivo foi analisar a composição das aves associadas às plantações de cacau orgânico (Theobroma cacao) manejadas sob três tipos diferentes de cobertura arbórea. (Metodologia) Distribuímos 3 pontos de contagem em cada fazenda, para registrar todas as aves observadas e ouvidas, em amostragens de 5 minutos. As contagens foram realizadas em triplicata, tanto nas primeiras horas da manhã quanto no final da tarde. A diferença na composição da avifauna entre as fazendas foi analisada com o teste ANOSIM. As abundâncias foram transformadas usando a função de costande o método Hellinger do pacote estatístico R-Vegan. O agrupamento de espécies entre as plantações foi feito usando o escalonamento multidimensional não métrico (nMDS) e o índice de Bray-Curtis. A contribuição das espécies para a dissimilaridade entre os grupos foi analisada com o módulo SIMPER. Consideramos as diferenças estatisticamente significativas quando P ≤ 0,05. (Resultados) Observamos 428 indivíduos, classificados em 49 espécies e 23 famílias. A fazenda onde as plantas de cacau crescem em condições mais sombreadas, devido ao desenvolvimento do dossel, apresentou um número maior de espécies (34) e indivíduos (146). A composição das aves variou significativamente entre as fazendas (F(1,8) = 3,2 apresentou diferenças significativas (P < 0,05) n; Paco< 0, mpa 02). A abundância média de 19 espécies (39,6%) ração entre a fazenda mais sombreada e a menos sombreada. (Conclusão) A composição das avesé mais complexa nas fazendas de cacau orgânico que mantêm árvores de dossel mais desenvolvidas estruturalmente e estão próximas à floresta em regeneração.

Abstract (Objective) The objective of this investigation was to analyze the composition of birds associated with organic cocoa (Theobroma cacao) crops managed under 3 different types of tree cover. (Methodology) Three census points were established in each farm to record all birds observed and heard in 5-minute sample periods. Counts were conducted in triplicate, both in the early morning and at dusk. Differences in avifauna composition between farms were analyzed using the ANOSIM test. Abundances were transformed using the Decostand function and the Hellinger method in the R-Vegan statistical package. Analysis of clustering of species among plantations was performed using non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) and the Bray-Curtis index. Contribution of species to the dissimilarity between groups was analyzed with the SIMPER module. Statistically significant differences were considered when P ≤ 0.05. (Results) Four hundred and twenty-eight individuals were observed, and classified into 49 species and 23 families. The farms where cocoa plants grow in shadier conditions due to canopy development showed a higher number of species (34) and individuals (146). Bird comp P < 0.02). The mean abundance of 19 species osit (39.ion 6%) varied significantly between farms (F (1,8) = 3.22; showed significant differences (P < 0.05) when comparing the farms with the most and least shade. (Conclusion) Bird composition is more complex on organic cocoa farms, which have more developed canopies and are near regenerating forests.

Resumen Introducción: Las aves acuáticas (AA) son usualmente relacionadas a los humedales debido a que éstos funcionan como sitios de refugio, alimentación y anidación de diferentes especies residentes y migratorias. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre las aves acuáticas en algunos humedales es nulo. Objetivo: Investigar la composición espacio-temporal de la comunidad de AA en la laguna Juluapan, Colima, en el Pacífico Central Mexicano. Métodos: Entre junio de 2017 y mayo de 2018 se llevaron a cabo conteos mensuales en condiciones de marea baja para registrar el uso de hábitat de las AA. Se obtuvieron valores de riqueza de especies y número de individuos para realizar comparaciones entre zonas de muestreo, así como el promedio del número de especies y número de individuos para comparaciones entre temporadas. Resultados: Se registraron un total de 53 especies y 5 750 individuos. Los valores de riqueza de especies y densidad de individuos fueron más altos durante invierno, en la zona más alejada al ambiente marino, donde la actividad antropogénica es menor. La diversidad tuvo valores más altos en la zona 2 y 3, durante primavera, verano y otoño. El ambiente más explotado por las aves fueron las planicies lodosas; y el descanso fue la actividad más frecuente. Asimismo, la actividad de anidación sólo se registró en el manglar de la zona media durante primavera. Las “aves playeras” y “aves zancudas” fueron los grupos más predominantes en la comunidad de aves de la laguna Juluapan. Conclusiones: Este humedal costero es un sitio de gran importancia biológica para aves acuáticas, por lo que resulta necesario la implementación de medidas de conservación, así como el estudio de los efectos por la presión antropogénica.

Abstract Introduction: Aquatic birds (AB) are usually associated with wetlands, which provide refuge, food, and/or nesting sites for resident and migratory species. Despite their ecological importance, there is little knowledge on AB in some tropical environments, such as those found on the Colima coast. Objective: To investigate the spatial and temporal composition of the AB community in Juluapan Lagoon, Colima, Central Mexican Pacific. Methods: Monthly counts were conducted between June 2017 and May 2018 during low-tide conditions to record habitat use by AB. Species richness and bird counts were obtained to compare sampling areas; mean richness and number of individuals were compared between seasons. Results: We detected 53 species and 5 750 individuals. The highest species richness and relative abundance values were obtained in winter at the lagoon area farthest from the connection with the marine system, where anthropogenic activity is lower. Diversity was greater in zones 2 and 3 in spring, summer, and fall. Muddy flats were the most used environment, and the most frequent activity was resting. Nesting activity was only recorded in the middle of the lagoon at the mangrove during spring. “Shorebirds” and “waders” were the most dominant groups in the bird community of the Juluapan lagoon. Conclusions: This coastal wetland is a site of great biological importance for aquatic birds; thus, conservation measures should be implemented, and there should be a continuous study of the effects of anthropogenic pressure.

Resumen Introducción: A pesar de que el enriquecimiento sensorial es fundamental para garantizar el bienestar de los animales silvestres en cautiverio, los olores no son incluidos de forma rutinaria en los protocolos de enriquecimiento para aves. Además, en el caso de estos animales, la neofobia puede ser un problema a la hora de implementar nuevos dispositivos de enriquecimiento. Objetivo: Explorar cómo varía la participación y la latencia en la interacción con un enriquecimiento olfativo entre grupos taxonómicos de aves (Amazona spp. / Ara spp. / Ramphastos spp.). Métodos: Expusimos a 257 aves a un enriquecimiento olfativo y registramos qué individuos participaron y el tiempo que tardaron en interactuar con él. Resultados: La participación en el enriquecimiento fue mayor en los tucanes en comparación con las amazonas y los guacamayos. Además, el tiempo de latencia para interactuar con el enriquecimiento fue mayor en las amazonas que en las otras especies. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que los tucanes son especies neofílicas que podrían beneficiarse de tasas de exploración más altas. Por otro lado, las amazonas parecen ser particularmente neofóbicas, posiblemente debido a sus hábitos alimenticios menos oportunistas en comparación con los tucanes y a su mayor vulnerabilidad a la depredación en comparación con los guacamayos. Conclusión: Estos resultados señalan que los tucanes serían más proclives a participar en enriquecimientos ambientales, mientras que un diseño que utilice olores dentro de objetos más naturales o familiares podría ser más exitoso para las psitácidas.

Abstract Introduction: Despite sensory enrichment being critical for ensuring the well-being of captive wild animals, smells are not being included in enrichment protocols for birds. For this group, neophobia can be a problem when it comes to implementing new enrichment devices. Objective: To explore how participation in an olfactory enrichment and latency times varies between bird taxonomic groups (Amazona spp. / Ara spp. / Ramphastos spp.). Methods: We exposed 257 birds to a scent enrichment, and we recorded which individuals engaged with it and the time they took to interact with it. Results: We discovered that participation by toucans in the enrichment was higher compared to amazons and macaws. Furthermore, latency time to interact with the enrichment was higher in amazons that in the other species. Our findings could suggest that toucans are neophilic species which could benefit from higher exploration rates. Amazons on the contrary seem to be particularly neophobic, possibly because of their less opportunistic feeding habits compared to toucans and their higher vulnerability to predation compared to macaws. Conclusion: These results point out that toucans would be more inclined to engage in environmental enrichments, while a more natural design using smells inside familiar objects could be a more successful enrichment for psittacids.

Resumen Introducción: El Zorzal del Bosque es un ave migratoria que ha experimentado caídas dramáticas en sus poblaciones en las últimas décadas. Esta especie pasa el invierno en fragmentos de bosque con niveles intermedios de modificación de hábitat en Centroamérica. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios que detallen el uso de los bosques remanentes a lo largo del tiempo para dilucidar las amenazas que enfrenta esta especie en las zonas de invernada. Objetivo: Comprender los efectos de variables ambientales y de estructura del bosque en la ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque en el Norte de Costa Rica. Métodos: El área de estudio fue el Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), ubicada en el Norte de Costa Rica, en diciembre de 2016, y en la temporada migratoria 2018-2019. Estimamos la ocurrencia y la probabilidad de detección del Zorzal del Bosque en cuatro ubicaciones de ACG (bosque seco, bosque nuboso y dos ubicaciones en el bosque húmedo) utilizando modelos de ocurrencia de una sola temporada. También estimamos la ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque y la probabilidad de persistencia en diferentes meses en tres tipos de vegetación (área abierta, bosque secundario y bosque primario) en el bosque húmedo de ACG utilizando un enfoque de modelo de ocurrencia multi-estacional. Resultados: La ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque estuvo mejor descrita por la precipitación en las cuatro localidades del ACG; la probabilidad de ocurrencia aumentó con las precipitaciones. La ocurrencia media de zorzales varió con el tipo de vegetación: área abierta con arbustos y borde de bosque (0.69 ± 0.09), bosque secundario (0.46 ± 0.1) y bosque primario (0.61 ± 0.1). La probabilidad de persistencia del zorzal respondió parcialmente a cambios en la precipitación, con un aumento inesperado en la persistencia cuando las precipitaciones continuaron disminuyendo en la temporada. Conclusión: La ocurrecia del Zorzal del Bosque varió con la precipitación considerando una escala espacial mayor. Su probabilidad de persistencia varió parcialmente con la precipitación. Un aumento en la persistencia más cerca de la migración de primavera podría explicarse por el inicio de la temporada de reproducción de las aves residentes, lo que podría reducir los conflictos territoriales y conservar energía antes de la migración. La protección a largo plazo de los bosques húmedos en el norte de Costa Rica es de suma importancia para la conservación de los Zorzales del Bosque en sus zonas de invernada.

Abstract Introduction: The Wood Thrush is a migratory bird that has experienced dramatic declines in its populations in recent decades. This species overwinters in forest fragments with intermediate levels of habitat modification in Central America. However, more studies detailing the use of remnant forests through time are needed to elucidate the threats this species faces in the wintering grounds. Objective: To understand the effects of environmental and forest structure variables on the occupancy of Wood Thrush in Northern Costa Rica. Methods: The study area was the Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), located in Northern Costa Rica, in December 2016, and during the 2018-2019 migration season. We estimated Wood Thrush occupancy and detection probability in four locations of ACG (dry forest, cloud forest, and two locations in the wet forest) using single-season occupancy models. We also estimated Wood Thrush occupancy and probability of persistence in different months in three vegetation types (open area, secondary forest, and old-growth forest) in the wet forest of ACG using a multi-season occupancy model approach. Results: Wood Thrush occupancy was best described by precipitation in the four locations of the ACG; the probability of occupancy increased with precipitation. The average occupancy of Wood Thrushes varied with vegetation type: open area with shrubs and forest edge (0.69 ± 0.09), secondary forest (0.46 ± 0.1), and old-growth forest (0.61 ± 0.1). Wood Thrush probability of persistence responded partially to changes in precipitation, with an unexpected increase in persistence when the rainfall continued decreasing in the season. Conclusion: Wood Thrush occupancy was best predicted by changes in precipitation considering a larger spatial scale. Its probability of persistence partially varied with precipitation. An increase in persistence closer to Spring migration might be explained by the start of the breeding season of resident birds, potentially reducing territorial conflicts and conserving energy before migration. The long-term protection of wet forests in Northern Costa Rica is of paramount importance for the conservation of Wood Thrushes in their wintering grounds.

Resumen Introducción: Los bosques de albardón exhiben una estratificación vertical que puede contribuir en la complejidad estructural, permitiendo que una gran diversidad de aves prospere en las islas. En ecosistemas deltaicos hay escasos datos que lo demuestren. Objetivos: Evaluar las variaciones en la composición de la comunidad de aves dentro de los bosques de albardón. Método: Se muestrearon durante tres años, dos áreas protegidas de humedales pertenecientes al Delta del Río Paraná, Argentina. Se realizó un análisis comparativo de riqueza, abundancia y diversidad de aves en tres diferentes bosques de albardón, utilizando el método de conteo por puntos. Resultados: Tres distintos tipos de bosque de albardón -abiertos, intermedios y cerrados- fueron identificados con base en la estructura de su vegetación, hospedando un total de 85 especies de aves. La variación en la estructura de la comunidad de aves entre tipos de bosque revela mayor diversidad en bosques abiertos durante el invierno (3.26 ± 0.13, P < 0.01) y la primavera (3.58 ± 0.05, P < 0.01), y mayor riqueza en otoño (35.33 ± 3.01, P < 0.01). Los bosques cerrados exhibieron mayor diversidad en el otoño (3.16 ± 0.13, P < 0.05) y en verano (3.24 ± 0.06, P < 0.05), junto con elevada abundancia en otoño (114 ± 13.70, P < 0.05) y elevada riqueza en primavera (39.17 ± 4.71, P=0.01). Debido a la historia evolutiva entre sitios, se observó variación significativa en el parque nacional de más reciente creación, influyendo en la abundancia del invierno (141 ± 22.06, P < 0.01) y de la primavera (176 ± 12.83, P < 0.01), así como en la diversidad en el invierno (3.25 ± 0.10, P < 0.01) y en la primavera (3.50 ± 0.10, P < 0.01). Conclusiones: El microhábitat en los diferentes bosques de albardón permite a las aves organizarse diferencialmente. Enfocarse en la dinámica microespacial es clave para una comprensión profunda de los procesos biológicos dentro de las islas subtropicales, planificar estrategias de conservación y evidenciar la transición de un bosque ripario en recuperación hacia su estado natural, donde el pulso del río y el efecto de la estacionalidad no dejan de operar.

Abstract Introduction: Levee forests exhibit a vertical stratification that may contribute to structural complexity allowing a great diversity of birds to thrive on the islands. In deltaic ecosystems there is scarce or no data to prove it. Objectives: To assess variations in the composition of the bird community within levee forests. Methods: Two areas of protected wetlands belonging to the Paraná River Delta in Argentina were sampled for three years. A comparative analysis of richness, abundance, and diversity was performed in different levee forests using the point count method. Results: Three distinct types of levee forests -open, intermediate, and closed- were identified based on the structure of their vegetation, hosting a total of 85 bird species. Variation in avian community structure among forest types revealed greater diversity in open forests during winter (3.26 ± 0.13, P < 0.01) and spring (3.58 ± 0.05, P < 0.01), and greater richness in autumn (35.33 ± 3.01, P < 0.01). The closed forests exhibited increased diversity during autumn (3.16 ± 0.13, P < 0.05) and summer (3.24 ± 0.06, P < 0.05), along with elevated abundance in autumn (114 ± 13.70, P < 0.05) and richness in spring (39.17 ± 4.71, P = 0.01). Due to the evolutionary history between sites, significant variation was observed in the most recently created national park, influencing abundance in winter (141 ± 22.06, P < 0.01) and spring (176 ± 12.83, P < 0.01), as well as diversity in winter (3.25 ± 0.10, P < 0.01) and spring (3.50 ± 0.10, P < 0.01). Conclusions: The microhabitat in the different levee forests allows the birds to organize differently. Focusing on microspatial dynamics is key to a deep understanding of the biological processes within subtropical islands and to plan conservation strategies and demonstrate the transition of a recovering riparian forest towards its natural state, where the pulse of the river and the effect of seasonality do not stop operating.

Abstract: Incorporating native flora and fauna in Latin American poetry was an arduous process, as they were less valuable as poetic material than European species dignified by tradition. The article analyses the way in which three species of songbirds, very common in the Southern Cone -the house wren, the Chilean mockingbird and the chalk-browed mockingbird- attracted first naturalists and then poets. In contrast to this attraction, which derived in celebrations of the beauty of their song, I examine the silence, the arbitrariness, the mistakes and the negative comments the three birds have received from the Spanish Royal Academy and its dictionaries. The article starts from the premise that seeing, recognising and knowing how to name correctly the species that live with us is an unavoidable starting point for the construction of an ecologically sustainable future.

Resumen: La incorporación de la flora y la fauna autóctonas a la poesía latinoamericana fue un proceso arduo. Les costó a los poetas aceptar que eran una materia tan valiosa poéticamente como las especies europeas dignificadas por una tradición milenaria. En este artículo analizo la manera en que tres especies de pájaro cantor muy comunes en el Cono Sur -el chercán, la tenca y la calandria- despertaron la atención de naturalistas y luego de poetas. En contraposición a esta atención, que derivó en una celebración de la belleza de su canto, examino la omisión, la arbitrariedad, los errores y los comentarios negativos que han sufrido estos tres pájaros por parte de la Real Academia Española y sus diccionarios. El artículo parte de la premisa de que ver, reconocer y saber nombrar correctamente las especies que conviven con nosotros es un punto de partida ineludible para la construcción de un futuro ecológicamente sostenible.

ABSTRACT Colombia shows a high density and variety of bird species, making it one of the most diverse avian territories globally. Antioquia ranks among the top four provinces with the greatest variety of bird species, underscoring the importance of research efforts on the local bird fauna. Therefore, this study aimed to identify bacterial agents in the blood of wild birds from the municipality of Jardín (Antioquia, Colombia) by 16S qPCR sequencing. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Wild birds were captured using mist nets and blood samples were collected from each animal via puncture using sterile lancets in the brachial vein, and a drop of blood was collected on filter paper for qPCR analysis. The 16S gene in bacterial genomes was found in 13 out of 46 wild birds of the Passeriform and quasi-Passeriform orders, captured at three different locations within the study municipality at altitudes ranging from 1,665 to 2,034 m.a.s.l. Seven different bird species were recorded and four different haemobacteria were identified (i.e. Exiguobacterium spp., Escherichia coli, Stenotrophomonas spp., and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia). This study contributes to the knowledge in Colombia by identifying four different hemobacteria in wild birds. Further research is required on the health status of these birds and the attributable impacts on their populations and other related factors, including humans.

RESUMEN Los conjuntos avifaunísticos de cuatro sitios arqueológicos de la estepa del norte de la Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego (Argentina) muestran diferencias entre las variables zooarqueoló-gicas estudiadas. Se presentan datos tafonómicos y arqueológicos de aves registradas en RCH1, CHP3, LV1 y CP53; se comparan con otros conjuntos de la estepa y del ecotono insular para discutir cuáles fueron las especies más explotadas como alimento y el uso de huesos o plumas con fines tecnológicos durante el Holoceno medio y tardío, así como el rol de cada especie en las sociedades de la zona estudiada. En tres sitios las aves fueron un recurso complementario, pero en CP53 fueron el recurso más explotado. La importancia de las aves en la subsistencia se incrementa al sur del río Grande y en particular al sur del río Irigoyen. En términos cronológicos, no se observaron cambios en la explotación de aves durante el Holoceno.

ABSTRACT Bird remains from four archaeological sites located in the northern steppe of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego (Argentina) are analyzed. Taphonomic and archaeological data of the skeletal remains of birds recorded the sites RCH1, CHP3, LV1 and CP53 are presented and compared with other archaeological sites of the steppe and ecotone of the island to discuss which species were most exploited as sources of food and the use of bones or feathers for technologicalpurposes as well as the role played by different species of avifauna among the human populations of the studied area. In three of the sites analyzed, birds were a complementary resource, in site CP53 they were the most exploited resource. Birds are most important in the record towards the south of Grande River, particularly south of Irigoyen River. From a chronological viewpoint, changes in the exploitation of birds along the Holocene have not been registered.

Resumen Presentamos dos nuevos registros de leucismo en dos especies de aves de dos localidades de México. En primer lugar, reportamos un individuo de Golondrina Tijereta (Hirundo rustica); el individuo fue un polluelo observado entre el 15 de julio y el 6 de agosto del 2010 en un área suburbana del centro de Jalisco, el cual presentó coloración gris blanquizca y ojos oscuros. También reportamos un Zopilote Aura (Cathartes aura) con leucismo observado el 4 de noviembre del 2014 sobrevolando la ciudad de José Cardel, Veracruz mientras migraba; el individuo presentó plumas primarias blancas mezcladas con secundarias obscuras, coberteras primarias blancas, cuello y pecho blancos. Nuestros reportes representan el primer registro en México de leucismo de la Golondrina Tijereta, y el primer reporte publicado de un zopilote con leucismo migrando a través del centro de Veracruz, respectivamente. Nuestras observaciones también muestran que ambos individuos leucísticos realizaban actividades regulares de su ciclo de vida, enriqueciendo el conocimiento disponible sobre las anormalidades cromáticas en las aves mexicanas.

Abstract We present two new records of leucism in two bird species from two locations in Mexico. First, we report one leucistic Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica); the individual was a nestling observed between 15 July and 6 August 2010, in a suburban area of central Jalisco, showing gray-whitish coloration and dark eyes. We also report of one leucistic Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura) spotted during the afternoon of 4 November 2014, flying overhead while migrating in the city of José Cardel, Veracruz; the individual showed white primary feathers interspersed with dark secondaries, white primary coverts, white neck, and chest feathers. Our records represent the first Mexican report of leucism in the Barn Swallow, and the first published report of a leucistic vulture migrating across central Veracruz, respectively. Our observations also show that both leucistic individuals were accomplishing regular life-cycle activities, enriching the available knowledge of chromatic abnormalities in Mexican birds.