Resumen. El chipe pinero (Setophaga pinus) habita en la parte oriental de Norteamérica, y se reproduce en el norte de EUA y Canadá, pasando el invierno en el sureste de EUA. En México es considerado migratorio invernal irregular en los estados de Nuevo León y Tamaulipas. Reportamos el primer registro de S. pinus en el estado de Durango, dentro del área natural protegida Parque Estatal Cañón de Fernández en el municipio de Lerdo. El día 8 de enero de 2023 a las 11:42 h., se observó un ejemplar de S. pinus posado en un árbol de Ahuehuete (Taxodium huegelii), ubicado a la orilla del río Nazas. El ave estaba sobre una rama aproximadamente a dos metros de altura de piso. Este registro amplía la distribución invernal de la especie en México. Reportes como el presente son esenciales para confirmar los movimientos de las especies en tiempo y espacio durante la migración, y documentar posibles cambios que ocurren en la distribución de especies migratorias.

Abstract. The Pine Warbler (Setophaga pinus) inhabits eastern North America, where it breeds in the northern USA and Canada, and winters in southeastern USA. In Mexico, the species is considered an irregular winter migrant in the states of Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas. We report the first record of the Pine Warbler for the state of Durango, in the protected area of the Cañon de Fernandez State Park, municipality of Lerdo. On 8 January 2023 at 11:42 h, a Pine Warbler was observed perched on a cypress tree (Taxodium huegelii), located on the banks of the Nazas River. The bird was on a branch approximately two meters above the ground. This record expands the species’ winter distribution in Mexico. Observations like this are essential for confirming movements of species in time and space during migration, and for documenting changes in the distribution of migratory species.

Resumen En este trabajo se realiza un análisis de viabilidad de la población de Rhea pennata, ave que se encuentra categorizada En Peligro Crítico - CR, con un tamaño poblacional estimado de 350 individuos en Perú. Los datos fueron analizados con el software VORTEX 9.6, se modelaron 8 escenarios y combinaciones para determinar la tasa anual de crecimiento poblacional bajo el efecto de factores antropogénicos, demográficos, ambientales y genéticos. Los resultados señalan que la población de Rhea pennata no es viable, la tasa de crecimiento poblacional es negativa (r= −0.11) significa que la población disminuye en 11% al año. Un efecto combinado de los factores antropogénicos, como la recolección de huevos, genéticos como la endogamia y ambientales como las intensas nevadas, disminuye la tasa de crecimiento (r= −0.18) en este escenario la probabilidad de extinción se da en aproximadamente en 50 años. El efecto de la endogamia en una población adulta de 50 individuos en un hábitat fragmentado traería consigo la extinción en aproximadamente 25 a 30 años. El único escenario donde la población es viable en el largo plazo es con el repoblamiento, para esto es necesario una liberación de 38 grupos poblacionales por un periodo de 15 años, en un área aproximada de 27000 km2, y que se encuentre bajo alguna medida de conservación, como las áreas naturales protegidas u otras medidas de conservación basadas en área.

Abstract In this work, a population viability analysis (PVA) is conducted on the population of Rhea pennata, a bird categorized as Critically Endangered (CR), with an estimated population size of 350 individuals in Peru. The data were analyzed using VORTEX 9.6 software, and eight scenarios and combinations were modeled to determine the annual population growth rate under the influence of anthropogenic, demographic, environmental, and genetic factors. The results indicate that the Rhea pennata population is not viable, with a negative population growth rate (r= −0.11), meaning the population decreases by 11% per year. A combined effect of anthropogenic factors, such as egg collection, genetic factors like inbreeding, and environmental factors such as intense snowfalls, further reduces the growth rate (r= −0.18). In this scenario, the probability of extinction occurs in approximately 50 years. The effect of inbreeding in an adult population of 50 individuals in a fragmented habitat would lead to extinction in approximately 25 to 30 years. The only scenario where the population is viable in the long term involves repopulation, requiring the release of 38 population groups over a period of 15 years in an area of approximately 27000 km², which must be under some conservation measure, such as protected natural areas or other area-based conservation measures.

Resumen Los parásitos aviares son una amenaza para la biodiversidad. Las moscas del género Philornis parasitan una amplia gama de especies de aves, lo que a menudo provoca su muerte. Sin embargo, nuestro conocimiento sobre su distribución y rango de hospederos se limita a unas pocas especies como Philornis downsi, ya que esta mosca vampiro aviar parasita a más de 20 especies de aves en las islas Galápagos. Aquí, reportamos la presencia de Philornis vulgaris en México, ampliando la distribución de esta plaga. Encontramos a P. vulgaris en Mérida, Yucatán, parasitando al Zanate mexicano, Quiscalus mexicanus y potencialmente al Cenzontle Tropical, Mimus gilvus. Los polluelos volantones de ambas especies fueron encontrados en un ambiente urbano. Describimos a detalle el daño causado por las larvas a los polluelos y las posibles implicaciones de que P. vulgaris parasite a Q. mexicanus a medida que esta ave expande su área de distribución geográfica.

Abstract Avian parasites are a threat to biodiversity. Flies in the genus Philornis parasitize a wide range of avian species, often resulting in their death. However, our knowledge of their distribution and host range is limited to a few species such as Philornis downsi, as this avian vampire fly parasitizes more than 20 bird species in the Galapagos islands. Here, we report the presence of Philornis vulgaris in Mexico, widening the currently known distribution of this pest. We found P. vulgaris in Mérida, Yucatán parasitizing the Great tailed Grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus and potentially the Tropical Mockingbird, Mimus gilvus. Fledglings from both species who were out of nest were found in an urban environment. We describe the damage done by larvae to the fledglings and the potential implications of P. vulgaris parasitizing Q. mexicanus as it expands its geographical range.

Resumen Presentamos un análisis de la diversidad y de los patrones biogeográficos de 260 especies de aves residentes de los bosques tropicales de México, realizado a partir de datos históricos (recolectados entre el siglo XVIII y 2007) y registros de presencia de la última década (2013-2023). Realizamos comparaciones del número y cambio de composición de especies, considerando las matrices de distribución “histórica” y “actual”, y un análisis de parsimonia de endemismos. De acuerdo con los datos históricos, la mayor riqueza de especies se localiza en la vertiente del Golfo de México y la península de Yucatán, mientras que los bosques estacionalmente secos de la costa del Pacífico y la Cuenca del Balsas presentaron los valores más altos de especies endémicas. Sin embargo, los datos recopilados en la última década muestran una disminución significativa del número de especies en todas las áreas analizadas. La estimación de la diversidad beta indicó valores elevados de cambio en la composición de especies para las matrices evaluadas. La hipótesis biogeográfica obtenida indica la existencia de 2 grandes grupos: i) vertiente pacífica de México y la Cuenca del Balsas y ii) norte de la provincia Veracruzana, el norte del Istmo de Tehuantepec y la península de Yucatán.

Abstract We present an analysis of diversity and biogeographic patterns of 260 resident bird species in the tropical forests of Mexico, based on historical data (collected between the 18th century and 2007) and presence records from the last decade (2013-2023). We performed comparisons of the number and composition change of species, considering the “historical” and “current” distribution matrices, and a parsimony analysis of endemicity. According to historical data, the highest species richness is located on the slope of the Gulf of Mexico and the Yucatán Peninsula, while the seasonally dry forests of the Pacific coast and the Balsas Basin presented the highest values of endemic species. However, data collected in the last decade show a significant decline in the number of species in all areas analyzed. The beta diversity estimation indicated high values of change in species composition for the matrices evaluated. Biogeographic hypothesis obtained indicates the existence of 2 main groups: i) Pacific slope of Mexico and the Balsas Basin and ii) north of the Veracruzan province, the north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Yucatán Peninsula.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic led to a reduction in human mobility, known as “anthropause.” Few studies have compared birds’ community patterns between lockdown and “new normal” periods, especially in extremophile environments. This study presents the first baseline by monitoring coastal birds on 10 beaches along the largest hypersaline lagoon in South America. The birds were counted in September and October 2021 (during a lockdown period) and in October 2022 (after the lockdown – “new normal”) during the morning. The continuous route transect methodology was applied by the same observer in all beaches. The Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to investigate the response of community abundance to urbanization (raster-based variable) and time of COVID-19 pandemic (lockdown vs. new normal). Rarefaction curve and Permutational Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA) were used to compare community richness and composition, respectively, between lockdown and new normal periods. Generalized Linear Models (GLM) with negative binomial distribution were applied to test the effect of the same predictors on the three more abundant species. The bird community structure and composition did not change when comparing lockdown and new normal periods, mainly due to dominance of synanthropic species. Among species-specific responses to lockdown, the Southern Lapwing Vanellus chilensis was more abundant during the lockdown on six of the nine beaches where it occurred. Oppositely, the Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus and the Neotropic Cormorant Nannopterum brasilianus were more abundant in new normal period, reinforcing that these species benefit from human subsidies. This may provide a unique opportunity for science-based sustainable ecotourism activities in urban areas with synanthropic species, capitalizing activities such as birdwatching, that would certainly contribute to environmental education actions. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 mobility anthropause. anthropause “anthropause. periods environments 1 America 202 period after morning ANCOVA (ANCOVA rasterbased raster based variable vs normal. . normal) PERMANOVA (PERMANOVA respectively GLM (GLM speciesspecific specific occurred Oppositely subsidies sciencebased science birdwatching actions COVID1 COVID- “anthropause 20 2

ABSTRACT Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle & Manceaux, 1908) is a highly prevalent zoonotic protozoan parasite found globally in various bird and mammal species, including humans. Migratory birds play an important epidemiological role by facilitating the spread of pathogens, including T. gondii, to new regions. Armenia is particularly significant in this context being located at the crossroads of three global migration flyways; however, research on T. gondii infection in wild birds in this region has not been previously conducted. This study marks the first molecular detection of active T. gondii infection in the blood of wild birds, assessing the prevalence associated with the risk factors such as age, sex, migratory status, and feeding habits of birds. Research was carried out in the Megri Region of Syunik Province in 2013, 2014, and 2018 in the breeding season. The presence of parasite in 116 Passerines was determined using PCR with specific primers derived from the RE gene with mean prevalence of T. gondii in 12%. The highest infection rates were observed in Upcher’s Warbler, Hippolais languida (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833), at 36% (4 out of 11), Eastern Black-eared Wheatear, Oenanthe melanoleuca (Guldenstadt, 1775), at 33% (2 out of 6), and Eastern Orphean Warbler, Curruca crassirostris (Bates, 1936), at 19% (5 out of 27). Long-distance migrants exhibited a higher frequency of T. gondii occurrence compared to resident birds (χ2 = 7.11, DF = 2, p = 0.029). The infection rates did not show a dependence on the sex or age of the birds. The relationship between infection and feeding behavior in local toxoplasmosis distribution remains unclear, necessitating further research with new methodologies, additional animal species, broader geographic coverage, and larger sample sizes. Nicolle Manceaux 1908 species humans pathogens T regions flyways however conducted status 2013 2014 201 season 11 12 12% Upchers Upcher s Warbler Hemprich Ehrenberg 1833, 1833 , 1833) 36 4 ( 11, 11) Blackeared Black eared Wheatear Guldenstadt, Guldenstadt (Guldenstadt 1775, 1775 1775) 33 2 6, 6 6) Bates, Bates (Bates 1936, 1936 1936) 19 5 27. 27 . 27) Longdistance Long distance χ2 χ (χ 711 7 7.11 0.029. 0029 0.029 0 029 0.029) unclear methodologies coverage sizes 190 20 1 183 3 177 193 71 7.1 002 0.02 02 18 17 7. 00 0.0 0.

ABSTRACT The increase in urbanization poses a significant threat to biodiversity, leading to the alteration of natural habitats and intensified competition between native and exotic species. The house sparrow, Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) is a globally widespread exotic and invasive species known for its environmental adaptability. However, recent studies have indicated that degrees of urbanization and microhabitat characteristics can influence house sparrow populations in diverse ways. In this study, we investigated the abundance, temporal variation, and microhabitat use of house sparrows across three areas with varying degrees of urbanization: urban areas (consisting of residential areas, paved streets, and squares), anthropic fields (including pastures and cultivated fields), and forests in Jacaraú, Northeastern Brazil. From October 2017 to September 2018, we employed the point count method to compare the abundance of house sparrows among the different areas. A total of 1880 records of house sparrows were obtained, with 56.3% observed in urban areas, 43.7% in anthropic fields, and none in the forest, indicating significant variations among the study areas. Throughout the year, active birds were observed in both urban areas and anthropic fields. Although no variations in bird abundance were found among the months in urban areas, a significant difference was observed in March (higher abundance) and October (lower abundance) in anthropic fields. The most frequently utilized microhabitats by house sparrows were ground surfaces, man-made structures, and artificial perches, whereas trees were the least used microhabitats. Our findings confirm that both habitat and microhabitat characteristics play crucial roles in determining the abundance and distribution patterns of the species in Brazil. Furthermore, our results suggest that house sparrows avoid using forests, and these environments can act as barriers to the species’ distribution. These findings enhance our understanding of the ecological dynamics of house sparrows in Brazil and provide valuable insights for management. biodiversity Linnaeus, Linnaeus (Linnaeus 1758 adaptability However ways variation consisting streets squares, squares , squares) including fields) Jacaraú 201 2018 188 obtained 563 56 3 56.3 437 43 7 43.7 forest year higher lower surfaces manmade man made structures perches Furthermore management 175 20 18 5 56. 4 43. 17 2 1

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a distribuição e o status populacional do faisão Cheer (Catreus wallichii) em Azad Jammu e Caxemira (AJ&K). A pesquisa foi realizada principalmente em quatro localidades: Vale Jhelum (JV), Parque Nacional Machiara (MNP), Haveli e Nar Sher Ali Khan (NSAK), de 2016 a 2020, durante cinco temporadas de reprodução. O status populacional do faisão Cheer foi determinado pelo método de contagem de chamadas. No total, 105 pares reprodutores (210 pássaros) foram estimados, com o maior número (134) registrado no vale Jhelum, seguido por MNP, Haveli e Nar Sher Ali Khan. Ao aplicar o fator de correção, 158 pássaros foram registrados. Pesquisas extensas foram realizadas em uma área de 19,23 km2. Os resultados indicam uma expansão nas faixas de distribuição do faisão Cheer, com populações estabelecidas em vários novos locais. A maior densidade populacional média de 6,11 pares/km2 foi registrada na área de Qazi Nag, no Vale Jhelum. A densidade populacional média do faisão Cheer foi ligeiramente maior no mês de maio. Além disso, 58% dos pássaros cantores foram detectados em elevações variando de 2.300-2.600 m, enquanto 17% foram encontrados em elevações entre 1.900-2.200 m. A expansão nas faixas de distribuição do Cheer pode ser devido ao fato de que o pássaro pode ter sido subestimado no passado ou medidas de conservação e programas de conscientização da comunidade implementados pelo Departamento de Vida Selvagem e Pesca de AJ&K. Catreus wallichii AJK AJ&K . AJ K (AJ&K) localidades JV, JV , (JV) MNP (MNP) NSAK, NSAK (NSAK) 201 2020 reprodução chamadas total 10 210 (21 estimados 134 (134 correção 15 registrados 1923 19 23 19,2 km2 km locais 611 6 11 6,1 pareskm2 pareskm pares/km Nag maio disso 58 2.3002.600 23002600 2.300 2.600 2 300 600 2.300-2.60 m 17 1.9002.200 19002200 1.900 2.200 1 900 200 1.900-2.20 (AJ&K (JV (MNP (NSAK 20 202 21 (2 13 (13 192 19, 61 6, 5 3002 2.3002.60 2300260 2300 2.30 2600 2.60 30 60 2.300-2.6 9002 1.9002.20 1900220 1900 1.90 2200 2.20 90 1.900-2.2 ( (1 2.3002.6 230026 230 2.3 260 2.6 3 2.300-2. 1.9002.2 190022 190 1.9 220 2.2 9 1.900-2. 2.3002. 23002 2. 26 2.300-2 1.9002. 19002 1. 22 1.900-2 2.3002 2.300- 1.9002 1.900-

Abstract We studied the distribution and population status of the Cheer pheasant (Catreus wallichii) in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Study was mainly conducted in four localities Jhelum Valley (JV), Machiara National Park (MNP), Haveli and Nar Sher Ali Khan (NSAK) from 2016-2020, for five breeding seasons. Population status of Cheer pheasant was determined by the call counts method. In total 105 breeding pairs (210 birds) were estimated highest (134) being recorded from Jhelum valley followed by MNP, Haveli and Nar Sher Ali Khan While applying correction factor 158 birds were recorded. Extensive surveys were carried out in an area of 19.23 km2. Our results indicate an expansion in distribution ranges of Cheer pheasant and population has established in several new sites. Highest Mean population density of 6.11pair/km2 was recorded in Qazi Nag area of Jhelum Valley. The mean population density of Cheer pheasant was slightly higher in the month of May. Furthermore, 58% of the calling birds were detected at elevations ranging from 2300-2600m, while 17% were found at elevations between 1900-2200m. Expansion in distribution ranges of Cheer might be due to reason that bird might have been underestimated in the past or conservation measures and community awareness programs taken by the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, AJ&K. Catreus wallichii AJK AJ&K . AJ K (AJ&K) JV, JV , (JV) MNP (MNP) NSAK (NSAK 20162020, 20162020 2016 2020, 2020 2016-2020 seasons method 10 210 (21 134 (134 15 1923 19 23 19.2 km2 km sites 611pairkm2 pairkm 6 11pair pair 6.11pair/km May Furthermore 58 23002600m, 23002600m m 2300 2600m, 2600m 2300-2600m 17 19002200m. 19002200m 1900 2200m. 2200m 1900-2200m Fisheries (AJ&K (JV (MNP 2016202 201 202 2016-202 1 21 (2 13 (13 192 2 19. 611pairkm 5 230 190 201620 20 2016-20 ( (1 20162 2016-2 2016-

RESUMO Cyathus berkeleyanus (Tul. & C.Tul.) Lloyd foi originalmente coletado por Charles Darwin no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. O material tipo foi perdido ao longo dos anos e a designação de um tipo moderno tornou-se necessário. Através de uma extensa revisão de literatura, a ilustração presente no trabalho do Lloyd foi considerada como o lectótipo da espécie. Além disso, devido às novas características morfológicas reconhecidas para o gênero nos últimos anos, também se tornou necessário delimitar um epítipo para a espécie. Para isso, materiais de coleções fúngicas brasileiras foram solicitados em empréstimo e analisadas utilizando a metodologia proposta para o grupo. Uma descrição atualizada, pranchas fotográficas, notas taxonômicas e a distribuição geográfica da espécie é fornecida. Tul. Tul (Tul C.Tul. CTul C Janeiro Brasil tornouse literatura disso isso grupo atualizada fotográficas fornecida C.Tul

ABSTRACT Cyathus berkeleyanus (Tul. & C.Tul.) Lloyd was originally collected by Charles Darwin in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The type material has been lost over the years, and the designation of a new type with a modern description has become necessary. Through an extensive literature review, the illustration present in the Lloyd work was considered as the lectotype of the species. Furthermore, due to the new morphological characters recognized for the genus in recent years, it has also become necessary to delimit an epitype for the species. For this, materials from Brazilian fungi collections were requested on loan and analyzed using the proposed methodology for the group. An updated description, photo plate, taxonomic notes, and geographic distribution of the species are provided. Tul. Tul (Tul C.Tul. CTul C Janeiro Brazil years review Furthermore this group plate notes provided C.Tul

Resumen La Paz es un municipio localizado en los andes orientales de Colombia y posee una gran variedad de ambientes cársticos hipogeos y epigeos. Diferentes exploraciones espeleológicas realizadas en las últimas décadas en el área de La Paz han reportado existencia de al menos de 23 ambientes subterráneos entre cuevas, cavernas, grutas, hoyos y sumideros, de los cuales el más notable por su profundidad vertical es el Hoyo del Aire, una formación geológica tipo sima con más de 140 m de caída y 130 m de diámetro. Solamente en 17, de 23 ambientes hipogeos explorados se reportó presencia de fauna vertebrada troglófila y troglobia. Las localidades fueron vistadas en 2017 y 2019 y se registró la existencia de siete géneros y 10 especies entre aves, murciélagos y peces, de las cuales dos especies son endémicas y de distribución restringida al departamento de Santander. Se presentan datos adicionales de las especies analizadas como origen, nombre común, distribución geográfica y estado de conservación siguiendo las categorías de clasificación UICN. Finalmente, se reporta la extinción local de una población de aves extirpada del hábitat subterráneo Hoyo del Aire. Los autores sugieren que la autoridad ambiental nacional y municipal, reconozcan la zona kárstica de La Paz, como área de interés ambiental para la conservación y aprovechamiento turístico regulado.

Abstract La Paz is a municipality located in the Eastern Andes of Colombia and has a great variety of hipogean and epigean karstic environments. Different speleological explorations carried out in the last decades in La Paz region have reported the existence of at least 23 subterranean environments including caves, caverns, grottos, holes, and sinkholes, of which the most remarkable due to its vertical depth is the Hoyo del Aire, a Sima-type geological formation with a vertical drop greater than 140 m and a diameter of 130 m. The presence of troglobite and troglophile vertebrate fauna was rereported, in only 17 of the 23 hypogean environments explored. The locations were visited in 2017 and 2019 and the existence of seven genera and 10 species including birds, bats, and fish were recorded, and of these, two species being endemic with their distribution restricted to the department of Santander. Additional data on the species analyzed including origin, common name, geographic distribution, and conservation status following IUCN threat categories are presented. Finally, the local extinction of a bird population extirpated from the Hoyo del Aire subterranean habitat is reported. The authors suggest that the national and municipal environmental authorities recognize the karstic area of La Paz as an area of environmental interest for conservation and regulated tourist use.

Resumen 14. Los virus de la Encefalitis de San Luis y del Oeste del Nilo son arbovirus que se mantienen en un ciclo enzoótico entre aves por mosquitos del género Culex. En la Argentina templada, ambas enfermedades han sido reportadas en humanos y se han registrado evidencias de infección en aves y caballos. Para avanzar en la estimación del riesgo, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de todos los trabajos publicados en el país para conocer las especies de aves potencialmente hospedadoras (sólo anticuerpos) y competentes (capaces de amplificar el virus). Luego, la distribución geográfica de las especies de aves implicadas en sus ciclos de transmisión fue caracterizada en la provincia de Buenos Aires a 2 escalas espaciales: mapas de ocurrencia de especies de aves potencialmente hospedadoras para cada virus a grano grueso (fuente Aves Argentinas), y mapas de densidad y porcentaje para cada especie competente a grano fino (fuente eBird). El número de especies de aves potencialmente hospedadoras fue mayor en el noreste y sudoeste de la provincia para ambos virus. Los mapas de grano fino mostraron patrones de distribución y densidad similares, con máximos en el noreste y sudeste, siendo la torcaza la especie con mayor densidad y porcentaje de avistamientos. Los registros de casos humanos coincidieron en general con las áreas de valores altos en los mapas de grano grueso y con las celdas con alto porcentaje en los mapas de grano fino de torcaza y gorrión. Estos resultados son un primer aporte para la estimación del riesgo de transmisión y vigilancia de estas arbovirosis.

Abstract. 18. St. Louis Encephalitis and West Nile viruses are arboviruses maintained in an enzootic cycle among birds by mosquitoes of the genus Culex. Both diseases have been reported in humans and evidence of infection have been identified in birds and horses in temperate Argentina. To advance in risk estimation, a bibliographic review of all published works in the country was carried out in order to know the potential host (only antibodies) and competent (able to amplify the virus) bird species. Then, the geographic distribution of bird species involved in their transmission cycles was characterized in Buenos Aires Province at two spatial scales: coarse grain potential host bird species occurrence maps for each virus (input Aves Argentinas), and fine grain density and percentage maps for each competent species (input eBird). The number of potential host bird species was higher in the northeast and southwest of the province for both viruses. Fine grain maps showed similar distribution and density patterns for all competent species, with maximums in the northeast and southeast, being Eared Dove the species with the highest density and percentage of sightings. Human cases records generally matched with high values areas in coarse grain maps and with high percentage cells in Eared Dove and House Sparrow fine grain maps. These results are a novel input for the elaboration of transmission risk maps and vigilance of these arbovirosis.

Resumen Los modelos de distribución potencial de especies son una herramienta que permiten visualizar la amplitud de hábitats adecuados donde podrían ocurrir las especies. El objetivo fue realizar una revisión de la distribución de cuatro especies de aves endémicas en situación de amenaza, sus nichos y diseñar un modelo predictivo potencial de la distribución de las especies de la región La Libertad. Los puntos de presencia de Aglaeactis aliciae, Aulacorhynchus huallagae, Scytalopus unicolor y Asthenes dorbignyi huancavelicae, fueron obtenidos de la base de datos de GBIF y eBird, y los predictores climáticos de WorldClim. Se realizó el modelamiento potencial de nicho de especies y distribuciones geográficas empleando algoritmos de máxima entropía (MaxEnt), en la plataforma Wallace (V1.0.6.3), en torno al programa RStudio y el diseño de mapas con el programa QGIS. Los valores de AUC obtenidos para las especies fueron A. aliciae 0.915, A. huallagae 0,804, S. unicolor 0,824 y A. dorbignyi huancavalicae 0.904. Si los valores de AUC son ≥ 0,75, indican un buen desempeño del modelo para discriminar las áreas con y sin presencia de la especie.

Abstract Models of potential species distribution are a tool to visualize the range of suitable habitats where species could occur. The objective was to carry out a review of the distribution of four endemic bird species in a threatened situation, their niches and to design a potential predictive model of the distribution of species in the La Libertad region. The points of presence of Aglaeactis aliciae, Aulacorhynchus huallagae, Scytalopus unicolor y Asthenes dorbignyi huancavelicae, were obtained from the GBIF and eBird database, and the climatic predictors from WorldClim. The potential niche modeling of species and geographic distributions was carried out using maximum entropy algorithms (MaxEnt), in the Wallace platform (V1.0.6.3), around the RStudio program and map design with the QGIS program. The AUC values obtained for the species were A. aliciae 0.915, A. huallagae 0.804, S. unicolor 0.824 and A. dorbignyi huancavalicae 0.904. If the AUC values are ≥ 0.75, they indicate a good performance of the model to discriminate the areas with and without the presence of the species.

Abstract The analysis of the diet of animals is an important basis to understand their life histories and interactions. In addition, species with restricted distribution play significant roles in their habitats, so their study is necessary to guide management and conservation actions. For this reason, we sought to describe the diet of three little-known bird species in Bolivia (Atlapetes rufinucha, Heliothraupis oneilli y Turdus haplochrous). A qualitative (food items) and quantitative (relative abundance, mass content, and frequency) evaluation of stomachs and crops extracted from specimens belonging to the scientific collection of the Museum of Natural History Noel Kempff Mercado was carried out. The results confirm A. rufinucha as an omnivorous species, finding six food items, being frequent the seeds of Rubus cf. boliviensis. For H. oneilli, eight items were recorded, highlighting the seeds of Poaceae family, although it is considered an insectivorous species for presenting 84.4% of mass content of arthropods. Finally, for T. haplochrous four items were found, especially seeds of the genus Licaria, considering it a frugivorous species because it has a 94.5% of mass content of fruits. These new data contribute to the knowledge of the natural history of these species, facilitating future studies or actions Fecal analyses and focal observations are recommended to obtain more information about their diets.

Resumen El análisis de la dieta de los animales es una de las bases importantes para conocer sus historias de vida e interacciones en sus ambientes. Además, las especies con distribución restringida cumplen roles significativos en sus hábitats, por lo que su estudio es necesario para guiar acciones de manejo y conservación. Por tal motivo, se buscó describir la dieta de tres especies de aves poco conocidas en Bolivia (Atlapetes rufinucha, Heliothraupis oneilli y Turdus haplochrous). Se realizó una evaluación cualitativa (ítems alimenticios) y cuantitativa (abundancia relativa, masa contenida y frecuencia) de estómagos y buches extraídos de ejemplares pertenecientes a la colección científica del Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado. Los resultados confirman a A. rufinucha como una especie omnívora, encontrándose seis ítems alimenticios, siendo frecuentes las semillas de Rubus cf. boliviensis. Para H. oneilli se registraron ocho ítems, destacándose las semillas de la familia Poaceae, aunque se la considera una especie insectívora por presentar un 84.4% de masa contenida de artrópodos. Por último, para T. haplochrous se encontraron cuatro ítems, especialmente semillas del género Licaria, considerándola una especie frugívora por tener un 94.5% de masa contenida de frutos. Estos nuevos datos aportan al conocimiento de la historia natural de estas especies, facilitando estudios o acciones futuras. Se recomiendan análisis de heces y observaciones focales para obtener más información sobre sus dietas.

Resumen Recopilamos 302 registros reproductivos a partir de una revisión en profundidad de registros de observación de aves del Área Metropolitana de Lima, (Lima-Perú), de eBird e iNaturalist, durante 2000-2020. Nosotros (1) determinamos la distribución geográfica de los registros reproductivos y la actividad reproductiva de las especies, (2) examinamos los períodos de actividad reproductiva y (3) describimos los patrones de anidación, incluido el uso del hábitat de anidación. Los registros ocurrieron en 27 distritos y abarcaron 45 especies. Haematopus palliatus (n=52) y Podiceps major (n=36) tuvieron el mayor número de registros de reproducción, y Zenaida meloda tuvo la mayor diversidad de actividad de reproducción (6 tipos de registros). Establecimos periodos de reproducción para 21 especies, incluyendo las que se reproducen du rante todo el año (n=10), durante la estación seca-cálida (diciembre-abril, n=5), durante la estación húmeda-fría (junio-octubre, n=3), y algunos otros que muestran alguna variación entre las dos estaciones (n=3). De un total de 82 registros de anidación, el 52,4% estuvo asociado a ambientes acuáticos naturales o artificiales. Identificamos 15 especies de plantas hospederas, que brindaron apoyo a ocho especies anidadoras. Los nidos de Charadrius vo ciferus (3 huevos), H. palliatus (1-4 huevos) y Z. meloda (2 huevos) mostraron tamaños de puesta invariables en comparación con lo reportado para estas especies en otras áreas de la costa central peruana. Mostramos que los datos de la ciencia ciudadana son una herramienta útil para el estudio de la biología reproductiva, especialmente en las aves peruanas, donde las fuentes de datos más tradicionales son escasas.

Abstract We compiled 302 breeding records from an in-depth review of bird observational records from the Lima Metropolitan Area (Lima-Peru), from eBird and iNaturalist, during 2000-2020. We (1) determined the geographic distribution of breeding records and breeding activity of species, (2) examined periods of breeding activity, and (3) described nesting patterns including nesting habitat use, host plant preference, and clutch size. Records occurred in 27 districts and encompassed 45 species. Haematopus palliatus (n=52) and Podiceps major (n=36) had the highest numbers of breeding records, and Zenaida meloda had the highest diversity of breeding activity (6 types of records). We established breeding periods for 21 species, including those breeding throughout the year (n=10), during the dry-warm season (December-April, n=5), during the humid-cold season (June-October, n=3), and some others showing some variation between the two seasons (n=3). Out of a total of 82 nesting records, 52.4% were associated with natural or artificial aquatic environments. We identified 15 host plant species, that provided support to eight nesting species. Nests of Charadrius vociferus (3 eggs), H. palliatus (1-4 eggs), and Z. meloda (2 eggs) showed invariable clutch sizes compared to what has been reported for these species in other areas of the Peruvian central coast. We showed that citizen science data is a useful tool for studying breeding biology, espe cially of Peruvian birds, where more traditional data sources are scarce.

RESUMEN Análisis previos sobre los avances en la ornitología Neotropical han destacado a Paraguay como uno de los países prioritarios para el desarrollo de estudios, dada su riqueza de aves y el reducido número de publicaciones disponibles. En este artículo examinamos las contribuciones publicadas sobre la ornitología del Paraguay en los 25 años desde 1995 hasta el 2019, dividiendo estas publicaciones en quinquenios y en 11 áreas del conocimiento en la ornitología. Analizamos un total de 203 publicaciones, entre ellas artículos científicos y libros. Artículos referentes a distribución y ocurrencia de especies corresponden a casi el 51%, seguidos por aquellos relacionados a conservación (13%) e historia natural (12%). En promedio, ocho contribuciones al año han sido publicadas en los 25 años. En el último quinquenio, hubo un aumento de publicaciones ornitológicas en un 58% con relación al anterior quinquenio; así también ha aumentado hasta en un 93% las contribuciones por autores afiliados en el Paraguay y hasta en un 98% en estudios hechos exclusivamente con datos del Paraguay. Gran parte de este aumento se debe a contribuciones de unos pocos autores, y mayormente como notas cortas. En cuanto a las regiones ornitogeográficas, Alto Paraná y Chaco Central son las más estudiadas, con un 42% y 31%, respectivamente. Más del 50% de las familias y 30% de los órdenes no han sido objetos de estudio en los últimos 25 años. Con este análisis, demostramos un aumento aún muy incipiente de la investigación ornitológica en el país; identificamos acciones que estarían apoyando su desarrollo, así como las dificultades, y orientamos las prioridades de investigación en el Paraguay.

ABSTRACT Previous analyses on the advances in Neotropical ornithology have highlighted Paraguay as a prio-rity country for research, considering its richness of bird species and the few publications available. In this article we examine published contributions to the ornithology of Paraguay over the 25 years from 1995 to 2019, dividing publications into five-year periods and into 11 areas of knowledge in ornithology. We analyzed a total of 203 publications, including scientific articles and books. Articles referring to the distribution and occurrence of species correspond to almost 51%, followed by those related to conservation (13%) and natural history (12%). On average, eight contributions were published per year during the 25 years. In the last five years, there has been an increase in ornithological publications by 58% in relation to the previous five years; likewise, contributions by authors affiliated within Paraguay have increased by up to 93% and studies that exclusively used data from Paraguay by up to 98%. A high proportion of this increase is explained by the contributions of just a few authors, mostly publishing short notes. With respect to ornithogeographic regions, Alto Paraná and Central Chaco are the most studied, with 42% and 31% of publications, respectively. More than 50% of families and 30% of orders have not been the focus of studies in 25 years. With this analysis, we demonstrate a still very incipient increase in ornithological research in the country; we identify actions that may be supporting its development, as well as difficulties, and we orient research priorities in Paraguay.