Resumo A porção noroeste da ecorregião Floresta Atlântica do Alto Paraná é uma das mais alteradas e fragmentadas da Mata Atlântica, da qual pouco se sabe sobre a avifauna local. Nosso objetivo foi descrever a diversidade e composição da avifauna aquática, bem como analisar os padrões de similaridade quanto a distribuição temporal e espacial destas aves nesta ecorregião. Utilizamos a transecção linear para amostragem em seis áreas úmidas (corpos d’água lênticos e lóticos), nos períodos de seca e chuva entre 2012 e 2013. Registramos 52 espécies de aves aquáticas e as riquezas das áreas mostraram-se distintas, pois apenas Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758), Tigrisoma lineatum (Boddaert, 1783), Rosthramus sociabilis (Vieillot, 1817), Aramus guarauna (Linnaeus, 1766), Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782), Jacana jacana (Linnaeus, 1766), and Arundinicola leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1764) foram comuns às seis áreas, o que indica seleção de habitat. Quando analisada a composição das aves nos dois períodos aliada à distribuição espacial, encontramos dissimilaridades temporais acentuadas entre os ambientes com características lóticas (rio e aterro) e lênticas (lagoas). Isto mostra que, além das diferentes épocas sazonais, é necessário analisar separadamente os diferentes tipos de áreas úmidas. Por fim, apesar da extensão pequena e baixa riqueza total, a área amostrada abrigou 1/3 das aves aquáticas de água doce para o estado de São Paulo, cinco espécies migratórias e 11 novas espécies para o noroeste do estado. A heterogeneidade de ambientes aquáticos locais, forte seleção de habitat aliada à sazonalidade e ausência de outros locais úmidos em seu entorno, explicam a diversidade e distribuição destas aves estreitamente relacionadas aos corpos d’água desta desconhecida ecorregião da Mata Atlântica.

Abstract The northwestern portion of the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest ecoregion is one of the most disturbed and fragmented areas in the Atlantic Forest, and little is known about the local avifauna. In this study, we have described the composition and diversity of the aquatic avifauna of this region and analyzed the patterns of similarity with respect to the seasonal as well as spatial distribution. We used the line transect sampling technique in six distinct humid areas (including lentic and lotic water bodies) during the dry and rainy seasons of 2012 and 2013. A total of 52 species of waterfowl were recorded. The species richness of the studied areas was surprisingly distinct; only seven waterfowl species, namely Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758), Tigrisoma lineatum (Boddaert, 1783), Rosthramus sociabilis (Vieillot, 1817), Aramus guarauna (Linnaeus, 1766), Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782), Jacana jacana (Linnaeus, 1766), and Arundinicola leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1764), were common to these six studied areas. This indicated that the other bird species that were observed might be habitat selective. Moreover, the analysis of the composition of birds in the two seasons (dry and rainy) combined with their spatial distributions showed significant dissimilarities between the areas with lotic (river and constructed wetland) and lentic (lagoons) characteristics. Nevertheless, despite the small extent and low total richness of the entire study area, it was found to be home to 1/3 of all freshwater aquatic birds documented in the state of São Paulo, with the record of 5 migratory species and 11 new species added to the northwest of the state. The heterogeneity of local aquatic environments, habitat selection combined with seasonality, and the absence of other humid locations in the surroundings can explain the diversity and distribution of these birds in the water bodies of this uninvestigated Atlantic Forest ecoregion.

Resumen Presentamos un análisis de la diversidad y de los patrones biogeográficos de 260 especies de aves residentes de los bosques tropicales de México, realizado a partir de datos históricos (recolectados entre el siglo XVIII y 2007) y registros de presencia de la última década (2013-2023). Realizamos comparaciones del número y cambio de composición de especies, considerando las matrices de distribución “histórica” y “actual”, y un análisis de parsimonia de endemismos. De acuerdo con los datos históricos, la mayor riqueza de especies se localiza en la vertiente del Golfo de México y la península de Yucatán, mientras que los bosques estacionalmente secos de la costa del Pacífico y la Cuenca del Balsas presentaron los valores más altos de especies endémicas. Sin embargo, los datos recopilados en la última década muestran una disminución significativa del número de especies en todas las áreas analizadas. La estimación de la diversidad beta indicó valores elevados de cambio en la composición de especies para las matrices evaluadas. La hipótesis biogeográfica obtenida indica la existencia de 2 grandes grupos: i) vertiente pacífica de México y la Cuenca del Balsas y ii) norte de la provincia Veracruzana, el norte del Istmo de Tehuantepec y la península de Yucatán.

Abstract We present an analysis of diversity and biogeographic patterns of 260 resident bird species in the tropical forests of Mexico, based on historical data (collected between the 18th century and 2007) and presence records from the last decade (2013-2023). We performed comparisons of the number and composition change of species, considering the “historical” and “current” distribution matrices, and a parsimony analysis of endemicity. According to historical data, the highest species richness is located on the slope of the Gulf of Mexico and the Yucatán Peninsula, while the seasonally dry forests of the Pacific coast and the Balsas Basin presented the highest values of endemic species. However, data collected in the last decade show a significant decline in the number of species in all areas analyzed. The beta diversity estimation indicated high values of change in species composition for the matrices evaluated. Biogeographic hypothesis obtained indicates the existence of 2 main groups: i) Pacific slope of Mexico and the Balsas Basin and ii) north of the Veracruzan province, the north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Yucatán Peninsula.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic led to a reduction in human mobility, known as “anthropause.” Few studies have compared birds’ community patterns between lockdown and “new normal” periods, especially in extremophile environments. This study presents the first baseline by monitoring coastal birds on 10 beaches along the largest hypersaline lagoon in South America. The birds were counted in September and October 2021 (during a lockdown period) and in October 2022 (after the lockdown – “new normal”) during the morning. The continuous route transect methodology was applied by the same observer in all beaches. The Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to investigate the response of community abundance to urbanization (raster-based variable) and time of COVID-19 pandemic (lockdown vs. new normal). Rarefaction curve and Permutational Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA) were used to compare community richness and composition, respectively, between lockdown and new normal periods. Generalized Linear Models (GLM) with negative binomial distribution were applied to test the effect of the same predictors on the three more abundant species. The bird community structure and composition did not change when comparing lockdown and new normal periods, mainly due to dominance of synanthropic species. Among species-specific responses to lockdown, the Southern Lapwing Vanellus chilensis was more abundant during the lockdown on six of the nine beaches where it occurred. Oppositely, the Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus and the Neotropic Cormorant Nannopterum brasilianus were more abundant in new normal period, reinforcing that these species benefit from human subsidies. This may provide a unique opportunity for science-based sustainable ecotourism activities in urban areas with synanthropic species, capitalizing activities such as birdwatching, that would certainly contribute to environmental education actions.

Abstract Avian parasites are a threat to biodiversity. Flies in the genus Philornis parasitize a wide range of avian species, often resulting in their death. However, our knowledge of their distribution and host range is limited to a few species such as Philornis downsi, as this avian vampire fly parasitizes more than 20 bird species in the Galapagos islands. Here, we report the presence of Philornis vulgaris in Mexico, widening the currently known distribution of this pest. We found P. vulgaris in Mérida, Yucatán parasitizing the Great tailed Grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus and potentially the Tropical Mockingbird, Mimus gilvus. Fledglings from both species who were out of nest were found in an urban environment. We describe the damage done by larvae to the fledglings and the potential implications of P. vulgaris parasitizing Q. mexicanus as it expands its geographical range.

Resumen Los parásitos aviares son una amenaza para la biodiversidad. Las moscas del género Philornis parasitan una amplia gama de especies de aves, lo que a menudo provoca su muerte. Sin embargo, nuestro conocimiento sobre su distribución y rango de hospederos se limita a unas pocas especies como Philornis downsi, ya que esta mosca vampiro aviar parasita a más de 20 especies de aves en las islas Galápagos. Aquí, reportamos la presencia de Philornis vulgaris en México, ampliando la distribución de esta plaga. Encontramos a P. vulgaris en Mérida, Yucatán, parasitando al Zanate mexicano, Quiscalus mexicanus y potencialmente al Cenzontle Tropical, Mimus gilvus. Los polluelos volantones de ambas especies fueron encontrados en un ambiente urbano. Describimos a detalle el daño causado por las larvas a los polluelos y las posibles implicaciones de que P. vulgaris parasite a Q. mexicanus a medida que esta ave expande su área de distribución geográfica.

ABSTRACT Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle & Manceaux, 1908) is a highly prevalent zoonotic protozoan parasite found globally in various bird and mammal species, including humans. Migratory birds play an important epidemiological role by facilitating the spread of pathogens, including T. gondii, to new regions. Armenia is particularly significant in this context being located at the crossroads of three global migration flyways; however, research on T. gondii infection in wild birds in this region has not been previously conducted. This study marks the first molecular detection of active T. gondii infection in the blood of wild birds, assessing the prevalence associated with the risk factors such as age, sex, migratory status, and feeding habits of birds. Research was carried out in the Megri Region of Syunik Province in 2013, 2014, and 2018 in the breeding season. The presence of parasite in 116 Passerines was determined using PCR with specific primers derived from the RE gene with mean prevalence of T. gondii in 12%. The highest infection rates were observed in Upcher’s Warbler, Hippolais languida (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833), at 36% (4 out of 11), Eastern Black-eared Wheatear, Oenanthe melanoleuca (Guldenstadt, 1775), at 33% (2 out of 6), and Eastern Orphean Warbler, Curruca crassirostris (Bates, 1936), at 19% (5 out of 27). Long-distance migrants exhibited a higher frequency of T. gondii occurrence compared to resident birds (χ2 = 7.11, DF = 2, p = 0.029). The infection rates did not show a dependence on the sex or age of the birds. The relationship between infection and feeding behavior in local toxoplasmosis distribution remains unclear, necessitating further research with new methodologies, additional animal species, broader geographic coverage, and larger sample sizes. Nicolle Manceaux 1908 species humans pathogens T regions flyways however conducted status 2013 2014 201 season 11 12 12% Upchers Upcher s Warbler Hemprich Ehrenberg 1833, 1833 , 1833) 36 4 ( 11, 11) Blackeared Black eared Wheatear Guldenstadt, Guldenstadt (Guldenstadt 1775, 1775 1775) 33 2 6, 6 6) Bates, Bates (Bates 1936, 1936 1936) 19 5 27. 27 . 27) Longdistance Long distance χ2 χ (χ 711 7 7.11 0.029. 0029 0.029 0 029 0.029) unclear methodologies coverage sizes 190 20 1 183 3 177 193 71 7.1 002 0.02 02 18 17 7. 00 0.0 0.

Abstract. 18. St. Louis Encephalitis and West Nile viruses are arboviruses maintained in an enzootic cycle among birds by mosquitoes of the genus Culex. Both diseases have been reported in humans and evidence of infection have been identified in birds and horses in temperate Argentina. To advance in risk estimation, a bibliographic review of all published works in the country was carried out in order to know the potential host (only antibodies) and competent (able to amplify the virus) bird species. Then, the geographic distribution of bird species involved in their transmission cycles was characterized in Buenos Aires Province at two spatial scales: coarse grain potential host bird species occurrence maps for each virus (input Aves Argentinas), and fine grain density and percentage maps for each competent species (input eBird). The number of potential host bird species was higher in the northeast and southwest of the province for both viruses. Fine grain maps showed similar distribution and density patterns for all competent species, with maximums in the northeast and southeast, being Eared Dove the species with the highest density and percentage of sightings. Human cases records generally matched with high values areas in coarse grain maps and with high percentage cells in Eared Dove and House Sparrow fine grain maps. These results are a novel input for the elaboration of transmission risk maps and vigilance of these arbovirosis.

Resumen 14. Los virus de la Encefalitis de San Luis y del Oeste del Nilo son arbovirus que se mantienen en un ciclo enzoótico entre aves por mosquitos del género Culex. En la Argentina templada, ambas enfermedades han sido reportadas en humanos y se han registrado evidencias de infección en aves y caballos. Para avanzar en la estimación del riesgo, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de todos los trabajos publicados en el país para conocer las especies de aves potencialmente hospedadoras (sólo anticuerpos) y competentes (capaces de amplificar el virus). Luego, la distribución geográfica de las especies de aves implicadas en sus ciclos de transmisión fue caracterizada en la provincia de Buenos Aires a 2 escalas espaciales: mapas de ocurrencia de especies de aves potencialmente hospedadoras para cada virus a grano grueso (fuente Aves Argentinas), y mapas de densidad y porcentaje para cada especie competente a grano fino (fuente eBird). El número de especies de aves potencialmente hospedadoras fue mayor en el noreste y sudoeste de la provincia para ambos virus. Los mapas de grano fino mostraron patrones de distribución y densidad similares, con máximos en el noreste y sudeste, siendo la torcaza la especie con mayor densidad y porcentaje de avistamientos. Los registros de casos humanos coincidieron en general con las áreas de valores altos en los mapas de grano grueso y con las celdas con alto porcentaje en los mapas de grano fino de torcaza y gorrión. Estos resultados son un primer aporte para la estimación del riesgo de transmisión y vigilancia de estas arbovirosis.

Abstract We compiled 302 breeding records from an in-depth review of bird observational records from the Lima Metropolitan Area (Lima-Peru), from eBird and iNaturalist, during 2000-2020. We (1) determined the geographic distribution of breeding records and breeding activity of species, (2) examined periods of breeding activity, and (3) described nesting patterns including nesting habitat use, host plant preference, and clutch size. Records occurred in 27 districts and encompassed 45 species. Haematopus palliatus (n=52) and Podiceps major (n=36) had the highest numbers of breeding records, and Zenaida meloda had the highest diversity of breeding activity (6 types of records). We established breeding periods for 21 species, including those breeding throughout the year (n=10), during the dry-warm season (December-April, n=5), during the humid-cold season (June-October, n=3), and some others showing some variation between the two seasons (n=3). Out of a total of 82 nesting records, 52.4% were associated with natural or artificial aquatic environments. We identified 15 host plant species, that provided support to eight nesting species. Nests of Charadrius vociferus (3 eggs), H. palliatus (1-4 eggs), and Z. meloda (2 eggs) showed invariable clutch sizes compared to what has been reported for these species in other areas of the Peruvian central coast. We showed that citizen science data is a useful tool for studying breeding biology, espe cially of Peruvian birds, where more traditional data sources are scarce.

Resumen Recopilamos 302 registros reproductivos a partir de una revisión en profundidad de registros de observación de aves del Área Metropolitana de Lima, (Lima-Perú), de eBird e iNaturalist, durante 2000-2020. Nosotros (1) determinamos la distribución geográfica de los registros reproductivos y la actividad reproductiva de las especies, (2) examinamos los períodos de actividad reproductiva y (3) describimos los patrones de anidación, incluido el uso del hábitat de anidación. Los registros ocurrieron en 27 distritos y abarcaron 45 especies. Haematopus palliatus (n=52) y Podiceps major (n=36) tuvieron el mayor número de registros de reproducción, y Zenaida meloda tuvo la mayor diversidad de actividad de reproducción (6 tipos de registros). Establecimos periodos de reproducción para 21 especies, incluyendo las que se reproducen du rante todo el año (n=10), durante la estación seca-cálida (diciembre-abril, n=5), durante la estación húmeda-fría (junio-octubre, n=3), y algunos otros que muestran alguna variación entre las dos estaciones (n=3). De un total de 82 registros de anidación, el 52,4% estuvo asociado a ambientes acuáticos naturales o artificiales. Identificamos 15 especies de plantas hospederas, que brindaron apoyo a ocho especies anidadoras. Los nidos de Charadrius vo ciferus (3 huevos), H. palliatus (1-4 huevos) y Z. meloda (2 huevos) mostraron tamaños de puesta invariables en comparación con lo reportado para estas especies en otras áreas de la costa central peruana. Mostramos que los datos de la ciencia ciudadana son una herramienta útil para el estudio de la biología reproductiva, especialmente en las aves peruanas, donde las fuentes de datos más tradicionales son escasas.

ABSTRACT Brazil is home to many mountain ranges which harbor diverse avifauna. However, studies on the altitudinal distribution of Brazilian birds are still few and many have never been published, hampering both the dissemination of basic information and conservation actions. Here we present a critical review of ornithological studies undertaken in Brazilian mountain ranges, and propose a classification of geographic scope, altitudinal gradient, and methodology. Since 1922, 184 ornithological studies included altitude in some way in Brazil, encompassing a variety of research topics and species. About a quarter of these studies were never published in peer-reviewed journals, and 39% do not provide basic data on elevation nor link the bird species with sampling plots, thus limiting their applicability. The majority of studies are concentrated (83%) in southern and southeastern Brazil, especially in the Serra do Mar range, and so most data are associated with the Atlantic Forest. Gaps remain in other regions, such as Amazonia (Pantepui region). Most studies either did not sample the entire elevation gradient, were not standardized, lacked explicit hypothesis, or did not account for a seasonal sampling embracing the four seasons of the year, so interpretation of the observed patterns remains difficult. With this compilation, we organize the available information and point to future altitudinal research on birds, in addition to highlighting the importance of preserving habitats along altitudinal gradients in the mountainous regions in Brazil. avifauna However actions scope gradient methodology 1922 18 peerreviewed peer reviewed journals 39 plots applicability 83% 83 (83% range Forest Pantepui region. region . region) standardized hypothesis year difficult compilation 192 1 3 8 (83 19 (8 (

ABSTRACT Congeneric species have similarities in phenotypic and ecological traits. The sympatry of congeneric species constitutes an opportunity for studies on coexistence. Two bird species of Mimidae, the native Tropical mockingbird, Mimus gilvus Oberholser, 1919, and the restinga invader Chalk-browed mockingbird, Mimus saturninus (Lichtenstein, 1823), currently occur in sympatry across the sandy-coastal ecosystem (restinga) of Espírito Santo state, Southeastern Brazil. We studied the spatial distribution of Tropical mockingbird and Chalk-browed mockingbird to understand the degree of competition across a preserved and urban gradient. We sampled 1,451 sampling units across a preserved and urban landscape in a coastal area of southeastern Brazil. The best-fitting model for abundance (Punctual Abundance Index) included urbanization index, distance from the coast, and distance from the closest protected area, which explained 63% and 97% of the abundance of Tropical mockingbird and Chalk-browed mockingbird, respectively. The species exhibited a segregated spatial pattern at small scale, indicating that both species are avoiding one another. Chalk-browed mockingbird showed ecological plasticity in modified environments, whereas Tropical mockingbird was more sensitive to urbanization. We suggested that the coexistence of these species is associated with resource partitioning. Monitoring Tropical mockingbird populations may be a proxy for the assessment of habitat quality and restoration success in the highly threatened restinga ecosystem. traits Mimidae Oberholser 1919 Chalkbrowed Chalk browed Lichtenstein, Lichtenstein (Lichtenstein 1823, 1823 , 1823) sandycoastal sandy (restinga state Brazil gradient 1451 1 451 1,45 bestfitting best fitting Punctual Index index coast 63 97 respectively scale another environments partitioning 191 182 145 45 1,4 6 9 19 18 14 4 1,

Resumen Introducción: México concentra alrededor del 11 % de las especies de aves del mundo, de las cuales el 20 % son endémicas del país, concentrándose el mayor número en la región occidental. Objetivo: Analizar la composición, diversidad y distribución de la avifauna a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal en el occidente de México. Métodos: La investigación se realizó en la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Manantlán. Registramos especies de aves vistas o escuchadas en 28 puntos de conteo fijos a lo largo de un gradiente de elevación de 1 000 m. La comparación de la riqueza y la completitud del muestreo se determinaron con curvas de interpolación y extrapolación. Las franjas se compararon con un Procedimiento no Paramétrico de Permutación Multirespuesta. Se usaron correlaciones y ordenaciones indirectas para analizar cambios en la riqueza y abundancia. Resultados: Registramos 129 especies (estimado: 96 % de completitud): 19 endémicas de México, 13 en alguna categoría de riesgo y 21 consideradas indicadoras. La elevación determinó la distribución y abundancia de las especies, y las franjas altitudinales más bajas, tuvieron los valores más altos de riqueza y abundancia. Conclusión: La mayor riqueza y abundancia de especies se registró a menor altitud, con un cambio significativo en la composición y tipo de especies indicadoras por franja.

Abstract Introduction: Mexico concentrates around 11 % of the world’s bird species, of which 20 % are endemic to the country, with the highest number concentrated in the Western region. Objective: To analyze composition, diversity and avifaunal distribution along an elevation gradient in Western Mexico. Methods: The research was done in the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve. We recorded seen or heard bird species in 28 fixed count points along a 1 000 m elevation gradient. Comparative richness and sampling completeness were determined with interpolation and extrapolation curves. Belts were compared with Non-Parametric Multi-Response Permutation. Correlations and indirect ordinations were used to analyze changes in richness and abundance. Results: We recorded 129 species (estimate: 96 % completeness): 19 endemics to Mexico, 13 in some risk category, and 21 considered indicators. Elevation determined the distribution and abundance of species, and the lower elevational bands, had the highest richness and abundance values. Conclusion: The highest species richness and abundance were recorded at lower elevations, with a significant change in composition and type of indicator species by belt. The numbers of endemic and at-risk species remained constant with elevation.

Abstract The Puna ibis Plegadis ridgwayi, is a species of Threskiornithidae that inhabits Andean wetlands and makes altitudinal migrations to the coast. Data from us, GBIF, bibliographic information and the Neotropical Waterbird Census (1992 to 2015) show that this species occurs in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile, with a core area in Peru and Bolivia. It is most abundant in the latter two countries, with seven and three localities with more than 1% of the biogeographic population, respectively. They are found from 0 to 5000 m altitude (with peaks at 3000 to 4500 m and 0 to 500 m). The highest incidence of records is in southern and central Peru. There are high values of environmental availability in part of the high Andean zone from Ecuador to northern Chile and northwestern Argentina, as well as the coast of central and northern Peru. The expansion of the distribution towards the Peruvian north and coast may be due to environmental availability and the deterioration of its Andean habitat. In four coastal wetlands in central Peru, up to 818 ibises were recorded in 2006, the vast majority in Pantanos de Villa and Paraíso. The number of coastal migrants seems to be related to the intensity of droughts in the highlands of central Peru. The abundance of ibis in the high Andean Lake of Junín shows a historical decline, with emphasis after the 2004-2005 drought. This distributional expansion requires investigation of possible hybridisation with the other formerly allopatric species of the genus.

Resumen El ibis de la puna Plegadis ridgwayi, es una especie de Threskiornithidae que habita humedales andinos y realiza migraciones altitudinales hacia la costa. Datos propios, de GBIF, información bibliográfica y del Censo Neotropical de Aves Acuáticas (1992 a 2015) muestran que el ibis de la puna Plegadis ridgwayi se distribuye en Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia, Argentina y Chile, con las mayores densidades poblacionales en Perú y Bolivia en siete y tres localidades respectivamente, que acumulan más del 1% de la población biogeográfica. Se encuentran de 0 a 5000 m de altitud, con las mayores densidades entre 3000 a 4500 m y 0 a 500 m. La mayor incidencia de registros ocurre al sur y centro del Perú, así como costa del centro y norte del Perú. La ampliación de la distribución hacia el norte y costa peruana puede deberse a la disponibilidad ambiental y al deterioro de su hábitat andino. En cuatro humedales costeros del centro del Perú se registraron hasta 818 ibis en 2006, la gran mayoría en Pantanos de Villa y Paraíso. El número de migrantes costeros parece relacionado a la intensidad de sequías en la sierra del Perú central. La abundancia de ibis en el lago altoandino de Junín muestra una disminución histórica, con énfasis después de la sequía de 2004-2005. La expansión distribucional requiere investigar la posible hibridación con las otras especies del género antes alopátridas.

Resumen Medir la fuerza de la interacción es clave para comprender la dinámica de las redes mutualistas. Sin embargo, la variación intraespecífica en los rasgos de las especies puede afectar los patrones y resultados de las interacciones a una escala aún no medida. En este estudio, exploramos cómo la variación individual en la producción de frutos en una especie de Ficus modula el consumo de frutos por aves. El grado, expresado como número de especies, y las tasas de visitas, expresadas como número individuos y su equivalente en biomasa, fueron independientes del tamaño de la cosecha. Sin embargo, el número acumulado para las tres variables fue proporcional al tamaño de la cosecha. El número de especies de aves pequeñas (<100 g) fue el doble que el de las especies grandes. Sin embargo, la biomasa de ambos grupos fue equivalente. El consumo, expresado tanto en tasa como en ingesta total, fue proporcional al tamaño corporal de las aves. Estos resultados sugieren que la interacción entre aves y Ficus depende de la distribución del tamaño de ambos organismos y de la etapa de sucesión del bosque. Además, desde la perspectiva de los consumidores, la cantidad de energía que obtiene cada ave depende de las características individuales del árbol.

Abstract Measuring interaction strength is key to understand the dynamics of mutualistic networks. However, how intraspecific variation within species traits can affect the patterns and outcomes of an interaction has been poorly measured. In this study, we explored how individual variation in fruit production in a fig tree species influences fruit consumption by frugivorous birds. Degree, expressed as the number of bird species, and visitation rates, expressed as number of individuals and its equivalent biomass, were independent of crop size. However, the cumulative number of visits for the three variables mentioned above was proportional to crop size. The number of small bird species (<100 g) was twice that from large species. However, the biomass of both groups was equivalent. Fruit consumption, expressed both as intake rate and total intake, was proportional to bird body mass. Our results suggest that the interaction between birds and fig trees depends on the size distribution of both organisms and the forest successional stage. In addition, from the consumers’ perspective, the amount of energy that each bird obtains depends on individual tree characteristics.

Resumen En semen de mamíferos, se ha demostrado que la viscosidad influye de manera negativa para su conservación. En semen de aves los estudios sobre las características físicas de los eyaculados son limitados, particularmente la viscosidad no ha sido estudiada. Los medios para la criopreservación, no consideran la viscosidad para mantener la viabilidad espermática. Por lo cual, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la viscosidad en el medio para mantener su viabilidad post descongelación. Se determinó los parámetros de evaluación básica, de maduración y reacción acrosomal evaluando la presencia y distribución de Ca2+ mediante la co-incubación con clortetraciclina. Se realizaron 25 evaluaciones de pool seminal, criopreservados en medio Lake suplementado con 6 % de dimetilacetamida y con 0 % (Testigo), 10 %, 30 % y 45 % de ficoll, para ajustar la viscosidad del medio a condiciones similares a las del semen y del líquido oviductal y a un grado mayor de viscosidad. La movilidad espermática fue menor (P(0.05) en alícuotas con mayor porcentaje de ficoll. El porcentaje de espermatozoides vivos fue similar (P>0.05) en el testigo y todas las alícuotas con diferente porcentaje de ficoll. La maduración espermática presentó un mayor (P(0,05) porcentaje de espermatozoides no capacitados cuando se utilizó 10% de ficoll. De manera inversa el porcentaje de espermatozoides con reacción acrosomal fue menor (P(0,05) también cuando se utilizó 10 % de ficoll. Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que variaciones en el grado de viscosidad del medio, pueden mantener o incrementar la viabilidad espermática post descongelación.

Abstract In mammalian semen, viscosity has been shown to have a negative influence on its conservation. In bird semen, studies on the physical characteristics of ejaculates are limited, particularly viscosity has not been studied. The media for cryopreservation do not consider viscosity to maintain sperm viability. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of viscosity on the medium to maintain its viability after thawing. The parameters of basic evaluation, maturation and acrosome reaction were determined, evaluating the presence and distribution of Ca2+ through co-incubation with chlortetracycline. Twenty-five (25) evaluations of seminal pool were performed, cryopreserved in Lake medium supplemented with 6 % dimethylacetamide and with 0 % (Control), 10 %, 30 % and 45 % ficoll, to adjust the viscosity of the medium to conditions similar to those of semen and oviductal fluid and to a higher degree of viscosity. Sperm motility was lower (P(0.05) in aliquots with a higher percentage of ficoll. The percentage of live spermatozoa was similar (P>0.05) in the control and all aliquots with different percentage of ficoll. Sperm maturation presented a higher (P(0.05) percentage of non-capacitated spermatozoa when 10 % ficoll was used. Conversely the percentage of spermatozoa with acrosome reaction was also lower (P(0.05) when 10 % ficoll was used. The results of this study show that variations in the degree of viscosity of the medium can maintain or increase sperm viability after thawing.

Abstract The cordillera del Kutukú is located in the southeastern Ecuador and is partially isolated from the Andes mountain range. We conducted five field expeditions to the region, where we directly obtained information regarding the richness of birds. In addition, we compile bird richness data from published records and Ecuadorian museum’s collections in order to provide an updated list. A total of 501 bird species were registered, in an elevation range from 500 to 2.300 m a.s.l. We found 13 species with new latitudinal and/or longitudinal distribution extensions. Twenty-six species (5.2%) are in an elevated risk category nationally or globally. The region’s limited roads, added to the Shuar ethnic group policies for entering to their territory has aided in the conservation of forests, especially those over 1800 m a.s.l. Thus, the biological knowledge of this area remains to be discovered. This remote area protects an important diversity, as well as threatened bird populations, water resources, territory and culture of the indigenous groups that inhabit it. However, unfortunately the entire mountain range is under concession for exploration of mining projects. Therefore, the attention of regional and national authorities is required to join efforts to ensure their conservation and biological exploration.

Resumen La cordillera del Kutukú está ubicada al sureste de Ecuador y se encuentra parcialmente aislada de la cordillera de los Andes. Realizamos cinco expediciones a este macizo, donde obtuvimos de manera directa información referente a la riqueza de aves. Además, con el fin de generar un listado más completo, realizamos una recopilación de registros publicados y revisamos colecciones de museos ecuatorianos. En total registramos 501 especies de aves, en un rango entre 500 - 2300 m de altitud. Encontramos trece especies con nuevas ampliaciones de distribución altitudinal y/o latitudinal. Veintiséis especies de aves (5.2%) están en alguna categoría de amenaza a su conservación, a nivel mundial y nacional. Las escasas vías de acceso, sumadas a las políticas de ingreso al territorio, por parte de la etnia Shuar, han favorecido la preservación de los bosques, especialmente aquellos por encima de los 1800 m. Es así que, el conocimiento biológico de esta área queda aún por descubrir. Esta zona remota protege una importante diversidad, así como poblaciones de aves amenazadas, recursos hídricos, además del territorio y cultura de las comunidades que la habitan. Desafortunadamente la totalidad de la cordillera se encuentra concesionada para exploraciones de proyectos mineros. Por tanto, se requiere la atención de las autoridades regionales y nacionales para aunar esfuerzos que aseguren su conservación y exploración biológica.

Abstract: We present the information about a new discovery of a projectile point associated with Bird Period I, also called “Fishtail”, found in the Coyle River Basin, southern Santa Cruz province, Patagonia Argentine. This discovery adds information about the geographic distribution and contextual variability of this class of artifacts and incorporates new evidence about the use of space during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in the southernmost part of the continent.

Resumen: Presentamos la información sobre un nuevo descubrimiento de una punta de proyectil asociada al Período I de Bird, llamada también “Cola de Pescado”, hallada en la cuenca del río Coyle, sur de la provincia de Santa Cruz, Patagonia argentina. Este descubrimiento agrega información sobre la distribución geográfica y variabilidad contextual de esta clase de artefactos e incorpora nueva evidencia sobre el uso del espacio durante la transición Pleistoceno-Holoceno en el extremo sur del continente.