ABSTRACT To carry out various dental interventions, a correct evaluation of the periodontal biotype is necessary, for which it is necessary to know the different methods of evaluating the periodontal biotype. 8 methods are known to determine the periodontal biotype, among which we have: visual, probe transparency, transgingival evaluation, ultrasound, computed tomography, modified calibrator, photographic analysis and cone beam computed tomography. There are several widely used methods to determine the periodontal biotype, however, among the methods analyzed, cone beam computed tomography has high precision and minimal deviation when compared with conventional methods such as probe transparency, transgingival evaluation or visual method for accurately determine the periodontal biotype.

RESUMEN Para realizar varias intervenciones odontológicas es necesario una correcta evaluación del biotipo periodontal por la cual es necesario conocer los diferentes métodos de evaluación del biotipo periodontal. Se conocen 8 métodos para determinar el biotipo periodontal entre los que tenemos: visual, transparencia de sonda, evaluación transgingival, ultrasonido, tomografía computarizada, calibrador modificado, análisis fotográfico y tomografía computarizada de haz cónico. Hay varios métodos ampliamente usados para determinar el biotipo periodontal, sin embargo, entre los métodos analizados la tomografía computarizada de haz cónico posee una alta precisión y desviación mínima si lo comparamos con los métodos convencionales como la transparencia de sonda, evaluación transgingival o método visual para determinar con precisión el biotipo periodontal.

Resumo O presente estudo avaliou a associação da predisposição clínica e dos fatores genéticos com a presença de doenças peri-implantares. Cento e quatorze pacientes com implantes dentais instalados na Clínica de Especialização do Amazonas, Brazil, foram incluidos no estudo. Após exame clínico e radiográfico, a amostra foi categorizada em 4 grupos, de acordo com o Status peri-implantar: saúde (n=71), mucosite (n=30), peri-implantite (n=13) e doentes (mucosite + peri-implantite). DNA genômico foi extraído de células orais da saliva, e o polimorfismo genético em osteoprotegerina (OPG), ligante do receptor ativador do fator Kappa nuclear (RANKL) e receptor ativador do fator Kappa nuclear (RANK) foram genotipados por PCR em tempo real. O estudo se propôs a avaliar se os polimorfismos em RANK, RANKL e OPG estão envolvidos na patogênese da mucosite e da peri-implantite, e avaliar também a presença de fatores de risco moduladores da resposta em uma população brasileira. Idade, biotipo peri-implantar, diabetes e presença de biofilme peri-implantar foram associados a mucosite (p<0.05) e peri-implantite (p<0.05). Tabagismo, alcoolismo e biofilme periodontal também foram associados com a presença de peri-implantite (p<0.05). Análise univariada e multivariada não demonstraram associação de peri-implantite ou mucosite com os polimorfismos genéticos em RANK (rs3826620), RANKL (rs9594738) e OPG (rs2073618) (p>0.05). Os polimorfismos genéticos estudados não foram associados com mucosite e peri-implantite em uma população brasileira da região Amazônica.

Abstract The present study evaluated polymorphisms in RANK, RANKL and OPG-encoding genes to assess whether they are associated with mucositis and peri-implantitis in a population from the Brazilian Amazon region. One hundred and fourteen patients with dental implants were included in the study. After clinical and radiographic examination, the sample was categorized into 4 groups, according to the peri-implant status: Healthy (n=71), Mucositis (n=30), Peri-implantitis (n=13) and Diseased (Mucositis + Peri-implantitis, n=43). Genomic DNA was extracted from buccal cells from saliva, and the genetic polymorphism in osteoprotegerin (OPG), Kappa nuclear factor activator receptor (RANKL) and nuclear kappa factor activator receptor (RANK) were genotyped by the real time PCR. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed to compare clinical variables among groups and to evaluate genotypes and alleles distributions and the established alpha was 5%. Age, peri-implant biotype, diabetes and presence of peri-implant biofilm were associated with mucositis (p<0.05) and peri-implantitis (p<0.05). Smoking, alcoholism, and periodontal biofilms were also associated with the presence of peri-implantitis (p<0.05). Univariate and multivariate analysis did not demonstrate an association of peri-implantitis or mucositis with any genetic polymorphism in RANK (rs3826620), RANKL (rs9594738) and OPG (rs2073618) (p>0.05). The studied genetic polymorphism in RANK, RANKL and OPG were not associated with mucositis and peri-implantitis in a Brazilian population from the Amazon region.

Resumo Objetivo Caracterizar os Biótipos Periodontais (BP) por meio de fotografias, além de verificar a concordância com o método clínico de determinação, bem como com diferentes profissionais em Odontologia. Material e método A avaliação clínica intra-bucal de 34 pacientes (n=34) e verificação de fotografias padronizadas foram realizadas para caracterização dicotômica do BP em fino e espesso. A avaliação subjetiva, por meio da fotografia, foi comparada ao método clínico da transparência à sondagem. A determinação do BP por meio de fotografias foi realizada através da aplicação de um questionário contendo três categorias (fino, espesso e intermediário), direcionadas a 90 cirurgiões-dentistas divididos igualmente em três grupos: clínicos gerais, periodontistas e protesistas. A concordância em ambas as comparações foi avaliada por meio do Teste Kappa, além dos testes de sensibilidade e especificidade. Resultado Na comparação entre o método clínico e o fotográfico, não houve concordância (K = 0,264, p = 0,113). Na comparação entre os grupos dos profissionais, foi encontrada uma baixa concordância (kappa = 0,160; p<0,05) entre os periodontistas e protesisas, bem como entre protesistas e clínicos gerais (kappa = 0,110; p = 0,142). Houve maior concordância, ainda que fraca, entre periodontistas e clínicos gerais (kappa = 0,291; p = 0,00). O questionário obteve um valor de sensibilidade e especificidade maior para o diagnóstico do BP espesso. Conclusão A avaliação clínica do paciente por meio dos parâmetros clínicos ainda é necessária para caracterizar o BP, visto que a determinação usando-se análise visual por meio do fotografia, independentemente da especialidade, não foi efetiva, embora o BP espesso tenha sido o mais facilmente identificado.

Abstract Objective To characterize the Periodontal Biotypes (PB) through photographs and verify the agreement with the clinical method of determination as well as with different Dental professionals. Material and method Standardized photographs and intraoral clinical evaluation of 34 patients (n = 34) were performed for dichotomous characterization of PB in thin and thick. The subjective assessment, through photography, was compared to clinical method of probing transparency. The PB determination by photographs was performed through the application of a questionnaire containing three categories (thin, thick intermediate) directed to 90 dental professionals. They were equally divided into 3 groups: general practitioners, periodontists and prosthodontists. The concordance in both comparisons was evaluated through the Kappa Test, in addition to the sensitivity and specificity tests. Result In the comparison between the clinical and the photographic method, there was no agreement (K = 0.264, p = 0.113). However, in the comparison between the groups of professionals, a low agreement (kappa = 0.160; p <0.05) was found between periodontists and prothesis, as well as between prosthesis and general practitioners (kappa = 0.110; p = 0.142). Greater agreement, although weak, between periodontists and general practitioners (kappa = 0.291, p = 0.00). The questionnaire obtained a higher sensitivity and specificity value for the diagnosis of thick PB. Conclusion The evaluation of patients through clinical parameters is still necessary to characterize PB, since the determination using visual analysis using photography, regardless of specialty, was not effective, although thick PB was the most easily identified.

Objectives: To identify the main factors associated with the recession of the interdental papilla of the upper central incisors. Material and Methods: A non-probabilistic sample of 86 patients from the section of the Periodontal and Implant Section of the Department of Dentistry of the Peruvian Air Force Central Hospital was analyzed. The study was observational, correlational, transversal and prospective. Factors such as coronal tooth shape and gingival biotype were clinically evaluated; and radiographically, with the parallel technique, distances of the cement enamel proximal junction to the point of interdental contact (UCEp-PC), papilla tip to the point of interdental contact (PP-PC), bone crest to the point of interdental contact (CO-PC), bone crest to the cement enamel proximal junction (CO-UCEp), interdental width (AI), width of the bone crest (AC) and width of the tip of the papilla (APP). Results: In all study patients, the recession level, CO-PC and APP were significant individual predictors (p <0.05) of papillary height (PA). In patients with papillary recession, CO-PC, APP and PP-PC were significant predictors (p <0.05) of AP. In addition, CO-PC was the only significant predictor (p <0.001) of AP in patients without papillary recession. Conclusions: The PC, CO-PC and APP PP distances are the main factors associated with recession of the interdental papilla of upper central incisors and together predict papillary height.

Objetivo: Identificar los principales factores asociados a la recesión de la papila interdental de incisivos centrales superiores. Material y métodos: Se analizó una muestra no probabilística de 86 pacientes de la sección de Periodoncia e Implantes del Departamento de Estomatología del Hospital Central de la Fuerza Aérea del Perú. El tipo de estudio fue observacional, correlacional simple, transversal y prospectivo. Se evaluaron clínicamente factores como forma coronal dentaria y biotipo gingival; y radiográficamente distancias de la unión cemento esmalte proximal al punto de contacto interdentario (UCEp-PC), punta de la papila al punto de contacto interdentario (PP-PC), cresta ósea al punto de contacto interdentario (CO-PC), cresta ósea a la unión cemento esmalte proximal (CO-UCEp), ancho interdental (AI), ancho de la cresta ósea (AC) y ancho de la punta de la papila (APP). Resultados: En todos los pacientes de estudio, el nivel de recesión, CO-PC y APP fueron predictores individuales significativos (p<0,05) de la altura papilar (AP). En pacientes con recesión papilar, CO-PC, APP y PP-PC fueron predictores significativos (p<0,05) de AP. Además, CO-PC fue el único predictor significativo (p<0,001) de AP en pacientes sin recesión papilar. Conclusiones: Las distancias PP-PC, CO-PC y APP son los principales factores asociados a la recesión de la papila interdental de incisivos centrales superiores y en conjunto predicen la altura papilar.

Abstract Greyish pigmentation of the mucosa around implants after abutment insertion and crown cementation is considered an esthetic failure. This pigmentation is due to use of metallic abutments or a thin periodontal biotype. The purpose of the present report was to improve gingival esthetic appearance of patients with thin biotype, by modifying color in the sub-mucosal region of a screwed-on, custom made, zirconium abutment, successfully improving gingival aesthetics in a right lateral incisor.

Resumen Se considera un fracaso estético la visible decoloración grisácea de la mucosa periimplantar, después de la inserción del pilar y la cementación de la corona, esto se debe al uso de pilares metálicos о a un biotipo periodontal delgado. El objetivo de este reporte de caso es mejorar la apariencia estética gingival en pacientes con biotipo delgado, modificando el color en la región submucosa de un pilar personalizado atornillado de zirconio en un incisivo lateral derecho.

Resumen Introducción: A pesar de que existen opciones terapéuticas para el tratamiento de defectos de la mucosa bucal, persiste la necesidad de encontrar sustitutos funcionales, anatómicos y estéticamente similares al tejido que se va a reemplazar, así como soluciones que reduzcan la morbilidad de los injertos autólogos. Objetivo: Determinar la compatibilidad clínica e histológica de aloinjertos equivalentes de mucosa bucal elaborados mediante ingeniería tisular en ratas no consanguíneas. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizó una muestra de mucosa bucal de ratas Sprague Dawley para la obtención de un cultivo de fibroblastos y otro de queratinocitos y fibroblastos. En ambos casos, se usó una membrana de colágeno comercial como soporte. Después de diez semanas de cultivo, las membranas resultantes se injertaron en cuatro ratas Wistar. La primera fase del estudio consistió en la elaboración de los tejidos análogos de mucosa bucal mediante ingeniería tisular, los cuales se implantaron en ratas Wistar inmunocompetentes; posteriormente, se evaluaron las características clínicas e histológicas del aloinjerto. Resultados: La evaluación in vivo de los tejidos análogos demostró que se habían integrado correctamente en los huéspedes inmunocompetentes, y se había logrado el aumento del biotipo periodontal y la creación de una zona con mayor queratinización. Desde el punto de vista histológico, el tejido adquirió características similares a las de la muestra de mucosa bucal de control, sin ningún tipo de reacción inflamatoria ni signos clínicos o histológicos de rechazo. Conclusión: Hubo compatibilidad clínica e histológica de los aloinjertos equivalentes de mucosa bucal obtenidos mediante ingeniería tisular.

Abstract Introduction: Although there are therapeutic options for the treatment of oral mucosa defects, the need for functional, anatomical and aesthetically similar substitutes persists, as well as for solutions to reduce autologous grafts morbidity. Objective: To determine clinical and histological compatibility of equivalent oral mucosa allografts generated through tissue engineering in non-consanguineous rats. Materials and methods: We used a sample of oral mucosa from Sprague Dawley rats to obtain a fibroblast culture and a keratinocytes and fibroblasts co-culture. In both cases, we used a commercial collagen membrane as "scaffold". After ten weeks of culture, we grafted the resulting membranes into four Wistar rats. The first phase of the study was the development of the oral mucosa equivalents generated by tissue engineering. Then, we implanted them in immunocompetent Wistar rats, and finally we evaluated the clinical and histological features of the allografts. Results: In vivo evaluation of mucosal substitutes showed a correct integration of artificial oral mucosa in immunocompetent hosts, with an increase in periodontal biotype and the creation of a zone with increased keratinization. Histologically, the tissue was similar to the control oral mucosa sample with no inflammatory reaction nor clinical or histological rejection signs. Conclusion: The equivalent oral mucosa allografts generated by tissue engineering showed clinical and histological compatibility.

Resumo Apesar do alto índice de sucesso em implantodontia, falhas tem aumentado drasticamente, estando associadas ao desenvolvimento de peri-implantite. A perda óssea peri-implantar é influenciada por múltiplos fatores, incluindo causas genéticas e ambientais. As BMPs (proteínas ósseas morfogenéticas) são fatores de crescimento indutores da formação óssea. Os FGFs (fatores de crescimento dos fibroblastos) e seus receptores (FGFRs) desenvolvem importante função na proliferação, diferenciação e migração celular. A relação BMP/FGF é responsável pela regeneração e perda óssea. O objetivo deste estudo foi estudar a possível correlação entre os genes BMP4, FGF3, FGF10 e FGFR1 e a perda óssea peri-implantar. Duzentos e quinze voluntários, com 754 implantes, foram submetidos ao exame oral e divididos em grupo saúde (n=129) e peri-implantite (n=86). Treze polimorfismos nos genes BMP4, FGF3, FGF10 e FGFR1 foram analisados individualmente e como haplótipos. O teste do qui-quadrado correlacionou as frequências dos genótipos, alelos e haplótipos. Valores de p<0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes. Voluntários com peri-implantite mostraram alta incidência de edentulismo total (p<0,0001) e biotipo periodontal fino (p<0,04). Sangramento espontâneo, placa e mobilidade do implante foram altamente incidentes no grupo peri-implantite (p<0,0001). O genótipo polimórfico TT para BMP4 rs2761884 foi associado com saúde peri-implantar (p=0,01). FGF3 rs4631909 (genótipos TT+CT) mostraram associação com o grupo controle (p=0,04). A frequência do alelo C para FGF3 rs4631909 mostrou uma tendência de associação com peri-implantite (p=0,08). Os haplótipos FGF10 CCTG (p=0,03), BMP4 GAAA (p=0,05) e GGGA (p=0,02) foram associados com peri-implantite (p=0,03). Sendo assim, conclui-se que os haplótipos BMP4 e FGF10 estão associados com peri-implantite.

Abstract Despite the success of osseointegrated implants, failures have increased significantly, associated with development of peri-implantitis. Multiple factors influence the peri-implant bone loss, including environmental and genetic causes. BMPs (Bone morphogenetic proteins) are growth factors that induce bone formation. FGF (fibroblast growth factors) and their receptors (FGFRs) play important roles by controlling the levels of cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. BMP/FGF relationship is responsible for promoting bone regeneration and bone loss. The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between BMP4, FGF3, FGF10 and FGFR1 genes and peri-implant bone loss. Two hundred and fifteen volunteers, with 754 dental implants, were submitted to oral examination and divided in healthy group (n=129) and peri-implantitis group (n=86). Thirteen polymorphisms in BMP4, FGF3, FGF10 and FGFR1 genes were analyzed individually and in haplotype. The chi-square test correlated genotypes, allelic and haplotype frequencies. Values of p<0.05 were considered significant. Volunteers with peri-implantitis demonstrated high incidence of total edentulism (p<0.0001) and thin peri-implant phenotype (p<0.04). Higher incidence of spontaneous bleeding, plaque and implant mobility was observed in peri-implantitis group (p<0.0001 for all). The TT polymorphic genotype for BMP4 rs2761884 was associated with healthy peri-implant (p=0.01). FGF3 rs4631909 (TT+CT genotype) also showed association with the control group (p=0.04). The frequency of C allele for FGF3 rs4631909 showed a tendency for association with peri-implantitis (p=0.08). FGF10 CCTG (p=0.03), BMP4 GAAA (p=0.05) and GGGA (p=0.02) haplotypes were associated with peri-implantitis (p=0.03). Therefore, it may be concluded that BMP4 and FGF10 haplotypes are associated with peri-implantitis.

One of the major successes in prosthodontics is the accuracy of the final restoration toensure the survival of the prosthesis, the precise reproduction of the preparation margins in impressions is a need for good quality marginal requirement. That's why the technique and impression materials, as well as the management of periodontal tissues are key in achieving success. Understanding the properties of each of the materials used for the impression making process and the timely diagnosis of previous periodontal condition (health, disease, periodontal biotype), and techniques available to the retraction or displacementof the gingival tissues, provide clinicians the tools necessary for making decisions and achieving the best aesthetic and functional results in fixed prosthesis. The purpose of this topic review is to propose a series of recommendations for clinical restorative from the periodontal approach, which to establish protocols for the diagnosis, planning and execution of their clinical cases, knowing the current techniques of gingival displacement and takes impression and its effects on the periodontium.

Uno de los principales éxitos en prostodoncia es la exactitud de la restauración final que garantice la sobrevida de las prótesis, la reproducción precisa de márgenes de la preparación en una impresión es un requisito necesario para lograr una buena calidad marginal. Es por eso que la técnica y material de impresión, así como el manejo de los tejidos periodontales resultan claves en la consecución del éxito. Entender las propiedades de cada uno de los materiales utilizados durante el proceso de toma de impresión así como el diagnóstico oportuno de la condición periodontal previa (salud, enfermedad, biotipo periodontal) y las técnicas disponibles para la retracción o desplazamiento de los tejidos gingivales, proporcionan al clínico las herramientas necesarias para la toma de decisiones y la consecución de los mejores resultados estéticos y funcionales en prótesis fija. El propósito de esta revisión de tema es proponer una serie de recomendaciones para el clínico restaurador desde el punto de vista periodontal, que le permita establecer protocolos en el diagnóstico, planificación y ejecución de sus casos clínicos, conociendo las actuales técnicas de desplazamiento o retracción gingival y toma de impresión y sus efectos sobre el periodonto.

To perform different dental procedures it is currently necessary to make a correct assessment of periodontal biotype, using the right tools that allow its thickness to be accurately measured. The objective of this study was to evaluate different diagnostic methods and correlating them with direct measurement of width and thickness of attached gingiva in the front upper jaw area. The study included 30 periodontally healthy patients, in whom biotype identification was performed on teeth 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3, using visual parameters, direct measurement of the width and attached gingiva thickness, and transparency of the periodontal probe as an indirect method. According to the transparency of the probe, the thick biotype was the most frequent (53.3%) was observed more in men (62.5%) than women (37.50%). According to the visual parameters, thin biotype was more prevalent (56.7%) than the thick biotype (43.3%). There were no significant differences on comparing the 2 methods. The mean width of attached gingiva was 2.79 mm and a thickness of 1.06 mm, being greater in the thick biotype (width 2.94 mm and thickness 1.10) than in the thin biotype (width 2.67 mm and thickness 1.01 mm). According to the results, it can be concluded that both the visual diagnosis and transparency of the probe are valid to identify the gingival biotype. However, a lower reproducibility by visual inspection was observed, and the thin biotype showed a higher error rate.

Actualmente, para realizar distintos procedimientos odontológicos se hace necesaria una correcta evaluación del biotipo periodontal utilizando las herramientas adecuadas que nos permitan medir de manera certera su grosor. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar distintos métodos diagnósticos, correlacionándolos con la medición directa de ancho y grosor de encía adherida en la zona anterosuperior del maxilar. Se reclutaron 30 pacientes periodontalmente sanos, y en los dientes 1.1, 1.2 y 1.3 se realizó: identificación del biotipo según parámetros visuales, medición directa del ancho, grosor de encía adherida y transparencia de la sonda periodontal como método indirecto. Mediante la transparencia de la sonda, el biotipo grueso fue el más prevalente (53,3%), observándose más en hombres (62,5%) versus mujeres (37,50%). Según parámetros visuales, el biotipo fino fue más prevalente (56,7%) que el grueso (43,3%), y al comparar ambos métodos no existieron diferencias significativas. Se observó un ancho promedio de la encía adherida de 2,79 mm y un grosor de 1,06 mm, presentándose valores más elevados en el biotipo grueso (ancho 2,94 mm y grosor 1,10 mm) versus el fino (ancho 2,67 mm y grosor 1,01 mm). Según los resultados obtenidos podemos concluir que tanto el diagnóstico visual como la transparencia de la sonda son válidos para identificar el biotipo gingival. Sin embargo, la inspección visual mostró menor reproducibilidad y mayor porcentaje de error al definir biotipo fino.

Non-carious cervical lesion and Gingival Recession treatment using a Coronally Positioned Flap. The case developed below is intended to show the clinical outcome of a thick gingival biotype patient who underwent a periodontal surgery using the coronally positioned flap (CPF) technique in the treatment of a non-carious cervical lesion and single gingival recession in the anterior upper sector. A clinician should not forget that each case is different, therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the size and thickness of the periodontal tissue, the type and size of gingival recession, especially when non carious cervical lesions are present. In view of the results, we consider that in thick gingival biotypes, CPF is effective providing a significant reduction of an individual recession in the anterior upper sector and a non-carious cervical lesion treatment in the short term.

El caso que se desarrolla a continuación, tiene por objetivo mostrar el resultado clínico de un paciente con biotipo gingival grueso, que fue sometido a cirugía periodontal, utilizando la técnica de colgajo posicionado coronalmente (CPC) en el tratamiento de una lesión cervical no cariosa y recesión gingival individual en el sector anterosuperior. Un clínico no debe olvidar que cada caso es diferente, por tanto, es necesario evaluar las dimensiones y espesor del tejido periodontal, el tipo y tamaño de la recesión gingival, especialmente cuando se encuentra presente una lesión cervical no cariosa. En vista de los resultados, consideramos que el CPC, en biotipos gingivales gruesos, es efectivo para proporcionar una reducción significativa de la recesión individual en el sector anterosuperior y el tratamiento de lesión cervical no cariosa a corto plazo.

Periodontics is not only charged with resolving infectious processes that affect the periodontium, but is also responsible for preservation of function, comfort and aesthetics of the periodontal tissues. For this reason current plastic periodontal surgery techniques are an essential tool for the resolution of mucogingival defects, where the subepithelial connective tissues, due to their biology, have become the best alternative to resolve the sequelae of maxillo-facial trauma (TMF), fine biotype orthodontic treatment, dentoalveolar trauma (TDA), tumor resection, and treatment of the sequelae of periodontitis. In all of these conditions, the restoration of lost tissue and the modification of existing periodontal biotype dental improves their prognosis. In Chile, the periodontal treatment performed in secondary care has historically focused on infection control. However, due to the high demand for cases involving periodontal tissues without periodontitis, there is now a new reality that must focus clinical attention on the use of new techniques and surgical procedures designed to restore lost or mutilated periodontal tissues. This case report presents the work of the El Salvador Hospital Dental Department of East Metropolitan Health Service (SSMO), where periodontal plastic surgery techniques to treat complex cases have been performed since 2006.

En la actualidad, la periodoncia no solo se encarga de resolver los procesos infecciosos que afectan al periodonto, sino que también es responsable de la preservación de la función, del confort y de la estética de los tejidos periodontales. Es por eso que hoy en día las técnicas de cirugía plástica periodontal son una herramienta esencial para la resolución de defectos mucogingivales en donde el tejido conectivo subepitelial, debido a su biología, se ha convertido en la mejor alternativa para resolver las secuelas derivadas de trauma maxilofacial, tratamientos de ortodoncia en biotipos finos, trauma dentoalveolar, resección de tumores, tratamiento de las secuelas de la periodontitis, en donde al restaurar la pérdida de tejido existente y modificar el biotipo periodontal mejora el pronóstico dentario. En Chile, el tratamiento periodontal realizado en la atención secundaria se ha centrado históricamente en el control de infecciones. Sin embargo, debido a la gran demanda de casos relacionados con los tejidos periodontales sin periodontitis, hoy enfrentamos una nueva realidad clínica asistencial que amerita el empleo de nuevas técnicas y procedimientos quirúrgicos tendentes a la restauración de los tejidos periodontales perdidos o mutilados. En este reporte de casos se expone la labor realizada en el servicio dental del Hospital El Salvador, dependiente del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Oriente, en donde desde el año 2006 se realizan intervenciones quirúrgicas con técnicas de cirugía plástica periodontal para resolver casos complejos.

Resumen La fenestración apical sucede cuando el ápice de un diente está totalmente expuesto al medio ambiente oral; se considera una variación del rango normal periodontal por múltiples factores. Aunque sin síntomas, la presencia de fenestraciones puede complicar el tratamiento de endodoncia o poner en peligro un resultado funcional y estético de la cirugía periodontal. Esta condición no patológica debe tratarse con precaución ya que representa un desafío para el clínico; pues a menudo es mal diagnosticada y maltratada, por lo tanto, es necesario un enfoque multidisciplinar. Varios procedimientos quirúrgicos y no quirúrgicos se documentan para el tratamiento; incluso, cuando se diagnostica correctamente, su manejo con una sencilla intervención quirúrgica es suficiente. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 42 años de edad que consulta al odontólogo por presentar raíz dental expuesta en encía del sector anterosuperior generando inconformidad estética. Se diagnosticó fenestración apical en la raíz del órgano dentario 23 debido a placas corticales delgadas y biotipo periodontal fino, la cual se trató de manera exitosa con tratamiento endodóntico convencional, en conjunto con cirugía apical. El control posoperatorio reveló la cobertura completa de la fenestración. Se describe el protocolo quirúrgico de la fenestración apical con resultados estéticos y funcionales satisfactorios, mostrando el procedimiento como una opción de tratamiento seguro y eficaz en estos casos inusuales

Apical fenestration describes the situation where the apex of a tooth is exposed to the oral environment following breakdown of the overlying bone and alveolar mucosa; it is considered a variation within the range of periodontal normality. Although symptom free, the presence of fenestrations may complicate endodontic treatment or jeopardize the functional and aesthetic outcome of periodontal surgery. This non-pathological condition should be treated with caution because it represents a challenge to the clinician, because it is often misdiagnosed and mistreated and therefore, requires a multidisciplinary approach. Several surgical and nonsurgical procedures were documented for treatment, even when diagnosed properly, the management with a simple surgical procedure is sufficient. We report an unusual case of a 42 year old woman who consulted the dentist and referred an exposed tooth root in anterior gingival area with an aesthetic compromise. A diagnosis was made of an apical fenestration of the maxillary canine root at the apex with very thin buccal cortical plate and thin periodontal biotype, which was treated successfully by a combination of nonsurgical root canal treatment and apical surgery. Postoperative control revealed complete coverage of the fenestration. We describe The surgical protocol to correct the apical fenestration with satisfactory aesthetic and functional results is described, showing the procedure as a safe treatment option which is effective in these unusual cases

The aim of the study was to determine the association between cephalic biotype and severity of periodontal disease in dogs in a pet clinic in Lima between September 2008 and March 2009. Forty five patients’ heads older than one year were classified by the Cephalic Index in brachycephalic and not brachycephalic (mesaticephalic and dolicocephalic), and then, the teeth was evaluated through the Veterinary Periodontal Index. The result showed that 57.8% of animals had periodontal disease, where 81.2% were brachycephalic dogs and 44.8% were not brachycephalic (p<0.05). There was statistical association between missing teeth and presence of periodontal disease. The most affected teeth were premolars

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la asociación entre el biotipo cefálico y la severidad de la enfermedad periodontal, en los pacientes caninos de una clínica de animales menores de la ciudad de Lima entre septiembre de 2008 y marzo de 2009. Se trabajó con 45 pacientes mayores de un año de edad. Se les clasificó el tipo de cabeza mediante el Índice Cefálico en perros braquiocefálicos y no braquiocefálicos (mesaticefálico y dolicocefálico), y se les evaluó la dentadura mediante el Índice Veterinario Periodontal. El 57.8% de perros presentaron algún grado de enfermedad periodontal, siendo de 81.2% en el biotipo braquiocefálico y de 44.8% en el no braquiocefálico (p<0.05). Además, se encontró asociación estadística entre la ausencia de dientes y la presentación de la enfermedad periodontal. El tipo dentario más afectado fue el premolar

Objective: Development of a clinical protocol for the management of anteroposterior bone defects in the front teeth followed by later rehabilitation with osseointegrated implants. Material and method: The anatomic concepts that characterize the front teeth and the placement and three-dimensional relations of implants were reviewed. Recent literature on bone and soft-tissue reconstruction techniques for the front teeth was reviewed. We present our 8-year experience in managing these defects with different types of grafts. Results: A protocol for the treatment of bone defects for rehabilitation of the front teeth with osseointegrated implants is described that depends on the magnitude of the bone defect (small defects that do not jeopardize implant placement, single-wall defects that jeopardize implant placement, or two or three-wall defects) and the patient’s periodontal biotype. Conclusions: In aesthetic restoration, maximum precautions must be taken in placing any implant. These precautions must be even greater when bone grafts are required. Proper bone graft management makes it possible to correctly place the implants threedimensionally to achieve acceptable aesthetic results for restorations.

Objetivo: Desarrollar un protocolo clínico para el manejo de defectos óseos anteroposteriores en el frente estético para la posterior rehabilitación con implantes osteointegrados. Material y método: Repasamos conceptos anatómicos que caracterizan el frente estético, de colocación y relación tridimensional de los implantes y hacemos una revisión bibliográfica actualizada sobre las distintas técnicas reconstructivas óseas y de partes blandas centradas en el frente estético. Recogemos nuestra experiencia tras 8 años de manejo con distintos tipos de injertos en el manejo de estos defectos. Resultados: En función de la magnitud del defecto óseo (pequeño que no compromete la colocación del implante, de una pared que compromete la colocación del implante o de dos o tres paredes) y del biotipo periodontal del paciente exponemos un protocolo de tratamiento de defectos óseos para la rehabilitación con implantes osteointegrados en el frente estético. Conclusiones: En el sector estético deben tomarse las máximas precauciones en la colocación de cualquier implante. Estas precauciones deben ser aún mayores en los casos de injertos óseos. El adecuado manejo de los injertos óseos nos permitirá colocar los implantes de modo tridimensional correcto para conseguir resultados estéticos en las restauraciones.

La adecuada oseointegración de un implante no es suficiente para declarar el éxito; los implantes colocados en inadecuadas posiciones, terminan con restauraciones antiestéticas que no proveen satisfacción ni al clínico ni al paciente. La creación de una restauración sobre implante que luzca naturalmente estética, depende no solamente de la apropiada colocación del implante sino de la reconstrucción de una arquitectura gingival que esté en armonía con el componente labial y el facial. La terapia con implantes ha demostrado ser un tratamiento efectivo en el remplazo de estructuras dentarias. Parece ser un tratamiento sencillo, pero para obtener resultados óptimos, la restauración debe tener un balance armonioso entre la función, la estética y los principios biológicos. Esta filosofía ha generado el concepto de ‘implantes guiados protésicamente', en el cual los implantes son colocados con base en los requisitos de la restauración final, y no simplemente en la disponibilidad del hueso en la zona para el implante.

Adequate osseointegration of an implant is not always sufficient to obtain success; implants placed in inadequate positions end up with unaesthetic restorations that do not provide satisfaction to the professional or the patient. The placement of an esthetic restoration over an implant depends not only on the appropriate placement of the implant but also on the proper reconstruction of the gingival architecture in harmony with the facial and labial component. Therapy with implants has demonstrated to be an effective treatment for the replacement of tooth structures. It seems to be a simple treatment, although in order to obtain good results, the restoration must have a harmonious balance between function, esthetics and biological principles. This philosophy has generated the concept of “prosthetic guided implants”, in which the implants are placed in relation to the final restoration rather that the availability of bone for the implant.