Abstract Background: As a result of botanical explorations carried out for the project Bromeliaceae of Mexico, we collected plants of the genus Hechtia within the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve, in Xochipala, municipality of Tlaquiltenango, Morelos, Mexico. However, this plant does not resemble any known species. Question: Do the Hechtia populations in Xochipala correspond to an undescribed taxon? Studied species: Species of Hechtia previously reported from Morelos and all the taxa with greater morphological similarity to the new proposed taxon. Study site and date: Xochipala, municipality of Tlaquiltenango, Morelos, Mexico, 2023. Methods: Our research involved field work, review of herbarium specimens, protologues, and type material of all the species of Hechtia distributed in Morelos, in the neighboring states of Puebla and Guerrero, and of the most morphologically similar taxa. Results: After a careful and detailed review of the living material and herbarium specimens, we conclude that those plants belong to an undescribed taxon that we propose here. A morphological description, images, and a distribution map of Hechtia cerrostlatilpae are included, as well as an identification key and a list of examined specimens of all Hechtia species known from the state of Morelos. Conclusions: The discovery of a new species of Hechtia in Xochipala, Morelos, Mexico increases the plant diversity of Morelos, particularly at the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve. Hechtia cerrostlatilpae presents unique vegetative and floral characters that allow its recognition as a new species within the genus.

Resumen Antecedentes: Como resultado de exploraciones botánicas realizadas para el proyecto Bromeliaceae de México, se recolectaron plantas del género Hechtia dentro de los límites de la reserva de biosfera Sierra de Huautla en Xochipala, municipio de Tlaquiltenango, Morelos, México. Sin embargo, esta planta no se parece a ninguna especie conocida. Pregunta: ¿Las poblaciones de Hechtia en Xochipala corresponden a un taxón no descrito? Especies de estudio: Especies de Hechtia reportadas para Morelos y todos los taxa morfológicamente más similares al nuevo taxón propuesto. Sitio y año de estudio: Xochipala, municipio de Tlaquiltenango, Morelos, México, 2023. Métodos: Nuestra investigación implicó trabajo de campo, revisión de especímenes de herbario, protólogos y material tipo de todas las especies de Hechtia distribuidas en Morelos, en los estados vecinos de Puebla y Guerrero y también, de los taxones más similares morfológicamente. Resultados: Tras una cuidadosa y detallada revisión de material vivo y de ejemplares de herbario, concluimos que estas plantas son un taxón no descrito que aquí proponemos. Se incluye una descripción morfológica, imágenes y un mapa de distribución de Hechtia cerrostlatilpae, así como una clave de identificación y una lista de especímenes examinados de todas las especies de Hechtia conocidas en el estado de Morelos. Conclusiones: El descubrimiento de una nueva especie de Hechtia en Xochipala, Morelos, México, aumenta la diversidad de plantas en Morelos, particularmente en la reserva de la biosfera Sierra de Huautla. Hechtia cerrostlatilpae presenta caracteres vegetativos y florales únicos que permiten su reconocimiento como una nueva especie del género.

Abstract Introduction: Bioindicator monitoring is a crucial conservation strategy within natural protected areas. Various taxonomic groups have been investigated as bioindicators due to their distinctive attributes, including ease of sampling, differential responses to disturbances, associations with species richness, and accessible taxonomy. Objective: To compare the potential of four taxa (Chilopoda, Scarabaeidae, Carabidae, and Pompilidae) as environmental bioindicators, considering their ease of collection, presence of changes in community composition due to disturbances, including species with preferences for disturbed or conserved areas; and to correlate their diversity with the diversity of other taxa. Methods: The study was conducted at the Manu Learning Centre Biological Station in the Manu Biosphere Reserve, which comprises three areas along a disturbance gradient. Specimens were collected using pitfall traps, yellow pan traps, Malaise traps, and monoliths from May to June in 2021. Ease of collection was measured in terms of richness and abundance; changes in the community composition were assessed using similarity analysis, non-metric multidimensional scaling, and beta diversity partitioning; presence of species with preferences was analyzed using correspondence analysis and G. Williams’ goodness-of-fir test; and diversity correlation using the Spearman index. Results: Among the taxa investigated, Scarabaeidae and Pompilidae were the easiest to collect. Changes in composition were observed in all taxa but were significant only in Chilopoda and Scarabaeidae. All taxa exhibited species with preferences for disturbed and undisturbed environments. There was a high correlation in diversities among Carabidae, Scarabaeidae, and Chilopoda. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the diverse responses exhibited by taxa along a disturbance gradient. Notably, Scarabaeidae and Chilopoda emerged as particularly robust bioindicators within the studied ecosystem.

Resumen Introducción: El monitoreo de bioindicadores es una herramienta importante para la conservación de áreas naturales protegidas. Diferentes grupos taxonómicos fueron estudiados como bioindicadores por presentar: facilidad de muestreo, respuestas variadas a la perturbación, riqueza asociada a otras especies, y taxonomía accesible. Objetivo: Comparar el potencial de cuatro taxones (Chilopoda, Scarabaeidae, Carabidae y Pompilidae) como bioindicadores ambientales, tomando en cuenta su facilidad de recolección, presencia de cambios en la composición de sus comunidades por perturbaciones, presencia de especies con preferencia por áreas perturbadas o conservadas; y diversidad correlacionada con la diversidad de los otros taxones. Métodos: El trabajo se realizó en la estación Biológica Manu Learning Centre en la Reserva de Biosfera del Manu, que comprende tres áreas en un gradiente de perturbación. Los ejemplares fueron recolectados con trampas pitfall, bandejas amarillas, trampas Malaise y monolitos, de mayo a diciembre del 2021. La facilidad de recolección se midió en términos de riqueza y abundancia; los cambios en la composición de sus comunidades mediante el análisis de similitud, escalamiento no métrico multidimensional, y partición de la diversidad beta; presencia de especies con preferencia con el análisis de correspondencia y el ajuste de bondad G de Williams; y finalmente la correlación de las diversidades con el índice de Spearman. Resultados: De los taxones estudiados, las de más fácil recolección fueron Scarabaeidae y Pompilidae. Existen cambios en la composición en todos los taxones, pero son importantes solo en Chilopoda y Scarabaeidae. En todos los taxones hay especies con preferencia por ambientes perturbados y no perturbados. Existe una alta correlación de las diversidades de Carabidae, Scarabaeidae y Chilopoda. Conclusiones: Todos los grupos responden de diferente forma a los gradientes de perturbación, Scarabaeidae y Chilopoda fueron los que tuvieron mejores características para ser considerados buenos bioindicadores.

Abstract Introduction: Amazonian forests with varying degrees of anthropogenic disturbance in the process of natural regeneration harbour many sympatric primate species. However, studies on their usage by primates are still lacking. Objective: To comprehensively study the spatial and temporal dynamics within the primate community in a regenerating forest within the Manu Biosphere Reserve. Methods: Two sets of historical data from Crees Foundation for Manu were analyzed, comprising records from January 2011 to February 2023 and corresponding to data obtained through incidental data and Terrestrial In-line Transects in three types of forest with different degrees of historical disturbance. Results: Lagothrix lagothricha and Ateles chamek showed a preference for less disturbed forests; Plecturocebus toppini, for more disturbed forests; and the other species did not show a clear preference. Regarding vertical stratification, A. chamek, L. lagothricha and Alouatta sara showed a preference for the upper stratum, P. toppini, Saimiri boliviensis and Sapajus macrocephalus showed a preference for the middle and upper strata and Leontocebus weddelli and Aotus nigriceps, for the middle stratum. According to the temporal activity of each species, seven species (A. chamek, S. macrocephalus, S. boliviensis, P. toppini, L. lagothricha, L. weddelli, and A. sara) were observed during the day, four were similar. Conclusions: The primate community varies according to disturbance gradient due to the preferences of some species. The recorded primates make a differentiated use of the vertical strata and most of them show diurnal activity.

Resumen Introducción: Los bosques amazónicos con diferentes grados de perturbación antrópica en proceso de regeneración natural albergan gran cantidad de especies de primates en simpatría. Sin embargo, aún es carente el estudio de su uso por primates. Objetivos: Estudiar la dinámica espacial y temporal dentro de la comunidad de primates en un bosque en regeneración en la Reserva de Biosfera del Manu. Métodos: Se analizaron dos sets de datos históricos de Crees Foundation for Manu que comprenden registros desde enero 2011 hasta febrero 2023 y corresponden a datos incidentales y transectos lineales terrestres en tres tipos de bosque con diferente grado de perturbación histórica. Resultados: Lagothrix lagothricha y Ateles chamek mostraron preferencia por bosques menos perturbados; Plecturocebus toppini, por bosques más perturbados; y las demás especies no mostraron una preferencia clara. En cuanto a la estratificación vertical, A. chamek, L. lagothricha y Alouatta sara mostraron preferencia por el estrato alto; P. toppini, Saimiri boliviensis y Sapajus macrocephalus mostraron preferencia por los estratos medio y alto, y Leontocebus weddelli y Aotus nigriceps, por el estrato medio. De acuerdo con la frecuencia horaria de cada especie se observó que siete especies (A. chamek, S. macrocephalus, S. boliviensis, P. toppini, L. lagothricha, Leontocebus weddelli y A. sara) fueron observadas durante el día, cuatro fueron similares. Conclusiones: En el estudio, la comunidad de primates cambió en el gradiente de perturbación debido a las preferencias de algunas especies. Los primates registrados hacen un uso diferenciado de los estratos verticales y la mayoría de ellos mostraron períodos de actividad diurnos.

Evaluative research can advance sustainability education through the learning it can enable, at micro and systems levels. This proposition is explored by examining evaluation practice in a 6-year international programme entitled Transdisciplinary Education Collaboration for Transformations in Sustainability involving universities and biosphere reserves/regions in Germany, South Africa and Canada. A Transdisciplinary International Learning Lab (TILL) was evaluated using a theory-based evaluation approach and interviews, focus groups and questionnaires that yielded qualitative data. Through meta-reflection, we concluded that our TILL had elements of a Field School, rather than a Learning Lab, and that our curriculum required more explicit deliberation among programme developers and implementers towards a deeper and shared understanding of pedagogical assumptions and more congruent practice of transdisciplinary and transformative sustainability education. The reflective, theory-based approach enabled learning from evaluation and was captured in a shared refinement of the theory of change, which makes it explicit that learning from pedagogical innovations is not only for students but also for academics. The paper is an invitation to other innovators in sustainability science, education and evaluation in higher education, to share related findings. SIGNIFICANCE: Through evaluative research, educators gained insight into how transformative sustainability education and transdisciplinarity play out in practice, and how theory-based evaluation can inform more transformative programme design. As higher education practitioners collaborating across continents and disciplines for systemic change, we noted that transformative concepts do not immediately translate into transformative practices, unless we critically and collectively reflect on practice and outcomes. Such (meta) reflection requires data and purposefully designed evaluation frameworks-in-use. This idea is not new, but its manifestation in practice was illuminative and could also be of scholarly interest to other curriculum and evaluation designers.

Abstract: A great diversity of living beings and human values are invisible to the prevailing global culture, which associates the word biodiversity with large organisms such as trees and mammals. Paradoxically, most biodiversity is made up of small organisms that remain invisible to global society and are under-represented in philosophy, science, and education. To help resolve this “biocultural blindness” about biological and value diversity, in this article we present concepts and practices of field environmental philosophy. We focus on the activity “ecotourism with a hand-lens” to illustrate “conceptual lenses” that amplify the appreciation of biological and cultural diversity. This activity integrates philosophy, sciences, and arts to appreciate the beauty and relevance of small organisms and the multiplicity of languages, forms of knowledge, and values that different cultural traditions give to biodiversity. Participants practice forms of analogical thinking to co-create knowledge and biocultural expressions of their own, instead of being passive recipients of information. Finally, this field environmental philosophy activity combines bodily and sensory activities with theoretical readings that provide conceptual foundations for cultivating a biocultural ethic that guides forms of co-inhabitation with small and large co-inhabitants (humans and others-than-humans) with whom we share both our local habitats and the global biosphere.

Resumen: Una gran diversidad de seres vivos y valores humanos son invisibles a la cultura global prevaleciente, que asocia la palabra biodiversidad con grandes organismos tales como mamíferos y árboles. Paradójicamente, la mayoría de la biodiversidad está compuesta por pequeños organismos que permanecen invisibles para la sociedad global y son subrepresentados en la filosofía, la ciencia y la educación. Para contribuir a resolver esta “ceguera biocultural” sobre la diversidad biológica y de valores, en este artículo presentamos conceptos y prácticas de la filosofía ambiental de campo. Nos enfocamos en la actividad “ecoturismo con lupa” para ilustrar “lentes conceptuales” que amplifican la apreciación de la diversidad biológica y cultural. Esta actividad integra las ciencias, artes, humanidades y ética para apreciar la belleza y relevancia de los pequeños organismos y los múltiples lenguajes, formas de conocimientos y valores que diferentes tradiciones culturales otorgan a la biodiversidad. Los participantes practican formas de pensamiento analógico para co-crear conocimiento y expresiones bioculturales propias, en vez de ser receptores pasivos de información. Finalmente, la práctica de la filosofía ambiental de campo combina actividades corporales y sensoriales con lecturas teóricas que proveen fundamentos conceptuales para cultivar una ética biocultural que orienta formas de co-habitación con pequeños y grandes co-habitantes, humanos y otros-que-humanos, con quienes compartirnos tanto nuestros hábitats locales como la biosfera global.

Abstract In the face of profound changes and needs in rural environments, tourism represents a holistic development alternative for the use of resources and social cohesion that generates benefits. In the Sierra Gorda Biosphere Reserve in Querétaro, Mexico, several community-based tourism ventures have recently been integrated but work in a disjointed manner, limiting their strengthening and consolidation. The objective of the present study was to analyze whether the integration of a network can be a tool for local development in the region. Through participatory action research with a constructivist approach and techniques such as semi-structured interviews, community workshops and participatory observation, the visionary perspective of the communities, entrepreneurs, and the main public, private and governmental institutional actors at the local level was rescued. The results highlight cooperativism, from a theoretical perspective, as a cornerstone of community tourism, where social cohesion generates better results. On the other hand, from practice, the Network was formed with self-management and protagonism of the community, in a solidary, viable and environmentally responsible tourism activity. It is concluded by visualizing that planning from the cooperation among diverse actors can achieve a development with a sustainable approach.

Resumo Diante das profundas mudanças e necessidades nos ambientes rurais, o turismo representa uma alternativa de desenvolvimento holístico para o uso de recursos e coesão social que gera benefícios. Na Reserva da Biosfera de Sierra Gorda, em Querétaro, México, várias empresas de turismo comunitário foram recentemente integradas, mas funcionam de forma desarticulada, limitando seu fortalecimento e consolidação. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar se a integração de uma rede pode ser uma ferramenta para o desenvolvimento local na região. Por meio de pesquisa-ação participativa com uma abordagem construtivista e técnicas como entrevistas semiestruturadas, oficinas comunitárias e observação participativa, foi recuperada a perspectiva visionária das comunidades, dos empresários e dos principais atores institucionais públicos, privados e governamentais em nível local. Os resultados destacam o cooperativismo, a partir de uma perspectiva teórica, como a pedra angular do turismo de base comunitária, em que a coesão social gera melhores resultados. Por outro lado, do ponto de vista prático, a Rede foi formada com autogestão e protagonismo da comunidade, em uma atividade turística solidária, viável e ambientalmente responsável. Conclui-se visualizando que o planejamento baseado na cooperação entre diferentes atores pode alcançar o desenvolvimento com uma abordagem sustentável.

Resumen Ante los profundos cambios y necesidades en los entornos rurales, el turismo representa una alternativa de desarrollo holístico para el aprovechamiento de recursos y cohesión social que generen beneficios. En la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra Gorda en Querétaro, México, recientemente se han integrado diversos emprendimientos turísticos de base comunitaria que trabajan inconexos, limitando su fortalecimiento y consolidación. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar si la integración de una red puede ser una herramienta que propicie el desarrollo local en la región. A través de la investigación-acción participativa con enfoque constructivista y técnicas como la entrevista semiestructurada, talleres comunitarios y observación participativa, se rescata la perspectiva visionaria de las comunidades, emprendedores, los principales actores institucionales públicos, privados y de gobierno a nivel local. Los resultados destacan al cooperativismo, desde la perspectiva teórica, como pieza medular del turismo comunitario, donde la cohesión social genera mejores resultados. Por otro lado, desde la práctica se conformó la Red con autogestión y protagonismo de la comunidad, en una actividad turística solidaria, viable y ambientalmente responsable. Se concluye visualizando que la planeación desde la cooperación entre diversos actores puede lograr un desarrollo con enfoque sustentable.

Abstract Introduction Reforestation and restoration of forest ecosystems are increasingly difficult with climate change. Objective Define seed transfer zones for reforestation in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve and the ‘Sembrando Vida’ program in the Meseta Purépecha to mitigate climate change. Materials and methods Maps were generated to visualize where the ideal climate conditions for reforestation are projected to occur (RCP 4.5 scenario, 2050) at different sites using seedlings collected in delimited areas under a reference climate (1961-1990). A climate zone system was used (based on the temperature of the coldest month and an aridity index) and layers of suitable climatic habitat for Pinus pseudostrobus and Abies religiosa for the reference (1961-1990) and projected (2060 decade) period. Results and discussion The areas to be reforested will be warmer in the future, requiring seed from sites, on average, 3 °C warmer. A reduction of approximately 50 % of the area of climatically favorable habitat for P. pseudostrobus and A. religiosa was estimated. This reduction occurs at the lower altitudinal limit called the 'xeric limit’; therefore, it will be necessary to replace them with species adapted to warmer sites. Conclusions Moving seed sources from warmer (+3 °C) and drier sites to currently wetter and cooler planting sites is recommended. This provides a useful tool for deciding the seed source under adaptive forest management facing climate change.

Resumen Introducción La reforestación y restauración de los ecosistemas forestales son cada vez más difíciles en el contexto del cambio climático. Objetivos Definir zonas de transferencia de semillas para reforestación en la Reserva de la Biosfera Mariposa Monarca y el programa ‘Sembrando Vida’ en la Meseta Purépecha, para compensar el cambio climático. Materiales y métodos Se generaron mapas para visualizar dónde se predicen las condiciones climáticas idóneas para la reforestación con plántulas de semilla colectada en zonas delimitadas bajo un clima de referencia (1961-1990) que se proyecta ocurrirá (escenario RCP 4.5, 2050) en sitios distintos. Se utilizó una zonificación climática (basada en la temperatura del mes más frío e índice de aridez) y capas de hábitat climático propicio para Pinus pseudostrobus y Abies religiosa del periodo de referencia (1961-1990) y proyectado (década 2060). Resultados y discusión Las áreas por reforestar serán más cálidas en el futuro, por lo que se requiere semilla de sitios, en promedio, 3 °C más cálidos. Se estimó una reducción de aproximadamente 50 % de la superficie del hábitat climático propicio de P. pseudostrobus y A. religiosa. Tal reducción ocurre en el límite inferior altitudinal denominado ‘límite xérico’, por lo que será necesario el reemplazo de estas por especies adaptadas a sitios más cálidos. Conclusiones Se recomienda el traslado de las fuentes de semillas de lugares más cálidos (+3 °C) y secos a sitios de plantación actualmente más húmedos y fríos. Este enfoque proporciona una herramienta útil para decidir la fuente de semilla bajo un manejo forestal adaptativo ante el cambio climático.

Abstract Environmental ethics focuses on human responsibility towards the environment, especially due to the current abuse of natural resources. This relationship has caused serious impacts on the environment and human life, pointing out the need for a genuine and practical change for humanity to assume its responsibility in the preservation of the environment. By considering the theological-philosophical points of view presented by Pope Francis and Hans Jonas’ ethical proposal for the technological era, this study seeks to merge both ideas to promote biodiversity. This implies recognizing the role of the human being as a responsible steward, promoting an ethic that orients towards the future, while maintaining respect for the position of the human being as guardian of the ecosystem and its biological diversity.

RESUMEN La ética ambiental se enfoca en la responsabilidad humana hacia el entorno, especialmente debido al abuso de los recursos naturales en la actualidad. Esta relación ha causado impactos graves en el medio ambiente y en la vida humana, señalando la necesidad de un cambio genuino y práctico para que la humanidad asuma su responsabilidad en la preservación del entorno. Al considerar los puntos de vista teológico-filosóficos presentados por el papa Francisco y la propuesta ética de Hans Jonas para la era tecnológica, se busca en este estudio fusionar ambas ideas para lograr que fomenten la biodiversidad. Esto implica reconocer el papel del ser humano como administrador responsable, promoviendo una ética que oriente hacia el futuro, manteniendo el respeto por la posición del ser humano como guardián del ecosistema y su diversidad biológica.

Abstract Background: Hechtia is characterized by its terrestrial, succulent rosettes, dioecy, and unisexual, dimorphic flowers, mainly fragrant. The paucity and fragmentary herbarium material limit the species recognition but living material reveals diagnostic characters to delimitate them. Hypothesis: Hechtia species are circumscribed by a combination of vegetative and floral characters of both sexes. If the new taxon does not share morphological characters with other species, it will be described as new. Taxon: Hechtia. Study site and dates: Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, Jalisco, 1985-2023. Methods: Field collected, cultivated as well as herbarium material of the new taxon were analyzed and compared to other species from the Pacific Lowlands and adjacent areas, particularly flowers of both sexes, fruits, and seeds. Conservation status using IUCN criteria is reported for the new species. Results: Specimens of Hechtia chamelensis have been misidentified as H. laevis and H. reticulata (both described from fruiting, fragmentary specimens) but the fruit and seed features of both taxa do not match those of the new species. H. chamelensis is known from the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve and it is characterized by strict sympodial growth pattern, green leaves with red hues, shiny and glabrous above, white lepidote below, panicles usually simple to (rarely staminate ones) 2-divided, staminate flowers pinkish to pale white, pistillate with pale green to white petals. Conclusions: Vegetative and reproductive features as well as geographical distribution allow the recognition of H. chamelensis as a new species native from Jalisco, Mexico.

Resumen Antecedentes: Hechtia está caracterizado por sus rosetas suculentas, terrestres, dioicismo y flores unisexuales, dimórficas, generalmente fragantes. El escaso y fragmentario material de herbario, dificulta la delimitación de especies, pero el material vivo revela caracteres diagnósticos para delimitarlas. Hipótesis: Especies de Hechtia están circunscritas por una combinación de caracteres vegetativos y florales de ambos sexos. Si un taxón no comparte caracteres morfológicos y vegetativos con otras especies del género será descrito como nuevo. Taxón: Hechtia. Sitio y fechas de estudio: Reserva de la Biósfera Chamela-Cuixmala, Jalisco, 1985-2023. Métodos: Se analizó material recolectado, cultivado y herborizado del nuevo taxón y se comparó con el de otras especies de las Tierras Bajas del Pacífico y de áreas adyacentes, se analizaron y caracterizaron flores de ambos sexos, frutos y semillas. Se reporta el estado de conservación de la nueva especie utilizando los criterios de la UICN. Resultados: Ejemplares de Hechtia chamelensis se han identificado erróneamente como H. laevis y H. reticulata (descritas de especímenes con frutos), pero características de frutos y semillas de ambos taxones no coinciden con los del nuevo taxón. H. chamelensis es conocida hasta ahora de la Reserva de la Biósfera Chamela-Cuixmala, se caracteriza por crecimiento simpodial, hojas verdes con tintes rojizos, glabras y brillantes adaxialmente, blanco lepidotas abaxialmente, panículas simples a (raramente las estaminadas) 2 divididas, flores estaminadas con pétalos rosado a blanco pálido, en pistiladas verde pálido a blanco. Conclusiones: Características vegetativas y reproductivas, y la distribución geográfica, permiten reconocer a H. chamelensis como una nueva especie nativa de Jalisco, México.

Abstract Background: Traditional Agroforestry Systems in Mexico are diverse and contribute to the conservation of vegetation and also to the well-being of rural communities. However, the Traditional Agroforestry Systems of the Tropical Deciduous Forest, have been poorly documented, particularly those of the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve, Morelos, Mexico. Questions: What are the Traditional Agroforestry Systems present in the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve?; what agricultural and forestry elements are characteristic of each one of them?; what socio-ecological benefits do they provide to communities?; how do they contribute to the conservation of Tropical Dry Forest in the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve, Morelos, Mexico? Studied species: Several of Tropical Deciduous Forest. Study site and dates: Reserva de la Biósfera Sierra de Huautla, Morelos, México. 2014-2022. Methods: Literature review, ethnobotanical hikes and semi-structured interviews. With this information, a classification was made based on the number of species present, management strategies and agroforestry practices. Results: Six Traditional Agroforestry Systems were documented (Homegardens, Milpas, Agrosilvopastoral Systems, Pitayeras, Bursera Agroforestry System, and Tlacololes). In these, 514 species of plants are managed, which contribute to satisfying the diverse needs of the communities and provide several environmental benefits. Conclusions: Traditional Agroforestry Systems of the south region of Morelos, contribute to the conservation of the Tropical Deciduous Forest and help to maintain biocultural diversity in the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los Sistemas Agroforestales Tradicionales en México son diversos y constribuyen a la conservación de la vegetación y también al bienestar de las personas de comunidades rurales. Sin embargo los Sistemas Agroforestales Tradicionales del Bosque Tropical han sido poco documentados, particularmente los de la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Huautla, Morelos. Preguntas: ¿Cuáles son los Sistemas Agroforestales Tradicionales presentes en la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Huautla?; ¿qué elementos agrícolas y forestales son característicos de cada uno de ellos?; ¿qué beneficios socioecológicos proveen a las comunidades?; ¿cómo contribuyen a la conservación del Bosque Tropical Caducifolio en la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Huautla? Especies de estudio: Varias del Bosque Tropical Caducifolio Sitio y año de estudio: Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Huautla, Morelos, México. 2021-2022. Métodos: Revisión de literatura, recorridos etnobotánicos y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Con esta información se realizó una clasificación en función del número de especies presentes, estrategias de manejo y prácticas agroforestales. Resultados: Se documentaron seis Sistemas Agroforestales Tradicionales (Huertos, Milpas, Sistemas Agrosilvopastoriles, Pitayeras, Sistema Agroforestal de Burseras y Tlacololes). En éstos se manejan 514 especies de plantas, las cuales contribuyen a satisfacer diversas necesidades de las comunidades y proveen diversos beneficios ambientales. Conclusiones: Los Sistemas Agroforestales Tradicionales contribuyen a la conservación del BTC y ayudan a mantener la diversidad biocultural en la REBIOSH.

Abstract As a result of intensive anthropogenic impact in the biosphere there is a rapid process of accumulation of heavy metal salts. They have led to the aggravation of problems associated with the pollution of ecosystems and basic food products of plant and animal origin. Environmental pollution by these compounds is caused by their persistence in environmental objects, migration ability, accumulation by plants. This contributes to their accumulation in the human environment. A number of studies have shown that heavy metals have mutagenic, toxic effects and affect the intensity of biochemical processes. Therefore, the presence of heavy metals in the environment is extremely undesirable. Moreover, the ecological state of the environment is directly related to changes in the human internal environment. Deficiency or excess of certain bioelements in soils and drinking water or non-compliance with its stable chemical composition causes the development of dysmicroelementosis. The ecological situation of the Carpathian region is closely related to the state of soils and water resources. In this regard, it is advisable to study and control the level of cadmium compounds in the environment of the region. The study of the effect of cadmium intoxication on the macro- and microelement composition of the brain and myocardium of experimental animals is also worthwhile. Materials and methods. Soils and drinking water of the plain, foothill and mountainous zones of the region, as well as organs and tissues of experimental animals served as the object of research. Cadmium levels in drinking water and myocardial tissues and brain of experimental animals have been measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results and discussion. The study of soils in the Prykarpattia region has revealed an increase in the toxic element cadmium. Its content is 1.1-1.5 times higher than background levels. The analysis of drinking water allowed to establish that a significant number of people living in the plain and foothill zone of the region consume water with a high content of cadmium. The main stages of cadmium intake and accumulation in plants have been analyzed. Significant disorders in the body of experimental animals under conditions of excessive intake of cadmium compounds have been revealed. It was accompanied by the accumulation of cadmium in the myocardium and brain, on the background of redistribution of vital macronutrients calcium and magnesium along with micronutrients copper and zinc. Thus, excessive intake of cadmium salts causes the development of dysmicroelementosis, which is accompanied by a violation of the homeostasis of a living organism. It is suggested to conduct continuous monitoring of the level of toxicants in the ecosystem as an integral component of environmental monitoring. origin objects ability mutagenic processes Therefore undesirable Moreover noncompliance non compliance dysmicroelementosis resources regard macro worthwhile methods research spectroscopy discussion 1.11.5 1115 1.1 1.5 1 5 1.1-1. analyzed zinc Thus organism 11 1.11. 111 1. 15 1.1-1 1.11 1.1-

Resumo Como consequência do intenso impacto antrópico na biosfera, um rápido processo de acúmulo de sais de metais pesados ocorre. Esse processo tem é um agravante para os problemas associados à poluição dos ecossistemas e dos produtos alimentares básicos de origem vegetal e animal. A poluição ambiental por esses compostos é causada por sua persistência em objetos ambientais, capacidade de migração, acúmulo pelas plantas. Isso contribui para o seu acúmulo no ambiente humano. Vários estudos mostraram que os metais pesados têm efeitos mutagênicos, tóxicos e afetam a intensidade dos processos bioquímicos. Portanto, a presença de metais pesados no meio ambiente é extremamente indesejável. Além disso, o estado ecológico do meio ambiente está diretamente relacionado às mudanças no ambiente interno humano. A deficiência ou excesso de certos bioelementos nos solos e na água potável ou o não cumprimento de sua composição química estável provoca o desenvolvimento da dismicroelementose. A situação ecológica da região dos Cárpatos está intimamente relacionada com o estado dos solos e dos recursos hídricos. Nesse sentido, é aconselhável estudar e controlar o nível de compostos de cádmio no ambiente da região. O estudo do efeito da intoxicação por cádmio na composição de macro e microelementos do cérebro e miocárdio de indivíduos experimentais também devem ser analisados. Solos e água potável das zonas plana, sopé e montanhosa da região, bem como órgãos e tecidos de indivíduos experimentais serviram de objeto de pesquisa. Os níveis de cádmio na água potável e nos tecidos do miocárdio e cérebro de indivíduos experimentais foram medidos por espectroscopia de absorção atômica. Nesse sentido, o estudo dos solos da região de Prykarpattia revelou um aumento do elemento tóxico cádmio. Seu conteúdo é 1,1-1,5 vezes maior que os níveis de fundo. A análise da água potável permitiu constatar que um número significativo de pessoas residentes na zona de planície e sopé da região consome água com elevado teor de cádmio. As principais etapas da ingestão e acúmulo de cádmio nas plantas foram analisadas. Distúrbios significativos no corpo de indivíduos experimentais sob condições de ingestão excessiva de compostos de cádmio foram revelados, acompanhados pelo acúmulo desse elemento no miocárdio e no cérebro, no contexto da redistribuição dos macronutrientes cálcio e magnésio, juntamente com os micronutrientes cobre e zinco. Assim, a ingestão excessiva de sais de cádmio causa o desenvolvimento de dismicroelementose acompanhada por uma violação da homeostase de um organismo vivo. Sugere-se a realização de monitoramento contínuo do nível de tóxicos no ecossistema como um componente integral do monitoramento ambiental. biosfera ocorre animal ambientais migração humano mutagênicos bioquímicos Portanto indesejável disso hídricos sentido analisados plana pesquisa atômica 1,11,5 1115 1,1 1,5 1 5 1,1-1, fundo analisadas revelados magnésio zinco Assim vivo Sugerese Sugere se 11 1,11, 111 1, 15 1,1-1 1,11 1,1-

Abstract Studies of marine and estuarine red algae (Rhodophyta) are in the early stages in the littoral of the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. The inventory of these organisms was made based on samples obtained from ten sampling during 2009 to 2015 in 22 localities, eight of them in marine and fourteen in estuarine environments. We found 182 species and subspecific taxa of Rhodophyta. The Rhodomelaceae family was the best represented with 65 taxa, followed by Ceramiaceae 13 and Delesseriaceae 12. Of the 182 taxa, 25 are new records Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve with Harveylithon rupestre, Spongites fruticulosus, Acrochaetium barbadense, Dasya harveyi, Chondria pumila, Spermothamnion repens, Metapeyssonnelia milleporoides and M. tangerina being new records for the Mexican Caribbean. Of the 182 species, 119 of them are epiphytes, most of them, 54, grew exclusively on other macroalgae, 29 on mangrove roots and 8 on Thalassia leaves. The floristic list is accompanied by data on seasonality, reproduction, habitat, and environment. Species diversity was compared between the winter rains, dry and rainy seasons during the period study. The Rhodophyta of the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve is tropical, and the greatest diversity was found in the marine environment with 83 taxa and during the winter rains with 132. (Rhodophyta Kaan Ka an Mexico 200 201 2 localities environments 18 6 1 12 rupestre fruticulosus barbadense harveyi pumila repens M Caribbean 11 epiphytes 54 macroalgae leaves seasonality reproduction habitat study tropical 132 20 5

Resumo: Os estudos de algas vermelhas marinhas e estuarinas (Rhodophyta) estão em fase inicial no litoral da Reserva da Biosfera de Sian Ka’na, México. O inventário desses organismos foi feito com base em amostras obtidas em oito amostragens no período do 2009 a 2015 em 22 localidades, sendo oito em ambientes marinhos e quatorze em ambientes estuarinos. Neste levantamento, foram identificadas um total de 182 espécies e táxons subespecíficos de Rhodophyta. A família Rhodomelaceae foi a mais representativa com 65 táxons, seguida por Ceramiaceae com 13 e Delesseriaceae com 12. Dos 182 táxons, 25 são referidos pela primeira vez para a Reserva da Biosfera Sian Ka’an, sendo Harveylithon rupestre, Spongites fruticulosus, Acrochaetium barbadense, Dasya harveyi, Chondria pumila, Spermothamnion repens, Metapeyssonnelia milleporoides e M. tangerina também novos registros para o Caribe mexicano. Das 182 espécies, 119 são epífitas, sendo a maioria, 54, aderidas exclusivamente em outras macroalgas, 29 em raízes de mangue e 8 em folhas de Thalassia. A lista florística apresentada é acompanhada de dados sobre sazonalidade, reprodução, habitat e ambiente. A diversidade de espécies foi comparada entre as temporadas de chuvas de inverno, seca e chuvas de verão durante o período estudado. Rhodophyta da Reserva da Biosfera Sian Ka’an săo tropicais, e a diversidade mais representativa foi encontrada no ambiente marinho com 83 táxons e durante as chuvas de inverno com um total de 132 táxons. Resumo (Rhodophyta Kana, Kana Ka na, na Ka’na México 200 201 2 localidades estuarinos levantamento 18 6 1 12 Kaan, Kaan an, an rupestre fruticulosus barbadense harveyi pumila repens M mexicano 11 epífitas maioria 54 macroalgas Thalassia sazonalidade reprodução estudado tropicais 20 5

ABSTRACT Recently, children’s books have used augmented reality as a resource, being called 4D books. Augmented reality allows the user to see through the world while interacting in real-time with images produced digitally, resulting in interactivity. The present study aims to introduce the results of a brief reflection on the illustrated book O reino encantado do pôneis 4D under the approach of the semiotics of culture, departing from the notion of semiosis and semiosphere. The semiosphere, drawn by Lotman (1990), in analogy with the biosphere, can help understand the topology of the real and virtual worlds, referred to as the real subsemiosphere and virtual subsemiosphere, located in the interior of the broader semiosphere of the Brazilian culture. In 4D/Augmented reality books, the elements from the virtual subsemiosphere are placed into the real subsemiosphere, crossing their borders. Recently childrens children s resource D realtime time digitally interactivity culture 1990, 1990 , (1990) biosphere worlds 4DAugmented DAugmented borders 199 (1990 19 (199 1 (19 (1 (

RESUMO Recentemente os livros infantis têm usado o recurso da realidade aumentada, sendo chamados de livros 4D. A realidade aumentada permite ao usuário ver o mundo enquanto interage em tempo real com imagens produzidas digitalmente, resultando em interatividade. O presente estudo tem como objetivo apresentar os resultados de uma breve reflexão acerca do livro ilustrado O reino encantado dos pôneis 4D sob a abordagem da semiótica da cultura, partindo das noções de semioses e semiosfera. A semiosfera, traçada por Lotman (1990) em analogia à biosfera, pode auxiliar na compreensão da topologia dos mundos reais e virtuais, referidos como a subsemiosfera real e a subsemiosfera virtual contidas em uma semiosfera mais ampla da cultura brasileira. Em livros com realidade aumentada/livros 4D, os elementos da subsemiosfera virtual são alocados na subsemiosfera real, transpassando suas fronteiras. D digitalmente interatividade 1990 (1990 biosfera virtuais brasileira aumentadalivros fronteiras 199 (199 19 (19 1 (1 (

Resumen Los efectos de la introducción de Amatitlania nigrofasciata sobre la ictiofauna nativa han sido poco explorados. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la influencia del espacio y alimento como factores que expliquen la coexistencia de este cíclido con el nativo Herichthys pantostictus en la Reserva de la Biosfera Barranca de Metztitlán. Con la información procedente de recolectas y del monitoreo ambiental de 7 localidades visitadas entre marzo de 2016 y mayo de 2018, se determinaron el uso, selección y traslape de hábitat, mediante índices y métodos multivariados. Adicionalmente, se calculó el traslape de la dieta, con aquellos ejemplares que coincidieron espacial y temporalmente. Los resultados señalan que el uso y la selección diferencial del hábitat, en función de la cobertura de distintos sustratos y profundidades, se manifiesta en un bajo traslape espacial entre las especies, en contraste con el traslape de dieta que es muy alto. Así, el aprovechamiento diferencial del espacio permite explicar la coexistencia de estos cíclidos en la reserva. Esto último no necesariamente es una respuesta a las condiciones ambientales o a la utilización de determinados recursos, sino que puede ser resultado de interacciones de competencia relacionadas con la defensa de territorios de anidación o alimentación.

Abstract The effects of the introduction of Amatitlania nigrofasciata on the native fish fauna have been little assessed. The objective of this paper is to analyze the influence of space and food resources as factors that explain the coexistence of this exotic cichlid with the native Herichthys pantostictus in the Barranca de Metztitlán Biosphere Reserve. Based on information from collections and environmental monitoring of 7 locations visited between March 2016 and May 2018, the use, selection and overlapping of habitat were determined, using multivariate indices and methods. Additionally, diet overlap was calculated, with those specimens that coincided in space and time. The results indicate that the use and differential selection of the habitat, depending on the coverage of different substrates and depths, manifested in low spatial overlap between the species, in contrast, the diet overlap is extremely high. Thus, the differential use of space makes possible to explain the coexistence of these cichlids in the reserve. The latter is not necessarily a response to environmental conditions or the use of certain resources but may also be the result of competition interactions related to the defense of nesting or feeding territories.

Resumen La cuenca del Usumacinta en el sureste de México es una de las de mayor riqueza ictiofaunística en el país, pero también una de las menos estudiadas. En el presente trabajo se clasificaron todas las especies registradas en la zona de influencia de la Reserva de la Biosfera Montes Azules de acuerdo con sus atributos funcionales y se analizaron las comunidades de peces de 3 sitios contrastantes. Se registraron 7 especies nativas con combinaciones de atributos únicas y 4 conjuntos de especies con alta similitud funcional. Se detectó la presencia de especies exóticas, pero únicamente en el cauce principal del río Lacantún. La abundancia relativa de las especies se distribuyó en todo el espectro funcional, excepto en el arroyo Danta, donde 2 entidades funcionales fueron las dominantes. El sitio Lacantún tuvo la mayor riqueza tanto taxonómica como funcional, pero con una diversidad intermedia debido a la distribución de las abundancias relativas. La clasificación sugerida en el presente estudio puede utilizarse para analizar otras series de datos para entender mejor el funcionamiento ecológico de las comunidades y las diferencias entre sitios sujetos a procesos de antropización en la región.

Abstract The Usumacinta River basin in southeastern Mexico has one of the country’s richest but least studied ichthyofaunas. This study presents a classification of functional traits for all fish species recorded in the area of influence of the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve and a comparative analysis of the functional diversity among 3 contrasting sites. Seven native species, each with unique functional attribute combinations, and 4 sets of species with high functional similarity were identified. While exotic species were detected, they were found exclusively in the main channel of the Lacantún River. The relative abundance of species spanned the functional spectrum, except in the Danta stream, where 2 dominant functional entities were observed. The Lacantún site exhibited the highest taxonomic and functional richness, though with intermediate diversity attributed to the distribution of relative abundances. The functional classification proposed in this study can serve as a framework for analyzing other data series, facilitating a deeper understanding of ecological function across communities and for exploring variability among sites subject to differential anthropogenic impacts in the region.