Abstract: Solid and liquid formulations based on the plant growth-promoting bacteria Bacillus subtilis Bs006 were designed as biological inoculant for vegetable nursery production. Considering the importance of microbial survival from the production process to the soil application, spore viability (CFU) in each formulation was assessed during twelve months of storage at 20, 30, and 40°C. At the three temperature levels evaluated, survival was higher than 85 and 90% for solid and liquid formulations, respectively. The bacterial biological activity was evaluated as plant growth promotion on lettuce, broccoli, and tomato in nursery. The formulations were applied at three concentrations (1x107, 5x107, 1x108 CFU/mL) at sowing and 21 days after seeding. Root and aerial part length and dry weight were the response variables evaluated. A positive effect was observed, particularly with the liquid formulation at 1x108 spores/mL, showing the longest length of root and aerial part and the highest dry weight values in the root and foliar parts. Regarding the endophytism, B. subtilis colonized roots, stems, and leaves, achieving concentrations between 8x102 and 1x105 CFU/g.

Abstract Citral is a secondary metabolite found in the composition of many essential oils from plants, such as the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, in which it is the major constituent. Citral has been demonstrated to possess several biological activities, among them herbicidal activity, so it has a high potential for the development of natural herbicides. In this work, the phytotoxic potential of citral was studied on two weeds, Avena fatua L. (monocotyledonous) and Chenopodium album L. (dicotyledonous). The tests were carried out under greenhouse conditions at the Universitat Politècnica de València. Citral was tested at different concentrations applied by spraying in post-emergence when the plants had 2-3 leaves in the case of A. fatua and 4-6 leaves in the case of C. album. The results showed high efficacy of citral as herbicide under greenhouse conditions. Trials on other species and under field conditions would be necessary to verify its herbicidal potential under real conditions, but it was shown to be a good candidate for bioherbicide formulations.

Resumen El citral es un metabolito secundario que se encuentra en la composición de muchos aceites esenciales de plantas, como por ejemplo en el aceite esencial de Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, en el que es el componente mayoritario. Se trata de una molécula con diferentes propiedades biológicas, entre ellas, se ha demostrado su actividad herbicida, lo que le confiere un elevado potencial como base para el desarrollo de herbicidas naturales. En este trabajo, se ha estudiado el potencial fitotóxico del citral sobre dos arvenses, Avena fatua L. (moconotiledónea) y Chenopodium album L. (dicotiledónea). Los ensayos se llevaron a cabo en condiciones de invernadero en la Universitat Politècnica de València. Se probó el citral a diferentes concentraciones aplicado mediante pulverización en post emergencia sobre las plantas arvenses cuando tenían 2-3 hojas en el caso de A. fatua y 4-6 hojas para C. album. Los resultados mostraron una elevada efectividad del citral como herbicida en condiciones de invernadero. Sería necesario realizar ensayos sobre otras especies y en condiciones de campo, para verificar su potencial herbicida en condiciones reales, pero se demostró que puede ser un buen candidato para la formulación de bioherbicidas.

Resumo Estudos anteriores nacionais e internacionais mostraram o efeito significativo de Talaromyces flavus na inibição do crescimento de alguns importantes patógenos de plantas, incluindo Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici e Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. No Irã, é necessário produzir novas formulações desse fungo com base em tecnologias modernas, dada a importância de atrair empresas produtoras de agentes de controle biológico e transferir para elas o conhecimento técnico de produção em massa das formulações desses agentes. No presente estudo, com base no método apresentado no Departamento de Pesquisa de Pesticidas, do Instituto Iraniano de Pesquisa em Proteção de Plantas, dois tipos de formulações de T. flavus, na forma de nanocápsulas contendo T. flavus com duas formas de pó e suspensão, foram preparados usando nanotecnologia. Na etapa seguinte, durante o exame em casa de vegetação, a eficiência de cada uma dessas novas formulações em concentrações de um a cinco por mil para o método de adição de solo e de cinco por mil para o método de impregnação de sementes (seis tratamentos para cada uma das duas novas formulações) foi comparada com a formulação registrada de Talaromin em dois métodos de impregnação de sementes e adição de solo com controle sadio e controle infectado para controle da murcha de Verticillium do algodoeiro, na forma de delineamento em blocos completos casualizados com 16 tratamentos e 5 repetições. Após análise estatística dos dados obtidos pelo Duncan’s Multiple Range Test por meio do software MS TAT C, os resultados mostraram que, em termos de severidade da doença entre os tratamentos com a formulação anterior (Talaromin), com cada um dos métodos de adição de solo e impregnação de sementes, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a nanossuspensão com cada uma das concentrações de um, quatro e cinco por mil pelo método de adição de solo e entre o nanopó com cada uma das concentrações de dois e três por mil pelo método de adição de solo, e os tratamentos mencionados foram incluídos em um grupo estatístico em termos de gravidade da doença com controle saudável.

Abstract Previous domestic and foreign studies have shown the significant effect of Talaromyces flavus on growth inhibition of some important plant pathogens including Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. In Iran, it is necessary to produce new formulations of this fungus based on modern technologies given the importance of attracting companies producing biological control agents and transferring the technical knowledge of mass production of formulations of these agents to them. In the present study, based on the method presented in the Pesticide Research Department of the Iranian Plant Protection Research Institute, two types of T. flavus formulations in the form of nano-capsules containing Talaromyces flavus with two forms of powder and suspension were prepared using nanotechnology. In the next step, during the greenhouse examination, the efficiency of each of these new formulations in concentrations of one to five per thousand for soil addition method and concentration of five per thousand for seed impregnation method (six treatments for each of the two new formulations) was compared with the registered formulation of Talaromin in two methods of seed impregnation and soil addition with healthy control and infected control to control cotton Verticillium wilt disease, in the form of a randomized complete block design with 16 treatments and 5 replications. After statistical analysis of the data obtained by Duncan's Multiple Range Test by MS TAT C software, the results showed that in terms of disease severity among treatments with the previous formulation (Talaromin) with each of the methods of soil addition and seed impregnation, there was no statistically significant difference between nano-suspension with each of the concentrations of one, four and five per thousand by the soil addition method and nano-powder with each of the concentrations of two and three per thousand by soil addition method, and the mentioned treatments were included in one statistical group in terms of disease severity with healthy control.

Resumo Extratos de espécies do gênero Cordia têm sido relatados com potencial atividade biológica, como antioxidante, antimicrobiana, antiviral e antiparasitária. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver microemulsões contendo extratos etanólicos de folhas de C. glabrata e avaliar sua estabilidade e atividades biológicas. As cinco microemulsões desenvolvidas apresentaram estabilidade físico-química e apresentaram comportamento newtoniano quando submetidas à análise reológica. Os valores de diâmetro dos glóbulos variaram entre 225,74 e 273,33 nm e o potencial zeta das formulações permaneceu entre -22,40 e -25,08. Todos os ácidos fenólicos do extrato, quantificados por CLAE, apresentaram consistência após serem microemulsionados. Os valores de EC50 para a atividade antioxidante pelo método de eliminação DPPH variaram entre 38,13 e 45,54 µgmL-1, e entre 34,46 e 39,60 mM para o método de eliminação ABTS+. A atividade viricida apresentou CV50 <0,195 µgmL-1 e índice de seletividade maior que 20. Os resultados da fotoproteção variaram entre 2,14 a 2,84. O estudo revelou microemulsões estáveis e potencialização do efeito antioxidante nos extratos microemulsionados.

Abstract Extracts of species from the Cordia genus have been reported with potential biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, and antiparasitic. The aim of this study was to develop microemulsions containing ethanolic extracts of C. glabrata leaves and to evaluate their stability and biological activities. The five developed microemulsions presented physicochemical stability and presented Newtonian behavior when submitted to rheological analysis. The diameter values of the globules ranged between 225.74 and 273.33 nm and the zeta potential of the formulations remained between -22.40 and -25.08. All phenolic acids of the extract, quantified by HPLC, showed consistency after being microemulsified. The EC50 values for the antioxidant activity by the DPPH scavenging method ranged between 38.13 and 45.54 µgmL-1, and between 34.46 and 39.60 mM for the ABTS+ scavenging method. The virucidal activity presented a CV50 <0.195 µgmL-1 and a selectivity index greater than 20. The photoprotection results ranged between 2.14 to 2.84. The study revealed stable microemulsions and potentiation of the antioxidant effect in the microemulsified extracts.

ABSTRACT: Chrysin flavonoid has been presented as having numerous and promising bioactive effects, such as antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, antihyperlipidemic, and antidepressant. However, one of the main challenges for advances in studies on the bioactivity of chrysin is its low bioavailability in humans. Thus, aiming to overcome this barrier, several studies have demonstrated the bioactive potential of capsules containing chrysin. The objective of this review was to present the main methodologies used for the encapsulation of chrysin, and its main biological effects demonstrated so far. Our intention is to offer ways to advancement of research in the area of flavonoid encapsulation. As for the encapsulation techniques, it was found that they are diverse, and the most recurrent encapsulating agents were PEG, PLGA polymers and their derivatives, in addition to other agents, such as PCL, albumin, lipids and chitosan.The bioactive effects of the capsules are also numerous, and anticarcinogenic effects are the most frequent, in addition to other effects such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial and neuroprotective. In conclusion, we verified a lack of use of green techniques for the encapsulation of chrysin, and the production of lipid-water emulsions and the dissolution of chrysin in ethanol seems to be alternatives in this regard. In addition, bioactive potential of these capsules can be evaluated in other experimental models, and should advance to clinical trials and application in food formulations. ABSTRACT antioxidant anticonvulsant antihypertensive antiinflammatory, antiinflammatory anti inflammatory, inflammatory anti-inflammatory antineoplastic antihyperlipidemic antidepressant However humans Thus barrier far diverse PEG derivatives PCL albumin chitosanThe chitosan frequent antidiabetic neuroprotective conclusion lipidwater lipid water regard models formulations

RESUMO: O flavonoide crisina tem sido apresentado como tendo numerosos e promissores efeitos bioativos, como antioxidante, anticonvulsivante, anti-hipertensivo, anti-inflamatório, antineoplásico, anti-hiperlipidêmico e antidepressivo. No entanto, um dos principais desafios para o avanço dos estudos sobre a bioatividade da crisina é sua baixa biodisponibilidade em humanos. Assim, visando superar essa barreira, diversos estudos têm demonstrado o potencial bioativo de cápsulas contendo crisina. O objetivo desta revisão é apresentar as principais metodologias utilizadas para o encapsulamento da crisina e seus principais efeitos biológicos demonstrados até o momento. Nossa intenção é oferecer caminhos para o avanço das pesquisas na área de encapsulação de flavonoides. Quanto às técnicas de encapsulamento, verificou-se que são diversas, e os agentes encapsulantes mais recorrentes são os polímeros PEG, PLGA e seus derivados, além de outros agentes como PCL, albumina, lipídeos e quitosana. Os efeitos bioativos das cápsulas também são numerosos, sendo os efeitos anticarcinogênicos os mais frequentes, além de outros efeitos como antioxidante, antidiabético, antimicrobiano e neuroprotetor. Em conclusão, verificamos a falta de utilização de técnicas verdes para o encapsulamento de crisina, e a produção de emulsões lipídeo-água e dissolução da crisina em etanol parecem ser alternativas neste aspecto. Além disso, o potencial bioativo destas cápsulas pode ainda ser avaliado em outros modelos experimentais, e deve-se avançar para ensaios clínicos e aplicação em formulações alimentícias. RESUMO antioxidante anticonvulsivante antihipertensivo, antihipertensivo anti hipertensivo, hipertensivo anti-hipertensivo antiinflamatório, antiinflamatório inflamatório, inflamatório anti-inflamatório antineoplásico antihiperlipidêmico hiperlipidêmico antidepressivo entanto humanos Assim barreira momento flavonoides verificouse verificou se diversas PEG derivados PCL albumina quitosana frequentes antidiabético neuroprotetor conclusão lipídeoágua lipídeo água aspecto disso experimentais devese deve alimentícias

ABSTRACT: Millions of tons of fish are filleted each year, and a significant portion of unwanted carcasses is discarded worldwide. An alternative approach to use these materials is through hydrolysis reactions, which allow for the production of compounds with modified technological properties such as solubility, emulsification capacity, foam formation ability, and viscosity. In addition, they may exhibit different biological activities with beneficial effects such as antioxidant, antihypertensive, anticarcinogenic, lipid profile-lowering, and neuroprotective properties. Thus, these compounds can be included in food formulations as promising adjuncts in treatments, with health benefits to consumers. This study discussed the different enzymatic hydrolyses used in the treatment of fish waste and evaluate the compounds and their effects. ABSTRACT year worldwide reactions solubility capacity ability viscosity addition antioxidant antihypertensive anticarcinogenic profilelowering, profilelowering profile lowering, lowering profile-lowering Thus treatments consumers

RESUMO: Milhões de toneladas de peixes são cortados em filés todos os anos, e uma porção significativa de carcaças indesejadas é descartada em todo o mundo. Uma abordagem alternativa para utilização desses materiais é por meio de reações de hidrólise, que permitem a produção de compostos com propriedades tecnológicas modificadas como solubilidade, capacidade de emulsificação, de formação de espuma e viscosidade. Além disso, podem apresentar diferentes atividades biológicas com efeitos benéficos, como propriedades antioxidantes, anti-hipertensivas, anticarcinogênicas, redutoras do perfil lipídico e neuroprotetoras. Assim, esses compostos podem ser incluídos em formulações de alimentos como coadjuvantes promissores em tratamentos, com benefícios à saúde dos consumidores. Este estudo teve como objetivo discutir as diferentes hidrólises enzimáticas utilizadas no tratamento de resíduos de pescado e avaliar os compostos e seus efeitos. RESUMO anos mundo hidrólise solubilidade emulsificação viscosidade disso benéficos antioxidantes antihipertensivas, antihipertensivas anti hipertensivas, hipertensivas anti-hipertensivas anticarcinogênicas neuroprotetoras Assim tratamentos consumidores

Abstract Leafcutter ants are among the most important agricultural and forest pests in the Neotropical region, given that they use plant matter as substrate for the growth of their mutualist fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus. Plant-based insecticides and fungicides have shown potential for controlling these ants. The present study assessed the hydroalcoholic extract activity of four fern fronds (dry and rainy periods) on the mutualist fungus of leafcutter ants. Fungal mycelium suspensions were seeded on the surface of tubes containing fern extracts at a concentration of 5 mg/mL and 100 μg/mL. The chemical profile of the extracts was analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Extracts (dry period) at a concentration of 5 mg/mL inhibited the growth of the fungus: Macrothelypteris torresiana and Dicksonia sellowiana (less than 20%), Niphidium crassifolium (approximately 40%), Parapolystichum effusum extract (100%). None of the extracts (dry and rainy periods) inhibited fungal growth at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. The chemical profile analysis of the extracts indicated the presence of beta-sitosterol, friedelinol, rutin, and kaempferol. The crude extracts of P. effusum and N. crassifolium were the most promising in future formulations of antifungal products. Thus, ferns are potential plants in the search for environmentally-friendly substances for sustainable agriculture. region gongylophorus Plantbased Plant based dry periods mgmL mg mL 10 μgmL μg μg/mL TLC. TLC . (TLC) period less 20%, 20 20% , 20%) approximately 40%, 40 40% 40%) 100%. 100% (100%) betasitosterol, betasitosterol beta sitosterol, sitosterol beta-sitosterol friedelinol rutin kaempferol P N products Thus environmentallyfriendly environmentally friendly agriculture 1 (TLC 2 4 (100% (100 (10 (1 (

Resumo Formigas cortadeiras estão entre as pragas agrícola e florestal mais importante da região Neotropical, uma vez que utilizam material vegetal como substrato para crescimento de seu fungo mutualista Leucoagaricus gongylophorus. Inseticidas e fungicidas de origem vegetal têm mostrado potencial para o controle dessas formigas. O presente estudo avaliou a atividade de extratos hidroalcóolicos de frondes de quatro espécies de samambaias (períodos seco e chuvoso) sobre o fungo mutualista de formigas cortadeiras. Suspensões do micélio fúngico foram semeadas na superfície dos tubos contendo extratos das samambaias na concentração de 5 mg/mL e 100 μg/mL. O perfil químico dos extratos foi analisado por cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD). Extratos (período seco) na concentração de 5 mg/mL inibiram o crescimento do fungo: Macrothelypteris torresiana e Dicksonia sellowiana (menos de 20%) Niphidium crassifolium (aproximadamente 40%), Parapolystichum effusum (100%). Os extratos (períodos seco e chuvoso) na concentração 100 μg/mL não promoveram inibição. A análise do perfil químico dos extratos das quatro espécies indicou a presença de beta-sitosterol, friedelinol, rutina e canferol. Os extratos brutos de P. effusum e N. crassifolium foram os mais promissores para futuras formulações de produtos antifúngicos. Assim sendo, as samambaias são plantas potenciais na busca de substâncias com menor impacto ambiental para uma agricultural sustentável. Neotropical gongylophorus períodos chuvoso mgmL mg mL 10 μgmL μg CCD. CCD . (CCD) período menos 20% 20 aproximadamente 40%, 40 40% , 40%) 100%. 100% (100%) inibição betasitosterol, betasitosterol beta sitosterol, sitosterol beta-sitosterol friedelinol canferol P N antifúngicos sendo sustentável 1 (CCD 2 4 (100% (100 (10 (1 (

Bathycoelia distincta is one of the most dominant stink bug pests associated with macadamia orchards in South Africa. Understanding the toxicity and sublethal effects of insecticides on this pest is essential for its effective management. This study tested four commercial insecticide formulations, consisting of one organophosphate (acephate) and three pyrethroids (lambda-cyhalothrin, beta-cyfluthrin and tau-fluvalinate). The toxicity of these insecticides and their behavioural effects on mobility were assessed. The sublethal effects of lambda-cyhalothrin on the biological parameters of parent B. distincta (F0) and offspring generations (F1) were also determined by treating B. distincta adults with sublethal concentrations (LC10 and LC30). In toxicity bioassays, acephate was more toxic to B. distincta than lambda-cyhalothrin, beta-cyfluthrin and tau-fluvalinate. Behavioural changes were only observed in bugs exposed to pyrethroids, resulting in an increase in the distance walked and decrease of angular velocity. In the F0 generation, LC30 reduced the fecundity whereas the LC10 and LC30 accelerated development of the F1 generation. These results suggest that pyrethroids may enhance the dispersal of this pest and stimulate the growth of offspring populations. Further experiments should be conducted to confirm these results and understand the mechanism of action of pyrethroids on B. distincta.

ABSTRACT Trichoderma spp. it is one of the most used biological control agents in the management of plant diseases. Currently, Trichoderma asperellum Samuels, Lieckf. & Nirenberg presents different formulations with positive effects. However, in some formulations the shelf life and persistence of conidia is limited. The objective of the work was to develop formulations of T. asperellum isolated from agricultural soils of Cañete Peru, in wet table powder and in liquidas an emulsifiable concentrate. The antagonist was identified molecularly and multiplied on a solid substrate of sterile cracked yellow corn, from where conidia were extracted and formulated by mixing with bentonite and soybean oil. The formulated prototypes were stored at 4and 24 °C for five months, distributed through a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement and four repetitions. The pH of the solid (bentonite) and liquid (soybean oil) formulation was 6.7and 6.5, respectively; the percentage of viable conidia in bentonite was 94.3%and 89.6% when stored at 4and 24 °C, respectively. In the emulsifiable concentrate, the viability of the conidia was reduced between 57 to 62%, with a lower concentration of conidia reaching 1.15x10 9 CFU/mL of formulation. It is concluded that the conidia of T. asperellum formulated stored for 5 months at 24 °Casa wet table powder with bentonite maintains 1.16x10 9 CFU/g with a viability of 89.6%, the one formulated in soybean oil was 1.15x10 9 CFU/mL and 57.85% viable conidia.

RESUMEN Trichoderma spp. es uno de los agentes de control biológico más utilizados en el manejo de enfermedades de las plantas. En la actualidad, Trichoderma asperellum Samuels, Lieckf. y Nirenberg presenta diferentes formulaciones con efectos positivos. Sin embargo, en algunas de ellas la vida útil y la persistencia de las conidias es limitada. El objetivo del trabajo fue desarrollar formulaciones de T. asperellum aislado desde suelos agrícolas de Cañete Perú, en polvo mojable y en líquido como concentrado emulsionable. El antagonista se identificó molecularmente y se multiplicó en sustrato sólido maíz amarillo partido estéril, desde donde se extrajeron conidias que fueron formuladas mezclando con bentonita y aceite de soya. Los prototipos formulados se almacenaron a 4 y 24 °C durante cinco meses, distribuidos mediante un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial y cuatro repeticiones. El pH del formulado en sólido (bentonita) y líquido (aceite de soya) fue de 6,7 y 6,5, respectivamente, mientras que el porcentaje de conidias viables en bentonita fue de 94,3% y 89,6% cuando se almacenó a 4 y 24 °C, respectivamente. En el concentrado emulsionable la viabilidad de las conidias se redujo entre 57 y 62%, con una menor concentración de conidias llegando a 1,15x109 UFC/mL de formulado. Se concluye que las conidias de T. asperellum formulado y almacenado por 5 meses a 24 °C como polvo mojable con bentonita mantienen 1,16x109 UFC/g con una viabilidad del 89,6%. El formulado enaceite de soya fue 1,15x109 UFC/mL y 57,85% de conidias viables.

RESUMEN La introducción de nuevas formulaciones de fluidos de perforación en la extracción del crudo en Cuba, requiere contar con metodologías ambientales viables, de bajos costos y facilidades de manejo, para evitar el impacto negativo sobre el medio ambiente del almacenamiento de grandes cantidades de residuos peligrosos sin disposición final. El nivel de contaminación de los cortes de perforación impregnados con fluido, depende del tipo de lodo que se use y de las condiciones existentes en el lugar donde se encuentra el pozo. El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar a escala de banco un proceso de estabilización química-biológica, mediante la utilización de sulfato de calcio y la aplicación de un proceso de biorremediación en el tratamiento y disposición final de cortes de perforación contaminados por el uso de lodos con combustible diésel. En la biorremediación se evaluaron dos productos acondicionadores orgánicos con alta carga de nutrientes. El proceso se corresponde con un diseño experimental multifactorial categórico con dos variables respuesta. Se lograron alcanzar niveles de concentración por debajo de la normativa de referencia, con la aplicación del proceso y variantes experimentales realizadas. La utilización del producto mejorador de suelos en la estabilización biológica permitió alcanzar eficiencias de biodegradación de 68 % de grasas y aceites y 71 % de hidrocarburos totales. Estos resultados permiten asegurar un correcto manejo y disposición final de estos residuos en el medio ambiente.

ABSTRACT The introduction of new formulations of drilling fluids in the extraction of crude oil at Cuba requires viable environmental methodologies, low costs and handling facilities, to avoid the negative impact on the environment of storing large amounts of hazardous waste without final disposal. The level of contamination of fluid-impregnated drilling cuttings depends on the type of mud used and conditions at the site of the oil field. The objective of this work is to evaluate a chemical-biological stabilization process at bench scale, through the use of calcium sulfate and the application of a bioremediation process in the treatment and final disposal of drilling cuttings contaminated by the use of muds with diesel fuel. In bioremediation, two organic conditioning products with a high nutrient load evaluated. The process corresponds to a categorical multifactorial experimental design with two response variables. It was possible to reach concentration levels below the reference regulations, with the application of the process and experimental variants carried out. The use of the soil improver product in biological stabilization allowed reaching biodegradation efficiencies of 68 % of greases and oils, and 71 % of total hydrocarbons. These results make it possible to ensure correct handling and final disposal of these residues in the environment.

Curcumin, a phytochemical, exhibits several biological properties and has been studied for the treatment of psoriasis. To facilitate its transdermal permeation, permeation enhancers such as choline and geranic acid ionic liquid (CAGE-IL) have been studied. From this perspective, the research effort entertained herein aimed at developing and evaluating the stability of an emulsion prepared with curcumin (phytochemical from Curcuma longa L.) and locust bean gum (extracted from the seeds of the carob tree, Ceratonia siliqua), with CAGE-IL as a facilitator of transdermal permeation. Stability studies were carried out for six months, with analyses being performed at time intervals of 0 (24 h), 30, 60, 90, and 180 days. The samples were kept at 40 ± 2 °C, with 75 ± 5% relative humidity (RH). The parameters analyzed were morphological characteristics, pH (5.8-6.0), and spreadability. The samples were shown to be stable during the timeframe studied, maintaining adequate physicochemical characteristics and meeting quality specifications for cutaneous applications. CAGE-IL, in addition to facilitating permeation of the active substance, also favored the formation of a stable emulsion encompassing nanosized particles (134.3 ± 2.6 nm) in a simple fashion and with only a few components. Curcumin phytochemical psoriasis CAGEIL CAGE IL (CAGE-IL perspective L. L extracted tree siliqua, siliqua , siliqua) months 24 (2 h, h h) 30 60 90 18 days 4 C °C 7 5 RH. RH . (RH) 5.86.0, 5860 5.8 6.0 8 6 (5.8-6.0) spreadability applications CAGEIL, IL, substance 134.3 1343 134 3 (134. 26 2. nm components ( 9 1 (RH 86 5.86.0 586 58 5. 6. (5.8-6.0 134. 13 (134 5.86. (5.8-6. (13 5.86 (5.8-6 (1 (5.8- (5.8 (5. (5

Abstract Chagas disease is a neglected parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, whose treatment has remained unsatisfactory for over 50 years, given that it is limited to two drugs. Benznidazole (BZN) is an efficient antichagasic drug used as the first choice, although its poor water-solubility, irregular oral absorption, low efficacy in the chronic phase, and various associated adverse effects are limiting factors for treatment. Incorporating drugs with such characteristics into nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) is a promising alternative to overcome these limiting obstacles, enhancing drug efficacy and bioavailability while reducing toxicity. Therefore, this study proposed NLC-BZN formulations in different compositions prepared by hot-melt homogenization followed by ultrasound, and the optimized formulation was characterized by FTIR, DRX, DSC, and thermogravimetry. Biological activities included in vitro membrane toxicity (red blood cells), fibroblast cell cytotoxicity, and trypanocidal activity against epimastigotes of the Colombian strain of T. cruzi. The optimized NLC-BZN had a small size (110 nm), negative zeta potential (-18.0 mV), and high encapsulation (1.64% of drug loading), as shown by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermal analysis. The NLC-BZN also promoted lower in vitro membrane toxicity (<3% hemolysis), and 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) for NLC-BZN in L929 fibroblast cells (110.7 µg/mL) was twice the value as the free BZN (51.3 µg/mL). Our findings showed that the NLC-BZN had higher trypanocidal activity than free BZN against the epimastigotes of the resistant Colombian strain, and this novel NLC-BZN formulation proved to be a promising tool in treating Chagas disease and considered suitable for oral and parenteral administration. cruzi 5 years (BZN choice watersolubility, watersolubility water solubility, solubility water-solubility absorption phase NLC (NLC obstacles Therefore NLCBZN hotmelt hot melt ultrasound FTIR DRX DSC thermogravimetry red cells, , cells) cytotoxicity T 110 (11 nm, nm nm) 18.0 180 18 0 (-18. mV, mV mV) 1.64% 164 1 64 (1.64 loading, loading loading) spectroscopy Xray X ray diffraction analysis <3% 3 (<3 hemolysis, hemolysis hemolysis) CC50 CC (CC50 L L92 110.7 1107 7 (110. µg/mL µgmL µg mL 51.3 513 51 (51. µg/mL. . administration 11 (1 18. (-18 1.64 16 6 (1.6 <3 (< CC5 (CC5 L9 110. 51. (51 ( (-1 1.6 (1. < (CC (5 (- 1.

Abstract This work aimed to incorporate thyme essential oil into films composed of pectin to provide antimicrobial action to them. The effect of adding essential oil on the films' mechanical, physical-chemical, and barrier properties and their degradability was evaluated. Essential oil addition was possible by using Tween® 20 as an emulsifier, and it was possible to observe antimicrobial activity in the films containing 1.0 wt.% and 2.0 wt.% essential oil. The films containing thyme essential oil were more elastic and thicker but less resistant, with high permeability to water vapor and more hydrophilic relative to other formulations. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed the presence of heterogeneities in the formulations with essential oil. The films produced using the optimized formulation (30 wt.% glycerol, 1.0 wt.% thyme essential oil, and 0.5 wt.% Tween® 20 relative to pectin mass) degraded entirely after 24 days of exposure to standard soil. them mechanical physicalchemical, physicalchemical physical chemical, chemical physical-chemical evaluated Tween 2 emulsifier 10 1 0 1. wt wt. 2. resistant 30 (3 glycerol 05 5 0. mass soil 3 (

Abstract Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) is the main transmitter of pathogens that cause human diseases, including dengue, chikungunya, zika and yellow fever. Faced with this problem, this study aims to select fungi with entomopathogenic potential against Ae. aegypti and develop formulations that optimize the control action of entomopathogenic fungi in the semi-field condition. 23 fungal strains native from Amazon were inoculated in Potato-Dextrose-Agar (PDA) culture medium for 14 days and then transferred by scraping to tubes containing 0.9% NaCl solution. To obtain the larvae, eggs were collected using traps in peridomestic environments for 7 days. 20 larvae of Ae. aegypti in 125 mL erlenmeyers containing 20 mL of conidial suspension at a concentration of 1x106 conidia/mL for initial selection and 1×104, 1×105, 1×106 and 1×107 conidia/mL for determination of LC50. Mortality was checked every 24 h for 5 days. The three fungi with the best virulence rates were identified using molecular techniques. The compatibility between fungi at a concentration of 1×106 conidia/mL and oily adjuvants, mineral oil and vegetable oil (andiroba, chestnut and copaiba) at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1% was evaluated. The germination capacity of 100 conidia per treatment was evaluated after incubation at 28 ºC for 24 h. To evaluate the entomopathogenic potential of the fungal formulations, conidial suspensions (1×106 conidia/mL) were added with 0.1% mineral and vegetable oil. The treatments were submitted to laboratory and semi-field conditions and mortality was verified every 24 h for 5 days. Beauveria sp. (4,458) (LC50 = 8.66× 103), Metarhizium anisopliae (4,420) (LC50 = 5.48×104) and M. anisopliae (4,910) (LC50 = 1.13×105) were significantly more effective in the larval control of Ae. aegypti, in relation to the other fungal morphospecies evaluated. Mineral oil was better compatible in all treatments evaluated. Beauveria sp. (4,458) was considerably less virulent under semi-field conditions. M. anisopliae (4,910) formulated with mineral oil increased larval mortality to 100% on the 4th day in the laboratory and on the 5th day in the semi-field. Fungal formulations developed from native Amazonian isolates represent a promising tool for the development of strategies to control Ae. aegypti. L Diptera (Diptera Culicidae diseases dengue chikungunya fever problem Ae semifield semi field condition 2 PotatoDextroseAgar Potato Dextrose Agar PDA (PDA 1 09 0 9 0.9 solution 12 x 1x10 conidiamL 1104 104 1×104 1105 105 1×105 1106 106 1×10 1107 107 LC50 LC techniques adjuvants andiroba, andiroba (andiroba copaiba 01 0.1 05 0. 10 (1×10 sp 4,458 4458 4 458 (4,458 (LC5 866 8 66 8.66 103, 103 , 103) 4,420 4420 420 (4,420 5.48×104 548104 48 M 4,910 4910 910 (4,910 1.13×105 113105 13 th semifield. field. 1x1 110 1×1 LC5 (1×1 4,45 445 45 (4,45 (LC 86 6 8.6 4,42 442 42 (4,42 5.48×10 54810 4,91 491 91 (4,91 1.13×10 11310 1x 11 1× (1× 4,4 44 (4,4 8. 5.48×1 5481 4,9 49 (4,9 1.13×1 1131 (1 4, (4, 5.48× 548 1.13× 113 ( (4 5.48 54 1.13 5.4 1.1 5. 1.

Resumo Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) é o principal transmissor de patógenos que causam doenças humanas, incluindo dengue, chikungunya, zika e febre amarela. Diante desse problema, este estudo tem como objetivo selecionar fungos com potencial entomopatogênico frente ao Ae. aegypti e desenvolver formulações que otimizem a ação de controle de fungos entomopatogênicos na condição de semi-campo. 23 cepas fúngicas nativas da Amazônia foram inoculadas em meio de cultura Potato-Dextrose-Agar (PDA) por 14 dias e depois transferidas por raspagem para tubos contendo solução de NaCl 0,9%. Para obtenção das larvas, os ovos foram coletados por meio de armadilhas em ambientes peridomiciliares por 7 dias. 20 larvas de Ae. aegypti em erlenmeyers de 125 mL contendo 20 mL de suspensão de conídios na concentração de 1×106 conídios/mL para seleção inicial e 1×104, 1×105, 1×106 e 1×107 conídios/mL para determinação de CL50. A mortalidade foi verificada a cada 24 horas durante 5 dias. Os três fungos com as melhores taxas de virulência foram identificados por meio de técnicas moleculares. Foi avaliada a compatibilidade entre fungos na concentração de 1×106 conídios/mL e adjuvantes oleosos, óleo mineral e óleo vegetal (andiroba, castanha e copaíba) nas concentrações de 0,1, 0,5 e 1%. A capacidade germinativa de 100 conídios por tratamento foi avaliada após incubação a 28 ºC por 24 h. Para avaliar o potencial entomopatogênico das formulações fúngicas, suspensões de conídios (1×106 conídios/mL) foram adicionadas de óleo mineral e vegetal a 0,1%. Os tratamentos foram submetidos a condições de laboratório e semi-campo e a mortalidade foi verificada a cada 24 horas durante 5 dias. Beauveria sp. (4.458) (LC50 = 8,66×103), Metarhizium anisopliae (4.420) (LC50 = 5,48×104) e M. anisopliae (4.910) (LC50 = 1,13×105) foram significativamente mais eficazes no controle larval de Ae. aegypti, em relação às demais morfoespécies fúngicas avaliadas. O óleo mineral foi melhor compatível em todos os tratamentos avaliados. Beauveria sp. (4.458) foi consideravelmente menos virulento em condições de semi-campo. M. anisopliae (4.910) formulado com óleo mineral aumentou a mortalidade larval para 100% no 4º dia no laboratório e no 5º dia no semi-campo. Formulações fúngicas desenvolvidas a partir de isolados nativos da Amazônia representam uma ferramenta promissora para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de controle de Ae. aegypti. L Diptera (Diptera Culicidae humanas dengue chikungunya amarela problema Ae semicampo. semicampo semi campo. campo 2 PotatoDextroseAgar Potato Dextrose Agar PDA (PDA 1 09 0 9 0,9% 12 1106 106 1×10 conídiosmL 1104 104 1×104 1105 105 1×105 1107 107 CL50 CL moleculares oleosos andiroba, andiroba (andiroba copaíba 01 0,1 05 0, 1% 10 h (1×10 0,1% sp 4.458 4458 4 458 (4.458 LC50 LC (LC5 8,66×103, 866103 8,66×103 , 8 66 103 8,66×103) 4.420 4420 420 (4.420 5,48×104 548104 48 M 4.910 4910 910 (4.910 1,13×105 113105 13 avaliadas avaliados º 0,9 110 1×1 CL5 (1×1 4.45 445 45 (4.45 LC5 (LC 86610 8,66×10 6 4.42 442 42 (4.42 5,48×10 54810 4.91 491 91 (4.91 1,13×10 11310 11 1× (1× 4.4 44 (4.4 8661 8,66×1 5,48×1 5481 4.9 49 (4.9 1,13×1 1131 (1 4. (4. 866 8,66× 5,48× 548 1,13× 113 ( (4 86 8,66 5,48 54 1,13 8,6 5,4 1,1 8, 5, 1,

Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are effective and environment-friendly insect biological control agents. Ultraviolet (UV) light is known to have an effect on the survival of fungal conidia, and natural sunlight is potentially one of the most damaging factors undermining EPF persistence and pathogenicity. This study aimed to test the infection potential of an isolate of Beauveria bassiana and five Metarhizium species after exposure to different light treatments, on soil and leaf surfaces under laboratory and field conditions, using Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) as the test host. Conidia were exposed either to growth light alone, which emits the same visible light as the sun, but excluding UV light, or directly exposed to UV light for 12 h. The results indicated no negative effect on the infection potential of the conidia of most species tested. The conidia of the two Metarhizium pinghaense (5HEID and TH149) isolates showed the greatest tolerance to visible light and UV radiation exposure on both soil and leaf surfaces. Exposure of M. pinghaense isolates to visible light on soil surfaces showed pathogenicity of > 80% for both isolates, and of between 58% and 88% after exposure to UV light. On leaf surfaces, three Metarhizium isolates, M. pinghaense (5HEID and TH149) and M. majus (TH153) had > 90% pathogenicity following exposure to UV light, and M. pinghaense (TH149) and M. robertsii (6EIKEN) showed greater tolerance of > 70%, under laboratory conditions. However, the pathogenicity of the EPF isolates was very low in field trials, indicating that further trials on the use of formulations and adjuvants with the isolates are needed to improve long-term persistence and efficacy under field conditions.