ABSTRACT Amazonia (defined herein as the Amazon basin) is home to the greatest concentration of biodiversity on Earth, providing unique genetic resources and ecological functions that contribute to ecosystem services globally. The lengthy and complex evolutionary history of this region has produced heterogeneous landscapes and riverscapes at multiple scales, altered the geographic and genetic connections among populations, and impacted rates of adaptation, speciation, and extinction. In turn, ecologically diverse Amazonian biotas promoted further diversification, species coexistence, and coevolution, with biodiversity accumulating over tens of millions of years. Important events in Amazonian history included: (i) late Cretaceous and early Paleogene origin of major rainforest plant and animal groups; (ii) Eocene-Oligocene global cooling with rainforests contracting to tropical latitudes separating Atlantic coastal and Amazonian rainforests; (iii) Miocene uplift of central and northern Andes that separated Pacific coastal and Amazonian rainforests, spurred formation of mega-wetlands in the western Amazon, and contributed to the origin of the modern transcontinental Amazon River; (iv) late Neogene formation of the Panamanian Isthmus that facilitated the Great American Biotic Interchange; (v) Pleistocene climate oscillations followed by late Pleistocene-Holocene human colonization and megafaunal extinctions; and (vi) modern era of widespread anthropogenic deforestation, defaunation, and ecological transformations of regional landscapes and global climates. Amazonian conservation requires decade-scale investments into biodiversity documentation and monitoring to leverage existing scientific capacity, and strategic habitat planning to allow continuity of evolutionary and ecological processes now and into the future. defined basin Earth globally scales populations adaptation speciation extinction turn diversification coexistence coevolution years included i (i groups ii (ii EoceneOligocene Eocene Oligocene iii (iii megawetlands mega wetlands River iv (iv Interchange v (v PleistoceneHolocene Holocene extinctions vi (vi deforestation defaunation climates decadescale decade scale capacity future

RESUMEN La Amazonía (definida como la cuenca amazónica) concentra la mayor biodiversidad de la Tierra, proporcionando recursos genéticos y funciones ecológicas únicas que contribuyen a los servicios ecosistémicos a nivel mundial. La compleja historia evolutiva de esta región produjo paisajes heterogéneos a múltiples escalas geográficas, alteró las conexiones geográficas y genéticas entre las poblaciones e influyó en las tasas de adaptación, especiación y extinción. Las biotas amazónicas, ecológicamente diversas, promovieron una mayor diversificación, coexistencia de especies y coevolución, acumulando biodiversidad a lo largo de decenas de millones de años. Acontecimientos importantes en la historia de la Amazonía incluyeron: (i) orígenes durante el Cretácico tardío y el Paleógeno temprano de los principales grupos de plantas y animales; (ii) enfriamiento global del Eoceno-Oligoceno, contrayendo los bosques a latitudes tropicales y separando los de la costa Atlántica de los amazónicos; (iii) levantamiento de los Andes centrales y del norte en el Mioceno, separando las selvas tropicales de la costa del Pacífico y de la Amazonía, estimulando la formación de megahumedales en la Amazonía occidental y contribuyendo al origen del moderno Río Amazonas transcontinental; (iv) formación del istmo de Panamá durante el Neógeno tardío, facilitando el Gran Intercambio Biótico Americano; (v) oscilaciones climáticas del Pleistoceno seguidas por la colonización humana y las extinciones de megafauna; (vi) era moderna de deforestación antropogénica generalizada, defaunación y transformaciones ecológicas de paisajes regionales y climas globales. La conservación de la Amazonía requiere inversiones por décadas en la documentación y el seguimiento de la biodiversidad para impulsar la capacidad científica existente, así como la planificación estratégica del hábitat para permitir la continuidad de los actuales y futuros procesos evolutivos y ecológicos. definida amazónica Tierra mundial adaptación extinción amazónicas diversas diversificación coevolución años incluyeron i (i animales ii (ii EocenoOligoceno, EocenoOligoceno Eoceno Oligoceno, Oligoceno Eoceno-Oligoceno amazónicos iii (iii Mioceno transcontinental iv (iv Americano v (v megafauna vi (vi generalizada globales existente ecológicos

Abstract A new species of Pimelodella is described from the rio Paraguai basin in Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso States, Brazil. The new species distinguishes from all other members of the genus based on a unique combination of characteristics, which include: dorsal profile straight from snout to dorsal-fin, maxillary barbel reaching at least the anal-fin terminus when parallel to main body axis, robust dorsal-fin spine bearing small spinules along three-fourths of its posterior margin, 41–42 total vertebrae (rarely 43 or 44), 13–23 large and retrorse blades at the posterior margin of the pectoral-fin spine, and dorsolateral region of body slightly darkened. This study also discusses the ichthyofaunal similarities between the Paraguai and Amazon basins, shedding light on their biogeographic history. Additionally, the research includes considerations about the sexual dimorphism of Pimelodella and provides an identification key for the Pimelodella species found in the Paraguai basin. States Brazil characteristics include dorsalfin, dorsalfin fin, fin analfin anal axis threefourths three fourths 4142 41 42 41–4 rarely 4 44, 44 , 44) 1323 13 23 13–2 pectoralfin pectoral darkened basins history Additionally 414 41– 132 1 2 13–

Resumo Uma nova espécie de Pimelodella é descrita da bacia do rio Paraguai, nos Estados de Mato Grosso do Sul e Mato Grosso, Brasil. A nova espécie se distingue de todas as suas congêneres por apresentar uma combinação exclusiva de características, que incluem: perfil da região anterior do corpo reto do focinho à nadadeira dorsal, barbilhão maxilar alcançando pelo menos o término da nadadeira anal quando paralelo ao eixo principal do corpo, espinho da nadadeira dorsal robusto e apresentando pequenas espínulas nos três-quartos distais da sua margem posterior, 41–42 vértebras totais (raramente 43 ou 44), espinho da nadadeira peitoral apresentando 13–23 lâminas grandes e retrorsas na sua margem posterior, e região dorsolateral do corpo ligeiramente mais escura que o restante. Este estudo também discute as similaridades entre a ictiofauna das bacias do Paraguai e Amazônica, abordando a história biogeográfica entre ambas as regiões. Adicionalmente, considerações acerca do dimorfismo sexual de Pimelodella são apresentadas, além de uma chave de identificação para as espécies de Pimelodella encontradas na bacia do Paraguai. Brasil características incluem trêsquartos três quartos posterior 4142 41 42 41–4 raramente 4 44, 44 , 44) 1323 13 23 13–2 restante Amazônica regiões Adicionalmente apresentadas 414 41– 132 1 2 13–

Abstract The upper rio Paraná basin drains the most developed and environmentally degraded region in South America: the Brazilian southeast. While it is one of the most well-known Neotropical fish assemblages, it is also one of the most threatened by anthropic activity. Urbanization, deforestation, dam construction, invasive species, and water pollution not only reduce the living area of species but also alter our perception of the basin and its biotic elements. Such changes are so profound and pervasive that raise uncertainties about the native or non-native status of several species. This paper aims to offer a detailed picture of the native diversity and historical biogeography of the fishes in the upper rio Paraná basin, which we hope will offer a solid foundation for future conservation policies. We update the list of native species, analyze geographical distributions, and identify biogeographical patterns, emphasizing areas requiring recognition as distinct biotas for conservation efforts. Over the past 15 years, more than 100 additional species have been described or recorded, expanding the total to 341 native species belonging to six orders and 30 families, making it the richest river basin in Brazil outside the Amazonian region. Unlike most neotropical basins where Characidae dominates, loricariids make up nearly one-fourth of the total fish diversity in the region. Species and clades concentrate in the central basin, while endemics are confined to peripheral areas due to the complex biogeographical history shared with neighboring basins. Eighteen distinct biogeographical regions are identified, discussing their composition, histories, and conservation implications. The upper rio Paraná basin has 10% of its fish fauna ranked as endangered and present 128 non-native species, including three hybrids. This places it as the major drainage with the largest number of endangered taxa in the neotropics and at the same time the one with the most numerous non-native elements. Existing protected areas are deemed ineffective in preserving diverse assemblages and fail to safeguard the majority of threatened and narrowly-endemic species. America southeast wellknown well known activity Urbanization deforestation construction elements nonnative non policies distributions patterns efforts 1 years 10 recorded 34 3 families dominates onefourth fourth identified composition histories implications 12 hybrids narrowlyendemic narrowly endemic

Resumo A bacia do alto rio Paraná drena a região mais desenvolvida e ambientalmente degradada da América do Sul: o sudeste brasileiro. Ao mesmo tempo que é uma das assembleias de peixes neotropicais mais conhecidas, também é uma das mais ameaçadas pela atividade antrópica. Urbanização, desmatamento, barramentos de usinas, espécies invasoras e poluição da água não apenas reduzem a área de vida das espécies, mas também alteram nossa percepção da bacia e de seus elementos bióticos. Essas mudanças ambientais são tão profundas e abrangentes que geram incertezas sobre a natureza nativa ou não nativa de várias espécies. Este artigo visa oferecer uma visão detalhada da diversidade nativa e da biogeografia histórica dos peixes da bacia do alto rio Paraná, fornecendo uma base sólida para futuras políticas de conservação. Atualizamos a lista de espécies nativas, analisamos distribuições geográficas e identificamos padrões biogeográficos, enfatizando áreas que requerem reconhecimento como biotas distintas para esforços de conservação. Nos últimos 15 anos, mais de 100 espécies adicionais foram descritas ou registradas, expandindo o total para 341 espécies nativas pertencentes a seis ordens e 30 famílias, tornando-a a bacia hidrográfica mais rica do Brasil fora da região amazônica. Ao contrário da maioria das bacias neotropicais em que Characidae domina, os loricariídeos constituem quase um quarto da diversidade total de peixes na região. Espécies e clados se concentram na região central da bacia, enquanto elementos endêmicos estão restritos a áreas periféricas devido à complexa história biogeográfica compartilhada com bacias vizinhas. Dezoito regiões biogeográficas distintas são identificadas, sua composição, biogeografia e conservação são discutidas. A bacia do alto rio Paraná possui 10% de sua ictiofauna classificada como ameaçada e apresenta 128 espécies não nativas, incluindo três híbridos. Isso a posiciona como a drenagem com o maior número de táxons ameaçados nos trópicos ao mesmo tempo que tem a maior riqueza de elementos não nativos. As áreas protegidas existentes são consideradas ineficazes na preservação das diferentes assembleias e falham em proteger a maioria das espécies ameaçadas e as endêmicas. Sul brasileiro conhecidas antrópica Urbanização desmatamento usinas bióticos biogeográficos 1 anos 10 registradas 34 3 famílias tornandoa tornando amazônica domina vizinhas identificadas composição discutidas 12 híbridos nativos endêmicas

Abstract The study of benthic meiofauna has been undertaken in Latin America since the beginning of the 20th century, recently gaining attention due to its recognized role on the ecological functioning of meiofauna assemblages. Bibliometric data provide information regarding research results, explain the degree to which a subject has advanced, and identify its major strengths and weaknesses. In Latin American countries, this type of review is scarce for meiofauna communities. This study analyzes knowledge of marine meiofauna by focusing on the documents Latin American authors published from 1990 to 2021. Documents from three bibliographic databases were analyzed to obtain the most relevant bibliometric indicators. Moreover, the interrelationships between authors, countries, and concepts were analyzed using science mapping techniques. Latin American research on marine meiofauna has increased since the 1990s, producing a total of 399 documents over three decades by almost 1,000 authors. Brazil produced the majority of these documents (predominantly published by Brazilian authors and institutions). The number of documents by country was associated with five development indicators. Their main sources and keywords indicate that ecology, oceanography, and biogeography were the main addressed topics, especially on deep marine environments. Most productive authors were clustered into main research groups with varying degrees of links. We conclude that research efforts on marine meiofauna are gaining importance despite the small number of documents by a relatively low number of research groups. We found a high centralization of documents by countries and a relation with four indicators, such as country size and research spending. Greater regional collaboration could further expand the knowledge of marine meiofauna in Latin America. th century assemblages results advanced weaknesses communities 199 2021 indicators Moreover techniques 1990s s 39 1000 1 000 1,00 predominantly institutions. institutions . institutions) ecology oceanography topics environments links spending 19 202 3 100 00 1,0 20 10 0 1, 2

Abstract Restinga formations are defined as the vegetation covering sandy coastal sediments deposited during the Quaternary period, regardless their physiognomy. They are usually characterized as areas of confluence between plant species associated with diverse phytogeographical domains. However, detailed floristic and biogeographic studies are still required to better define their distribution patterns, the origins of their plant species, and their biogeographical affinities. In this study, we investigate the floristic similarities among restingas in Northern and Northeastern Brazil and diverse ecosystems from different Brazilian phytogeographical domains (Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Amazonia). We employed multivariate analyses to investigate differences in species composition and identify floristically similar groups. While sharing species with other ecosystems, restingas exhibit unique floristic composition, representing a coastal flora. Furthermore, the restingas of Northern and Northeastern Brazil are biogeographically subdivided according to previously recognized sectors of the coast of the country. These findings underscore the complex nature of restinga ecosystems, influenced by environmental factors such as geographic distance, geology and climate. These insights contribute to a nuanced understanding of the complex relationships between restingas and their surrounding ecosystems, facilitating informed conservation efforts in the face of escalating urban and industrial expansion along the Brazilian coast. period physiognomy However patterns affinities study Caatinga, Caatinga (Caatinga Cerrado Amazonia. Amazonia . Amazonia) groups flora Furthermore country distance climate

Abstract Eustachys presents lower diversity in the Old World than in the Neotropics and it occurs disjunctly between main tropical regions. This qualifies Eustachys as a good model to test whether lineages expand their niches during the process of range expansion. We performed ancestral range reconstruction, compared environmental spaces of the different geographic areas and assessed bioclimatic trait evolution. Ancestral range reconstruction indicated that most speciation in Eustachys occurred in the South America. Ancestral climatic niches of the New World are different from those of African and Australasia lineages. Our results show that Eustachys experienced niche expansion when it reached the New World. Evolutionary history of Eustachys illustrates how the range expansion promoted climatic niche shifts, which could drive unbalanced species richness of the genus among different tropical regions. regions evolution America shifts

ABSTRACT Spathodea campanulata Beauv. (Bignoniaceae) is a plant frequently employed in the ornamentation of public squares and gardens, attributed to its rapid growth and showy flowers. However, its use is controversial due to the potentially toxic nectar, which can lead to significant mortality rates among various stingless bee species in Brazil, posing a risk to native biodiversity and disrupting natural ecosystems. The aim of this study was to quantify and identify the species of stingless bees found dead within the flowers of the Spathodea campanulata plant. This investigation was conducted at the Ondina Campus of the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Brazil. Over a 15-day flowering period, 86 flowers from three specimens of this species were collected. After flower collection, the dead insects found within the flowers were extracted, stored, and identified at the Laboratory of Insect Bionomics, Biogeography, and Systematics (BIOSIS) at UFBA. The analysis revealed that all floral visitors were Hymenoptera insects, with 98.1% identified as bees (Apidae and Meliponini). In conclusion, S. campanulataflowers contain toxic compounds with insecticidal properties, leading to increased mortality among certain Melipona bee species. Melipona scutellaris and Apis mellifera bees are occasional visitors of the S. campanulata flowers; hence the lower mortality rates of these species. Given the damage caused by S. campanulata on native biodiversity, it is advised to avoid cultivating it in public squares, gardens, or in proximity to bee hives. Beauv Bignoniaceae (Bignoniaceae gardens However nectar Brazil ecosystems UFBA, UFBA , (UFBA) 15day day 15 period 8 collected collection extracted stored Bionomics Biogeography BIOSIS (BIOSIS 981 98 1 98.1 Apidae Meliponini. Meliponini . Meliponini) conclusion S properties hives (UFBA 9 98.

RESUMO Spathodea campanulata Beauv. (Bignoniaceae) é uma planta frequentemente utilizada na ornamentação de praças públicas e jardins, atribuída ao seu rápido crescimento e flores vistosas. No entanto, seu uso é controverso devido ao néctar potencialmente tóxico, que pode levar a taxas significativas de mortalidade entre várias espécies de abelhas sem ferrão no Brasil, representando um risco para a biodiversidade nativa e interrompendo os ecossistemas naturais. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar e identificar as espécies de abelhas sem ferrão encontradas mortas dentro das flores da planta Spathodea campanulata. Esta investigação foi conduzida no Campus de Ondina da Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Brasil. Durante um período de floração de 15 dias, foram coletadas 86 flores de três espécimes desta espécie. Após a coleta das flores, os insetos mortos encontrados dentro delas foram extraídos, armazenados e identificados no Laboratório de Bionomia, Biogeografia e Sistemática de Insetos (BIOSIS) da UFBA. A análise revelou que todos os visitantes florais eram insetos Hymenoptera, com 98,1% identificados como abelhas (Apidae e Meliponini). Em conclusão, as flores de S. campanulata contêm compostos tóxicos com propriedades inseticidas, levando a um aumento da mortalidade em certas espécies de abelhas Melipona. As abelhas Melipona scutellaris e Apis mellifera são visitantes ocasionais das flores de S. campanulata; portanto, apresentam taxas de mortalidade mais baixas. Dado o dano causado por S. campanulata na biodiversidade nativa, é aconselhável evitar o seu cultivo em praças públicas, jardins ou próximo a colmeias de abelhas. Beauv Bignoniaceae (Bignoniaceae vistosas entanto tóxico Brasil naturais UFBA, UFBA , (UFBA) 1 dias 8 espécie extraídos Bionomia BIOSIS (BIOSIS Hymenoptera 981 98 98,1 Apidae Meliponini. Meliponini . Meliponini) conclusão S inseticidas portanto baixas (UFBA 9 98,

Abstract Latin American and the Caribbean regions (LAC) harbor one of the most biodiverse areas of the world, the Neotropics. True bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) are a diverse lineage of insects, with more than 45,000 species, particularly speciose in the Neotropical region. True bugs are fundamental in the dynamics of natural and modified ecosystems, with several species critical to agriculture and public health. We compiled Heteroptera research in LAC from 1998–2022 using bibliographic databases. Productivity, collaborative networks, and the main topics studied were analyzed. A total of 1,651 Heteroptera studies from LAC were found, with continuous growth being 2021 the most prolific. Four categories (Taxonomy of extant species, Faunistic inventories and new records, Pest species biology, and Community ecology) represent most of the published research. About 60 percent of the records evaluated correspond to five families (Pentatomidae, Reduviidae, Coreidae, Miridae, and Rhyparochromidae). We emphasize the need to keep working on Heteroptera taxonomy because it will allow further advances in other areas such as phylogenetic analyses, biogeography, ecology, and natural history, among others. The results of our analyses characterize the current state of heteropterology in the region, establishing a baseline for future studies and efforts to broaden the knowledge of the group. (LAC world Neotropics Hemiptera (Hemiptera insects 45000 45 000 45,00 region ecosystems health 19982022 1998 2022 1998–202 databases Productivity networks analyzed 1651 1 651 1,65 found 202 prolific Taxonomy biology ecology 6 Pentatomidae, Pentatomidae (Pentatomidae Reduviidae Coreidae Miridae Rhyparochromidae. Rhyparochromidae . Rhyparochromidae) biogeography history others group 4500 4 00 45,0 1998202 199 1998–20 165 65 1,6 20 450 0 45, 199820 19 1998–2 16 1, 2 19982 1998–

ABSTRACT Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacépède) specimens were sampled in the Sanaga River and in the Dibamba River. Three new species, Protoancylodiscoides edeaensis sp. nov., P. yombai sp. nov. from both rivers, and P. dibambaensis sp. nov. from the Dibamba River alone, are described. Protoancylodiscoides edeaensis sp. nov., close to P. mansourensis El-Naggar, 1987 and P. chrysichthes Paperna, 1969 by the morphology of the haptor sclerotised parts, differs from these species by the penis length and the morphology of the vagina. Protoancylodiscoides yombai sp. nov. is close to P. edeaensis sp. nov., P. mansourensis, and P. chrysichthes by the morphology of some sclerotised parts of the haptor (ventral bar, ventral anchors, dorsal onchium and hooks). However, it differs from these species by the morphology of the vagina, of the outer root of the dorsal anchor, and the size of some sclerotised parts (dorsal anchor total length, dorsal bar length, ventral anchor length, and penis length). Protoancylodiscoides dibambaensis sp. nov. is close to P. ivoiriensis Bouah, N’Douba & Pariselle, 2021 by the lack of the onchium and the morphology of some sclerotised parts of the haptor. However, it differs from this species by the morphology of the dorsal bar, penis length, dorsal bar length, and of the ventral anchor total length. This study on monogeneans raises the question of ichthyofauna exchange between adjacent streams; it also reveals a longitudinal gradient of Protoancylodiscoides species richness in the Sanaga River. Lacépède (Lacépède sp nov P rivers alone described ElNaggar, ElNaggar El Naggar, Naggar El-Naggar 198 Paperna 196 vagina anchors hooks. hooks . hooks) However length) Bouah NDouba N Douba Pariselle 202 streams 19 20 1 2

Abstract Listrura is a genus of small pencil catfishes of Trichomycteridae that currently comprises 12 valid species in coastal drainages of Southern and Southeastern Brazil, all with fossorial dwelling habitats and eel-like morphology. Here, we describe a new species of Listrura known from only two specimens collected in an interval of 24 years in order to make it taxonomically available for biodiversity inventories and conservation decisions. The new species is morphologically distinguished from its congeners by the combination of features, as pectoral-fin rays counts, number of free vertebrae, number caudal-fin procurrent rays, interopercular odontodes counts and the anterior-most position of dorsal and anal fin. Partial sequences of the mitochondrial gene cox1 were used to infer the phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of the new species and its congeners. The new species is the first freshwater fish endemic to a continental island in the Atlantic Forest Biome, and only the second trichomycterid endemic of an island. 1 Brazil eellike eel like morphology Here 2 decisions features pectoralfin pectoral fin vertebrae caudalfin caudal anteriormost anterior most cox Biome

Resumo Listrura é um gênero de pequenos bagres da família Trichomycteridae, que compreende 12 espécies válidas ocorrendo em drenagens costeiras do Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, todas com hábitos fossoriais e morfologia anguiliforme. Aqui é descrita uma nova espécie de Listrura conhecida de apenas dois exemplares coletados em um intervalo de 24 anos, a fim de torná-la taxonomicamente disponível para inventários de biodiversidade e decisões de conservação. A nova espécie é morfologicamente distinguível de suas congêneres pela combinação do número de raios da nadadeira peitoral, número de vértebras livres, número de raios procorrentes caudais, número de odontódeos interoperculares e pela posição anterior das nadadeiras dorsal e anal. Sequências parciais do gene mitocondrial cox1 foram utilizadas para inferir as relações filogenéticas e a biogeografia da nova espécie e de suas congêneres. A nova espécie é o primeiro peixe de água doce endêmico de uma ilha continental do Bioma da Mata Atlântica, e o segundo tricomicterídeo endêmico de uma ilha. Trichomycteridae 1 Brasil anguiliforme 2 anos tornála torná la conservação peitoral livres caudais anal cox Atlântica

Resumen Antecedentes: Históricamente en biología ha habido discrepancias a la hora de considerar a ciertos taxones dentro de las categorías “nativo” o “exótico” en determinadas áreas geográficas. Preguntas y/o hipótesis: ¿Tienen los taxones cualidades inherentes que permitan establecer formalismos concordantes con un principio de prioridad como criterio para resolver los problemas derivados de la categorización “nativo-exótico”? Especies de estudio/Descripción de datos/Modelo matemático: Se utilizaron Eucalyptus globulus, Phytolacca dioica, Prosopis alba, Schinus longifolius y Tipuana tipu como especies de referencia para aplicar los modelos matemáticos denominados “Índices de Ancestralidad” que permitan formalizar el grado de cualidad ancestral de un taxón en un área determinada, Sitio y años de estudio: Tres áreas asociadas geográficamente pero con características discordantes fueron seleccionadas. Este trabajo se realizó entre 2017 y 2022. Métodos: Se proponen dos tipos de índices complementarios. El “Índice de Ancestralidad Binario”, que parte de la distinción clásica de especie “nativa-exótica” y se codifica en forma binaria. El “Índice de Ancestralidad Escalar”, que se basa en el desarrollo de dos criterios: uno espacial (“distancia al área de origen”) y otro temporal (“tiempo de permanencia”). Resultado: Se obtuvieron tablas con los índices mencionados para las especies y áreas elegidas. Conclusiones: Estos índices resultarán útiles, por ejemplo, cuando sea necesario tomar decisiones que puedan afectar negativamente a los ecosistemas, considerando la historia e identidad del sitio. Los índices también serían fundamentales como estímulo a investigaciones de temáticas asociadas y para componerlo que se propone como estratigrafía ecológica de un área.

Abstract Background: Historically, in biology, there have been discrepancies when considering certain taxa within the “native” or “exotic” categories in particular geographic areas. Questions and/or Hypotheses: Do the taxa have inherent qualities that allow establishing formalisms consistent with a principle of priority as a criterion to solve problems derivates of the categorization "native-exotic"? Studied species/ Data description /Mathematical model: Eucalyptus globulus, Phytolacca dioica, Prosopis alba, Schinus longifolius and Tipuana tipu were used as reference species to apply mathematical models called “Ancestrality Indices” that allow formalizing the degree of ancestral quality of a taxon in a given area. Site and years of study: Three areas geographically associated but with discordant characteristics were selected. This work was carried out between 2017 and 2022. Methods: Two types of complementary indices are proposed. The "Índice de Ancestralidad Binario", which starts from the classic distinction of "native-exotic" species and is coded in binary form. The “Scalar Ancestry Index”, which is based on the development of two criteria: a spatial one (“distance to the area of origin”) and a temporal one (“permanence time”). Results: Tables were obtained with the indices mentioned for the species and areas chosen. Conclusions: These indices will be useful, for example, when it is necessary to make decisions that may negatively affect ecosystems, considering the history and identity of the site. The indices would also be fundamental as a stimulus to research on associated themes and to compose the ecological stratigraphy of an area.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los determinantes de la distribución geográfica de las especies pueden informar sobre procesos biológicos clave, y tener implicaciones en conservación. Objetivo: Evaluar si la amplitud climática (una aproximación de la amplitud de nicho) es un predictor de la la distribución geográfica en campanillas y cazahuates en México (género Ipomoea), un grupo diverso y de relevancia socioeconómica y cultural pero poco estudiado. Métodos: Usando más de 30,000 registros, de los cuales > 7,000 fueron georreferenciados manualmente, calculamos, para cada especie, el tamaño de la distribución geográfica (usando polígonos convexos de Hull y vecindades de áreas alrededor de puntos de colecta), así como la amplitud climática (usando los tres primeros ejes de un análisis de componentes principales de las 19 variables de Worldclim, así como enfocada en temperatura, precipitación y estacionalidad). Exploramos la relación entre amplitud geográfica y amplitud climática con modelos lineales generalizados y modelos filogenéticos de mínimos cuadrados generalizados. Resultados: Actualizamos el número de especies de Ipomoea reportadas para México a 178 y mostramos que la amplitud climática explica > 69 % de la variación en el tamaño de la distribución geográfica en las especies estudiadas. Los patrones son similares con amplitudes climáticas basadas en precipitación y temperatura. Conclusiones: La variación en amplitud geográfica en Ipomoea en México es explicada en gran medida por la amplitud climática de las especies y este resultado no está dictado por la filogenia. Discutimos ejemplos de especies con distribuciones geográficas amplias pero amplitudes climáticas estrechas, que pueden ser vulnerables ante ambientes cambiantes.

Abstract Background: Elucidating the determinants of species’ geographic distributions is a fundamental goal of ecology and biogeography, as they can inform about key biological processes, with implications for conservation. Goal: Evaluate whether realized climatic amplitude (a proxy for niche breadth) is an ecological correlate of geographic range size in morning glories in Mexico, a highly diverse group of plants of worldwide socio-economic relevance, but still poorly studied. Methods: Based on a dataset of > 30,000 records of which > 7,000 were manually georeferenced, we calculated geographic range size (using convex hull polygons and buffered occurrence points), and climatic amplitude (using three first axes of Principal Components based on 19 Worldclim variables, and focusing on temperature, precipitation, and seasonality), and explored their relationship using general linear models and phylogenetic generalized least squares. Results: All models show that climatic amplitude explains a high proportion of variation in geographic range size for our dataset (up to > 69 %). We find no evidence of tradeoffs related to temperature and precipitation niche breadths. Through review of reported records, we update the number of species of Ipomoea reported for Mexico to 178. Conclusions: Much of the variation in geographic range size in Mexican Ipomoea can be explained by realized climatic amplitude, and this result is not driven by phylogenetic history. We discuss cases where despite large geographic range sizes, narrow climatic amplitudes can signify higher risks for species in the face of changing environments.

ABSTRACT The climatic cycles of the Pleistocene affected the distribution of the vegetation of different bio-mes, determining the distribution and evolution of the associated fauna. Many studies of Atlantic Forest (AF) organisms suggest that the Pleistocene glacial and interglacial cycles have produced demographically stable populations in the forest’s central region and unstable populations in its southern regions (known as the Car-naval-Moritz model). We studied the phylogeographic structure of an AF passerine, the Black-goggled Tanager (Trichothraupis melanops, Thraupidae) and evaluated questions related to the history of the AF. We analyzed three independent genes, two nuclear and one mitochondrial, using population genetic methods based on summary statistics and traditional phylogeographic methods. Our results suggest that T. melanops shares phylogeographic features with other AF taxa. Even though an effective population size gradient was found between the central and southern populations, which is in agreement with the results of other phylogeographic studies and the forest refugia model (the Carnaval-Moritz model), there is no evidence of a gradient of genetic diversity. In addition, we have found that T. melanops populations show the demographic dynamics expected according to the Carnaval-Moritz model: the inland-southern population was found to be the one with the greatest signs of recent demographic expansion, compared to the central and coastal-southern populations. Although this species is ecologically generalist and not very sensitive to forest fragmentation and degradation, it has been impacted by the historical dynamism of the AF.

RESUMEN Los ciclos climáticos del Pleistoceno afectaron la distribución de la vegetación de diferentes bio-mas, condicionando la distribución y evolución de la fauna asociada. Muchos estudios sobre organismos de la Selva Atlántica (SA) sugieren que los ciclos glaciales e interglaciales del Pleistoceno han producido poblaciones demográficamente estables en la región central de la selva y poblaciones inestables en sus regiones del sur (conocido como modelo Carnaval-Moritz). Estudiamos la estructura filogeográfica de un paseriforme que se distribuye en la SA, el Frutero de Anteojos Negros (Trichothraupis melanops, Thraupidae), y evaluamos preguntas relacionadas con la historia de la SA. Analizamos tres genes independientes, dos nucleares y uno mitocondri Editora Asociada: Bettina Mahler al, utilizando métodos de genética de poblaciones basados en estadísticas sumarias y métodos filogeográficos tradicionales. Nuestros resultados sugieren que T. melanops comparte características filogeográficas con otros taxones de la SA. Si bien se encontró un gradiente de tamaño poblacional efectivo entre las poblaciones del centro y del sur, lo que concuerda con los resultados de otros estudios filogeográficos y el modelo de refugios (el modelo Carnaval-Moritz), no hay evidencia de un gradiente de diversidad genética. Además, hemos encontrado que las poblaciones de T. melanops presentan la dinámica demográfica esperada por el modelo Carnaval-Moritz: la población del centro-sur resultó ser la que presenta mayores signos de expansión demográfica reciente, en comparación con las poblaciones central y de la costa sur. Aunque esta especie es ecológicamente generalista y poco sensible a la fragmentación y degradación forestal, ha sido impactada por el dinamismo histórico de la Selva Atlántica.

Resumen: La biogeografía reconoce patrones de distribución de los seres vivos en el tiempo y en el espacio, y propone hipótesis acerca de los procesos que causaron dichos patrones. También identifica unidades biogeográficas para proporcionar un sistema jerárquico de regionalización biótica del planeta, delimitando áreas naturales. El objetivo de la presente contribución es presentar la regionalización biogeográfica evolutiva de los Esteros del Iberá, con una puesta al día integrando diversas fuentes de información, describiendo las características fundamentales de la misma, las especies características, los endemismos propios de cada unidad biogeográfica evolutiva, discutiéndose además sus relaciones bióticas y evolución geobiótica. De acuerdo al Código Internacional de Nomenclatura de Áreas (ICAN), se proponen las localidades tipo, con sus respectivas coordenadas geográficas, para la provincia Esteros del Iberá y los distritos Delta del Paraná, Río Uruguay y Sabanas Inundables del Paraná.