Abstract Background: Endemism can originate from multiple biogeographic and evolutionary processes that promote the formation or persistence of species with restricted distributions (rare species). Understanding rare species’ distributions is a central question in biogeography and is crucial for biodiversity conservation. Questions: What are the rarest plant species in Mexico? How are they distributed? Under what risk categories should they be classified? Studied species: Vascular species considered rare in the flora of Mexico. Study site: Mexico. Methods: “Rare species” were defined as species endemic to Mexico whose distribution is restricted to a single 1 × 1° cell. We analyzed rare species’ distributions and proposed the risk category for each according to IUCN criteria. For some of the species distributed in the cell with the highest number of rare species, we compared the proposed category with published evaluations. Results: We identified 2,705 rare species. The richest cells in terms of rare species are in southern Mexico. Only 302 species had been previously evaluated under IUCN criteria. The remaining 2,403 qualify for the Near Threatened (NT) category or higher. The cell with the highest rare species richness, located in the Sierra Norte of Oaxaca, contained only 10 species with an existing IUCN risk category; for another 81 species, the categories of Vulnerable (VU), Endangered (EN) or Critically Endangered (CR) are indicated. Conclusions: Recognizing the rarity of these 2,705 species will increase attention on them, allowing more precise appraisal of their extinction risk and possible strategies for their conservation.

Resumen Antecedentes: El endemismo puede originarse a partir de múltiples procesos biogeográficos y evolutivos que promueven la formación o persistencia de especies de distribución restringida o raras. Entender su distribución es una cuestión central en biogeografía y crucial para la conservación de la biodiversidad. Preguntas: ¿Cuáles son las especies de plantas raras en México? ¿Cómo se distribuyen? ¿Bajo qué categorías de riesgo son clasificadas? Especies de estudio: Especies vasculares consideradas raras en la flora de México. Sitio: México. Métodos: Se identificaron las especies endémicas de México cuya distribución se restringe a una sola celda de 1 × 1°, llamadas especies raras. Se analizó su distribución y se propuso una categoría de riesgo de acuerdo con la IUCN; para algunas de ellas incluidas en la celda con mayor número de especies raras se comparó contra evaluaciones publicadas. Resultados: Se identificaron como raras 2,705 especies. Las celdas más ricas se encuentran en el sur del país. Sólo 302 especies han sido evaluadas con los criterios de la IUCN, las restantes 2,403 al menos deberían de tener la categoría de Casi amenazadas (NT). Una celda en la Sierra Norte de Oaxaca contó con la mayor diversidad alfa; sin embargo, sólo 10 de ellas tienen una evaluación por la IUCN, para otras 81 especies se determinaron categorías como Vulnerable (VU), En peligro (EN) y En peligro crítico (CR). Conclusiones: El reconocimiento de 2,705 especies raras permitirá ahora prestarles más atención, definiendo con más detalle su riesgo de extinción y las posibles estrategias para su conservación.

Resumen Antecedentes: Bursera es un género nativo de América tropical y agrupa 114 especies. El occidente de México es su principal centro de diversificación y el sur de la Península de Baja California es un centro de endemismo importante para el género. Preguntas: ¿Cuántas especies de Bursera hay en la Península de Baja California? ¿Dónde se distribuyen? ¿Cuáles son sus estados de conservación? Especies de estudio: Bursera Jacq. ex L. Sitio y años de estudio: La Península de Baja California, México; de 2021 a 2022. Métodos: Se generó una base de datos a partir repositorios electrónicos, herbarios, colectas en campo y literatura especializada. Se calculó la riqueza por división política, provincia biogeográfica, ecorregión y una cuadrícula de 40 × 40 km. Se construyeron modelos de distribución de especies y se estimó el estado de conservación para cada taxón utilizando el criterio B2 de la IUCN que se basa en el área de distribución. Resultados: Se documentaron 11 especies de Bursera en la Península de Baja California, de las cuales siete son endémicas de la misma. La riqueza de especies se concentró en los Matorrales Tropicales del Cabo a elevaciones entre los 0 y los 500 m. Cinco especies se clasificaron en alguna categoría de riesgo según los criterios de la IUCN. Conclusiones: El presente trabajo amplía el conocimiento sobre la distribución y estado de conservación del género Bursera en la Península de Baja California.

Abstract Background: Bursera is a genus native to tropical America and groups around 114 species. Western Mexico is its main center of diversification, and the south of the Baja California Peninsula is an important center of endemism for the genus. Questions: How many species of Bursera are there in the Baja California Peninsula? Where are they distributed? Which is their status of conservation? Studied species: The species of Bursera of the Baja California Peninsula. Study site and dates: The Baja California Peninsula, Mexico; from 2021 to 2022. Methods: A database was generated from electronic repositories, herbaria, field collections and specialized literature. Species richness was calculated by political division, biogeographic province, ecoregion, and a 40 × 40 km grid. Species distribution models were built, and the conservation status was estimated for each taxon using the IUCN B2 criterion. Results: In the Baja California Peninsula 11 species of Bursera were documented, of which seven are endemic. Species richness was concentrated in the Cape Tropical Shrubland at elevations between 0 and 500 m. Five species were classified in some risk category. Conclusions: The present work expands knowledge about the distribution and conservation status of Bursera in the Baja California Peninsula.

ABSTRACT Amazonia (defined herein as the Amazon basin) is home to the greatest concentration of biodiversity on Earth, providing unique genetic resources and ecological functions that contribute to ecosystem services globally. The lengthy and complex evolutionary history of this region has produced heterogeneous landscapes and riverscapes at multiple scales, altered the geographic and genetic connections among populations, and impacted rates of adaptation, speciation, and extinction. In turn, ecologically diverse Amazonian biotas promoted further diversification, species coexistence, and coevolution, with biodiversity accumulating over tens of millions of years. Important events in Amazonian history included: (i) late Cretaceous and early Paleogene origin of major rainforest plant and animal groups; (ii) Eocene-Oligocene global cooling with rainforests contracting to tropical latitudes separating Atlantic coastal and Amazonian rainforests; (iii) Miocene uplift of central and northern Andes that separated Pacific coastal and Amazonian rainforests, spurred formation of mega-wetlands in the western Amazon, and contributed to the origin of the modern transcontinental Amazon River; (iv) late Neogene formation of the Panamanian Isthmus that facilitated the Great American Biotic Interchange; (v) Pleistocene climate oscillations followed by late Pleistocene-Holocene human colonization and megafaunal extinctions; and (vi) modern era of widespread anthropogenic deforestation, defaunation, and ecological transformations of regional landscapes and global climates. Amazonian conservation requires decade-scale investments into biodiversity documentation and monitoring to leverage existing scientific capacity, and strategic habitat planning to allow continuity of evolutionary and ecological processes now and into the future. defined basin Earth globally scales populations adaptation speciation extinction turn diversification coexistence coevolution years included i (i groups ii (ii EoceneOligocene Eocene Oligocene iii (iii megawetlands mega wetlands River iv (iv Interchange v (v PleistoceneHolocene Holocene extinctions vi (vi deforestation defaunation climates decadescale decade scale capacity future

RESUMEN La Amazonía (definida como la cuenca amazónica) concentra la mayor biodiversidad de la Tierra, proporcionando recursos genéticos y funciones ecológicas únicas que contribuyen a los servicios ecosistémicos a nivel mundial. La compleja historia evolutiva de esta región produjo paisajes heterogéneos a múltiples escalas geográficas, alteró las conexiones geográficas y genéticas entre las poblaciones e influyó en las tasas de adaptación, especiación y extinción. Las biotas amazónicas, ecológicamente diversas, promovieron una mayor diversificación, coexistencia de especies y coevolución, acumulando biodiversidad a lo largo de decenas de millones de años. Acontecimientos importantes en la historia de la Amazonía incluyeron: (i) orígenes durante el Cretácico tardío y el Paleógeno temprano de los principales grupos de plantas y animales; (ii) enfriamiento global del Eoceno-Oligoceno, contrayendo los bosques a latitudes tropicales y separando los de la costa Atlántica de los amazónicos; (iii) levantamiento de los Andes centrales y del norte en el Mioceno, separando las selvas tropicales de la costa del Pacífico y de la Amazonía, estimulando la formación de megahumedales en la Amazonía occidental y contribuyendo al origen del moderno Río Amazonas transcontinental; (iv) formación del istmo de Panamá durante el Neógeno tardío, facilitando el Gran Intercambio Biótico Americano; (v) oscilaciones climáticas del Pleistoceno seguidas por la colonización humana y las extinciones de megafauna; (vi) era moderna de deforestación antropogénica generalizada, defaunación y transformaciones ecológicas de paisajes regionales y climas globales. La conservación de la Amazonía requiere inversiones por décadas en la documentación y el seguimiento de la biodiversidad para impulsar la capacidad científica existente, así como la planificación estratégica del hábitat para permitir la continuidad de los actuales y futuros procesos evolutivos y ecológicos. definida amazónica Tierra mundial adaptación extinción amazónicas diversas diversificación coevolución años incluyeron i (i animales ii (ii EocenoOligoceno, EocenoOligoceno Eoceno Oligoceno, Oligoceno Eoceno-Oligoceno amazónicos iii (iii Mioceno transcontinental iv (iv Americano v (v megafauna vi (vi generalizada globales existente ecológicos

Abstract The goal of this paper is to characterize the human use of space in the region of Melipeuco (Cautín, Province, La Araucanía, Chile) by analyzing the spatial distribution of archaeological sites during the Holocene in relation to the ecological and anthropic factors that may have shaped it. We propose a hierarchization of space considering the regional topography and its relationship with hydrology, temperature, moisture, seasonality, and vegetal biomass. We identify preliminary tendencies in the distribution of sites across space and time and in association with the structure of the landscape. Building on this, and by means of a GIS-based approach, we propose a model of human use of space incorporating the geographic variability of this highland setting.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir a la caracterización del uso humano del espacio de la región de Melipeuco (Provincia de Cautín, La Araucanía, Chile), considerando tendencias espaciales de los asentamientos en el área durante el Holoceno y los factores y procesos naturales y humanos que influyeron en ello. Se realiza una jerarquización del paisaje considerando la incidencia del marco topográfico y su relación con variables hídricas, bioclimáticas de temperatura, humedad, estacionalidad y de biomasa fotosintéticamente activa. A partir de los resultados, se generan expectativas sobre las tendencias espaciales y temporales preliminares en la distribución de los sitios con relación a la heterogeneidad ambiental. A partir de estos datos se construye un modelo SIG que sugiere cierto grado de variabilidad y heterogeneidad en el uso de estos entornos andinos de Sudamérica.

Abstract A synthesis of the study of grinding technology in the Blanco River basin (Mendoza, Argentina), between 1550 and 860 cal. BP. The record includes 41 artifacts from four archaeological sites located in two environments: Cordillera Frontal (2300 masl) and Potrerillos Valley (1300 masl). Technical-morphological and morphological-functional analyses are used for the spatial and temporal comparison of such technology from the perspective of Technological Organisation and Human Biogeography. The existence of different technological strategies is proposed for each environment, in relation to the availability of lithic and vegetables resources in each space, as well as the mobility and settlement patterns of groups with diversified economic bases. Changes over time in economic and technological strategies are proposed, influenced by environmental and social factors, from which grinding practices became more important for subsistence. These interpretations contribute to the understanding of the evolution of grinding practices and their role in economic diversification in the region.

Resumen Se presenta la síntesis de un estudio de la tecnología de molienda de la cuenca del río Blanco (Mendoza, Argentina), entre 1550 y 860 años cal. AP. El registro abordado incluye 41 artefactos procedentes de cuatro sitios arqueológicos ubicados en dos ambientes: cordillera Frontal (2300 msnm) y valle de Potrerillos (1300 msnm). Se emplean análisis técnico-morfológicos y morfológico-funcionales para la comparación espacial y temporal de dicha tecnología desde la perspectiva de la Organización Tecnológica y la Biogeografía Humana. Se plantea la existencia de diferentes estrategias tecnológicas para cada ambiente en relación a la disponibilidad de recursos líticos y vegetales de cada espacio y a los patrones de movilidad y asentamiento de grupos con bases económicas diversificadas. Se propone la existencia de cambios en las estrategias económicas y tecnológicas vinculados a condiciones ambientales y factores sociales que implicaron un énfasis creciente en las prácticas de molienda. Estas interpretaciones contribuyen a comprender la evolución de las prácticas de molienda y su papel en la diversificación económica en la región.

Abstract A new species of Pimelodella is described from the rio Paraguai basin in Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso States, Brazil. The new species distinguishes from all other members of the genus based on a unique combination of characteristics, which include: dorsal profile straight from snout to dorsal-fin, maxillary barbel reaching at least the anal-fin terminus when parallel to main body axis, robust dorsal-fin spine bearing small spinules along three-fourths of its posterior margin, 41–42 total vertebrae (rarely 43 or 44), 13–23 large and retrorse blades at the posterior margin of the pectoral-fin spine, and dorsolateral region of body slightly darkened. This study also discusses the ichthyofaunal similarities between the Paraguai and Amazon basins, shedding light on their biogeographic history. Additionally, the research includes considerations about the sexual dimorphism of Pimelodella and provides an identification key for the Pimelodella species found in the Paraguai basin. States Brazil characteristics include dorsalfin, dorsalfin fin, fin analfin anal axis threefourths three fourths 4142 41 42 41–4 rarely 4 44, 44 , 44) 1323 13 23 13–2 pectoralfin pectoral darkened basins history Additionally 414 41– 132 1 2 13–

Resumo Uma nova espécie de Pimelodella é descrita da bacia do rio Paraguai, nos Estados de Mato Grosso do Sul e Mato Grosso, Brasil. A nova espécie se distingue de todas as suas congêneres por apresentar uma combinação exclusiva de características, que incluem: perfil da região anterior do corpo reto do focinho à nadadeira dorsal, barbilhão maxilar alcançando pelo menos o término da nadadeira anal quando paralelo ao eixo principal do corpo, espinho da nadadeira dorsal robusto e apresentando pequenas espínulas nos três-quartos distais da sua margem posterior, 41–42 vértebras totais (raramente 43 ou 44), espinho da nadadeira peitoral apresentando 13–23 lâminas grandes e retrorsas na sua margem posterior, e região dorsolateral do corpo ligeiramente mais escura que o restante. Este estudo também discute as similaridades entre a ictiofauna das bacias do Paraguai e Amazônica, abordando a história biogeográfica entre ambas as regiões. Adicionalmente, considerações acerca do dimorfismo sexual de Pimelodella são apresentadas, além de uma chave de identificação para as espécies de Pimelodella encontradas na bacia do Paraguai. Brasil características incluem trêsquartos três quartos posterior 4142 41 42 41–4 raramente 4 44, 44 , 44) 1323 13 23 13–2 restante Amazônica regiões Adicionalmente apresentadas 414 41– 132 1 2 13–

Abstract The upper rio Paraná basin drains the most developed and environmentally degraded region in South America: the Brazilian southeast. While it is one of the most well-known Neotropical fish assemblages, it is also one of the most threatened by anthropic activity. Urbanization, deforestation, dam construction, invasive species, and water pollution not only reduce the living area of species but also alter our perception of the basin and its biotic elements. Such changes are so profound and pervasive that raise uncertainties about the native or non-native status of several species. This paper aims to offer a detailed picture of the native diversity and historical biogeography of the fishes in the upper rio Paraná basin, which we hope will offer a solid foundation for future conservation policies. We update the list of native species, analyze geographical distributions, and identify biogeographical patterns, emphasizing areas requiring recognition as distinct biotas for conservation efforts. Over the past 15 years, more than 100 additional species have been described or recorded, expanding the total to 341 native species belonging to six orders and 30 families, making it the richest river basin in Brazil outside the Amazonian region. Unlike most neotropical basins where Characidae dominates, loricariids make up nearly one-fourth of the total fish diversity in the region. Species and clades concentrate in the central basin, while endemics are confined to peripheral areas due to the complex biogeographical history shared with neighboring basins. Eighteen distinct biogeographical regions are identified, discussing their composition, histories, and conservation implications. The upper rio Paraná basin has 10% of its fish fauna ranked as endangered and present 128 non-native species, including three hybrids. This places it as the major drainage with the largest number of endangered taxa in the neotropics and at the same time the one with the most numerous non-native elements. Existing protected areas are deemed ineffective in preserving diverse assemblages and fail to safeguard the majority of threatened and narrowly-endemic species. America southeast wellknown well known activity Urbanization deforestation construction elements nonnative non policies distributions patterns efforts 1 years 10 recorded 34 3 families dominates onefourth fourth identified composition histories implications 12 hybrids narrowlyendemic narrowly endemic

Resumo A bacia do alto rio Paraná drena a região mais desenvolvida e ambientalmente degradada da América do Sul: o sudeste brasileiro. Ao mesmo tempo que é uma das assembleias de peixes neotropicais mais conhecidas, também é uma das mais ameaçadas pela atividade antrópica. Urbanização, desmatamento, barramentos de usinas, espécies invasoras e poluição da água não apenas reduzem a área de vida das espécies, mas também alteram nossa percepção da bacia e de seus elementos bióticos. Essas mudanças ambientais são tão profundas e abrangentes que geram incertezas sobre a natureza nativa ou não nativa de várias espécies. Este artigo visa oferecer uma visão detalhada da diversidade nativa e da biogeografia histórica dos peixes da bacia do alto rio Paraná, fornecendo uma base sólida para futuras políticas de conservação. Atualizamos a lista de espécies nativas, analisamos distribuições geográficas e identificamos padrões biogeográficos, enfatizando áreas que requerem reconhecimento como biotas distintas para esforços de conservação. Nos últimos 15 anos, mais de 100 espécies adicionais foram descritas ou registradas, expandindo o total para 341 espécies nativas pertencentes a seis ordens e 30 famílias, tornando-a a bacia hidrográfica mais rica do Brasil fora da região amazônica. Ao contrário da maioria das bacias neotropicais em que Characidae domina, os loricariídeos constituem quase um quarto da diversidade total de peixes na região. Espécies e clados se concentram na região central da bacia, enquanto elementos endêmicos estão restritos a áreas periféricas devido à complexa história biogeográfica compartilhada com bacias vizinhas. Dezoito regiões biogeográficas distintas são identificadas, sua composição, biogeografia e conservação são discutidas. A bacia do alto rio Paraná possui 10% de sua ictiofauna classificada como ameaçada e apresenta 128 espécies não nativas, incluindo três híbridos. Isso a posiciona como a drenagem com o maior número de táxons ameaçados nos trópicos ao mesmo tempo que tem a maior riqueza de elementos não nativos. As áreas protegidas existentes são consideradas ineficazes na preservação das diferentes assembleias e falham em proteger a maioria das espécies ameaçadas e as endêmicas. Sul brasileiro conhecidas antrópica Urbanização desmatamento usinas bióticos biogeográficos 1 anos 10 registradas 34 3 famílias tornandoa tornando amazônica domina vizinhas identificadas composição discutidas 12 híbridos nativos endêmicas

ABSTRACT Spathodea campanulata Beauv. (Bignoniaceae) is a plant frequently employed in the ornamentation of public squares and gardens, attributed to its rapid growth and showy flowers. However, its use is controversial due to the potentially toxic nectar, which can lead to significant mortality rates among various stingless bee species in Brazil, posing a risk to native biodiversity and disrupting natural ecosystems. The aim of this study was to quantify and identify the species of stingless bees found dead within the flowers of the Spathodea campanulata plant. This investigation was conducted at the Ondina Campus of the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Brazil. Over a 15-day flowering period, 86 flowers from three specimens of this species were collected. After flower collection, the dead insects found within the flowers were extracted, stored, and identified at the Laboratory of Insect Bionomics, Biogeography, and Systematics (BIOSIS) at UFBA. The analysis revealed that all floral visitors were Hymenoptera insects, with 98.1% identified as bees (Apidae and Meliponini). In conclusion, S. campanulataflowers contain toxic compounds with insecticidal properties, leading to increased mortality among certain Melipona bee species. Melipona scutellaris and Apis mellifera bees are occasional visitors of the S. campanulata flowers; hence the lower mortality rates of these species. Given the damage caused by S. campanulata on native biodiversity, it is advised to avoid cultivating it in public squares, gardens, or in proximity to bee hives. Beauv Bignoniaceae (Bignoniaceae gardens However nectar Brazil ecosystems UFBA, UFBA , (UFBA) 15day day 15 period 8 collected collection extracted stored Bionomics Biogeography BIOSIS (BIOSIS 981 98 1 98.1 Apidae Meliponini. Meliponini . Meliponini) conclusion S properties hives (UFBA 9 98.

RESUMO Spathodea campanulata Beauv. (Bignoniaceae) é uma planta frequentemente utilizada na ornamentação de praças públicas e jardins, atribuída ao seu rápido crescimento e flores vistosas. No entanto, seu uso é controverso devido ao néctar potencialmente tóxico, que pode levar a taxas significativas de mortalidade entre várias espécies de abelhas sem ferrão no Brasil, representando um risco para a biodiversidade nativa e interrompendo os ecossistemas naturais. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar e identificar as espécies de abelhas sem ferrão encontradas mortas dentro das flores da planta Spathodea campanulata. Esta investigação foi conduzida no Campus de Ondina da Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Brasil. Durante um período de floração de 15 dias, foram coletadas 86 flores de três espécimes desta espécie. Após a coleta das flores, os insetos mortos encontrados dentro delas foram extraídos, armazenados e identificados no Laboratório de Bionomia, Biogeografia e Sistemática de Insetos (BIOSIS) da UFBA. A análise revelou que todos os visitantes florais eram insetos Hymenoptera, com 98,1% identificados como abelhas (Apidae e Meliponini). Em conclusão, as flores de S. campanulata contêm compostos tóxicos com propriedades inseticidas, levando a um aumento da mortalidade em certas espécies de abelhas Melipona. As abelhas Melipona scutellaris e Apis mellifera são visitantes ocasionais das flores de S. campanulata; portanto, apresentam taxas de mortalidade mais baixas. Dado o dano causado por S. campanulata na biodiversidade nativa, é aconselhável evitar o seu cultivo em praças públicas, jardins ou próximo a colmeias de abelhas. Beauv Bignoniaceae (Bignoniaceae vistosas entanto tóxico Brasil naturais UFBA, UFBA , (UFBA) 1 dias 8 espécie extraídos Bionomia BIOSIS (BIOSIS Hymenoptera 981 98 98,1 Apidae Meliponini. Meliponini . Meliponini) conclusão S inseticidas portanto baixas (UFBA 9 98,

Resumo Listrura é um gênero de pequenos bagres da família Trichomycteridae, que compreende 12 espécies válidas ocorrendo em drenagens costeiras do Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, todas com hábitos fossoriais e morfologia anguiliforme. Aqui é descrita uma nova espécie de Listrura conhecida de apenas dois exemplares coletados em um intervalo de 24 anos, a fim de torná-la taxonomicamente disponível para inventários de biodiversidade e decisões de conservação. A nova espécie é morfologicamente distinguível de suas congêneres pela combinação do número de raios da nadadeira peitoral, número de vértebras livres, número de raios procorrentes caudais, número de odontódeos interoperculares e pela posição anterior das nadadeiras dorsal e anal. Sequências parciais do gene mitocondrial cox1 foram utilizadas para inferir as relações filogenéticas e a biogeografia da nova espécie e de suas congêneres. A nova espécie é o primeiro peixe de água doce endêmico de uma ilha continental do Bioma da Mata Atlântica, e o segundo tricomicterídeo endêmico de uma ilha. Trichomycteridae 1 Brasil anguiliforme 2 anos tornála torná la conservação peitoral livres caudais anal cox Atlântica

Abstract Listrura is a genus of small pencil catfishes of Trichomycteridae that currently comprises 12 valid species in coastal drainages of Southern and Southeastern Brazil, all with fossorial dwelling habitats and eel-like morphology. Here, we describe a new species of Listrura known from only two specimens collected in an interval of 24 years in order to make it taxonomically available for biodiversity inventories and conservation decisions. The new species is morphologically distinguished from its congeners by the combination of features, as pectoral-fin rays counts, number of free vertebrae, number caudal-fin procurrent rays, interopercular odontodes counts and the anterior-most position of dorsal and anal fin. Partial sequences of the mitochondrial gene cox1 were used to infer the phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of the new species and its congeners. The new species is the first freshwater fish endemic to a continental island in the Atlantic Forest Biome, and only the second trichomycterid endemic of an island. 1 Brazil eellike eel like morphology Here 2 decisions features pectoralfin pectoral fin vertebrae caudalfin caudal anteriormost anterior most cox Biome

Resumen Antecedentes: Históricamente en biología ha habido discrepancias a la hora de considerar a ciertos taxones dentro de las categorías “nativo” o “exótico” en determinadas áreas geográficas. Preguntas y/o hipótesis: ¿Tienen los taxones cualidades inherentes que permitan establecer formalismos concordantes con un principio de prioridad como criterio para resolver los problemas derivados de la categorización “nativo-exótico”? Especies de estudio/Descripción de datos/Modelo matemático: Se utilizaron Eucalyptus globulus, Phytolacca dioica, Prosopis alba, Schinus longifolius y Tipuana tipu como especies de referencia para aplicar los modelos matemáticos denominados “Índices de Ancestralidad” que permitan formalizar el grado de cualidad ancestral de un taxón en un área determinada, Sitio y años de estudio: Tres áreas asociadas geográficamente pero con características discordantes fueron seleccionadas. Este trabajo se realizó entre 2017 y 2022. Métodos: Se proponen dos tipos de índices complementarios. El “Índice de Ancestralidad Binario”, que parte de la distinción clásica de especie “nativa-exótica” y se codifica en forma binaria. El “Índice de Ancestralidad Escalar”, que se basa en el desarrollo de dos criterios: uno espacial (“distancia al área de origen”) y otro temporal (“tiempo de permanencia”). Resultado: Se obtuvieron tablas con los índices mencionados para las especies y áreas elegidas. Conclusiones: Estos índices resultarán útiles, por ejemplo, cuando sea necesario tomar decisiones que puedan afectar negativamente a los ecosistemas, considerando la historia e identidad del sitio. Los índices también serían fundamentales como estímulo a investigaciones de temáticas asociadas y para componerlo que se propone como estratigrafía ecológica de un área.

Abstract Background: Historically, in biology, there have been discrepancies when considering certain taxa within the “native” or “exotic” categories in particular geographic areas. Questions and/or Hypotheses: Do the taxa have inherent qualities that allow establishing formalisms consistent with a principle of priority as a criterion to solve problems derivates of the categorization "native-exotic"? Studied species/ Data description /Mathematical model: Eucalyptus globulus, Phytolacca dioica, Prosopis alba, Schinus longifolius and Tipuana tipu were used as reference species to apply mathematical models called “Ancestrality Indices” that allow formalizing the degree of ancestral quality of a taxon in a given area. Site and years of study: Three areas geographically associated but with discordant characteristics were selected. This work was carried out between 2017 and 2022. Methods: Two types of complementary indices are proposed. The "Índice de Ancestralidad Binario", which starts from the classic distinction of "native-exotic" species and is coded in binary form. The “Scalar Ancestry Index”, which is based on the development of two criteria: a spatial one (“distance to the area of origin”) and a temporal one (“permanence time”). Results: Tables were obtained with the indices mentioned for the species and areas chosen. Conclusions: These indices will be useful, for example, when it is necessary to make decisions that may negatively affect ecosystems, considering the history and identity of the site. The indices would also be fundamental as a stimulus to research on associated themes and to compose the ecological stratigraphy of an area.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los determinantes de la distribución geográfica de las especies pueden informar sobre procesos biológicos clave, y tener implicaciones en conservación. Objetivo: Evaluar si la amplitud climática (una aproximación de la amplitud de nicho) es un predictor de la la distribución geográfica en campanillas y cazahuates en México (género Ipomoea), un grupo diverso y de relevancia socioeconómica y cultural pero poco estudiado. Métodos: Usando más de 30,000 registros, de los cuales > 7,000 fueron georreferenciados manualmente, calculamos, para cada especie, el tamaño de la distribución geográfica (usando polígonos convexos de Hull y vecindades de áreas alrededor de puntos de colecta), así como la amplitud climática (usando los tres primeros ejes de un análisis de componentes principales de las 19 variables de Worldclim, así como enfocada en temperatura, precipitación y estacionalidad). Exploramos la relación entre amplitud geográfica y amplitud climática con modelos lineales generalizados y modelos filogenéticos de mínimos cuadrados generalizados. Resultados: Actualizamos el número de especies de Ipomoea reportadas para México a 178 y mostramos que la amplitud climática explica > 69 % de la variación en el tamaño de la distribución geográfica en las especies estudiadas. Los patrones son similares con amplitudes climáticas basadas en precipitación y temperatura. Conclusiones: La variación en amplitud geográfica en Ipomoea en México es explicada en gran medida por la amplitud climática de las especies y este resultado no está dictado por la filogenia. Discutimos ejemplos de especies con distribuciones geográficas amplias pero amplitudes climáticas estrechas, que pueden ser vulnerables ante ambientes cambiantes.

Abstract Background: Elucidating the determinants of species’ geographic distributions is a fundamental goal of ecology and biogeography, as they can inform about key biological processes, with implications for conservation. Goal: Evaluate whether realized climatic amplitude (a proxy for niche breadth) is an ecological correlate of geographic range size in morning glories in Mexico, a highly diverse group of plants of worldwide socio-economic relevance, but still poorly studied. Methods: Based on a dataset of > 30,000 records of which > 7,000 were manually georeferenced, we calculated geographic range size (using convex hull polygons and buffered occurrence points), and climatic amplitude (using three first axes of Principal Components based on 19 Worldclim variables, and focusing on temperature, precipitation, and seasonality), and explored their relationship using general linear models and phylogenetic generalized least squares. Results: All models show that climatic amplitude explains a high proportion of variation in geographic range size for our dataset (up to > 69 %). We find no evidence of tradeoffs related to temperature and precipitation niche breadths. Through review of reported records, we update the number of species of Ipomoea reported for Mexico to 178. Conclusions: Much of the variation in geographic range size in Mexican Ipomoea can be explained by realized climatic amplitude, and this result is not driven by phylogenetic history. We discuss cases where despite large geographic range sizes, narrow climatic amplitudes can signify higher risks for species in the face of changing environments.

Summary Background and aims: Hippeastrinae originated in South America and then migrated to North America. Mexico represents a center of diversity of the group and the Mexican Transition Zone concentrates the highest species richness. The aims of this work were to estimate the species richness of Hippeastrinae in Mexico, to analyze the geographic distribution and to identify areas of richness. M&M: A database was created from herbarium specimens, electronic resources, and literature. Using geographic information systems, we estimated the species richness and distribution by state, region and biogeographic province; vegetation type, latitude, longitude and elevation. Additionally, the species richness was analyzed using a grid cell of 50 x 50 km2. Results: Fourty-five species of Hippeastrinae occur in Mexico. The database integrated 1359 georeferenced records. Hippeastrinae was recorded in 31 states, in all regions, biogeographic provinces and vegetation types. It occurs from 15.9 to 31.8° latitude, from 88.2 to 118.3° longitude and from 0 to 3508 m a.s.l. San Luis Potosí had the greatest species richness and endemism. The Neotropical region host the largest number of species. The Sierra Madre Oriental province harbors the greatest species richness and the richest cells. The group resulted particularly diverse in coniferous and oak forest, xeric shrubland and agriculture-aquaculture farmland. Conclusions: Hippeastrinae exhibit a modern neotropical pattern of richness and distribution. The species richness and endemism were concentrated in the Neotropical region and the Mexican Transition Zone. The Sierra Madre Oriental is a center of diversity of the group.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: Hippeastrinae se originó en Sudamérica y después migró a Norteamérica. México representa uno de sus centros de diversidad y la Zona de Transición Mexicana concentra la mayor riqueza. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron estimar la riqueza de Hippeastrinae en México, analizar su distribución geográfica e identificar las áreas de riqueza. M&M: Se elaboró una base de datos a partir de ejemplares de herbario, recursos electrónicos y literatura. Con el uso de sistemas de información geográfica estimamos la riqueza de especies y distribución por estado, región y provincia biogeográfica, tipo de vegetación, latitud, longitud y elevación. Adicionalmente, la riqueza de especies fue estimada en celdas de 50 x 50 km2. Resultados: Cuarenta y cinco especies de Hippeastrinae ocurren en México. La base de datos integró 1359 registros georreferenciados. Hippeastrinae se encontró en 31 estados, en todas las regiones, provincias biogeográficas y tipos de vegetación. Prospera en 15,9-31,8° de latitud, 88,2-118,3° de longitud y de 0 a 3508 m s.n.m. San Luis Potosí tuvo la mayor riqueza y endemismo. La región Neotropical presenta la mayor cantidad de especies. La Sierra Madre Oriental alberga la mayor riqueza de especies y las celdas más ricas. El grupo resultó diverso en el bosque de coniferas y encino, el matorral xerófilo y las zonas agrícola-acuícola. Conclusiones: Hippeastrinae presenta el patrón de distribución y riqueza neotropical moderno. La riqueza y endemismo está en la región Neotropical y la Zona de Transición Mexicana. La Sierra Madre Oriental representa un centro de diversidad del grupo.

Abstract Are there limits to religious freedom? The short answer is yes. The limits derive from the role of religion in the interpretation of the laws of the universe and in cementing ethnic identity. This dual role can be observed in the amalgamation of the ancestral ethnic religion of the Aztecs and the Mesoamerican religious concepts that contained, e.g., ecological knowledge and experience. The Roman Empire adopted a similar albeit not identical approach during the Principate, but said approach was abandoned in favour of religious conformity during the Dominate. As the result of the defeat of the Occident in the Crusades in addition to the wars of religion in the 16th and 17th centuries, religion was manipulated, and attempts have been undertaken to replace religion with ideologies rooted in the Occidental modernity (at times camouflaged as laicity). As religion has contained correctives and controls against violations against the laws of the Universe and have supported ethnic diversity, such manipulations and attempted replacements represent slavery to ideologies instead of freedom thus precluding protection under religious freedom.

Resumen ¿Hay límites a la libertad religiosa? La respuesta corta es sí. Los límites derivan del papel de la religión en la interpretación de las leyes del universo y en la consolidación de la identidad étnica. Este papel dual se puede observar en la amalgama de la religión étnica ancestral de los aztecas y en los conceptos religiosos mesoamericanos que contenían, por ejemplo, conocimiento y experiencia ecológicos. El Imperio Romano adoptó un enfoque similar, aunque no idéntico durante el Principado, pero dicho enfoque fue abandonado en favor de la conformidad religiosa durante el Dominio. Como resultado de la derrota de Occidente en las Cruzadas, además de las guerras de religión de los siglos XVI y XVII, se ha manipulado la religión y se ha intentado sustituir la religión por ideologías arraigadas en la modernidad occidental (a veces camufladas de laicismo). Como la religión ha contenido correctivos y controles contra las violaciones a las leyes del universo y ha apoyado la diversidad étnica, tales manipulaciones e intentos de reemplazo representan la esclavitud a las ideologías en lugar de la libertad, lo que impide la protección bajo la libertad religiosa.

ABSTRACT Background. Corals and coral reefs of the eastern Pacific are distributed discontinuously from the Gulf of California to Huatulco, Mexico, and from Los Cóbanos, El Salvador, to northern Peru. The most southeastern coral community in the Mexican Pacific was Tejoncito (Huatulco Bays); however, recent surveys extend the distribution to La Blanca Island. Objective. To make known the characteristics, conditions, and fauna associated with the coral community of La Blanca Island. Methods. During 2016, surveys were conducted around La Blanca Island, where a small coral community was in the northern portion but not in the east and west. Results. The coral community is located at approximately 3 m depth and under a strong current; it is small and characterized by a relatively low coral cover (10 %) of the species Pocillopora damicornis, Pocillopora capitata, and Pocillopora verrucosa. Three coral species, 13 echinoderm species, and 50 fish species were recorded, all commonly associated with coral communities and reefs of the eastern tropical Pacific. The presence of corals on La Blanca Island is relevant because it corresponds to the most southeastern record in the Mexican Pacific (55 km East of Tejoncito, in the area of Huatulco Bays); the record is striking because it is located in a region with strong upwelling, high productivity, drastic changes in water temperature and low pH and Ωarag values, all of which are not very favorable for larval settlement, coral growth, and the development of coral communities. Conclusions. The current record not only broadens the spatial distribution range of corals and coral communities in the Mexican Pacific but also represents an opportunity to study the development of reef-building corals under harsh environmental conditions.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. Los corales y arrecifes coralinos del Pacífico oriental se distribuyen de manera discontinua desde el Golfo de California hasta Huatulco, México y de Los Cóbanos, El Salvador hasta el norte de Perú. Se consideraba que la comunidad coralina más suroriental en el Pacífico mexicano era El Tejoncito (bahías de Huatulco); sin embargo, recientes prospecciones extienden la distribución a isla La Blanca. Objetivo. Dar a conocer las características, condición y fauna asociada a la comunidad coralina de isla La Blanca. Métodos. Durante 2016 se realizaron prospecciones alrededor de isla La Blanca en donde se ubicó una pequeña comunidad coralina en la porción norte, no así en su parte este y oeste. Resultados. La comunidad coralina se encuentra aproximadamente a 3 m de profundidad y bajo una fuerte corriente, es pequeña y está caracterizada por una relativa baja cobertura de coral (10 %) de las especies Pocillopora damicornis, Pocillopora capitata y Pocillopora verrucosa. Se registraron tres especies de corales, 13 de equinodermos y 50 de peces, todos ellos comúnmente asociados a comunidades y arrecifes coralinos del Pacífico oriental tropical. La presencia de corales en isla La Blanca es de relevancia pues corresponde al registro más suroriental en el Pacífico mexicano (55 km al oriente de Tejoncito, en el área de bahías de Huatulco); el registro llama la atención por ubicarse en una región con fuertes surgencias, alta productividad, cambios drásticos en la temperatura del agua y con valores bajos de pH y Ωarag, características, todas ellas, poco favorables para el asentamiento de larvas, crecimiento de corales y el desarrollo de comunidades coralinas. Conclusiones. El presente registro no solo amplía el rango de distribución espacial de los corales y comunidades coralinas del Pacífico mexicano, representa una oportunidad para estudiar el desarrollo de corales formadores de arrecifes en condiciones ambientales poco propicias.