Resumen La floricultura es un sector de creciente importancia a nivel mundial, contribuyendo a la generación de empleo, ingresos y a la promoción de la biodiversidad y la sostenibilidad. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los factores que influyen en la adopción de la floricultura como cultivo alternativo en la provincia de Leoncio Prado, Perú, y evaluar su viabilidad económica. Para ello, se encuestó a 269 agricultores, analizando actitudes, aptitud de la tierra, factores socioeconómicos y ambientales. Mediante análisis descriptivo, pruebas de chi-cuadrado y regresión logística (p < 0,1) se seleccionaron los factores influyentes. Además, se emplearon múltiples algoritmos de aprendizaje automático (Árboles de Decisión, Regresión Logística, KNN, SVM, Ensemble, Redes Neuronales, Naive Bayes) con validación cruzada (k = 5) y métricas AUC para modelar la intención de adopción. Se desarrollaron escenarios incrementando la predisposición a adoptar la floricultura, y se realizó un análisis económico de ocho especies tropicales (Ginger Rojo, Anturio, Bastón del Emperador, Heliconia, Gardenia, Pico de Loro, Heliconias Golden, Maracas). Los resultados revelan que la disposición a cambiar de cultivo, la participación en campañas de sensibilización, la destinación de áreas a la conservación y el control de costos son factores clave. El modelo de redes neuronales alcanzó un AUC de 83,3% y escenarios mejorados indican que la adopción podría incrementar hasta en 11,32%. El Ginger Rojo demostró alta rentabilidad (VAN S/10428; TIR 51%; PRI 0,7 años). En conclusión, la floricultura representa una alternativa económica y ambientalmente viable que contribuye a la diversificación agrícola y a la sostenibilidad.

Abstract Floriculture is a sector of growing global importance, contributing to employment generation, income creation, and the promotion of biodiversity and sustainability. This study aimed to identify the factors influencing the adoption of floriculture as an alternative crop in the province of Leoncio Prado, Peru, and to assess its economic viability. A total of 269 farmers were surveyed, analyzing attitudes, land suitability, and socioeconomic and environmental factors. Influential factors were identified using descriptive analysis, chi-square tests, and logistic regression (p < 0.1). Additionally, multiple machine learning algorithms (Decision Trees, Logistic Regression, KNN, SVM, Ensemble, Neural Networks, Naive Bayes) with cross-validation (k = 5) and AUC metrics were employed to model adoption intentions. Scenarios were developed to increase the willingness to adopt floriculture, and an economic analysis of eight tropical species (Red Ginger, Anthurium, Emperor's Staff, Heliconia, Gardenia, Parrot's Beak, Golden Heliconias, Maracas) was conducted. The results reveal that willingness to change crops, participation in awareness campaigns, allocation of areas for conservation, and cost control are key factors. The neural network model achieved an AUC of 83.3%, and improved scenarios indicate that adoption could increase by up to 11.32%. Red Ginger demonstrated high profitability (NPV S/10428; IRR 51%; PBP 0.7 years). In conclusion, floriculture represents an economically and environmentally viable alternative that contributes to agricultural diversification and sustainability.

In this research, the phytochemical study of extracts from the leaves of Siparuna cymosa, an endemic species in Brazil, was carried out for the first time, and evaluated the cytotoxic activity of this extract against leukemia cell lines. The dried leaves were powdered and subjected to extraction by exhaustive maceration with pure organic solvents. The chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts were purified by column chromatography, and the isolated compounds were identified by spectroscopic techniques. The cytotoxic activity of extracts and compounds against THP-1 (acute myeloid) and K-562 (chronic myeloid) leukemia lines was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thyazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay. The isolated compounds were 1,5,6-trimethyl-8 oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-ol, β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and kaempferol-3,7 di-O-α-L-rhamnoside. This is the first report of isolation of oxabicyclo-octenol in plant species. β-Sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and kaempferol-3,7-di-O-α-L-rhamnoside significantly reduced the viability of tumor cells after controlled exposure for 48 h. Moreover, selectivity was at least two times higher for such lineages compared to the results found for non-tumor peripheral blood cells (PBMC). Kaempferol-3,7-di-O-α-L-rhamnoside was the most active and selective. In conclusion, metabolites from S. cymosa showed to be of scientific interest. This study shows that the biodiversity of plant species in Brazil represents an important arsenal of organic compounds and, therefore, research should be motivated aiming at the isolation of secondary metabolites.

Resumo: A aquicultura é uma indústria global importante na prática do cultivo de organismos aquáticos para fornecer alimentos à população e impulsionar a economia dos países produtores. O Brasil se destaca na produção global de rãs-touro, mas essa atividade tem gerado problemas ecológicos e econômicos. A falta de regulamentação e controle pode ameaçar a biodiversidade, já que essas rãs atuam como vetores de patógenos como o fungo quitrídio Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) e o vírus Ranavirus (Rv). Tanto o Bd, quanto o Rv, estão associados a declínios e extinções em massa de anfíbios em todo o mundo. Estudos no Brasil identificaram alta prevalência desses patógenos em ranários, representando ameaças à indústria e ao ambiente. A ausência de regulamentação eficaz na ranicultura é um desafio, já que a quitridiomicose e a ranavirose são doenças de notificação obrigatória à Organização Mundial de Saúde Animal, exigindo gestão dos impactos na produção de rã-touro. Portanto, nosso objetivo foi promover a articulação entre pesquisadores, órgãos públicos e líderes do setor, visando revisar as legislações existentes e propor medidas eficazes de biosseguridade. Realizamos extensivas revisões sobre a ranicultura no Brasil, participamos e promovemos reuniões com representantes governamentais e produtivos e nos engajamos ativamente nos Planos de Ação para a conservação de espécies. Nesse contexto, esforços foram feitos para mapear ranários e desenvolver propostas de biosseguridade visando o controle de patógenos. Concluímos que a colaboração entre setores é crucial para a elaboração e implementação de políticas eficazes. Além disso, apresentamos uma revisão detalhada da legislação vigente diretamente relacionada ao tema, visando facilitar a compreensão da situação atual no Brasil. A implementação e manutenção de regulamentações mais abrangentes, assim como a adoção de práticas sustentáveis na ranicultura, são essenciais para garantir a sustentabilidade da indústria e a conservação da biodiversidade.

Abstract: Aquaculture is a globally significant industry involved in the cultivation of aquatic organisms to provide food for the population and boost the economies of producing countries. Brazil stands out in the global production of bullfrogs, but this activity has generated ecological and economic problems. The lack of regulation and control can threaten biodiversity, as these bullfrog’s act as vectors for pathogens such as chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and the virus Ranavirus (Rv). Both Bd and Rv are associated with declines and mass extinctions of amphibians worldwide. Studies in Brazil have identified a high prevalence of these pathogens in bullfrog farms, posing threats to both the industry and the environment. The absence of effective regulation in bullfrog farming is a challenge, as chytridiomycosis and ranaviruses are diseases that must be reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health, requiring management of impacts on bullfrog production. Therefore, our goal was to promote collaboration among researchers, public entities, and industry leaders, aiming to review existing legislation and propose effective biosecurity measures. We conducted extensive reviews on bullfrog farming in Brazil, participated in and organized meetings with government and industry representatives, and actively engaged in Species Conservation Action Plans. Within this context, efforts have been made to map frog farms and develop biosecurity proposals aimed at pathogen control. We conclude that intersectoral collaboration is crucial for the development and implementation of effective policies. Furthermore, we present a detailed review of the current legislation directly related to the topic to facilitate understanding of the current situation in Brazil. The implementation and maintenance of more comprehensive regulations, along with the adoption of sustainable practices in frog farming, are essential to ensure the industry’s sustainability and biodiversity conservation.

ABSTRACT The emergence of non-native species as a threat to local biodiversity is a pressing concern that warrants immediate attention. Our study reports the first record of the non-native fish golden dorado, Salminus brasiliensis, for the Preguiças River Basin, Maranhão State, Northeastern Brazil, near the Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses (PNLM). This discovery occurred when a single adult, measuring 77 cm in total length, was captured by artisanal fishers using gillnets in January 2024. This finding underscores the importance of ongoing monitoring efforts focused on the ichthyofauna of the Preguiças River Basin: the tributaries of the lower portion of the basin are located within and at the border of the PNLM area. Such monitoring initiatives are essential for comprehending the distribution range of S. brasiliensis and evaluating its potential impacts on local native freshwater species.

ABSTRACT Habitat loss and fragmentation is the greatest threat to global biodiversity and is especially acute in biodiversity hotspots such as the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Because the Brazilian fauna suffers from ongoing human impacts both inside and outside protected areas and their buffer zones, inventories of the faunal assemblages in these areas remain vital. Based on field surveys and the examination of museum specimens, we report on the herpetofauna of the buffer zone of Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca, located in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro. Across nine sampling areas during 2017 and 2018, we documented 30 species of anurans, one caecilian, 18 snakes, eight lizards, and one crocodilian. This assemblage includes the first record for five species from the protected area. Our inventory offers fundamental information that can promote actions to maintain populations of these taxonomic groups and their habitats within and outside of this protected area.

Resumo Vários inventários da herpetofauna têm sido conduzidos na região Neotropical. No entanto, muitas áreas permanecem por investigar, e isto é particularmente verdade nas zonas de transição entre ecorregiões. Aqui descrevemos a riqueza, composição de espécies e abundância da herpetofauna de uma porção pouco conhecida do Cerrado brasileiro e avaliamos as semelhanças taxonômicas das assembleias entre os habitats amostrados e entre ecorregiões vizinhas. Um inventário herpetológico de médio prazo foi realizado entre maio de 2009 e janeiro de 2011 na Estação Ecológica Serra das Araras (SAES), por meio de armadilhas de interceptação e queda em cinco hábitats florestados e abertos. Nestes e em habitats adicionais, também foram utilizadas buscas visuais e acústicas e encontros ocasionais para acessar a composição da herpetofauna, juntamente com dados de literatura e exame de exemplares depositados em coleções. Também comparamos a composição de espécies do SAES em escala regional com aquelas de outras 29 localidades previamente estudadas em nove ecorregiões sul-americanas. Documentamos 123 espécies no SAES (39 anfíbios e 84 répteis), das quais 112 foram registradas durante os inventários de campo. A riqueza de espécies foi maior na mata ciliar e menor na floresta seca semidecídua e cerradão. Matas ciliares também apresentaram maior número de espécies exclusivas, enquanto apenas uma espécie exclusiva foi encontrada no cerradão. Cerrado sensu stricto e parque cerrado apresentaram 53 e 40 espécies, incluindo sete e dez espécies exclusivas, respectivamente, e mostraram maior similaridade entre si do que com os habitats florestados amostrados. Em comparação com outras localidades já inventariadas no Cerrado, a SAES abriga uma das mais diversas assembléias da herpetofauna. Isto pode ser atribuído a esforços de amostragem continuados e à acentuada heterogeneidade ambiental resultante do perfil topográfico e da confluência de diversas ecorregiões. A composição de espécies de anfíbios no SAES é mais semelhante a uma localidade próxima também estudada no Cerrado e a assembleias da Floresta Seca de Chiquitano, enquanto a composição de espécies de répteis está aninhada entre as assembleias estudadas no Cerrado. Nossos resultados indicam que a herpetofauna do SAES é rica e representativa da biodiversidade regional, com composição de espécies que evidencia seu caráter transitório.

Abstract Several herpetofaunal inventories have been conducted in the Neotropical region. However, many areas remain to be investigated, and this is particularly true of transition zones between distinct ecoregions. Herein we describe the richness, species composition, and abundance of herpetofauna from a scarcely known portion of the Brazilian Cerrado and assess the taxonomic similarities of the assemblages among the sampled habitats and between neighbouring ecoregions. A mid-term herpetological inventory was conducted from May 2009 to January 2011 at Serra das Araras Ecological Station (SAES) using pitfall traps with drift fences in five distinct forested and open habitats. In these and in additional habitats, visual and acoustic searches and occasional encounters were also used to access the local composition of the herpetofauna, together with literature data and examination of specimens deposited in collections. We also compared the species composition at SAES on a regional scale with those of other 29 localities previously studied in nine South American ecoregions. We documented 123 species at the SAES (39 amphibians and 84 reptiles), 112 of which were recorded during the field inventory. Richness was highest in riparian forests and lowest in semi-deciduous dry forest and cerrado woodland. Riparian forests also presented the highest number of exclusive species, while only one exclusive species was found in cerrado woodland. Cerrado sensu stricto and cerrado parkland contained 53 and 40 species, including seven and 10 exclusive species, respectively, and showed greater similarity than the sampled forested habitats. In comparison to other localities in the Cerrado (including transition zones), SAES is home to one of the most diverse assemblages of herpetofauna. This may be attributed to continued sampling efforts and to the marked environmental heterogeneity resulting from the topographic profile and confluence of several ecoregions. Amphibian species composition at SAES is more similar to a nearby locality also studied in the Cerrado and to Chiquitano Dry Forest assemblages, while the reptile species composition is nested among the assemblages studied in the Cerrado. Our findings indicate that the herpetofauna of SAES is rich and representative of the regional biodiversity, with species composition evidencing its transitional character.

ABSTRACT Herrania umbratica, a native species of South America, is used as a wild cacao source parallelly with Theobroma cacao. Despite its importance, its genomic information are not well presented and available. The gene models and proteins of H. umbratica with T. cacao, three Malvaceae species and three model plants were compared. H. umbratica shared the most proteins and genes with T. cacao, with more than 96% of similarity. The next close species to H. umbratica was Durio zibethinus followed by Gossypium raimondii and Corchorus capsularis. Species-specific genes of H. umbratica like Glu S. griseus protease inhibitor, WRKY34, disease resistance protein At4g27190, RPP13, and CEP are involved in disease response, stress adaptation, and growth and development. Five copies of theobromine synthase genes were revealed for H. umbratica and 10 for T. cacao. By blastn, blastp and blastx respectively, 2,179 gene models, 2,488 proteins and 2,722 gene models distributed in 58 transcription factors families were disclosed for H. umbratica. C2H2 with 739 members, WD40-like with 404, and MYB-HB-like with 311 were the top transcription factors. Simple sequence repeat species-specific markers were one deca-nucleotide unit (TTATTAAATG)3 and five nona-nucleotide units including (AAAAACAAA)3, (CAACAGCAG)3, (GACGATGAC)3, (GACGATGAC)3, and (TGGCGGTGG)3. This study disclosed that H. umbratica is a natural wild genetic resource for cacao breeding and can be used as a reliable gene pool to ameliorate cacao vegetation form, production, disease resistance, and stress adaptation. America importance available H T compared 96 similarity capsularis Speciesspecific Species specific S inhibitor WRKY34 WRKY At4g27190 Atg At g RPP13 RPP response adaptation development 1 blastn respectively 2179 2 179 2,17 2488 488 2,48 2722 722 2,72 5 CH C C2H 73 members WD40like WDlike WD40 WD 404 MYBHBlike MYB HB 31 speciesspecific decanucleotide deca nucleotide TTATTAAATG3 TTATTAAATG 3 (TTATTAAATG) nonanucleotide nona AAAAACAAA3, AAAAACAAA3 AAAAACAAA 3, (AAAAACAAA)3 CAACAGCAG3, CAACAGCAG3 CAACAGCAG (CAACAGCAG)3 GACGATGAC3, GACGATGAC3 GACGATGAC (GACGATGAC)3 TGGCGGTGG3. TGGCGGTGG3 TGGCGGTGG 3. (TGGCGGTGG)3 form production 9 WRKY3 At4g2719 RPP1 217 17 2,1 248 48 2,4 272 72 2,7 7 WD4 40 (TTATTAAATG (AAAAACAAA) (CAACAGCAG) (GACGATGAC) (TGGCGGTGG) At4g271 21 2, 24 4 27 (AAAAACAAA (CAACAGCAG (GACGATGAC (TGGCGGTGG At4g27 At4g2 At4g

Brazilian Savanna biodiversity is abundant in native fruits with nutritional and sensory properties with potential technological applications. However, the information available regarding the proprieties of Brazilian native fruits is still limited. This study aimed to analyze the metabolic profile of Brosimum gaudichaudii fruits (BGF) using metabolomics approaches, besides its physicochemical and nutritional proprieties. BGF exhibited protein content at least two times higher than other native fruits. Fifty-five metabolites were identified by the metabolomics approaches, mainly fatty acids (n = 22), carbohydrates (n = 13), organic acids (n = 6), and polyphenols (n = 5). The most abundant constituents were D-fructose (42.97%) for sugars, L-asparagine (6.47%) for amino acids, succinic acid (44.11%) for organic acids, and linolenic acid (3.04%) for fatty acids. Highlighted phytochemicals included chlorogenic acid, α-amyrin, and γ-tocopherol. Additionally, this study revealed that BGF is a good source of vitamin C and dietary fiber and an excellent source of vitamin A. Future studies providing nutritional information and suggesting consumption methods and potential industrial applications are essential to familiarize consumers with these foods. Additionally, clarifying the appropriate planting and harvesting seasons can revive traditional practices, especially for native fruits like BGF. However limited (BGF approaches Fiftyfive Fifty five n 22, 22 , 22) 13, 13 13) 6, 6 6) 5. 5 . 5) Dfructose D fructose 42.97% 4297 42 97 (42.97% sugars Lasparagine L asparagine 6.47% 647 47 (6.47% 44.11% 4411 44 11 (44.11% 3.04% 304 3 04 (3.04% αamyrin, αamyrin α amyrin, amyrin α-amyrin γtocopherol. γtocopherol γ tocopherol. tocopherol γ-tocopherol Additionally A foods practices 2 1 42.97 429 4 9 (42.97 6.47 64 (6.47 44.11 441 (44.11 3.04 30 0 (3.04 42.9 (42.9 6.4 (6.4 44.1 (44.1 3.0 (3.0 42. (42. 6. (6. 44. (44. 3. (3. (42 (6 (44 (3 (4 (

Computational predictive approaches present themselves as an attractive alternative in the search for new compounds that may present toxic or growth regulatory activity in Aedes aegypti. Aspergillus species is a producer of secondary metabolites with diverse biological activities. In this study, it was possible to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties in silico, as well as the prediction of the insecticidal biological activities of the juvenile hormone of natural substances produced by the genus Aspergillus. Initially, 187 molecules were cataloged from various species of Aspergillus spp., and only seven molecules of indole alkaloids were found to exhibit a toxic dose 50% (TD50) after conducting toxicity predictions. The molecular dynamic simulation trajectories were utilized to study parameters such as root mean square deviation, root mean square fluctuation, radius of gyration and intermolecular hydrogen bond to understand the behavior and stability of proposed compounds in the binding pocket of the target protein. The N-β-acetyltryptamine molecule showed a binding affinity value of –8.100 ± 0.200 kcal mol-1, which classifies the compound as a potential insecticidal agent against the Aedes aegypti vector. silico Initially 18 spp spp. 50 TD50 TD (TD50 predictions deviation fluctuation protein Nβacetyltryptamine N β acetyltryptamine 8100 8 100 –8.10 0200 0 200 0.20 mol1, mol1 mol 1, 1 mol-1 vector 5 TD5 (TD5 810 10 –8.1 020 20 0.2 mol- (TD 81 –8. 02 2 0. –8 –

Brazil is home to a rich biodiversity of native edible fruits renowned for their health-promoting compounds and flavors. Among these, Eugenia uniflora L. (Brazilian pitanga) is particularly notable. The fruit varies in color from yellow to purple and is prized for its intense aroma and versatile taste profile. However, information about the compounds responsible for their nutritional and sensory potential is still limited. This study analyzed volatile compounds and metabolites in yellow, red and purple pitanga fruits (Eugenia uniflora) at various ripening stages, exploiting a metabolomics approach. Yellow pitanga had 30 volatile compounds, with esters (40%), terpenes (26.67%) and aldehydes (16.67%) constituting 83.34% of identified volatile compounds. Red pitanga featured 26 volatile compounds, primarily terpenes and esters (each 30.77%) and aldehydes (15.38%), making up 76.92%. Purple pitanga contained 39 volatile compounds, with terpenes and esters (each 35.90%) and aldehydes (17.95%), totaling 89.75% of identified volatile compounds. Across all pitanga types, 124 metabolites were identified, including saturated fatty acids (17.74%), terpenes (17.74%) and sugars (16.93%), constituting 52.41% of identified metabolites. Future studies should provide nutritional information, consumption methods and industrial applications for pitanga fruits, focusing on sensory analysis, health benefits, preservation and breeding to enhance bioactive compounds and flavor. healthpromoting promoting flavors these L Brazilian notable profile However limited stages approach 3 40%, 40 40% , (40%) 26.67% 2667 67 (26.67% 16.67% 1667 16 (16.67% 8334 83 34 83.34 2 each 30.77% 3077 77 15.38%, 1538 15.38% 15 38 (15.38%) 7692 76 92 76.92% 35.90% 3590 35 90 17.95%, 1795 17.95% 17 95 (17.95%) 8975 89 75 89.75 types 12 17.74%, 1774 17.74% 74 (17.74% 16.93%, 1693 16.93% 93 (16.93%) 5241 52 41 52.41 analysis benefits flavor 4 (40% 26.67 266 6 (26.67 16.67 166 1 (16.67 833 8 83.3 30.77 307 7 153 15.38 (15.38% 769 9 76.92 35.90 359 179 17.95 (17.95% 897 89.7 177 17.74 (17.74 169 16.93 (16.93% 524 5 52.4 (40 26.6 (26.6 16.6 (16.6 83. 30.7 15.3 (15.38 76.9 35.9 17.9 (17.95 89. 17.7 (17.7 16.9 (16.93 52. (4 26. (26. 16. (16. 30. 15. (15.3 76. 35. 17. (17.9 (17. (16.9 ( (26 (16 (15. (17 (2 (1 (15

A economia agrária, com seus agentes sociais e sistemas técnicos, mobiliza os elementos que geram as transformações nas paisagens social e florestal na Amazônia brasileira. As escolhas para o desenvolvimento regional levam à sustentabilidade ou insustentabilidade do ecossistema florestal e de sua paisagem social. A saúde é negligenciada nesse debate. Argumentamos que uma estrutura analítica para abordagens integradas, saúde-ambiente-economia, necessita de uma representação territorial para as paisagens associadas aos modos de viver e produzir no agrário amazônico, as unidades de paisagem de produção (PLU, acrônimo em inglês). Neste artigo, exploramos técnicas de aprendizado de máquina, no campo da classificação supervisionada, com métodos baseados em árvores de decisão, para identificar e mapear as PLU. Um estudo de caso foi desenvolvido para os municípios de Mocajuba e Cametá, na região do Baixo Tocantins, no Estado do Pará, para o ano de 2021. Descrevemos como identificar e mapear as PLU em uma unidade espacial de referência intramunicipal e como associá-las aos tipos de trajetórias tecnoprodutivas rurais ou trajetórias tecnológicas (TTs) presentes na economia agrária regional, bem como promovemos uma discussão inicial do uso das PLU na estruturação de abordagens integradas em saúde. Este artigo contribui para alinhar debates sobre estratégias para o desenvolvimento econômico à promoção da saúde na Amazônia brasileira.

La economía agraria, con sus agentes sociales y sistemas técnicos, moviliza los elementos que generan transformaciones en los paisajes social y forestal en la Amazonia brasileña. Las opciones para el desarrollo regional conducen a la sostenibilidad o insostenibilidad del ecosistema forestal y de su paisaje social. En este debate se descuida la salud. Sostenemos que un marco analítico para enfoques integrados salud-ambiente-economía requiere una representación territorial de los paisajes asociados con las formas de vivir y producir en la agricultura amazónica, las unidades de paisaje productivo (PLU, por su sigla en inglés). En este artículo exploramos técnicas de aprendizaje automático, en el campo de la clasificación supervisada, con métodos basados en árboles de decisión, para identificar y mapear PLU. Se desarrolla un estudio de caso para los municipios de Mocajuba y Cametá, en la región del Baixo Tocantins, en el Estado de Pará, para el año 2021. Describimos cómo identificar y mapear las PLU en una unidad espacial de referencia intramunicipal y cómo asociarlos con los tipos de trayectorias tecnoproductivas rurales o trayectorias tecnológicas (TT) presentes en la economía agraria regional. Promovemos una discusión inicial sobre el uso de las PLU en la estructuración de enfoques integrados de salud. Este artículo contribuye a alinear los debates sobre estrategias de desarrollo económico con la promoción de la salud en la Amazonia brasileña.

The agrarian economy, with its social agents and technical systems, mobilizes the elements that generate transformations in the social and natural landscapes in the Brazilian Amazon. Choices for regional development lead to sustainability or unsustainability of the forest ecosystem and its social landscape, while not including health in this debate. We argue that an analytical framework for integrated health-environment-economy approaches needs a territorial representation for the landscapes associated with the ways of living and producing in Amazonian agriculture: the production landscape units (PLU). In this article, we explore machine learning techniques, in the field of supervised classification, with methods based on decision trees, to identify and map the PLU. A case study is developed for the municipalities of Mocajuba and Cametá, in the Baixo Tocantins region, in the State of Pará, for 2021. We describe how to identify and map the PLU in an intra-municipal spatial unit of reference and how to associate them with the types of rural techno-productive trajectories or technological trajectories (TTs) found in the regional agrarian economy. We promote an initial discussion on the use of PLU in the structuring of integrated approaches in health. This article contributes to align debates on strategies for economic development with health promotion in the Brazilian Amazon.

Na Amazônia, o mercado de terras se impõe pela conversão da floresta em terras para o mercado. Parte dessas terras é fruto do ilícito, com uso de diferentes níveis de violência, e produzem alterações na paisagem florestal. Argumentamos que os conflitos por terra são sinalizadores nos territórios de ação dos mecanismos geradores de terra, como mercadoria, que operam na região. Partindo das situações de conflitos por terra mapeadas pela Comissão Pastoral da Terra no período de 2012 a 2021 e as categorias analíticas da economia agrária (trajetórias tecnológicas, TT), para 2006 e 2017, construímos uma análise em nível municipal baseada em dois períodos. De 2012 a 2017, buscamos identificar e caracterizar os territórios onde esses mecanismos estiveram presentes, observando-os em conjunto às transições de estado das TTs de 2006 para 2017. De 2018 a 2021, buscou-se identificar processos e tendências para o período mais recente. Municípios que convergiram para economias baseadas em sistemas patronais de pecuária e de agricultura de grãos concentraram mais de 60% dos conflitos ocorridos na década. Os resultados mostram a persistência dos conflitos em áreas históricas, como no sudeste paraense, e em novas fronteiras, como em municípios da fronteira Amazonas, Rondônia e Acre. Há, também, a interiorização das violências em direção à Amazônia ocidental, em municípios de economias baseadas no bioma em arranjos diversos, revelando novas frentes de interesse do recurso terra. Os resultados contribuem para o debate das violências na Amazônia, a partir das escolhas pelo modelo de desenvolvimento agrário, que pode resultar no adoecimento de indivíduos e comunidades aprisionados em disputas para o controle dos modos de viver e produzir.

En la Amazonia, el mercado de tierras se impone convirtiendo la selva en tierras para el mercado. Parte de estas tierras es resultado de actividades ilícitas, con el uso de diferentes niveles de violencia, y produce cambios en el paisaje forestal. Sostenemos que los conflictos por la tierra son señales en los territorios de acción de mecanismos generadores de tierra, como mercancía, que operan en la región. Con base en las situaciones de conflicto por tierra mapeadas por la Comisión Pastoral de la Tierra en el período del 2012 al 2021 y las categorías analíticas de la economía agraria (trayectorias tecnológicas, TT), para el 2006 y el 2017, construimos un análisis a nivel municipal con base en dos períodos. Del 2012 al 2017, buscamos identificar y caracterizar los territorios en los que estos mecanismos estaban presentes, observándolos junto con las transiciones estatales de las TT del 2006 al 2017. Del 2018 al 2021, buscamos identificar procesos y tendencias para el período más reciente. Los municipios que convergieron hacia economías basadas en sistemas patronales de ganadería y agricultura de granos concentraron más del 60% de los conflictos que tuvieron lugar en la década. Los resultados muestran la persistencia de conflictos en áreas históricas, como en el sudeste del Pará, y en nuevas fronteras, como en municipios en la frontera de Amazonas, Rondônia y Acre. También está la internalización de las violencias hacia la Amazonia occidental, en municipios con economías basadas en el bioma en diferentes arreglos, revelando nuevos frentes de interés para el recurso tierra. Los resultados contribuyen al debate sobre las violencias en la Amazonia, con base en opciones de modelo de desarrollo agrario, que pueden resultar en la enfermedad de individuos y comunidades atrapados en disputas para el control de las formas de vida y de producción.

In the Amazon, the land market is imposed by the conversion of the forest into land for economic purposes. Part of this land is the result of illicit actions, using different levels of violence and producing changes in the forest landscape. We argue that conflicts over land are signs in the territories of the action of mechanisms to generate land as a commodity in the region. Based on the situations of land conflicts mapped by the Pastoral Land Commission in the period from 2012 to 2021 and the analytical categories of the agrarian economy (technological trajectories, TTs) for 2006 and 2017, an analysis was built at the municipal level based on two periods. From 2012 to 2017, we sought to identify and characterize the territories where these mechanisms were present, observed in conjunction with the state transitions of the TTs from 2006 to 2017. From 2018 to 2021, we sought to identify processes and trends for the most recent period. Municipalities that converged to economies based on livestock and grain farming systems concentrated more than 60% of the conflicts that occurred in the decade. The results show the persistence of conflicts in historical areas, such as in the southeast of Pará, and in new borders, such as in municipalities on the Amazonas, Rondônia and Acre borders. There is also the internalization of violence towards the western Amazon, in municipalities with economies based on the biome in different arrangements, revealing new fronts of interest for the land resource. The results contribute to the debate on violence in the Amazon, based on the choices for the agrarian development model, which can result in illnesses of individuals and communities trapped in disputes, to control the ways of living and producing.

RESUMEN Los equinodermos son animales exclusivamente marinos con el cuerpo cubierto de estructuras rígidas en forma de espinas. Capaces de colonizar cualquier tipo de hábitat marino, estos organismos deuterostomados se caracterizan por presentar simetría pentarradial y alcanzar tallas y formas extremadamente variadas. La presencia de ejemplares de la clase Asteroidea, segunda mejor representada entre los equinodermos, es menor en el mar Caribe que en el golfo de California y el Pacífico. En Cuba, se ha descrito un número mayor de géneros, pero un menor número de especies (76) integrantes de la clase Asteroidea. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar un espécimen desconocido hasta la fecha y potencialmente integrante del género Oreaster Müller y Troschel, 1842, dentro de la clase Asteroidea. El ejemplar fue recolectado el 29 de septiembre de 2019, en la Laguna Inglés, archipiélago de Los Canarreos, plataforma suroccidental de Cuba. No se encontraron referencias bibliográficas que reporten la presencia o existencia de un ejemplar con características similares. Como representantes del género, se registraron sólo las especies Oreaster clavatus Müller y Troschel, 1842, descrita principalmente para la región del Atlántico este, y Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758), de distribución más amplia y única reportada hasta la fecha en Cuba.

ABSTRACT Echinoderms are exclusively marine animals with their bodies covered in rigid (calcareous) structures in the form of spines. These deuterostome organisms can colonize any type of marine habitat, and are characterized by pentaradial symmetry, as well as a wide range of sizes and shapes. The presence of Asteroidea class specimens, the second most represented among echinoderms, is lower in the Caribbean Sea compared to the Gulf of California and the Pacific. In Cuba, a greater number of genera have been described, but there are fewer species (76) within the Asteroidea class. The objective of this study was to visually present a previously unknown specimen, potentially belonging to the Oreaster Müller y Troschel, 1842 genus, within the Asteroidea class. The specimen was collected on September 29, 2019, in Laguna Inglés, part of the Los Canarreos archipelago on the southwestern shelf of Cuba. No bibliographic references were found that report the presence or existence of a specimen with similar characteristics. Only two species, Oreaster clavatus Müller and Troschel, 1842, primarily found in the eastern Atlantic region, and Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758), wich has the widest distribution reported in Cuba to date, were identified as representatives of the genus.

RESUMEN Este artículo ilustra la intersección crítica entre la diversidad cultural, los conflictos armados y los esfuerzos de justicia transicional en el norte del Cauca. Las comunidades étnicas, a pesar de enfrentar desafíos persistentes derivados del conflicto armado y la explotación de recursos, han mostrado una resiliencia notable al adaptar estrategias legales y organizativas para abogar por sus derechos y preservar su rica herencia cultural. Este estudio no solo contribuye al entendimiento académico de estos complejos fenómenos, sino que también subraya la necesidad de enfoques más integrados y culturalmente sensibles en la formulación de políticas y prácticas de paz y justicia. Metodológicamente se revisaron publicaciones de antropólogos jurídicos, sociólogos y abogados, junto con experiencias de campo y un análisis crítico de los datos. Por último, se destaca la perspectiva histórica-crítica en una región de gran biodiversidad y se examinan las posibles transformaciones del conflicto y la justicia transicional.

ABSTRACT This article illustrates the critical intersection between cultural diversity, armed conflicts, and transitional justice efforts in Northern Cauca. Despite facing persistent challenges from armed conflict and resource exploitation, ethnic communities have demonstrated remarkable resilience, adapting legal and organizational strategies to advocate for their rights and preserve their rich cultural heritage. This study contributes to the academic understanding of these complex phenomena and highlights the need for more integrated and culturally sensitive approaches in policymaking and peace and justice practices. Methodologically, publications from legal anthropologists, sociologists, and lawyers were reviewed, complemented with field experiences and a critical analysis of the data. The historicocritical perspective in a region of rich biodiversity is emphasized, examining the potential transformations of the conflict and transitional justice.

RESUMO Este artigo ilustra a interseção crítica entre diversidade cultural, conflito armado e esforços de justiça de transição no norte do Cauca, Colômbia. As comunidades étnicas, apesar de enfrentarem desafios persistentes decorrentes de conflitos armados e da exploração de recursos, demonstraram notável resiliência, adaptando estratégias legais e organizacionais para defender seus direitos e preservar seu rico patrimônio cultural. Este estudo não apenas contribui para a compreensão acadêmica desses fenômenos complexos, mas também ressalta a necessidade de abordagens mais integradas e culturalmente sensíveis na formulação de políticas e práticas de paz e justiça. Metodologicamente, foram revisadas publicações de antropólogos jurídicos, sociólogos e advogados, complementadas por experiências de campo e uma análise crítica dos dados. O estudo destaca a perspectiva histórico-crítica em uma região de rica biodiversidade, examinando as possíveis transformações do conflito e da justiça de transição.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to redesign and revitalize the Veracruz Park in Puyo, Pastaza, through an exhaustive diagnosis of the current state of the park and the implementation of gray, green and blue infrastructure to improve its scenic image and functionality. Using an experimental and descriptive research methodology, the plant components of the tree, shrub and herbaceous strata, as well as the physical infrastructure of the park, were evaluated. The Sketchup Pro program was used to visualize the proposed redesign. The diagnosis identified deficiencies in drainage systems, water quality and existing infrastructure. In response, the redesign integrated sustainable solutions for each of these problems. Four herbaceous species (Turnera ulmifolia L., Ruellia tuberosa L., Phaius tankervilleae (Banks ex L'Hér.) Blume, Duranta repens L.) were introduced to improve aesthetics and reinforce cultural identity. The shrub layer was enriched with Megaskepasma erythrochlamy Lindau, Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd., Mussaenda erythrophylla S., Allamanda cathartica L. increasing biodiversity. The tree species Terminalia catappa L., Bismarckia nobilis H. y Archontophoenix myolensis Dowe, were selected to improve the landscape, provide shade and contribute to air quality. Blue infrastructure, which includes sustainable drainage systems and water retention areas, was implemented to efficiently manage stormwater, reducing flood risks and improving the environmental quality of the park. Together, these interventions promote a more attractive, sustainable and ecologically diverse urban environment, raising the quality of life of residents.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo é propor o redesenho do Parque Veracruz em Puyo, Pastaza, através de um diagnóstico exaustivo do estado atual do parque e da implementação de infraestruturas cinza, verde e azul para melhorar sua imagem cênica e funcionalidade. Utilizando uma metodologia de pesquisa experimental e descritiva, foram avaliados os componentes vegetais dos estratos arbóreos, arbustivo e herbáceo, bem como a infraestrutura física do parque. O programa Sketchup Pro foi utilizado para visualizar o redesenho proposto. O diagnóstico identificou deficiências nos sistemas de drenagem e na qualidade da água, em resposta a isso o parque foi redesenhado. Quatro espécies herbáceas (Turnera ulmifolia L., Ruellia tuberosa L., Phaius tankervilleae (Banks ex L'Hér.) Blume, Duranta repens L.) foram introduzidas para melhorar a estética e reforçar a identidade cultural. O estrato arbustivo foi enriquecido com Megaskepasma erythrochlamy Lindau, Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd., Mussaenda erythrophylla S., Allamanda cathartica L. As espécies arbóreas Terminalia catappa L., Bismarckia nobilis H. e Archontophoenix myolensis Dowe, foram selecionadas para melhorar a paisagem, proporcionar sombra. A infraestrutura azul, que inclui sistemas de drenagem sustentáveis e áreas de retenção de água, foi implementada para gerir eficientemente as águas pluviais, reduzindo os riscos de inundações e melhorando a qualidade ambiental do parque. Juntas, estas intervenções promovem um ambiente urbano mais atrativo, sustentável e ecologicamente diversificado, elevando a qualidade de vida dos residentes.

RESUMEN El presente estudio tiene como objetivo proponer el rediseño del Parque Veracruz en Puyo, Pastaza, mediante un diagnóstico exhaustivo del estado actual del parque y la implementación de infraestructuras gris, verde y azul para mejorar su imagen escénica y funcionalidad. Utilizando una metodología de investigación experimental y descriptiva, se evaluaron los componentes vegetales de los estratos arbóreo, arbustivo y herbáceo, así como la infraestructura física del parque. El programa Sketchup Pro fue empleado para visualizar el rediseño propuesto. El diagnóstico identificó deficiencias en los sistemas de drenaje y la calidad del agua, en respuesta a esto se rediseño el parque. Se introdujeron cuatro especies herbáceas (Turnera ulmifolia L., Ruellia tuberosa L., Phaius tankervilleae (Banks ex L'Hér.) Blume, Duranta repens L.) para mejorar la estética y reforzar la identidad cultural. El estrato arbustivo se enriqueció con Megaskepasma erythrochlamy Lindau, Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd., Mussaenda erythrophylla S., Allamanda cathartica L. Las especies arbóreas Terminalia catappa L., Bismarckia nobilis H. y Archontophoenix myolensis Dowe, se seleccionaron para mejorar el paisaje, proporcionar sombra. La infraestructura azul, que incluye sistemas de drenaje sostenible y áreas de retención de agua, fue implementada para gestionar eficientemente el agua de lluvia, reduciendo riesgos de inundaciones y mejorando la calidad ambiental del parque. En conjunto, estas intervenciones promueven un entorno urbano más atractivo, sostenible y ecológicamente diverso, elevando la calidad de vida de los residentes