ABSTRACT Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic disease endemic to Latin American countries, with a high impact in terms of morbidity, mortality and costs for the health system if patients progress to advanced stages. This work aimed to collect data published in publications on autochthonous cases of PCM, from the first cases diagnosed in Paraguay, with a description of the historical context and identifying the pioneers in the diagnosis in Paraguay, following a chronological order, to the most recently reported cases. Methodology: search in national libraries and online databases of PCM cases in Paraguay, published in national historical scientific journals and other sources available in print format, and more recent scientific articles available in electronic format, respectively. Results: 479 cases of PCM were identified in publications between the years 1935 and 2023, corresponding to autochthonous cases and whose diagnoses were made in Paraguayan territory. Dr. Juan Boggino and collaborators were responsible for the first diagnoses in the country. The predominant clinical form was chronic. The average age was 45.78 years. The vast majority of patients diagnosed were from the Eastern Region of the country, predominantly male farmers. Conclusion: PCM is an endemic disease in Paraguay. Since the first cases were diagnosed and until today, patients with a severe and disabling course of the disease have been detected, which demonstrates the need to disseminate its knowledge and expand the early diagnostic capacity at the national level. Due to its clinical pleomorphism and its ability to simulate other diseases, it is important to include PCM as a differential diagnosis for patients who present risk factors for the development of the disease.

RESUMEN La Paracoccidioidomicosis (PCM), es una enfermedad sistémica endémica de países de América Latina, con alto impacto en términos de morbilidad, mortalidad y costos para el sistema de salud si los enfermos progresan a sus estadios avanzados. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo recopilar datos divulgados en publicaciones sobre casos autóctonos de PCM, desde los primeros casos diagnosticados en Paraguay, con una descripción del contexto histórico e identificando a los pioneros en el diagnóstico en Paraguay, siguiendo un orden cronológico, hasta los casos más recientemente informados. Metodología: búsqueda en bibliotecas nacionales y bases de datos online de casos de PCM en Paraguay, publicados en revistas científicas históricas nacionales y otras fuentes disponibles en formato impreso, y artículos científicos más recientes disponibles en formato electrónico, respectivamente. Resultados: Se identificaron 479 casos de PCM en publicaciones entre los años 1935 y 2023, correspondientes a casos autóctonos y cuyos diagnósticos fueron realizados en territorio paraguayo. El Dr. Juan Boggino y colaboradores fueron los responsables de los primeros diagnósticos en el país. La forma clínica predominante fue la crónica. La media de edad de 45,78 años. La gran mayoría de los pacientes diagnosticados fueron oriundos de la Región Oriental del país, predominantemente hombres agricultores. Conclusión: La PCM es una enfermedad endémica del Paraguay, desde los primeros casos diagnosticados y hasta hoy en día, son detectados pacientes con una evolución grave y discapacitante de la enfermedad, lo que demuestra la necesidad de la difusión de su conocimiento y ampliación de la capacidad diagnóstica precoz a nivel nacional. Debido a su pleomorfismo clínico y su capacidad de simular otras enfermedades, es importante incluir a la PCM como diagnóstico diferencial de pacientes que presenten factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de la enfermedad.

SUMMARY: The German Conrad Johann Martin Langenbeck made important contributions to anatomical and surgical knowledge during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. However, His work and legacy is little known and difficult to access, both in Europe and in America. Literature review of the databases PubMed, LILACS, Cochrane Library; “Google” and university libraries. The following keywords have been used: “anatomy and surgery”. In this analysis a critical analysis of the known literature about this historical figure is carried out. His multiple contributions to the study of human morphology, his surgical interventions, his legacy at the University of Göttingen and the German model of surgery are noted. Langenbeck was a prominent anatomist, surgeon, professor and researcher, before the discovery of anesthesia changed everything, a time when cadaver dissection was essential to the design of successful operations. The name of CJM Langenbeck will always endure through his work, anatomical terms and operations, and he should be remembered as the last anatomist surgeon of the 19th century.

RESUMEN: El alemán Conrad Johann Martin Langenbeck hizo importantes contribuciones al conocimiento anatómico y quirúrgico durante finales del siglo XVIII y principios del XIX. Sin embargo, su obra y su legado es poco conocido y difícilmente accesible, tanto a nivel europeo como americano. Revisión de la literatura de las bases de datos PubMed, LILACS, Cochrane Library; “Google” y bibliotecas de universidades. Como palabras clave se han usado: “anatomía y cirugía”. Se realiza un análisis crítico de la literatura encontrada. Se señalan sus múltiples contribuciones al estudio de la morfología humana, sus intervenciones quirúrgicas, su legado en la Universidad de Gotinga y sobre el modelo alemán de cirugía. Langenbeck fue un destacado anatomista, cirujano, profesor e investigador, antes de que el descubrimiento de la anestesia lo cambiara todo, una época en la que la disección de cadáveres era esencial para el diseño de operaciones exitosas. El nombre de CJM Langenbeck siempre perdurará a través de su trabajo, términos anatómicos y operaciones, y debe ser recordado como el último cirujano anatomista del siglo XIX.

Abstract The article presented here aims to characterise the institutional contexts of reading mediation, as well as to analyse and discuss practices for promoting reading within the non-higher education system. It adopts the sociology of reading as a theoretical reference, particularly the concept of reading practice, understood and viewed as a cultural and leisure practice, not directly related to school obligations and duties. The empirical basis is qualitative, consisting of documents and semi-structured interviews with 11 mediators working in professional contexts within education, including school libraries, and in culture (public libraries). The frameworks, contexts, and activities involved in reading mediation are inventoried and analysed, reflecting on the resources and references available for carrying out this role, particularly the specific training that exists, policy guidelines regarding reading promotion, and the influence of long-term political instruments. Reading mediation takes place in various institutional contexts, with teachers, librarians, and independent mediators playing a crucial role. The study results highlight the need to clarify the guidelines regarding the training, roles, and competencies of mediators, as well as the inclusion of their perceptions and experiences in shaping public policies.

Resumo O artigo que agora se apresenta tem como intenção caracterizar os contextos institucionais da mediação leitora, assim como analisar e discutir as práticas de promoção da leitura no sistema de ensino não superior. Adota a Sociologia da leitura como contributo teórico referencial, nomeadamente o conceito de prática de leitura, entendida e perspetivada como prática cultural, de lazer, não diretamente relacionada com obrigações e deveres escolares. A base empírica é qualitativa, documental e de entrevistas semidiretivas a 11 mediadores em contextos profissionais das áreas da educação, incluindo bibliotecas escolares, e da cultura, em especial bibliotecas públicas. São inventariados e analisados os quadros, contextos e atividades de exercício da mediação leitora, refletindo sobre os recursos e referenciais disponíveis para o exercício dessa função, designadamente, a formação específica que existe, diretrizes políticas no que à promoção de leitura diz respeito e a influência de instrumentos políticos de longa duração. A mediação leitora ocorre em diversos contextos institucionais desempenhando professores, bibliotecários e mediadores independentes um papel crucial. Os resultados do estudo mostram a necessidade de clarificação das orientações sobre a formação, funções e competências dos mediadores, bem como a inclusão das suas perceções e experiências na construção das políticas públicas.

Abstract The article presents an analysis of the Incorporation of Disaster Risk Management (DRM) in the curricula of the teaching of Social Studies (ES) in Costa Rica and its treatment in a series of textbooks for secondary school during the period 1991-2016. The objective of the research was to analyze the evolution of the topic, to recognize its didactic and curricular changes during the study period. This article arises from a research project that was developed at the National University of Costa Rica during the period 2017-2020 and which took as its central axes DRM in Costa Rica, public policies in relation to the subject and the development of materials. for teaching. Methodologically, the proposal is qualitative and was based on documentary research for the collection and analysis of data. It is an exploratory study, since there is no other similar research in the field of ES. The units of analysis are made up of two groups of information that are the basis for collecting information. The first are the ES programs between 1991-2016 that included the topic of DRM and the second are the textbooks of both disciplines that included information regarding the research problem. The information comes from the study plans of the Ministry of Public Education (MEP) developed for the study period and from different libraries where the textbooks proposed by various publishers were located. As a result, it was obtained that DRM had political will for its incorporation into the educational system, but the curricular proposals were monotonous and with little innovation. The same results were obtained from the analysis of textbooks, where the activities showed little didactic effort on the part of the publishing houses. Being an exploratory study, it opens the possibility that other proposals can be proposed with different approaches from research in ES.

Resumen El artículo presenta un análisis sobre la incorporación de la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres (GRD) en las mallas curriculares de la enseñanza de los Estudios Sociales (ES) en Costa Rica y su tratamiento en una serie de libros de texto para secundaria durante el período 1991-2016. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar la evolución del tema para reconocer sus cambios didácticos y curriculares durante el período de estudio. Este artículo se desprende de un proyecto de investigación que se desarrolló en la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica durante el período 2017-2020 y que tomó como ejes centrales la GRD en Costa Rica, las políticas públicas en relación con la temática y la elaboración de materiales para la docencia. Metodológicamente, el trabajo es de corte cualitativo y se basó en la investigación documental para la recolección y análisis de los datos. Es un estudio de corte exploratorio, pues no se cuenta con otra investigación similar en el campo de los ES. Se presentan dos unidades de análisis que fueron la base para la recolección de la información. La primera corresponde a los programas de ES comprendidos entre 1991-2016 que incluyeron el tema de las GRD, y la segunda, los libros de texto de ambas disciplinas que incluyeron información referente al problema de investigación. La información proviene de los planes de estudio del Ministerio de Educación Pública (MEP) desarrollados para el período de estudio y de diferentes bibliotecas donde se logró ubicar los libros de texto. Como resultado se obtuvo que la GRD contó con voluntad política para su incorporación en el sistema educativo, pero las propuestas curriculares fueron monótonas y con poca innovación. Los mismos resultados se obtuvieron del análisis de libros de texto, pues las actividades mostraron poco empeño didáctico por parte de las casas editoriales. Al ser un estudio exploratorio abre la posibilidad para plantear otras iniciativas con diferentes enfoques desde la investigación en ES.

La educación ha experimentado cambios significativos debido a la conmoción social, económica y, sobre todo, sanitaria causada por la pandemia de Covid-19. Este evento ha obligado a aquellos con las condiciones adecuadas a realizar una transición temporal hacia una nueva forma de recibir la educación. En este sentido, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo: evaluar cómo respondieron los docentes durante la educación remota y su capacidad para adaptarse a este nuevo modelo, a través de un análisis documental de los últimos cinco años. Se utilizó el método analítico, para conocer el nivel de preparación de los docentes en competencias digitales en el contexto latinoamericano entre los años 2019 y 2023, a través de una recopilación de datos, mediante una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura científica disponible en repositorios y bibliotecas. El enfoque de este estudio fue cualitativo y descriptivo, basado en artículos especializados. Como resultado principal, se encontró una necesidad urgente de implementar un plan de formación que aborde las necesidades de los docentes en competencias digitales. En conclusión, es esencial que los docentes interactúen y dominen las herramientas tecnológicas para no solo consumir información y recursos, sino también para ser productores de contenido educativo

Education has undergone significant changes due to the social, economic and, above all, health upheaval caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. This event has forced those with the right conditions to make a temporary transition to a new way of receiving education. In this sense, the objective of this article is to: evaluate how teachers responded during remote education and their ability to adapt to this new model, through a documentary analysis of the last five years. The analytical method was used to know the level of preparation of teachers in digital skills in the Latin American context between 2019 and 2023, through a data collection, through an exhaustive review of the scientific literature available in repositories and libraries. The focus of this study was qualitative and descriptive, based on specialized articles. As a main result, an urgent need was found to implement a training plan that addresses the needs of teachers in digital skills. In conclusion, it is essential that teachers interact and master technological tools to not only consume information and resources, but also to be producers of educational content

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es recopilar y analizar los textos de la revista Costa Rica de Ayer y Hoy, de 1949 a 1971, relacionados con las personas de ascendencia china. Esto para conocer el tipo de información que se publicaba acerca de esta comunidad, así como sus aportes percibidos, según las representaciones en los comunicados de prensa. Se selecciona esta revista por ser de origen puntarenense, de naturaleza cultural e histórica y sin injerencia política, como lo establece su editor y propietario. El trabajo utiliza métodos de investigación cualitativa de análisis de contenido y descriptivo para analizar las notas periodísticas obtenidas de las fuentes primarias, las cuales fueron las ediciones publicadas que se encuentran en el Sistema Nacional de Bibliotecas de Costa Rica. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de las notas de prensa son de contenido comercial, pero también una parte importante de contenido histórico. En menos cantidad, se encuentran las de contenido educativo, deportivo, social, comunitario y literario. Se concluye del análisis que, de acuerdo con la revista, la comunidad china en Costa Rica ha contribuido con el desarrollo de las comunidades en donde se establecen.

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa é compilar e analisar os textos da revista Costa Rica de Ayer y Hoy, de 1949 a 1971, relacionados a pessoas de ascendência chinesa. Isso foi feito para descobrir o tipo de informação que foi publicada sobre essa comunidade, bem como suas contribuições percebidas, de acordo com as representações nos comunicados à imprensa. Essa revista foi selecionada por ser de origem de Puntarenas, de natureza cultural e histórica, e sem interferência política, conforme declarado por seu editor e proprietário. O trabalho utiliza métodos de pesquisa qualitativa de conteúdo e análise descritiva para analisar as notas jornalísticas obtidas das fontes primárias, que foram as edições publicadas encontradas no Sistema Nacional de Bibliotecas da Costa Rica. Os resultados mostram que a maioria dos comunicados de imprensa é de conteúdo comercial, mas também uma parte importante é de conteúdo histórico. Em menor quantidade, há conteúdo educacional, esportivo, social, comunitário e literário. Conclui-se da análise que, de acordo com a revista, a comunidade chinesa na Costa Rica tem contribuído para o desenvolvimento das comunidades onde está estabelecida.

Abstract The objective of this research is to compile and analyze the texts of the magazine Costa Rica de Ayer y Hoy, from 1949 to 1971, related to people of Chinese descent. This was done in order to learn the type of information that was published about this community, as well as their perceived contributions, according to the representations given by the press releases. This magazine was selected because it is of Puntarenas origin, of a cultural and historical nature, and without political interference, as established by its editor and owner. The work uses qualitative research methods of content and descriptive analysis to establish the journalistic notes obtained from the primary sources, which were the published editions found in the National Library System of Costa Rica. The results show that most of the press releases are of commercial content, but also an important part of historical content. In less quantity, there are those of educational, sports, social, community and literary content. The analysis concludes that, according to this magazine, the Costa Rican Chinese community has contributed to the development of the communities where they are established.

Resumo O estudo apresenta um sistema de reconhecimento de expressões faciais, para detecção de emoções básicas de estudantes, durante a produção textual. A funcionalidade foi desenvolvida e implementada no editor de textos coletivo denominado ETC, e utiliza técnicas de visão computacional. O sistema apresenta uma janela de detecção de expressões do usuário, e uma página de relatório com dados armazenados ao longo do tempo de edição de um documento. A pesquisa foi dividida em quatro etapas, são elas: fundamentação teórica; escolha de ferramentas e bibliotecas; desenvolvimento da funcionalidade e inclusão no editor de textos; testes com especialistas e análise dos resultados. O estudo concluiu que é possível coletar informações referentes a emoções básicas, por meio de sistemas de visão computacional. O objetivo é apoiar professores no processo de ensino e aprendizagem, a partir das observações dos aspectos afetivos durante a produção textual. Contudo, existem ainda distorções por fatores externos, que dificultam a captação adequada das imagens.

Abstract The study presents a facial expression recognition system for detecting basic emotions in students during text production. The functionality was developed and implemented in the collective text editor called ETC, and uses computer vision techniques. The system presents a window for detecting user expressions and a report page with data stored over the time a document was edited. The research was divided into four stages: theoretical basis; selection of tools and libraries; development of the functionality and inclusion in the text editor; testing with experts and analysis of the results. The study concluded that it is possible to collect information regarding basic emotions through computer vision systems. The objective is to support teachers in the teaching and learning process, based on the observation of affective aspects during text production. However, there are still distortions due to external factors, which make it difficult to capture the images properly.

Resumen: Este artículo resume una investigación cuyo objetivo fue identificar y describir las características de los materiales didácticos, en soporte impreso y digital, diseñados y publicados con apoyo de la administración local en España. La investigación se llevó a cabo en tres fases: a) revisión de estudios académicos y reflexiones profesionales, b) catalogación y análisis de los materiales didácticos y recursos educativos elaborados por los ayuntamientos y c) aplicación de un cuestionario a los responsables de los materiales didácticos en los municipios. El análisis destaca la falta de inventarios en los municipios para identificar recursos didácticos, lo que conlleva al descuido en la difusión de los materiales didácticos por parte de las administraciones educativas. Se concluye que es necesaria una planificación estratégica a mediano y largo plazos, a fin de preservar el patrimonio y la valoración del entorno local.

Abstract: This article summarizes a research whose objective was to identify and describe the main characteristics of didactic materials, in printed and digital format, designed and published with the support of the local administration in Spain. The research was carried out in three phases: a) review of scholarly studies and professional reflections, b) cataloging and analysis of teaching materials and educational resources developed by the city councils, and c) implementation of a questionnaire to the people responsible for teaching materials in the city councils. The analysis highlights the absence of inventories in the municipalities to identify educational resources, which leads to negligence in the dissemination of educational materials by the local educational administrations. The conclusion is that a more strategic planning in the medium and long term is necessary to preserve the heritage and the appreciation of the local environment.

Abstract Along with technological advancements and information overproduction, information policies (IP) have become an essential instrument to arrange and monitor the information circulating within and outside of institutions. IP formation is based on legal and administrative agreements among member institutions. Particularly in public institutions, there is a series of external factors that are closely related to politics and cultural context, both of which influence the flux of information and its processes, such as use, management, processing, storage, disposal, etc. This research defines information policies and offers some distinctions and similarities with other associated terms. It also presents methodologies that allow the analysis of IP, and finally, the application of an analysis of IP values in national libraries from Latin America and the Caribbean, to compare the policies of these institutions.

Resumen A la par de los avances tecnológicos y la sobreproducción de información, las políticas de información (PI) se convirtieron en un instrumento fundamental que permite dar orden y seguimiento a la información que circula dentro y fuera de las instituciones. Las PI se construyen a partir de los acuerdos jurídicos y administrativos entre sus miembros. En el caso particular de las instituciones públicas, hay una serie de factores externos y estrechamente vinculados con la política y la cultura de su contexto, los cuales influyen en los procesos del flujo de la información, como son la gestión, procesamiento, almacenamiento, uso, eliminación, etc. Esta investigación define en principio qué son las PI, sus distinciones y similitudes con términos asociados, algunas metodologías que permiten su análisis y, por último, la aplicación de un estudio de sus valores en bibliotecas nacionales de América Latina y el Caribe, para comparar políticas en estas instituciones.

Resumen El orden de los libros y las bibliotecas permite a los estudiosos explorar aspectos complejos de la historia cultural e intelectual, como lo son la organización del conocimiento, la comprensión de la realidad y las diferentes formas de clasificar la información. Teniendo en cuenta estas posibilidades, el presente trabajo analiza el orden de los libros en las bibliotecas de las misiones jesuíticas de guaraníes (Paraguay, siglos XVII y XVIII). Las fuentes consultadas son los inventarios de bienes pertenecientes a las misiones producidos como consecuencia de la expulsión de los jesuitas del Imperio español (1767-1768). La hipótesis es que los misioneros organizaron las bibliotecas por temas de acuerdo con un criterio jerárquico. Los conocimientos considerados más significativos desde el punto de vista epistemológico estaban ubicados al principio de los inventarios, pero también probablemente en términos espaciales y de accesibilidad. Los restantes contenidos se ubicaban a continuación, en un avance progresivo. Al mismo tiempo, este trabajo sugiere que la organización se inspiró en la Bibliotheca Scriptorum Societatis Iesu, esto es, una propuesta bibliográfica corporativa desarrollada al interior de la Compañía de Jesús.

Abstract The order of books and libraries allows scholars to explore complex aspects of cultural and intellectual history, such as the organization of knowledge, the understanding of reality, and the different ways of classifying information. Taking into account these possibilities, this work analyzes the order of books in the libraries of the Jesuit-Guaraní missions (17th-18th centuries, Paraguay). The sources consulted are the inventories of goods belonging to the missions, produced as a consequence of the Jesuits’ expulsion from the Spanish Empire (1767-1768). The hypothesis is that the missionaries organized the libraries by topics according to a hierarchical criterion. The knowledge considered most significant from an epistemological point of view was located at the beginning of the inventories, but likely also in terms of space and accessibility. The remaining contents were situated subsequently in a progressive arrangement. At the same time, this work suggests that the organization was inspired by the Bibliotheca Scriptorum Societatis Iesu, i. e., a corporate bibliographical proposal developed within the Society of Jesus.

Resumo A ordem dos livros e bibliotecas permite aos estudiosos explorar aspectos complexos da história cultural e intelectual, como a organização do conhecimento, a compreensão da realidade e as diferentes formas de classificar a informação. Levando em consideração essas possibilidades, o presente trabalho analisa a ordem dos livros nas bibliotecas das missões jesuíticas guaranis (Paraguai, séculos XVII e XVIII). As fontes consultadas são os inventários de bens pertencentes às missões produzidos em consequência da expulsão dos Jesuítas do Império Espanhol (1767-1768). A hipótese é que os missionários organizaram as bibliotecas por temas segundo um critério hierárquico. O conhecimento considerado mais significativo do ponto de vista epistemológico localizou-se no início dos inventários, mas provavelmente também em termos espaciais e de acessibilidade. Os restantes conteúdos foram localizados a seguir, num avanço progressivo. Ao mesmo tempo, este trabalho sugere que a organização foi inspirada na Bibliotheca Scriptorum Societatis Iesu, ou seja, uma proposta bibliográfica corporativa desenvolvida no âmbito da Companhia de Jesus.

Abstract: In 1905, a group of educators founded the Society for the Protection of Children in La Plata, Argentina, with the purpose of providing food, clothing, and books to poor students. To achieve the latter, the association created a library which became one of the most frequented in the city. The fact that this association and its annexed library were run exclusively by a group of women educators is a distinctive aspect of its trajectory. In contrast, in the decades under consideration, popular libraries tended to be run by men. The aim of this paper is to analyze the role of the association as a sphere of female sociability, examining the practices both traditional and innovative, carried out by its members. In decades characterized by the exclusion of women from civil and political rights, it will be concluded that the associative experience propelled innovative forms of female participation in the public sphere.

Resumen: En 1905, un grupo de educadoras fundó la Sociedad Protectora de la Infancia de La Plata, Argentina, con el propósito de proveer a estudiantes pobres de alimento, vestimenta y libros. Para eso, la asociación auspició una biblioteca, que enseguida se contó entre las más concurridas de la ciudad. El hecho de que la sociedad y su biblioteca anexa fuera dirigida exclusivamente por un núcleo de educadoras, resulta un aspecto distintivo de su trayectoria en un contexto en que las bibliotecas populares solían ser dirigidas por elencos masculinos. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el papel de la Sociedad en tanto ámbito de sociabilidad femenino, examinando para eso las prácticas, tanto tradicionales como novedosas, llevadas adelante por sus socias. En décadas caracterizadas por la exclusión femenina de los derechos civiles y políticos, se concluirá que la experiencia asociativa catapultó ciertas formas innovadoras de participación femenina en la esfera pública.

Resumen Se presentan 16 libros cuya impresión se realizó en el estado de Puebla y fueron publicados entre 1640-1700, todos tienen la característica de ser ejemplares únicos hasta la fecha. Dichas obras consideradas únicas están disponibles en tres bibliotecas mexicanas: Biblioteca Nacional de México, Biblioteca Eusebio Dávalos Hurtado y Biblioteca Palafoxiana. Los criterios para determinar la unicidad consisten: que, en el universo de bibliotecas mexicanas con catálogo en línea disponible para su consulta, tengan libros poblanos del periodo que comprende de 1640 a 1700, que esos libros poseen un registro disponible, que se trate de un impreso en formato original. La investigación se basa en los principios del Patrimonio Bibliográfico histórico, principalmente utiliza el método bibliográfico tradicional enfocado en la búsqueda de libros antiguos, ambos conceptos inherentes a las instituciones bibliotecarias, cuya finalidad radica en su protección, registro, difusión y cuidado de libros.

Abstract This paper presented 16 books from Puebla, published between 1640-1700, all of them have the characteristic of being unique copies to date. These Puebla books considered unique are available in 3 mexican libraries: National Library of Mexico, Eusebio Dávalos Hurtado Library and Palafoxiana Library. The criteria to determine the uniqueness of the print are: that the universe of Mexican libraries with an online catalog available for consultation have Puebla books from the period 1640 to 1700, the books have an available record, that it is a print in original format. The research is based on the principles of historical Bibliographic Heritage, mainly using the traditional Bibliographic Method focused on the search for ancient books, both concepts inherent to library institutions, whose purpose is their protection, registration, dissemination and care of books.

Resumen A partir de una investigación sistémica sobre el libro de artista se encontró, entre otros aspectos, que en México la bibliotecología aún no los ha estudiado a profundidad para catalogarlos como libros con perfil bibliográfico y darles el valor de patrimonio cultural-documental. Este texto aborda el entorno del libro de artista, su presencia en bibliotecas y las particularidades que hacen de él un documento librario con valor patrimonial cultural.

Abstract From systemic research about the artist's book it was found, among many other aspects, that in Mexico librarianship has not yet studied them in depth in order to catalog them as books with a bibliographic profile and value them as cultural-documentary heritage. This text addresses the environment of the artist's book, its presence in libraries and the aspects that make it a book document with heritage-cultural value.

ABSTRACT The use of digital technologies in teaching determines the development of new intellectual skills in students, which facilitates the application of investigation strategies, improves their capabilities in an integral way, helps them face the difficulties and demands of the current world and allows them to acquire more significant learning to have a good performance in the socio-educational environment. With a view to fulfilling the above, an institutional repository of open educational resources was developed for the Virtual Health University, based on the use of free and open-source technology tools that allow the standardization and interoperability among each of the repositories established in the National Health System, which will guarantee logic of academic organization.

RESUMEN La utilización de herramientas tecnológicas en la docencia condiciona el desarrollo de nuevas destrezas intelectuales en los estudiantes, lo que les facilita la aplicación de estrategias de investigación, mejora sus capacidades de una forma integral, les ayuda a enfrentar las dificultades y exigencias del mundo y les permite adquirir un aprendizaje más significativo para poder desenvolverse en el ámbito socioeducativo. Con vistas a cumplir lo anterior, se desarrolló un repositorio institucional de recursos educativos abiertos para la Universidad Virtual de Salud, a partir del empleo de herramientas tecnológicas libres y de código abierto que permiten la estandarización e interoperabilidad entre cada uno de los repositorios establecidos en el Sistema Nacional de Salud, con lo cual se garantizará una lógica de organización académica.

Abstract Infections caused by Candida spp. are frequent in critically hospitalized patients, especially among premature neonates, representing one of the most common healthcare-related infections. Although there is considerable production of current knowledge about the mechanisms of immune response, aspects involved in the newborn's innate defense are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to describe the innate immune mechanisms involved in the defense of neonates against invasive candidiasis. This is an integrative literature review from the Scopus, Scifinder, Medline, Web of Science databases and the electronic libraries ScienceDirect and Scielo, in the period between 2002 and 2020, with rescue based on primary descriptor Immunity Innate plus secondary descriptors Candidiasis Invasive AND Infant Newborn. We have observed the involvement of various mechanisms in the neonatal response against invasive candidiasis, including the recognition, signaling, recruitment, and initiation of an effective immune response. These mechanisms encompass the presence of antimicrobial peptides, phagocytosis, synthesis of reactive oxygen species, inflammatory mediators, and complex cell signaling systems mediated by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs). With this study, it is expected to contribute to the expansion of knowledge about the immunological mechanisms involved in the innate immune response of the newborn against disseminated infections caused by Candida species, and in the same sense, highlight the importance of this knowledge as a reflex in the decrease in mortality in the neonatal period. spp patients healthcarerelated healthcare related newborns s understood candidiasis Scopus Scifinder Medline Scielo 200 2020 Newborn recognition recruitment peptides phagocytosis species mediators PRRs. PRRs . (PRRs) sense 20 202 (PRRs 2

Resumo As infecções causadas por Candida spp. são frequentes em pacientes hospitalizados em estado crítico, especialmente entre neonatos prematuros, representando uma das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde mais comuns. Embora haja considerável produção de conhecimento atual sobre os mecanismos de resposta imune, os aspectos envolvidos na defesa inata do recém-nascido não são totalmente compreendidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os mecanismos imunes inatos envolvidos na defesa dos neonatos contra a candidíase invasiva. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura a partir das bases de dados Scopus, Scifinder, Medline, Web of Science e nas bibliotecas eletrônicas ScienceDirect e Scielo, no período de 2002 a 2020, com resgate baseado no descritor primário “Imunidade Inata” e descritores secundários “Candidíase Invasiva” e “Recém-Nascido”. Observamos o envolvimento de vários mecanismos na resposta neonatal contra a candidíase invasiva, incluindo o reconhecimento, sinalização, recrutamento e início de uma resposta imune efetiva. Esses mecanismos englobam a presença de peptídeos antimicrobianos, fagocitose, síntese de espécies reativas de oxigênio, mediadores inflamatórios e sistemas complexos de sinalização celular mediados por Receptores de Reconhecimento de Padrões (PRRs). Com este estudo, espera-se contribuir para a expansão do conhecimento sobre os mecanismos imunológicos envolvidos na resposta imune inata do recém-nascido contra infecções disseminadas causadas por espécies de Candida e, da mesma forma, destacar a importância desse conhecimento como reflexo na redução da mortalidade no período neonatal. spp crítico prematuros comuns recémnascido recém nascido compreendidos invasiva Tratase Trata se Scopus Scifinder Medline Scielo 200 2020 Imunidade Inata Candidíase Invasiva RecémNascido. RecémNascido Recém Nascido . “Recém-Nascido” reconhecimento efetiva antimicrobianos fagocitose oxigênio PRRs. PRRs (PRRs) esperase espera forma 20 202 “Recém-Nascido (PRRs 2