Abstract Goniozus legneri Gordh (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) is a larval ectoparasitoid of lepidopterans, with a worldwide history as a biocontrol agent of various agricultural pests. By means of extensive monitoring, this wasp was found in four distant districts of Mendoza province parasitizing three lepidopteran pests: Lobesia botrana (Den. et Shiff.) in grapevine, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) in walnut and “espinillo” (Vachellia caven (Molina) Seigler et Ebinger) and Cydia pomonella (L.) in walnut. To corroborate the parasitoid species identification and to analyze its population viability in this region, studies of male genitalia and sexual crossings between wild and laboratory-reared wasps were conducted. Further, we report for the first time the natural host-parasitoid interaction of L. botrana with this parasitoid in vineyards from Argentina.

Resumen Goniozus legneri Gordh (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) es un ectoparasitoide larval de lepidópteros con antecedentes como biocontrolador de varias plagas agrícolas alrededor del mundo. Mediante un extensivo monitoreo, se encontró a esta avispa en cuatro distritos distantes de la provincia de Mendoza parasitando a tres lepidópteros plaga: Lobesia botrana (Den. et Shiff.) en vid, a Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) en nogal y “espinillo” (Vachellia caven (Molina) Seigler et Ebinger) y a Cydia pomonella (L.) en nogal. Para corroborar la identificación de la especie del parasitoide y evaluar la viabilidad de la población silvestre, se realizaron estudios de la genitalia de machos y entrecruzamientos de avispas silvestres con otras seleccionadas de una cría de laboratorio. Asimismo, es la primera vez que se reporta su presencia como parasitoide de L. botrana en viñedos de Argentina en condiciones naturales de cultivo.

Resumen Entre los himenópteros de importancia médica sobresale la familia Bethylidae, entre estos la avispa Cephalonomia gallicola (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) causante de dermatitis en humanos. Este trabajo reporta por primera vez en México la presencia de C. gallicola y un caso de picaduras en humanos. Este reporte se suscitó en octubre del 2019 dónde las personas afectadas colectaron dentro de su hogar 20 especímenes de C. gallicola y cuatro individuos del hospedero (Lasionderma serricorne). Las avispas provocaron en tres miembros de la familia afectada aproximadamente 10 picaduras por individuo. Este es el primer registro reportado en México de C. gallicola que causa problemas de salud en humanos. Los registros de casos son escasos, posiblemente debido a que el diagnóstico debe basarse en la historia y los hallazgos físicos de la picadura lo cual puede ser difícil a menos que se obtenga una explicación detallada del entorno del hogar. Se requiere más investigación en el país de los posibles encuentros accidentales de humanos con estos insectos, y cómo afecta a la salud de la población.

Abstract Among the medically important Hymenoptera, the family Bethylidae stands out, among these the wasp Cephalonomia gallicola (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) that causes dermatitis in humans. This work reports for the first time in Mexico the presence of C. gallicola and a case of stings in humans. This report was raised in October 2019 where the affected people collected 20 specimens of C. gallicola and four individuals of its host (Lasioderma serricorne) within their home. The wasps caused approximately 10 stings per individual in three members of the affected family. This is the first reported record in Mexico of C. gallicola causing health problems in humans. Case records are sparse, possibly because the diagnosis must be based on the history and physical findings of the sting, which can be difficult unless a detailed explanation of the home environment is obtained. More research is required in the country of possible accidental human encounters with these insects, and how it affects the health of the population.

Abstract The mesopleuron of Bethylidae has many structures that are used in taxonomic and phylogenetic studies. The lack of understanding of these structures has generated independent terminologies and a series of confusing terms, hampering effective scientific communication. A morphological study and literature review were made in order to solve these problems. Our study resulted in an anatomic glossary with 49 terms that presented a large number of synonyms and polysemies. The glossary standardizes the terms used in the Bethylidae mesopleuron and in other Hymenoptera groups, which will facilitate hypotheses of primary homology in comparative biology.

Abstract Agroforestry systems represent the integration of agricultural crops with native vegetation. These systems are of great importance to minimize the agricultural impact in the land through intercropping of these vegetations. Despite of the importance of Chrysidoidea as parasitoids wasps associated with different groups of insects, there is no study comparing the assemblages of these hymenopterans in conventional and agroforestry systems in southeastern Brazil. The “Pontal do Paranapanema”, located in the extreme west of the state of São Paulo (Brazil), has historically been occupied by coffee crops and some small areas of agroforestry systems. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the abundance and composition of Chrysidoidea wasp fauna in different conventional coffee crops and agroforestry systems located in this region. To do so, we collected in six different localities in the “Pontal do Paranapanema” using a Malaise trap in each locality, with collections occurring monthly between June 2011 and July 2012. A total of 3,623 Chrysidoidea specimens of three families were collected: Bethylidae, with four genera and 3,396 individuals, representing 93.73% of the total collected; Chrysididae with 11 genera and 151 individuals (4.16%), and Dryinidae with five genera and 76 individuals (2.09%). In terms of abundance, the agroforestry was responsible for most of the individuals collected (n = 2029), followed by the conventional systems with 1,406 individuals and the transitional with 188. The most abundant genera were Epyris and Dissomphalus, responsible for about 92% of the total of Chrysidoidea collected. Most of the genera of Chrysididae were collected in the conventional systems alone or in both conventional and agroforestry systems. For Bethylidae and Dryinidae, no genera were found exclusively in the conventional system. It is expected that the structural complexity of each one of the different ecosystems impact directly in the fauna of Chrysidoidea parasitoids associated.

A new subfamily, a new genus and a new species of Bethylidae are described and illustrated from a single individual in Early Cretaceous amber from central Lebanon. Lancepyrinae subfam. nov. represented by Lancepyris opertus gen. and sp. nov. present a mosaic of features common among several bethylid subfamilies. The new taxon is easily distinguished from related taxa mainly by the forewing venation, which has an unusual combination of closed lanceolate marginal cell, Rs+M tubular and well pigmented and M+RS angled. Phylogenetic analysis including indicates that Lancepyris opertus gen. and sp. nov. is a sister group of all subfamilies that have Coleoptera as hosts. A checklist of the 45 known fossil bethylid species is provided.

Pseudisobrachium é um gênero de Bethylidae pouco estudado na região Neotropical, embora seja um dos mais abundantes em coletas e museus. Há 19 espécies de Pseudisobrachium citadas para a Mata Atlântica Brasileira até o momento. Material de 45 localidades da Mata Atlântica Brasileira foi estudado e foram investigados 134 caracteres. Foram reconhecidas 48 espécies, 17 previamente descritas (P. amplum Waichert & Azevedo, 2004; P. apenesoides Waichert & Azevedo, 2004; P. castaneiceps Evans, 1966; P. corvinum Evans, 1969; P. cuspidatum Waichert & Azevedo, 2004; P. filum Waichert & Azevedo, 2004; P. formosum Waichert & Azevedo, 2004; P. intentum Waichert & Azevedo, 2004; P. latum Waichert & Azevedo, 2004; P. magnum Waichert & Azevedo, 2004; P. opimum Waichert & Azevedo, 2004; P. optimum Evans, 1964; P. plaumanni Evans, 1964; P. rotundum Waichert & Azevedo, 2004; P. steinbachi Evans, 1966; P. triacutum Waichert & Azevedo, 2004 e P. ventriosum Waichert & Azevedo, 2004) e 31 descritas como novas para a ciência.

Pseudisobrachium is a poorly studied Neotropical bethylid genus, although it is one of the most abundant in field collections and museums. Hitherto, there are 19 species of Pseudisobrachium recorded from the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest. Material of 45 sites from Brazilian Atlantic rain forest was examined. A total of 134 characters was investigated. Forty eight species were recognized, 17 previously known (P. amplum Waichert & Azevedo, 2004; P. apenesoides Waichert & Azevedo, 2004; P. castaneiceps Evans, 1966; P. corvinum Evans, 1969; P. cuspidatum Waichert & Azevedo, 2004; P. filum Waichert & Azevedo, 2004; P. formosum Waichert & Azevedo, 2004; P. intentum Waichert & Azevedo, 2004; P. latum Waichert & Azevedo, 2004; P. magnum Waichert & Azevedo, 2004; P. opimum Waichert & Azevedo, 2004; P. optimum Evans, 1964; P. plaumanni Evans, 1964; P. rotundum Waichert & Azevedo, 2004; P. steinbachi Evans, 1966; P. triacutum Waichert & Azevedo, 2004 and P. ventriosum Waichert & Azevedo, 2004) and 31 were described as new to science.

Os himenópteros parasitoides são inimigos naturais de insetos-praga e têm demonstrado eficiência em estratégias de controle, contribuindo para a manutenção do equilíbrio ecológico de agroecossistemas. Esta pesquisa buscou identificar a diversidade de parasitoides associada a culturas de café em Piatã, BA. As coletas foram realizadas com armadilhas Malaise, que permaneceram no campo por sete dias em coletas mensais, de setembro de 2006 a agosto de 2007. Foram coletados 14.669 himenópteros, distribuídos em nove superfamílias, sendo elas Ceraphronoidea, Chalcidoidea, Chrysidoidea, Cynipoidea, Evanioidea, Ichneumonoidea, Mymarommatoidea, Platygastroidea e Proctotrupoidea, e 29 famílias. Coletaram-se 22 famílias constantes e 11 dominantes, destacando-se Ichneumonidae, Braconidae e Scelionidae como mais frequentes, totalizando 50,33% dos indivíduos coletados. As famílias Braconidae, Eulophidae e Bethylidae, indicadas como promissoras em programas de controle biológico no café, foram coletadas ao longo de todo o ciclo fenológico do café.

Hymenopteran parasitoids are natural enemies of insect pests and have demonstrated efficiency in strategies of biological control, contributing for the maintenance of the ecological balance in agroecosystems. The aim of this research was to identify the diversity of parasitoid wasps in coffee crops in Piatã, BA, Brazil. Malaise traps were installed in the plots and remained in the field for seven days in monthly samplings from September 2006 to August 2007. A total of 14.699 individuals were collected. The parasitoids were distributed through 9 superfamilies: Ceraphronoidea, Chalcidoidea, Chrysidoidea, Cynipoidea, Evanioidea, Ichneumonoidea, Mymarommatoidea, Platygastroidea, Proctotrupoidea and 29 families. Twenty two constant and 11 dominant families, standing out the families Ichneumonidae, Braconidae e Scelionidae as the most frequent. Families Braconidae, Eulophidae and Bethylidae indicated as promising biological control programs in coffee were collected throughout the phenological cycle of the crop.

Estudou-se a riqueza e abundância de gêneros de Bethylidae coletados em quatro áreas de mata de encosta da Mata Atlântica do Espírito Santo, com estados de preservação diferentes: Santa Maria de Jetibá (SMJ), Domingos Martins (DM), Pancas (P) e Atílio Vivácqua (AV). Foram coletados 2.840 espécimes alocados em 12 gêneros, sendo Lepidosternopsis Ogloblin e Bakeriella Kieffer citados pela primeira vez para esse estado. A riqueza dos táxons foi obtida através do procedimento Jackknife com auxílio do programa EstimateS. Curvas de acumulação de gêneros foram construídas para avaliar o esforço amostral. Os dados se ajustaram à distribuição geométrica e calculou-se o parâmetro k para comparar as localidades. O perfil genérico não foi equivalente em todas as localidades, e todas foram consideradas perturbadas. SMJ e DM apresentaram riqueza de gêneros maior em comparação com P e AV. As diferenças relatadas neste estudo para as áreas amostradas refletem o grau diferente de preservação das matas. Pseudisobrachium Kieffer e Dissomphalus Ashmead foram os gêneros mais abundantes em SMJ, DM e P e Anisepyris Kieffer em AV. Este estudo reforça o fato de Dissomphalus ser mais abundante em florestas tropicais úmidas e que o perfil genérico encontrado em AV assemelha-se a dados publicados para o cerrado.

The generic richness and abundance of Bethylidae collected in four different hillside areas of Atlantic rain forest from Espírito Santo, Brazil were studied. The sites are Santa Maria de Jetibá (SMJ), Domingos Martins (DM), Pancas (P) and Atílio Vivacqua (AV). A total of 2,840 specimens of 12 genera were collected. Lepidosternopsis Ogloblin and Bakeriella Kieffer are first recorded from the State. Richness of taxa was calculated using first-order Jackknife richness with EstimateS program. Genera accumulation curves were ran to evaluate the samples. Abundance data were adjusted to the geometric distribution. Parameter k was used to compare areas. The generic profile was not equal for the sites we studied. The areas were considered disturbed. SMJ and DM presented genera richness bigger than in P and AV. The differences in the sites reflect the different preservation of each environment. Pseudisobrachium Kieffer and Dissomphalus Ashmead are most dominant genera in SMJ, DM and P, and Anisepyris Kieffer in AV. This study emphasizes the fact of Dissomphalus as the most abundant genus in rain forests. The generic profile found in AV is similar to that of some areas of Brazilian savannah.

RESUMO Este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a fauna de vespas parasitóides ocorrentes em área de Mata Atlântica no Parque Estadual de Pedra Azul, Espírito Santo, Brasil. Foram coletadas 1.997 vespas parasitóides pertencentes a 28 famílias através de 16 armadilhas Malaise expostas por 14 dias. As famílias Diapriidae, Platygastridae e Bethylidae apresentaram as maiores abundâncias relativas (26,54%, 11,47% e 10,72%, respectivamente). Quatorze famílias apresentaram abundância relativa inferior a 1%. A subfamília Charipinae (Figitidae) é registrada pela primeira vez para o Estado do Espírito Santo. É apresentada lista de gêneros e espécies de algumas famílias

ABSTRACT A survey was conducted of the parasitic wasps from Parque Estadual de Pedra Azul in Espírito Santo State, Brazil. A total of 1,997 specimens of parasitoid wasps belonging to 28 families were collected with 16 Malaise traps exposed for 14 days. Diapriidae, Platygastridae and Bethylidae presented the highest relative abundance (26.54%, 11.47% and 10.72%, respectively). Fourteen families presented relative abundance lower than 1%. The subfamily Charipinae (Figitidae) was recorded for the first time in Espírito Santo State. A list of genera and species is presented.

A fauna de Bakeriella da Bolívia é analisada taxonomicamente. Bakeriella bulbosa Azevedo & Moreira sp. nov., B. labans Azevedo & Moreira sp. nov., B. vicina Azevedo & Moreira sp. nov., B. absens Kawada & Azevedo sp. nov. e B. nuda Kawada & Azevedo sp. nov. são descritas e ilustradas. Novos registros geográficos e dados de variações de B. montivaga (Kieffer, 1910), B. reclusa (Evans, 1969), B. incompleta Azevedo, 1994, B. inca Evans, 1964, B. polita Evans, 1964, B. flavicornis Kieffer, 1910 e B. lata Kawada & Azevedo, 2003 são fornecidos.

The Bakeriella fauna from Bolivia is taxonomically analyzed. Bakeriella bulbosa Azevedo & Moreira sp. nov., B. labans Azevedo & Moreira sp. nov., B. vicina Azevedo & Moreira sp. nov., B. absens Kawada & Azevedo sp. nov. and B. nuda Kawada & Azevedo sp. nov. are described and illustrated. New geographic records and variation data of B. montivaga (Kieffer, 1910), B. reclusa (Evans, 1969), B. incompleta Azevedo, 1994, B. inca Evans, 1964, B. polita Evans, 1964, B. flavicornis Kieffer, 1910 and B. lata Kawada & Azevedo, 2003 are provided.

RESUMO Foram coletados 7.684 espécimes de himenópteros parasitóides pertencentes a 26 famílias em uma área de floresta ombrófila densa no Núcleo Grajaúna, Rio Verde da Estação Ecológica JuréiaItatins (24º31’06” S / 47º12’06” O), localizado em Iguape, SP, em maio de 2002. Braconidae, Scelionidae, Diapriidae, Eulophidae, Ceraphronidae, Platygastridae, Ichneumonidae, Figitidae, Encyrtidae, Bethylidae e Mymaridae foram as famílias mais comuns, com abundância relativa de 27,5%, 18,8%, 11,3%, 8,6%, 7,0%, 6,5%, 4,5%, 3,9%, 3,5%, 2,5% e 2,0% respectivamente. Quinze famílias apresentaram freqüências relativas menor que 2,0%.

ABSTRACT A total of 7,684 specimens belonging to 26 families of Parasitic Hymenoptera were collected in trails inside Núcleo Grajaúna, Rio Verde of the Juréia-Itatins Ecological Reserve (24º31’06” S / 47º12’06” O), located in an area of the Atlantic Forest in Iguape, SP, Brazil during may 2002. Braconidae, Scelionidae, Diapriidae, Eulophidae, Ceraphronidae, Platygastridae, Ichneumonidae, Figitidae, Encyrtidae, Bethylidae and Mymaridae were the most common families, with relative abundance of 27.5%, 18.8%, 11.3%, 8.6%, 7.0%, 6.5%, 4.5%, 3.9%, 3.5%, 2.5% and 2.0% respectively. Fifteen families presented the relative frequency lower than 2.0%.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto do manejo integrado de pragas (MIP) na produtividade e populações de minadores de folhas, broqueadores de frutos, predadores e parasitóides na cultura de tomate. Os tratamentos foram calendário (pulverizações de inseticidas e fungicidas duas vezes/semana), MIP (pulverizações de inseticidas somente quando os níveis de controle foram atingidos) e testemunha (sem aplicação de inseticidas e fungicidas). O tomateiro no MIP apresentou produtividade semelhante à do calendário com redução de 65,6% das pulverizações de inseticidas. O ataque de Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) e Liriomyza spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) às folhas só atingiu o nível de controle na fase final do cultivo. O principal broqueador de frutos foi Neoleucinoides elegantalis (Guen.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), seguido de T. absoluta e Spodoptera eridania (Cr.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). As populações de inimigos naturais foram grandemente reduzidas pelas aplicações excessivas de inseticidas. Os predadores foram mais abundantes que os parasitóides. Os predadores mais abundantes foram: Araneidae, Anthicus sp. (Coleoptera: Anthicidae), larvas de Cycloneda sanguinea (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), adultos de Staphylinidae (Coleoptera), Orius sp. e Xylocoris sp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), Formicidae (Hymenoptera) e Phlaeothripidae (Thysanoptera). Os parasitóides mais abundantes foram Hymenoptera das famílias Eulophidae, Braconidae (Bracon sp. e Chelonus sp.), Trichogrammatidae [Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley)] e Bethylidae (Goniozus nigrifemur Ashmead), além de Diptera: Tachinidae.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of integrated pest management (IPM) in the productivity of the tomato and in the populations of leafminers, fruit borers, and natural enemies in tomato crops. The treatments were calendar (spraying twice weekly with insecticides and fungicides), IPM (spraying when action thresholds were achieved), and control (no pesticide was applied). IPM was the most efficient system of pest control due to presenting similar productivity and 65.6% less pesticide applications than in the calendar. The attack of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and Liriomyza spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) to the leaves only achieved the action threshold in the final phase of the cultivation. The main fruit borer was Neoleucinoides elegantalis (Guen.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), followed by T. absoluta and Spodoptera eridania (Cr.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The natural enemy populations were severely reduced by excessive pesticide applications. Predators were more abundant than parasitoids. The most abundant predators were Araneidae, Anthicus sp. (Coleoptera: Anthicidae), Cycloneda sanguinea larva (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Staphylinidae adults (Coleoptera), Orius sp. and Xylocoris sp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), Formicidae (Hymenoptera), and Phlaeothripidae (Thysanoptera). The most abundant parasitoids were Hymenoptera of the families Eulophidae, Braconidae (Bracon sp. and Chelonus sp.), Trichogrammatidae [Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley)] and Bethylidae (Goniozus nigrifemur Ashmead), besides Tachinidae (Diptera).

Five new species of Dissomphalus Ashmead, 1893 are described and illustrated, all from Espírito Santo, Brazil: D. h-ramus, D. verrucosus, D. laminaris, D. cristatus and D. scopatus. New geographic records and variation data of D. scamatus Azevedo, 1999, D. concavatus Azevedo, 1999, D. rectilineus Azevedo, 1999, D. vallensis Evans, 1979, D. gilvipes Evans, 1979, D. plaumanni Evans, 1964, D. napo Evans, 1979, D. truncatus Azevedo, 2003 and D. cornutus Evans, 1964 are included.

Bakeriella lata sp. nov. (Brazil, Rondônia), Bakeriella aurata sp. nov. (Brazil, Amazonas) and Bakeriella sulcaticeps sp. nov. (Brazil, Amazonas) are described and illustrated. New geographic records and variation data for B. cristata Evans, 1964, B. floridana Evans, 1964, B. flavicornis Kieffer, 1910, B. incompleta Azevedo, 1994, B. mira Evans, 1997, B. montivaga (Kieffer, 1910), B. olmeca Evans, 1964 and B. subcarinata Evans, 1965 are provided. The male of B. incompleta is described for the first time.

É descrita e ilustrada Prosierola rotunda sp. nov. do norte do Brasil. Foram examinados novos espécimes de P. lata (Cameron, 1888), com a análise das variações morfológicas e inclusão novos dados de distribuição.

Prosierola rotunda sp. nov. from northern Brazil is described and illustrated. Additional specimens of P. lata (Cameron, 1888) were examined with species variation analyzed and new distribution data are added.