Abstract Background: Epiphytic mosses are one of the most common groups in forest environments but among the most neglected by researchers in Mexico. Questions: What is the epiphytic mosses diversity, measured in richness, turnover, and community composition in Mexican forests? Species of study: Epiphytic mosses. Study site and years: Humid mountain forest, pine-oak and tropical evergreen forests. Study period: 2015 to 2021. Methods: Through a literature review and field work we compiled data on epiphytic mosses in three forest types in Mexico. We assessed the data using alpha and beta diversity analysis, indicator species, and community composition. Additionally, we explored the influence of elevation and forest type on the observed diversity patterns. Results: We report a richness of 147 species of epiphytic mosses across three types of Mexican forests. The humid mountain forest was the best sampled forest with the highest moss species richness. Although species richness is different for the forests studied, species turnover is similar among them. We demonstrated that elevation and forest type are highly correlated with species richness of epiphytic mosses. Conclusions: The epiphytic mosses studied here collectively represent over 15 % of the moss richness of Mexico. Forest type and elevation seem to be the drivers of this widely distributed richness. Finally, we call for more in-depth studies of the forests presented here, as well as those in other latitudes including variables such as humidity and host traits, to provide a more complete picture of an overlooked Mexican flora.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los musgos epífitos son uno de los grupos más comunes en ambientes forestales, pero de los más desatendidos de México. Preguntas: ¿Cuál es la riqueza, recambio y composición de la comunidad de musgos epífitos en los bosques de México? Especies de estudio: Musgos epífitos. Sitios y años de estudio: Bosque húmedo de montaña, de pino-encino y tropical perennifolio. Periodo de estudio: 2015-2021. Métodos: Mediante una revisión bibliográfica y trabajo de campo recopilamos datos de musgos epífitos en tres tipos de bosques de México. Evaluamos los datos mediante análisis de diversidad alfa y beta, especies indicadoras y composición de la comunidad. Además, exploramos la influencia de la altitud y el tipo de bosque en los patrones de diversidad observados. Resultados: Reportamos una riqueza de 147 especies de musgos epífitos para tres tipos de bosques de México. El bosque húmedo de montaña es el mejor muestreado y con la mayor riqueza de musgos. El recambio de especies es similar entre los bosques estudiados. Constatamos que la elevación y el tipo de bosque están relacionados con la riqueza de musgos epífitos. Conclusiones: Los musgos epífitos estudiados aquí representan más del 15 % de la riqueza de musgos de México. El tipo de bosque y la elevación parecen ser los impulsores de esta riqueza ampliamente distribuida. Finalmente, continuar la exploración de los bosques estudiados aquí, así como de aquellos en otras latitudes incluyendo variables como la humedad y rasgos de los árboles hospederos, es urgente para mejorar el conocimiento de esta flora mexicana.

Abstract Introduction: Various anthropic pressures affect the aquatic ecosystems of the foothills of Colombia. The response to environmental stressors is still unknown in bioindicator organisms such as Leptohyphidae. Objective: To determine the diversity of Leptohyphidae nymphs of the Quenane-Quenanito river, in two contrasting hydrological periods and its relationship with some physicochemical variables. Methods: In December (2014) and February (2015), organisms were collected with a Surber net at six stations along the current. Alpha and beta diversity was analyzed and redundancy analysis and generalized linear model were applied to establish the relationship between taxa and environmental variables. Results: Were identified 369 organisms belonging to four genera (Amanahyphes, Traverhyphes, Tricorythopsis, and Tricorythodes), two species, and eight morphospecies. Amanahyphes saguassu is reported for the first time for the Meta department. High diversity of Leptohyphidae nymphs was recorded in the transition to drought season and greater abundance in drought. Beta diversity indicated that the configuration of the assemblage changes spatially and temporally. Conclusions: Leptohyphidae organisms prefer fast habitats, particularly in the dry period where they find food (leaf litter, detritus) and shelter to establish themselves successfully; anthropic activities such as urbanization notably affect diversity. The high diversity recorded in this small river in the foothills of the plains reflects the need to increase this type of works and collection efforts of study material in the region.

Resumen Introducción: Varias presiones antrópicas sufren los ecosistemas acuáticos del piedemonte llanero en Colombia. La respuesta a estresores ambientales aún se desconoce en organismos bioindicadores como Leptohyphidae. Objetivo: Determinar la diversidad de ninfas de Leptohyphidae del río Quenane-Quenanito, en dos periodos hidrológicos contrastantes y su relación con algunas variables fisicoquímicas. Métodos: En diciembre (2014) y febrero (2015) se recolectaron organismos con red Surber en seis estaciones a lo largo del río. Se analizó la diversidad alfa y beta y se aplicó análisis de redundancia y modelos lineales generalizados con el fin de establecer la relación entre los taxones y las variables ambientales. Resultados: Se identificaron 369 organismos pertenecientes a cuatro géneros (Amanahyphes, Traverhyphes, Tricorythopsis y Tricorythodes), dos especies y ocho morfoespecies. Se reporta por primera vez para el departamento del Meta Amanahyphes saguassu. Se registró la mayor diversidad de ninfas en la transición a la sequía y la mayor abundancia en sequía. La diversidad beta señaló que la configuración del ensamblaje cambia a nivel espacial y temporal. Conclusiones: Los organismos de Leptohyphidae prefieren hábitats de corrientes, particularmente en el periodo de sequía, donde hallan alimento (hojarasca, detritos) y refugio para establecerse exitosamente; actividades antrópicas como la urbanización afectan notablemente la diversidad. La alta diversidad registrada en este pequeño río de piedemonte llanero refleja la necesidad de incrementar este tipo de trabajos y esfuerzos de recolección de material de estudio en la región.

Abstract Introduction: Bioindicator monitoring is a crucial conservation strategy within natural protected areas. Various taxonomic groups have been investigated as bioindicators due to their distinctive attributes, including ease of sampling, differential responses to disturbances, associations with species richness, and accessible taxonomy. Objective: To compare the potential of four taxa (Chilopoda, Scarabaeidae, Carabidae, and Pompilidae) as environmental bioindicators, considering their ease of collection, presence of changes in community composition due to disturbances, including species with preferences for disturbed or conserved areas; and to correlate their diversity with the diversity of other taxa. Methods: The study was conducted at the Manu Learning Centre Biological Station in the Manu Biosphere Reserve, which comprises three areas along a disturbance gradient. Specimens were collected using pitfall traps, yellow pan traps, Malaise traps, and monoliths from May to June in 2021. Ease of collection was measured in terms of richness and abundance; changes in the community composition were assessed using similarity analysis, non-metric multidimensional scaling, and beta diversity partitioning; presence of species with preferences was analyzed using correspondence analysis and G. Williams’ goodness-of-fir test; and diversity correlation using the Spearman index. Results: Among the taxa investigated, Scarabaeidae and Pompilidae were the easiest to collect. Changes in composition were observed in all taxa but were significant only in Chilopoda and Scarabaeidae. All taxa exhibited species with preferences for disturbed and undisturbed environments. There was a high correlation in diversities among Carabidae, Scarabaeidae, and Chilopoda. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the diverse responses exhibited by taxa along a disturbance gradient. Notably, Scarabaeidae and Chilopoda emerged as particularly robust bioindicators within the studied ecosystem.

Resumen Introducción: El monitoreo de bioindicadores es una herramienta importante para la conservación de áreas naturales protegidas. Diferentes grupos taxonómicos fueron estudiados como bioindicadores por presentar: facilidad de muestreo, respuestas variadas a la perturbación, riqueza asociada a otras especies, y taxonomía accesible. Objetivo: Comparar el potencial de cuatro taxones (Chilopoda, Scarabaeidae, Carabidae y Pompilidae) como bioindicadores ambientales, tomando en cuenta su facilidad de recolección, presencia de cambios en la composición de sus comunidades por perturbaciones, presencia de especies con preferencia por áreas perturbadas o conservadas; y diversidad correlacionada con la diversidad de los otros taxones. Métodos: El trabajo se realizó en la estación Biológica Manu Learning Centre en la Reserva de Biosfera del Manu, que comprende tres áreas en un gradiente de perturbación. Los ejemplares fueron recolectados con trampas pitfall, bandejas amarillas, trampas Malaise y monolitos, de mayo a diciembre del 2021. La facilidad de recolección se midió en términos de riqueza y abundancia; los cambios en la composición de sus comunidades mediante el análisis de similitud, escalamiento no métrico multidimensional, y partición de la diversidad beta; presencia de especies con preferencia con el análisis de correspondencia y el ajuste de bondad G de Williams; y finalmente la correlación de las diversidades con el índice de Spearman. Resultados: De los taxones estudiados, las de más fácil recolección fueron Scarabaeidae y Pompilidae. Existen cambios en la composición en todos los taxones, pero son importantes solo en Chilopoda y Scarabaeidae. En todos los taxones hay especies con preferencia por ambientes perturbados y no perturbados. Existe una alta correlación de las diversidades de Carabidae, Scarabaeidae y Chilopoda. Conclusiones: Todos los grupos responden de diferente forma a los gradientes de perturbación, Scarabaeidae y Chilopoda fueron los que tuvieron mejores características para ser considerados buenos bioindicadores.

Abstract Introduction: The creation of protected natural areas within urban environments has played an essential role in providing small reservoirs of native vegetation and refuges for endemic species. However, knowledge of how land management and landscape design can influence the different community structures of urban parks is scarce. Objective: To analyze, through ant communities, the influence of urbanization in a protected natural area (PNA) located in an urban zone. Methods: From April to July 2022, using bait traps and pitfall traps along 100 m transects, the presence of ant species was recorded in the El Refugio State Park Natural Area in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Alpha diversity was assessed using Hill numbers, while beta diversity was evaluated using the Jaccard index. Additionally, indicator species were identified through the indicator value (IndVal). Multiple correspondence analysis was conducted to associate the presence of species with environmental variables and vegetation types, and contingency tables were created to relate ant presence to vegetation cover size. Results: In total 18 565 individuals were captured (five subfamilies, 22 genera, and 29 species). Species richness and diversity decreased in sites with low vegetation cover, such as in Tamaulipan thornscrub; secondary vegetation retained greater species richness. Indicator species found in secondary vegetation and grassland areas were mainly composed of species that tolerate high temperatures and generalists such as Forelius mccooki and Tetramorium spinosum. The presence of these species is primarily associated with temperature, humidity, and vegetation cover. A relationship between the presence of ant species and vegetation cover size was evident. Conclusion: The structure and composition of ant communities vary according to the type of vegetation structure, particularly in areas that have undergone greater anthropogenic damage. Therefore, the conservation of landscapes, as well as monitoring of these areas, should be considered in future research.

Resumen Introducción: La creación de espacios naturales protegidos en entornos urbanos desempeñan un papel esencial, proporcionando reservorios de vegetación autóctona y refugios de fauna endémica. Sin embargo, es escaso el conocimiento sobre cómo la gestión del suelo y el diseño del paisaje influye en las diferentes estructuras comunitarias de parques urbanos. Objetivo: Analizar a través de comunidades de hormigas la influencia de la urbanización en un área natural protegida en zona urbana. Métodos: De abril a julio de 2022, en transectos de 100 m se colocaron trampas de cebo y Pitfall, se registró la presencia de especies de hormigas del Parque Estatal “El Refugio” (PER), Tamaulipas, México. La diversidad Alfa se evaluó mediante números de Hill y la diversidad Beta con el índice de Jaccard. Se identificaron especies indicadoras con el Valor Indicador (IndVal). Se realizó un análisis de correspondencia múltiple asociando la presencia de especies con variables ambientales y tipos de vegetación. Se realizó una tabla de contingencia para relacionar la presencia de hormigas con el tamaño de cobertura vegetal. Resultados: En total, se capturaron 18 565 individuos (cinco subfamilias, 22 géneros y 29 especies). La riqueza y diversidad de especies disminuyó en sitios con baja cobertura vegetal, como en matorral espinoso tamaulipeco; la vegetación secundaria conservó mayor riqueza de especies. Áreas de vegetación secundaria y pastizal registraron especies indicadoras, principalmente especies generalistas y tolerantes a las altas temperaturas como Forelius mccooki y Tetramorium spinosum. La presencia de especies está asociada con la temperatura, humedad y cobertura vegetal. Se evidenció una relación entre presencia de especies de hormigas y tamaño de cobertura vegetal. Conclusiones: La estructura y composición de las comunidades de hormigas varía de acuerdo con la estructura vegetal, principalmente en áreas que han sufrido mayor daño antropogénico. La conservación de los paisajes y el monitoreo de estas áreas, deben ser considerados en futuras investigaciones.

Abstract Introduction: More and more studies include functional diversity to understand biodiversity patterns. However, in Tolima department, little research has been conducted on this aspect in bird communities, creating a knowledge gap to this important facet of biodiversity. Objective: To determine changes or patterns in the taxonomic and functional diversity of bird communities at the Centro Universitario Regional del Norte (CURDN) for eight years. Methods: The data were organized to identify changes in the bird community over time and during different climatic periods (high and low precipitation). Several indices of taxonomic and functional diversity (alpha and beta) were used. Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) and Non-Parametric Analysis of Similarity (ANOSIM) were applied to evaluate the impact of climatic periods and temporal variation. Results: During the sampling, 2 691 individuals were recorded. We found that there was no difference in the taxonomic and functional alpha diversity. However, the results of these two facets of biodiversity revealed opposing patterns that are structuring bird communities. The partitioning analysis of taxonomic beta diversity revealed a process of species turnover, while functional beta diversity revealed functional nestedness. Conclusions: Functional diversity suggested that anthropogenic activities in the CURDN act as filters that structure bird communities. These findings highlight the importance of considering these two facets of biodiversity to determine changes or patterns in bird communities over a long period.

Resumen Introducción: Cada vez son más los estudios que incluyen la diversidad funcional para comprender los patrones de la biodiversidad. Sin embargo, en el departamento del Tolima, se ha investigado poco este aspecto en las comunidades de aves, lo que crea un vacío de conocimiento acerca de esta faceta de la diversidad biológica. Objetivo: Determinar cambios o patrones en la diversidad taxonómica y funcional de la avifauna del Centro Universitario Regional del Norte del Tolima (CURDN) durante un periodo de ocho años. Métodos: Los datos fueron organizados de manera que permitieran determinar cambios en la comunidad de aves a lo largo del tiempo y en diferentes épocas climáticas (alta y baja precipitación). Se emplearon diferentes índices de diversidad taxonómica y funcional (alfa y beta). Para evaluar el efecto de las temporadas climáticas y establecer diferencias entre los años, se utilizó el Escalamiento Multidimensional No Métrico (NMDS) y el Análisis de Similitud no paramétrico (ANOSIM). Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio, se registraron 2 691 individuos. No se encontraron diferencias en la diversidad alfa, tanto taxonómica como funcional. Sin embargo, los resultados de estas dos facetas de la biodiversidad revelaron patrones opuestos que están estructurando la comunidad de aves. El análisis de partición de la diversidad taxonómica beta reveló un proceso de recambio de especies, mientras que la diversidad beta funcional determinó un anidamiento funcional. Conclusión: La diversidad funcional señaló la posibilidad de que las actividades antropogénicas llevadas a cabo en el CURDN actúan como filtros que estructuran la comunidad de aves. Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia de considerar estas dos facetas de la biodiversidad para determinar cambios o patrones de las comunidades de aves durante un amplio periodo de estudio.

Abstract Introduction: Terrestrial isopods (Oniscidea) play important roles in the ecological processes of the soil in tropical ecosystems and are employed as indicators of environmental impact. Despite their importance, studies on the ecology of this suborder in the Neotropics are scarce. Objective: To assess spatial changes in alpha and beta diversity of Oniscidea in the supralittoral zone across Archipiélagos Coralinos (ARCO), Magdalena (MAG), and Morrosquillo (MOR) ecoregions in the Colombian Caribbean. Methods: We conducted Direct Intuitive Searches of specimens and measured soil temperature and moisture in 19 transects with logs, leaf litter, coral remains, and decomposing plant material. Results: A total of 1 970 individuals representing 17 species were collected, with Tylidae, Halophilosciidae, and Ligiidae being the most abundant families. Alpha diversity orders were higher in ARCO than MAG and MOR ecoregions. MAG and MOR differed in observed richness. The structure of the assemblage varied in dominant species and abundances. In ARCO, the indicator species were Tylos niveus, Littorophiloscia denticulata, Halophiloscia trichoniscoides, and Ligia baudiniana; in MOR, it was Tylos marcuzzii, and in MAG, it was Littorophiloscia tropicalis. High beta diversity (> 60 %), with significant differences in the assemblage structure among ecoregions, was confirmed by the NMDS, which distinctly separated each group. CCA analysis revealed a negative relationship between most species with soil temperature and moisture, with a positive relationship observed with T. marcuzzii. Conclusions: This is the first effort to describe spatial changes in the diversity of oniscideans in the supralittoral zone of the Neotropical region, providing a baseline for future studies. This information could be instrumental in identifying priority areas for conservation efforts.

Resumen Introducción: Los isópodos terrestres (Oniscidea) juegan un papel importante en los procesos ecológicos del suelo en ecosistemas tropicales y han sido empleados como indicadores de impacto ambiental. A pesar de su importancia, los estudios sobre la ecología de este suborden en el Neotrópico son escasos. Objetivo: Evaluar los cambios espaciales en la diversidad alfa y beta de Oniscidea en la zona supralitoral en las ecorregiones Archipiélagos Coralinos (ARCO), Magdalena (MAG) y Morrosquillo (MOR) en el Caribe colombiano. Métodos: Realizamos Búsquedas Intuitivas Directas de especímenes y medimos la temperatura y la humedad del suelo en 19 transectos con troncos, hojarasca, restos de coral y material vegetal en descomposición. Resultados: Recolectamos un total de 1 970 individuos representando 17 especies, siendo Tylidae, Halophilosciidae y Ligiidae las familias más abundantes. Los órdenes de diversidad alfa fueron mayores en ARCO, en comparación con las ecorregiones MAG y MOR. MAG y MOR difirieron en la riqueza observada. La estructura del ensamblaje varió en especies dominantes y sus abundancias. En ARCO las especies indicadoras fueron Tylos niveus, Littorophiloscia denticulata, Halophiloscia trichoniscoides y Ligia baudiniana; en MOR fue Tylos marcuzzii y en MAG fue Littorophiloscia tropicalis. El NMDS confirmó una alta diversidad beta (> 60%), con diferencias en la estructura del ensamblaje entre ecorregiones, que separó claramente cada grupo. El ACC reveló una relación negativa entre la mayoría de las especies con la temperatura y humedad del suelo, observándose una relación positiva con T. marcuzzii. Conclusiones: Este es el primer esfuerzo por describir los cambios espaciales en la diversidad de oniscídeos en la zona supralitoral de la región Neotropical, proporcionando una línea base para futuros estudios. Esta información podría ser fundamental para identificar áreas prioritarias para los esfuerzos de conservación.

Abstract Maize is considered the third most important grain crop in the world due to its economic, food and industrial interest. Throughout its phenology this crop is attacked by pests and diseases, which could have adverse effects on production. In order to control these problems, conventional management is generally used, causing ecological imbalances. For this reason, it is necessary to consider sustainable alternatives based on the knowledge of beneficial entomofauna. This research aimed to conduct a prospective analysis of the coccinelides associated with maize cultivation in the canton of Santa Ana, Ecuador. For this purpose, the coccinelides present under two different conditions were evaluated; with and without insecticide application. Five sampling techniques were used according to the research protocol and taxonomic classification was carried out. The data were interpreted using descriptive statistics, in addition, alpha and beta diversity was assessed. In the study, 297 individuals were found, gathered to: 1 order,1 family, 13 genera and 11 species. The greatest abundance was found in undisturbed conditions, determining that the most efficient trapping technique for their capture was the use of chromatic traps. This type of research is important to derive biological control programs in economically important crops.

Resumen El maíz es considerado el tercer cultivo de grano más importante del mundo debido a su interés económico, alimentario e industrial. A lo largo de su fenología este cultivo es atacado por plagas y enfermedades, que pueden generar efectos adversos sobre la producción. Para el control de estos problemas, generalmente se acude al manejo convencional, los cuales ocasionan desequilibrios ecológicos. Por esta razón, es necesario considerar alternativas sostenibles fundamentadas en el conocimiento de la entomofauna benéfica. Esta investigación tuvo por objetivo realizar un análisis prospectivo de los coccinélidos asociados al cultivo de maíz en el cantón Santa Ana, Ecuador. Para su efecto, se evaluaron los coccinélidos presentes en dos condiciones distintas: con y sin aplicación de insecticida. Se utilizaron cinco técnicas de muestreo, de acuerdo con el protocolo de investigación, y se procedió con la clasificación taxonómica. Los datos fueron interpretados mediante estadística descriptiva; además, se valoró la diversidad alfa y beta. En el estudio se encontraron 297 individuos, congregados a: 1 orden,1 familia, 13 géneros y 11 especies. La mayor abundancia se presentó en condiciones no intervenidas, determinándose que la técnica de trampeo más eficiente para su captura fueron las trampas cromáticas. Este tipo de investigación es importante para derivar programas de control biológico en cultivos de importancia económica.

RESUMEN Introducción: El desarrollo de vacunas seguras y eficaces contra el SARS-CoV-2 supuso un enorme reto para enfrentar la pandemia de la COVID-19. La aparición de nuevas variantes del SARS-CoV-2 representa un reto en la evaluación de la efectividad de las vacunas, diferentes candidatos vacunales y terapéuticos desarrollados por la comunidad científica. Objetivos: Caracterizar la diversidad genética de aislamientos virales cubanos en el periodo comprendido entre junio de 2020 y diciembre de 2022. Métodos: Se obtuvo el ARN de SARS-CoV-2 de 27 aislamientos a partir de sobrenadante de cultivo celular y se secuenció el gen S. Las secuencias generadas se emplearon para la identificación y posterior caracterización molecular de las variantes genéticas del virus mediante análisis filogenético y el uso de las herramientas disponibles en la base de datos GISEAD. Resultados: Las variantes detectadas en los aislamientos cubanos de SARS-CoV-2 estudiados se correspondieron a las identificadas en los estudios de vigilancia genómica realizados en las diferentes etapas pandémicas de la COVID-19 en Cuba. El 33,3 % de los aislamientos secuenciados correspondieron a los diferentes linajes de la variante Ómicron, seguido de la variante Beta B 1.351 (29,6 %), otros linajes de SARS-CoV-2 (25,9 %), Alfa B 1.1.7 (7,4 %) y Delta B.1.575 (3,7 %). Se detectó la mutación D614G en todos los aislamientos de SARS-CoV-2 estudiados. Conclusiones: La caracterización molecular de los aislamientos cubanos de SARS-CoV-2 tiene una elevada diversidad genética. Posibilita evaluar in vitro e in vivo los candidatos vacunales y agentes terapéuticos desarrollados por la industria biofarmacéutica cubana.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The development of safe and effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 posed a huge challenge to face the COVID-19 pandemic. The appearance of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 represents a challenge in evaluating the effectiveness of vaccines, different vaccine and therapeutic candidates developed by the scientific community. Objectives: Characterize and analyze the genetic diversity of Cuban viral isolates, in the period between June 2020 and December 2022. Methods: SARS-CoV-2 RNA was obtained from 27 isolates from cell culture supernatant and the S gene was sequenced. The generated sequences were used for the identification and subsequent molecular characterization of the genetic variants of the virus through phylogenetic analysis and the use of the tools available in the GISEAD database. Results: The variants detected in the Cuban SARS-CoV-2 isolates corresponded to those identified in the genomic surveillance studies carried out in the different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba. 33.3% of the sequenced isolates corresponded to the different lineages of the Omicron variant, followed by Beta B 1.351 (29.6%), other SARS-CoV-2 lineages (25.9%), Alpha B 1.1.7 (7.4%) and Delta B.1.575 (3.7%). The D614G mutation was detected in all SARS-CoV-2 isolates studied. Conclusions: The molecular characterization of the Cuban isolates of SARS-CoV-2 has a high genetic diversity. It makes it possible to evaluate in vitro and in vivo vaccine candidates and therapeutic agents developed by the Cuban biopharmaceutical industry.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this research was to determine the alpha and beta diversity of mangrove trees in the Tumbes mangrove forest. The mangrove forest area was divided into three zones: A, B and C, in which 41 sampling points (PM) were taken. Mangrove trees were counted and measured, and the alpha diversity indices were determined: Shannon-Wiener (H'), Simpson (DS) and Pielou (J’), as well as the similarity of the PM. Beta diversity is determined with the indices: Jackard (IJ) and quantitative Sorensen (S). It is considered that the alpha diversity of the mangrove forest was low (H'=1.0260, SD =0.6158 and J’=0.9339), with zone A being the one with the lowest diversity (H'=0.3048, SD=0.8531 and J’=0.2774), due to its less anthropic impact and due to the dominance of Rhizophora mangle over the other species, it was observed that the PM were very similar within each zone, with lower diversity in zone A. The beta diversity evaluated using IJ was 1, indicating that the diversity of species does not change between the zones, while the S index showed that there is a greater change in diversity between zone A and the remaining zones. These results can allow local and regional authorities to make decisions to protect said mangrove forest. On the other hand, it would also be advisable to carry out research to determine the impact that alterations in mangrove species biodiversity may have on the organisms that inhabit this mangrove forest.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la diversidad alfa y beta de los árboles de mangle en el manglar de Tumbes. El área del manglar se dividió en tres zonas: A, B y C, en ellas se tomaron 41 puntos de muestreo (PM). Se contaron y midieron los árboles de mangle y se determinaron los índices de diversidad alfa: Shannon-Wiener (H’), Simpson (DS) y Pielou (J’), así como la similitud de los PM. La diversidad beta se determinó con los índices: de Jackard (IJ) y cuantitativo de Sorensen (S). Se determinó que la diversidad alfa del manglar fue baja (H’=1,0260, DS=0,6158 y J’=0,9339), siendo la zona A la de menor diversidad (H’=0,3048, DS=0,8531 y J’=0,2774), por su menor impacto antrópico y por el dominio de Rhizophora mangle sobre las otras especies, se observó que los PM fueron muy similares dentro de cada zona, con menor diversidad en la zona A. La diversidad beta evaluada mediante IJ fue de 1, indicando que la diversidad de especies no cambia entre las zonas, en tanto que el índice S mostró que hay un mayor cambio en diversidad entre la zona A y las restantes zonas. Estos resultados pueden permitir a las autoridades locales y regionales tomar decisiones a fin de poder proteger a dicho manglar. Por otro lado, también sería conveniente realizar investigación para determinar el impacto que la alteración de la biodiversidad de las especies de mangles pueda tener en los organismos que habitan en este manglar.

Abstract The use of fertilizers affects not only the soil fertility and crop yield, but also significantly changes the taxonomic structure of the soil microbiocenosis. Here, based on stationary field experiment, we studied the influence of organo-mineral fertilizer (ОМF), modified by bacteria Bacillus subtilis, H-13 in comparison with different fertilizer systems (organic, mineral, organo-mineral) on (i) crop yield, (ii) physical and chemical properties, and (iii) alpha and beta diversity of the microbial community Albic Retisol (Loamic, Aric, Cutanic, Differentic, Ochric). The studies were carried out against the background of liming (рНКCl – 5.9) and without it (рНКCl – 5.1). The use of only one cattle farmyard manure was less effective than its co-application with mineral fertilizers in half doses. A similar effect was obtained when applying ОМF. In addition, the use of OMF contributes to a significant increase in the reserves of soil organic carbon in the soil layer 0-20 cm by 18%-32%. Using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA variable V4 gene sequence libraries, 10.759 taxa from 456 genera were identified, assigned to 34 fila (31 bacterial and 3 archaeotic. Unilateral application of mineral fertilizers leads to a significant decrease in the alpha diversity of the structure of soil microbial communities (OTE (other things equal) and Shannon index). A clear clustering of the microbiota was found in the variants with and without the introduction of сattle farmyard manure. It is revealed that the taxonomic structure of the microbiocenosis is formed under the influence of two main factors: crop rotation culture and applied fertilizers. The type of cultivated crop determines the dynamics of the microbiota at the level of larger taxa, such as domains, and fertilizers affect the structure of the microbial community at alower taxonomic level (phyla, orders, bloodlines). On the basis of the Deseq analysis, marker taxa were identified, according to the share participation of which it is possible to determine the type of cultivated crop and fertilizers used in the experiment. Understanding the dynamics of taxa association and other influential factors can lead to the creation of universal systems of metagenomic indication, where tracking the dynamics of microbial communities will allow for a comprehensive assessment of the agroecological state of soils and timely decisions to prevent their degradation. yield Here experiment organomineral organo ОМF, ОМF , (ОМF) subtilis H13 H 13 H-1 organic, (organic i (i ii (ii properties iii (iii Loamic, Loamic (Loamic Aric Cutanic Differentic Ochric. Ochric . Ochric) рНКCl 5.9 59 5 9 5.1. 51 5.1 1 5.1) coapplication co doses addition 020 0 20 0-2 18%32%. 1832 18% 32%. 18 32 18%-32% highthroughput high throughput S V libraries 10759 10 759 10.75 45 identified 31 (3 archaeotic OTE equal index. index index) domains phyla, phyla (phyla orders bloodlines. bloodlines bloodlines) analysis indication degradation (ОМF H1 H- 5. 02 2 0- 18%32% 183 32% 18%-32 1075 75 10.7 4 ( 18%32 18%-3 107 7 10. 18%3 18%-

Resumo O uso de fertilizantes afeta não apenas a fertilidade do solo e o rendimento das culturas, mas também altera significativamente a estrutura taxonômica da microbiocenose do solo. Aqui, com base em experimento de campo estacionário, estudou-se a influência do fertilizante organomineral (FOM), modificado pela bactéria Bacillus subtilis (H-13), em comparação com diferentes sistemas de fertilizantes (orgânico, mineral, organomineral) em (i) rendimento da colheita, (ii) propriedades físicas e químicas, e (iii) diversidade alfa e beta da comunidade microbiana Albic Retisol (Loamic, Aric, Cutanic, Differentic, Ochric). O experimento foi conduzido sob duas condições: com calagem (pHKCl - 5,9) e sem calagem (pHKCl - 5,1). O uso apenas de esterco bovino foi menos eficaz do que sua coaplicação com fertilizantes minerais em metade das doses. Um efeito semelhante foi obtido ao aplicar FOM. Além disso, o uso de FOM contribui para um aumento significativo nas reservas de carbono orgânico do solo na camada de solo de 0-20 cm em 18%-32%. O sequenciamento de alto rendimento das bibliotecas de sequências do gene variável V4 do rRNA 16S identificou 10.759 táxons pertencentes a 456 gêneros, classificados em 34 filos (31 bacterianos e 3 arqueanos). A aplicação unilateral de fertilizantes minerais levou a uma diminuição significativa da diversidade alfa da estrutura das comunidades microbianas do solo (OTE [outras coisas iguais] e índice de Shannon). Foi observada uma aglutinação da microbiota nas variantes com e sem a aplicação de esterco bovino. O estudo revelou que a estrutura taxonômica da microbiocenose é formada sob a influência de dois fatores principais: cultura de rotação de culturas e fertilizantes aplicados. O tipo de cultura cultivada determina a dinâmica do microbiota ao nível de taxa maiores, como os domínios, e os fertilizantes afetam a estrutura da comunidade microbiana a um nível taxonômico inferior (filos, ordens, famílias). Com base na análise Deseq, foram identificados taxa marcadores, de acordo com a participação dos quais é possível determinar o tipo de cultura cultivada e os fertilizantes utilizados na experiência. A compreensão da dinâmica da associação de taxa e de outros fatores influentes pode levar à criação de sistemas universais de indicaçadores metagenômicos, onde o rastreio da dinâmica das comunidades microbianas permitirá uma avaliação abrangente do estado agroecológico dos solos e decisões oportunas para prevenir a sua degradação. Aqui estacionário estudouse estudou se FOM, , (FOM) H13, H13 H 13 (H-13) orgânico, (orgânico mineral i (i colheita ii (ii químicas iii (iii Loamic, Loamic (Loamic Aric Cutanic Differentic Ochric. Ochric . Ochric) condições pHKCl 5,9 59 5 9 5,1. 51 5,1 1 5,1) doses disso 020 0 20 0-2 18%32%. 1832 18% 32%. 18 32 18%-32% V S 10759 10 759 10.75 45 gêneros 31 (3 arqueanos. arqueanos arqueanos) OTE outras iguais Shannon. Shannon Shannon) principais aplicados maiores domínios filos, (filos ordens famílias. famílias famílias) Deseq marcadores experiência metagenômicos degradação (FOM H1 (H-13 5, 02 2 0- 18%32% 183 32% 18%-32 1075 75 10.7 4 ( (H-1 18%32 18%-3 107 7 10. (H- 18%3 18%- (H

Abstract: Aim We investigated the hypothesis that flood decreases the taxonomic and functional beta diversity of Chironomidae (Diptera) larvae among floodplain lakes, causing biotic homogenization. Methods We collected benthic samples using a modified Petersen grab in 18 lakes in a flood period (March 2011) and a drought period (September 2011) in the Upper Paraná River floodplain. We compared the taxonomic and functional beta diversity of Chironomidae among lakes in flood and drought periods using a multivariate dispersion analysis (PERMDISP). Results We found similar taxonomic and functional beta diversity of the Chironomidae between hydrological periods. Conclusions We did not find evidence of biotic homogenization due to flood pulse. Our findings suggest other mechanisms besides increasing connectivity and environmental similarity due to flood pulse that may structure the benthic community, such as variation in the identity of flood-tolerant morphospecies across lakes. Abstract Diptera (Diptera 1 March 2011 September PERMDISP. PERMDISP . (PERMDISP) community floodtolerant tolerant 201 (PERMDISP 20 2

Resumo: Objetivo Nós investigamos a hipótese que a cheia reduz a diversidade beta taxonômica e funcional de larvas de Chironomidae (Diptera) em lagoas de inundação causando homogeneização biótica. Métodos Coletamos amostras bentônicas usando uma draga do tipo Petersen modificado em 18 lagoas em um período de cheia (março de 2011) e um período de seca (setembro de 2011) na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná. Nós comparamos a diversidade beta taxonômica e funcional nos períodos de cheia e de seca usando uma análise de dispersão multivariada (PERMDISP). Resultados Nós encontramos que a diversidade beta de Chironomidae foi similar entre os períodos hidrológicos. Conclusões Nós não encontramos evidência de homogeneização biótica devido à cheia. Nossos resultados sugerem outros mecanismos além do aumento da conectividade e da similaridade ambiental devido ao pulso de inundação estruturam a comunidade bentônica, tais como a variação na identidade das espécies tolerantes à cheia entre as lagoas. Resumo Diptera (Diptera 1 março 2011 setembro Paraná PERMDISP. PERMDISP . (PERMDISP) hidrológicos bentônica 201 (PERMDISP 20 2

ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of 52 Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bovine mastitis isolates obtained from 37 dairy herds from the northwest of Portugal against antibiotics belonging to the β-lactam family, evaluate the detection of blaZ and mecA resistance genes, and study the diversity of positive isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by the disk diffusion method. The detection of blaZ and mecA genes was performed using specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the diversity of blaZ was evaluated by phylogenetic analysis. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed a prevalence of phenotypic resistance by S. aureus of 52.0% against penicillin and ampicillin, 34.6% against oxacillin, 17.3% against amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid, and 21.1% against cefazolin. A prevalence of phenotypic intermediate resistance of 5.7% against penicillin, 9.6% against amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid, and 1.9% against ampicillin and cefazolin, respectively, was demonstrated. A 100.0% phenotypic susceptibility was found against piperacillin. Of the 52 S. aureus isolates, 35 (67.3%) were PCR positive for blaZ gene, and isolate 25 was positive for mecA gene. The phylogenetic analysis of partial blaZ gene S. aureus isolates consensus sequences were placed in two different clades, clade A (cluster A, A.1) and B (cluster B), all closely related to animal and/or human S. aureus strains. Isolate 2 appeared in the phylogenetic tree as the most divergent. This study indicates that blaZ resistance gene plays a role in β-lactam resistance in the tested bovine mastitis S. aureus isolates within dairy herds in the northwest of Portugal, especially in case of penicillin and ampicillin antibiotics that have shown a high phenotypic prevalence. Indeed, the proportion of bovine mastitis isolates with phenotypic resistance did not agree with the proportion of those identified for blaZ, as isolates with 100.0% of phenotypic susceptibility for all tested antibiotics also harbored blaZ. BlaZ phylogenetic analysis from S. aureus isolates showed diversity inside or between different herds in the northwest of Portugal. Piperacillin, as a suggestion, could be tested for S. aureus bovine mastitis treatment in the future to evaluate this new possibility of therapy. 5 S (S 3 βlactam β lactam family method (PCR 520 0 52.0 346 34 6 34.6 oxacillin 173 17 17.3 acid 211 21 1 21.1 cefazolin 57 7 5.7 96 9 9.6 19 1.9 respectively demonstrated 1000 100 100.0 piperacillin 67.3% 673 67 (67.3% clades cluster A.1 A1 B, , B) andor strains divergent Indeed Piperacillin suggestion therapy 52. 34. 17. 21. 5. 9. 1. 10 100. 67.3 (67.3 A. 67. (67. (67 (6 (

Abstract Similarly to other animal communities, the diversity of subterranean aquatic fauna is influenced by several factors and processes, such as habitat fragmentation, dispersion, environmental heterogeneity, and physical and chemical water characteristics. Here, we studied cave aquatic communities of the Alto Ribeira hydrographic basin, regarding troglobitic and non-troglobitic species, located in a single karst area to evaluate the influence of sub-basins in fauna differentiation. We investigated how abiotic variables (flow, electrical conductivity, temperature, pH, and substrate) influence the fauna composition and the contribution of beta diversity components (nestedness and turnover) in explaining communities’ dissimilarities. Fauna composition differed between sub-basins, as most species did not co-occur in different caves. Caves with higher flow and substrate diversity were the richest. In addition, each cave community was influenced by a unique set of abiotic variables. Dissimilarity among caves was mainly explained by turnover, and our findings suggest the restricted species distribution could be due to ecological (e.g., limited dispersion capacity, tolerance to abiotic variables), hydrogeological (e.g., dispersion barriers, isolation of sub-basins), and historical (e.g., colonization, paleoclimatic events) factors and processes. Therefore, different elements are responsible for determining the composition of cave aquatic communities in different sub-basins, reflecting the variability within a single karst area. processes fragmentation heterogeneity characteristics Here basin nontroglobitic non subbasins sub basins differentiation flow, (flow conductivity temperature pH nestedness turnover dissimilarities subbasins, basins, cooccur co occur richest addition e.g., eg e g (e.g. capacity variables, , variables) barriers sub-basins) colonization events Therefore e.g. (e.g e.g

Abstract We evaluated the bird composition, forest dependence, trophic guilds and avian representativeness associated with 7, 10 and 15 years old reforestations and mature forest patches in order to verify the successional process and avian contribution to the forest restoration. Analyses revealed a segregation of bird composition with a gradual increasing in forest dependent species from 7 years to mature forest. Detrended Correspondence Analysis ranged from those birds often present in semi-open habitats to forest birds, canopy frugivorous and understory insectivorous as the successional stages progressed from the most recent reforestation to the most mature. Although 7 and 10 years of reforestation had the largest composition range, the more generalist, granivorous and forest independent birds, three years were enough to have different bird diversity between them. Avifauna of 15 years patches resembled most closely that of mature forest but still lacked 18 species. In this way, we addressed: 1) planting of herbaceous/shrub and freshy-fruited species in reforestations and; 2) establish riparian forest corridors along the Paraná river to connect these reforestation patches with mature forest. These measures will allow higher avian beta-diversity to maximize the diaspores dispersed by birds to expand and accelerate the rehabilitation of this threatened for forest. dependence 1 restoration semiopen semi open range generalist them way addressed herbaceousshrub herbaceous shrub freshyfruited freshy fruited 2 betadiversity beta

Resumen Presentamos un análisis de la diversidad y de los patrones biogeográficos de 260 especies de aves residentes de los bosques tropicales de México, realizado a partir de datos históricos (recolectados entre el siglo XVIII y 2007) y registros de presencia de la última década (2013-2023). Realizamos comparaciones del número y cambio de composición de especies, considerando las matrices de distribución “histórica” y “actual”, y un análisis de parsimonia de endemismos. De acuerdo con los datos históricos, la mayor riqueza de especies se localiza en la vertiente del Golfo de México y la península de Yucatán, mientras que los bosques estacionalmente secos de la costa del Pacífico y la Cuenca del Balsas presentaron los valores más altos de especies endémicas. Sin embargo, los datos recopilados en la última década muestran una disminución significativa del número de especies en todas las áreas analizadas. La estimación de la diversidad beta indicó valores elevados de cambio en la composición de especies para las matrices evaluadas. La hipótesis biogeográfica obtenida indica la existencia de 2 grandes grupos: i) vertiente pacífica de México y la Cuenca del Balsas y ii) norte de la provincia Veracruzana, el norte del Istmo de Tehuantepec y la península de Yucatán.

Abstract We present an analysis of diversity and biogeographic patterns of 260 resident bird species in the tropical forests of Mexico, based on historical data (collected between the 18th century and 2007) and presence records from the last decade (2013-2023). We performed comparisons of the number and composition change of species, considering the “historical” and “current” distribution matrices, and a parsimony analysis of endemicity. According to historical data, the highest species richness is located on the slope of the Gulf of Mexico and the Yucatán Peninsula, while the seasonally dry forests of the Pacific coast and the Balsas Basin presented the highest values of endemic species. However, data collected in the last decade show a significant decline in the number of species in all areas analyzed. The beta diversity estimation indicated high values of change in species composition for the matrices evaluated. Biogeographic hypothesis obtained indicates the existence of 2 main groups: i) Pacific slope of Mexico and the Balsas Basin and ii) north of the Veracruzan province, the north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Yucatán Peninsula.