Resumen Los agroecosistemas con café (Coffea arabica) son reservorios de biodiversidad donde se pueden encontrar especies de fauna, entre ellos algunos mamíferos. Los estudios de mamíferos en este hábitat han ido aumentando en los últimos años. Es importante conocer la riqueza, abundancia y diversidad de especies, así como los periodos de actividad para conocer a profundidad la dinámica en un sistema productivo como los cafetales. El objetivo es determinar la diversidad de mamíferos en agroecosistemas con café en Rincón de Mora, San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Para ello, se utilizaron diferentes métodos de captura (trampas de captura viva tipo Sherman, Havahart, cámaras trampa y redes de niebla) las cuales se colocaron en sitios estratégicos durante tres años de muestreo. Se detectaron 22 especies de mamíferos clasificadas en tres grupos según su abundancia: mayor, media y menor. La mayor presencia de mamíferos se dio en las etapas fenológicas de floración-llenado y de fruto-hoja (al final de la cosecha). Se obtuvieron datos de mamíferos en horarios diurnos y nocturnos. El índice de diversidad Shannon H tuvo un resultado de 1,80, mientras que el de Berger-Parker d= 0,69. Según esta investigación, así como con otros estudios, se puede considerar que los agroecosistemas con café son un hábitat alternativo de apoyo para la protección de especies de mamíferos y otra fauna asociada.

Abstract Agroecosystems with coffee (Coffea arabica) are biodiversity reservoirs where fauna species can be found, including some mammals. Mammal’s studies in this habitat have been increasing in recent years. It is important to know the richness, abundance, and diversity of species, as well as the periods of activity to understand the dynamic in a productive system such as coffee plantations. The aim is to determine the diversity of mammals in coffee agroecosystems in Rincón de Mora, San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica. To do this, different capture methods were used (Sherman, Havahart type live capture traps, camera traps and mist nets) which were placed in strategic sites for three years of sampling. 22 species of mammals were detected, classified into three groups according to their abundance: higher, medium, and less. The higher presence of mammals occurred in the phenological stages of flowering-filling and fruit-leaf (at the end of the harvest). Data were obtained from mammals during daytime and nighttime hours. The Shannon H diversity index had a result of 1.80, while the Berger-Parker d= 0.69. According to this research, as well as other studies, coffee agroecosystems can be considered an alternative supporting habitat for the protection of mammal species and other associated fauna.

Resumo: Objetivo A comunidade componente de parasitas da ictiofauna foi investigada ao longo de um gradiente de pressões antropogênicas no Rio Guaraguaçu, sul do Brasil, um rio Neotropical com grande importância para a conservação da biodiversidade. Métodos Após a coleta, todos os peixes foram identificados, medidos, pesados e eviscerados. As vísceras e brânquias foram inspecionadas para coleta e subsequente identificação de parasitas. Estimadores de diversidade de parasitas foram calculados para as espécies de hospedeiros mais abundantes. Resultados Um total de 159 espécimes de hospedeiros de 12 espécies foram examinados, sendo 140 (88,05%) infectados com pelo menos um parasita, incluindo 14 novas ocorrências de parasitas. O parasita mais amplamente distribuído foi o nematoide Contracaecum sp., encontrado em 8 espécies de hospedeiros. As maiores intensidades de infecção e abundância foram observadas para o monogenético Aphanoblastella mastigatus, infectando o Jundiá Rhamdia quelen. Os índices de Shannon-Wiener, Jost e Simpson foram maiores para os peixes mais abundantes, exceto para a Traíra Hoplias malabaricus. A maioria das espécies de hospedeiros abrigava parasitas com distribuição pouco agregada, de acordo com o índice de discrepância. O índice de Berger-Parker mostrou a dominância de monogenéticos em todos os hospedeiros, exceto H. malabaricus. Encontramos poucas evidências de mudanças nas infracomunidades de parasitas ao longo do gradiente do rio. Conclusões Descrevemos os padrões de infecção em um importante rio Neotropical. As novas ocorrências de parasitas destacam a importância de nosso estudo. Interações entre parasitos e peixes mudaram ao longo dos setores do rio, e isso não necessariamente resulta em mudanças na diversidade e abundância de parasitos dentro de cada espécie, mas um rearranjo das interações. Além disso, parece que os parasitas são mais abundantes na maioria dos locais impactados, o que é mais uma razão para continuar o monitoramento. Resumo Guaraguaçu Brasil biodiversidade identificados medidos eviscerados 15 1 examinados 88,05% 8805 88 05 (88,05% sp sp. mastigatus quelen ShannonWiener, ShannonWiener Shannon Wiener, Wiener Shannon-Wiener malabaricus agregada discrepância BergerParker Berger Parker H estudo espécie interações disso impactados monitoramento 88,05 880 0 (88,05 88,0 (88,0 88, (88, (88 (8 (

Abstract: Aim We investigated the ichthyofauna parasite component community across a gradient of anthropogenic pressures of the Guaraguaçu River, south Brazil, a Neotropical river of central importance for biodiversity conservation. Methods After fish sampling, all fish were identified, measured, weighed and eviscerated. The viscera and gills were inspected for parasite screening and subsequent identification. Parasite diversity estimators were calculated for the most abundant host species. Results A total of 159 host specimens from 12 species were examined, being 140 (88.05%) found to be infected with at least one parasite, including 14 new parasite occurrences. The most widely distributed parasite was the nematode Contracaecum sp., found in 8 host species. The highest mean infection intensity and mean abundance was observed for the monogenean Aphanoblastella mastigatus, infecting the Silver catfish Rhamdia quelen. The Shannon-Wiener, Jost and Simpson indexes were higher for the more abundant fishes, except for the Trahira Hoplias malabaricus. Most host species harbored parasites in poorly aggregated distribution, according to the discrepancy index. The Berger-Parker index showed monogenean dominance in all hosts except for H. malabaricus. We found little evidence for parasite infracommunity changes across the gradient of the river. Conclusions We described the infection patterns in an important Neotropical river. The new parasite occurrences highlight the contribution of our study. Fish-parasite interactions changed throughout the river stretches, and we argue that it does not necessarily means changes in diversity and abundance of parasite within species, but the rearrange of interactions. Moreover, it seems that parasites are more abundant in most impacted sites, another reason to continue the monitoring. Abstract River Brazil conservation sampling identified measured eviscerated identification 15 1 examined 88.05% 8805 88 05 (88.05% sp sp. mastigatus quelen ShannonWiener, ShannonWiener Shannon Wiener, Wiener Shannon-Wiener fishes malabaricus distribution BergerParker Berger Parker H study Fishparasite Fish stretches Moreover sites monitoring 88.05 880 0 (88.05 88.0 (88.0 88. (88. (88 (8 (

Resumo Este estudo descreveu o primeiro relato de parasitos metazoários em Crenicichla strigata. De 31 hospedeiros capturados na bacia do Rio Jari, na região da Amazônia oriental brasileira, foi coletado um total de 1.454 parasitos: Sciadicleithrum araguariensis, Sciadicleithrum joanae, Sciadicleithrum satanopercae, Posthodiplostomum sp., Genarchella genarchella, Contracaecum sp., Spirocamallanus peraccuratus, Acarina gen. sp. e Dolops geayi. Porém, a comunidade foi dominada por essas três espécies de Sciadicleithrum (Monogenea) e houve similar presença de parasitos em estágio larval e adulto. A prevalência total foi de100% e os hospedeiros estavam parasitados por duas ou três espécies, que tiveram dispersão randômica. A diversidade de Brillouin, riqueza de espécies de parasitos, índice de dominância de Berger-Parker e equitabilidade foram baixos. Houve correlação positiva da abundância de Posthodiplostomum sp. com o comprimento dos hospedeiros, enquanto a abundância de S. peraccuratus mostrou correlação negativa com o peso corporal dos peixes. Abundância de S. araguariensis, S. joane e S. satanopercae apresentou correlação negativa com o comprimento dos hospedeiros. A comunidade parasitária de C. strigata foi caracterizada por baixa diversidade, baixa riqueza, baixa intensidade e baixa abundância de espécies. 3 Jari brasileira 1454 1 454 1.45 araguariensis joanae sp genarchella gen geayi Porém Monogenea (Monogenea adulto de100 randômica Brillouin BergerParker Berger Parker baixos S peixes C 145 45 1.4 de10 14 4 1. de1

Abstract This study provides the first report of metazoan parasites in Crenicichla strigata. From 31 hosts caught in the Jari River basin, in the eastern Amazon region of Brazil, a total of 1454 parasites were collected: Sciadicleithrum araguariensis, Sciadicleithrum joanae, Sciadicleithrum satanopercae, Posthodiplostomum sp., Genarchella genarchella, Contracaecum sp., Spirocamallanus peraccuratus, Acarina gen. sp. and Dolops geayi. However, the community was dominated by the three species of Sciadicleithrum (Monogenea) and there was similar presence of parasites in the larval and adult stages. The total prevalence was 100% and each of the hosts was parasitized by two or three species, which presented random dispersion. Brillouin diversity, parasite species richness, Berger-Parker dominance index and evenness were low. There was positive correlation between the abundance of Posthodiplostomum sp. the hosts’ length, while the abundance of S. peraccuratus showed negative correlation with the body weight of fish. The abundance of S. araguariensis, S. joanae and S. satanopercae showed negative correlation with the hosts’ length. The parasite community of C. strigata was characterized by low diversity, low richness, low intensity and low abundance of species. 3 basin Brazil 145 collected araguariensis sp genarchella gen geayi However Monogenea (Monogenea stages 100 dispersion diversity richness BergerParker Berger Parker length S fish C 14 10 1

Resumen La utilización de insecticidas en soja (Glycine max, L.) puede provocar efectos letales y subletales en la fauna benéfica asociada al cultivo. En Argentina, el empleo de plaguicidas para controlar malezas e insectos en cultivos extensivos e intensivos se incrementó en más de 400% en los últimos 20 años. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del insecticida clorantraniliprol sobre depredadores y parasitoides asociados a Rachiplusia nu en condiciones de campo. Se realizaron seguimientos durante 2014/2015 en parcelas del cultivo con y sin aplicación de clorantraniliprol y se registraron los organismos fitófagos y predadores. Las larvas de R. nu se recolectaron, se acondicionaron individualmente en cajas de Petri y se mantuvieron en cámara de cría climatizada hasta la aparición de lepidópteros adultos o de parasitoides. Los resultados se analizaron mediante MLGM. En parcelas sin aplicación de insecticida, el parasitoidismo por Copidosoma sp. redujo la curva de incremento poblacional de R. nu a niveles inferiores al Nivel de Daño Económico. En parcelas con aplicación de clorantraniliprol, hubo diferencias significativas (. > 0,05) para predadores (Araneidae, Syrphidae, Hemiptera) y parasitoides (Himenoptera) antes y después de la aplicación. Por otra parte, el Índice de Berger Parker evidenció que los parasitoides son más sensibles al clorantraniliprol que los predadores. Por lo tanto, es necesario realizar estudios sobre insecticidas selectivos de otros modos de acción para evaluar los efectos subletales sobre enemigos naturales.

Abstract Using insecticides on soybean (Glycine max, L.) may induce lethal and sublethal effects on beneficial fauna associated with soybean cultivation. In Argentina, the application of pesticides in extensive and intensive crops for weed and insect control has increased by more than 400% over the last 20 years. This study aimed to determine the effect of chlorantraniliprole applied under field conditions on predators and parasitoids associated with Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Phytophagous and predatory organisms were recorded in chlorantraniliprole-treated and untreated field plots during the 2014-2015 crop season. R. nu larvae were collected, individually placed in Petri dishes, and reared in a conditioned growth chamber until adult Lepidoptera or parasitoids appeared. Data were analyzed with the generalized linear mixed model. In untreated plots, the parasitoid Copidosoma sp. reduced the R. nu population growth curve below the economic injury level. In chlorantraniliprole-treated fields, differences before and after application were significant (. > 0.05), indicating that the insecticide affected predators (Araneidae, Syrphidae, Hemiptera) and parasitoids (Hymenoptera). Additionally, the Berger-Parker dominance index showed parasitoids were more sensitive to chlorantraniliprole than predators. Future research on selective insecticides with other action modes would be needed to evaluate sublethal effects on natural enemies.

Abstract We evaluated the influence of flooding and receding comparison and spatial variation on the composition and structure of fish assemblages in blackwater and clearwater rivers of the Aracá-Demeni sub-basin in the middle Negro River, Amazonas state, Brazil. The collections were carried out during the falling-water period (November 2018) and the rising-water period (April 2019) using gillnets with meshes ranging from 30 to 120mm stretched mesh size. Ecological estimates of richness, equitability, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and the Berger-Parker index showed no significant differences between the periods. The composition of the ichthyofauna showed variations between the falling-water and rising-water periods. Beta diversity in the Aracá-Demeni sub-basin is almost completely caused by species substitution, with spatial turnover accounting for most of the estimate. The identification of these patterns and of the responsible factors are fundamental for the definition of conservation strategies, especially in an ecosystem whose dynamics can be influenced by climate change through changes in the intensity of the flood pulse and connectivity.

Resumo Avaliamos a influência da variação entre os períodos de enchente e vazante e espacialmente na composição e estrutura das assembleias de peixes em rios de águas pretas e claras da sub-bacia Aracá-Demeni no médio rio Negro, Amazonas, Brasil. As coletas foram realizadas durante o período de vazante (novembro de 2018) e o período de enchente (abril de 2019) utilizando redes de espera com malhas variando de 30 a 120mm entre nós opostos. As estimativas ecológicas de riqueza, equitabilidade, índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener e índice de Berger-Parker não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os períodos. A composição da ictiofauna apresentou variações entre os períodos de vazante e enchente. A diversidade beta na sub-bacia Aracá-Demeni é quase totalmente causada pela substituição de espécies, com a renovação espacial respondendo pela maior parte da estimativa. A identificação desses padrões e os fatores responsáveis são fundamentais para a definição de estratégias de conservação, principalmente em um ecossistema cuja dinâmica pode ser influenciada pelas mudanças climáticas por meio de mudanças na intensidade do pulso de inundação e conectividade.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Se presenta la flora del bosque seco de Cerros del Tabacal y del bosque semideciduo de Loma del Agua de la Reserva Forestal Guanito en la Cordillera Central de República Dominicana. Existen muy pocos registros de las especies de esta reserva. Por ello, el objetivo general fue inventariar la flora vascular de ambas montañas; los objetivos específicos, determinar la diversidad y riqueza de especies en la Reserva Forestal Guanito, documentar su distribución, estado de conservación y formas de vida, y registrar la variación en la composición florística. Métodos: Se delimitaron tres parcelas de 10 × 10 m y dos transectos de 60 × 2 m en cada bosque, basados en el área mínima de expresión de las especies, y fueron ubicados en las áreas con cobertura vegetal densa. Se calculó el índice de diversidad de Shannon, el índice de dominancia de Berger-Parker y el coeficiente de similitud de Jaccard. Resultados clave: En el bosque seco se registraron 81 especies, distribuidas en 72 géneros y 31 familias; en el bosque semideciduo, 110 especies de 96 géneros y 50 familias. Fabaceae fue la familia con mayor riqueza de géneros en ambos cerros (siete y ocho, respectivamente), y Tillandsia el género con mayor riqueza de especies (seis y cinco, respectivamente). Con mayor abundancia de individuos destacó Tillandsia recurvata (173 individuos) en el bosque seco y en el bosque semideciduo, Savia sessiliflora (39). El índice de Shannon mostró que el bosque semideciduo tiene mayor diversidad que el bosque seco, y los resultados del coeficiente de Jaccard indican que ambos bosques presentan una composición florística muy diferente. Conclusiones: Este estudio reafirma la importancia y riqueza florística de los bosques de República Dominicana y constituye el primer inventario florístico para la Reserva Forestal Guanito.

Abstract: Background and Aims: The flora of the dry forest of Cerros del Tabacal and the semi-deciduous forest of Loma del Agua of the Reserva Forestal Guanito in the Cordillera Central of the Dominican Republic, is presented. There are few species records of this reserve. Hence, the main objective was to inventory the vascular flora of both hills, and the specific objectives, to determine the diversity and richness of species in the Reserva Forestal Guanito and to document the biogeographic, conservation status, and life forms, and to register the floristic composition variation. Methods: Three plots of 10 × 10 m and two transects of 60 × 2 m were made on each hill, based on the species expression minimum area, and they were located in the areas with dense plant cover. The Shannon diversity index, Berger-Parker dominance index and Jaccard similarity coefficient were calculated. Key results: In the dry forest 81 species were recorded, distributed in 72 genera and 31 families; in the semi-deciduous forest, 110 species belonging to 96 genera and 50 families were registered. Fabaceae was the richest family in genera number on both hills (eight and nine, respectively), and Tillandsia the richest genus in species number (six and five, respectively). Tillandsia recurvata stands out with the highest abundance of individuals (173 individuals) in the dry forest, and Savia sessiliflora (39) in the semi-deciduous forest. The Shannon index showed that the semi-deciduous forest has more diversity than the dry forest, and the results of the Jaccard coefficient indicated that both hills have a highly differentiated floristic composition. Conclusions: This study reaffirms the importance and floristic richness of the forests of the Domincan Republic and at the same time constitutes the first floristic inventory for the Reserva Forestal Guanito.

Abstract Beneficial entomofauna is an important component in cultivated systems, however, details about this endogenous resource are not always available. This work aimed to evaluate the diversity of beneficial insects associated with the existing vegetation in suburban farms of Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. An analysis of the work carried out on these farms was carried out and a list of the beneficial species reported was drawn up considering, among other aspects, the total number of individuals. With these data the composition was evaluated and as indicators of alpha diversity the Species Richness, Simpson Dominance, Berger-Parker Index and General Diversity. As a measure of similarity, the formation of homogeneous groups was taken into account by means of a multivariate analysis (CLUSTER). A documentary analysis was carried out to assess the potential of this entomofauna for pest management in the studied farms. 2,785 individuals belonging to five orders, 10 families, 17 genera and 20 species were counted. The composition showed variation tending to decrease from one period to the other, except for the number of families that remained close to stability. The orders Coleoptera and Hymenoptera and the predators among the groups of beneficial organisms were the most represented. The alpha diversity is low and shows a decrease from one period to the other, the values obtained are in the established range except for the Shannon H’ diversity. There is a low similarity between the farms and the beneficial entomofauna studied has potential to be used in the management of pests present in them.

Resumen La entomofauna benéfica es un componente importante en los sistemas cultivados, sin embargo, no siempre se tienen detalles sobre este recurso endógeno. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la diversidad de insectos benéficos asociada a la vegetación existente en fincas suburbanas de Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Se realizó un análisis de trabajos desarrollados en estas fincas y se elaboró un listado de las especies benéficas reportadas, considerando, entre otros aspectos, el total de individuos. Con estos datos se evaluó la composición y como indicadores de diversidad alfa la Riqueza de Especies, Dominancia de Simpson, Índice de Berger-Parker y Diversidad general. Como medida de similitud se tuvo en cuenta la formación de grupos homogéneos mediante un análisis multivariado (CLUSTER). Se realizó un análisis documental para valorar las potencialidades de esta entomofauna para el manejo de plagas en las fincas estudiadas. Se contabilizaron 2.785 individuos pertenecientes a cinco órdenes, 10 familias, 17 géneros y 20 especies. La composición mostró variación tendiendo a la disminución de un período al otro, excepto el número de familias que se mantuvo cercano a la estabilidad. Los órdenes Coleoptera e Hymenoptera y los depredadores entre los grupos de organismos benéficos, fueron los más representados. La diversidad alfa es baja y muestra una disminución de un período al otro, los valores obtenidos están en el rango establecido excepto la diversidad de Shannon H´. Existe una baja similitud entre las fincas y la entomofauna benéfica estudiada posee potencialidades para ser utilizada en el manejo de las plagas presentes en estas.

Resumen Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron presentar una lista de helmintos de especies de roedores simpátricos (Muroidea, Cricetidae) de la ciudad de Corrientes, ecorregión del Chaco Húmedo, Argentina, y recopilar registros y datos ecológicos de las especies hospedadoras. Catorce especies de helmintos fueron hallados en un ensamble de 6 roedores. Cinco nuevos hospedadores y 12 nuevos registros geográficos son reportados para la región del Chaco Húmedo. El mayor valor de prevalencia corresponde a Stilestrongylus stilesi, Hassalstrongylus mazzai, H. argentinus y Mazzanema fortuita, y los mayores valores de abundancia media e intensidad media corresponde a S. stilesi de Necromys lasiurus. Los Nippostrongylinae fue el grupo dominante en todas las especies de roedores. Se presentan los descriptores ecológicos de la comunidad componente (riqueza, número total de especímenes parásitos, índice de diversidad, equitatibilidad y dominancia). El valor más elevado del índice de riqueza fue observado para N. lasiurus (S=6). El índice de diversidad alcanzó valores entre 1.11 en Holochilus chacarius y 0.16 in Akodon azarae. El índice de equitatibilidad presentó valores mayores para Oligoryzomys flavescens (0.96) y H. chacarius (0.81). Los valores más altos de dominancia de Berger-Parker fueron observados en A. azarae (0.96), seguido por N. lasiurus (0.86). El presente trabajo contribuye al estudio taxonómico y ecológico de las relaciones parásito-hospedador, proporcionando información sustancial a una de las ecorregiones más afectadas por las acciones antrópicas en Argentina.

Abstract The aims of this paper were to list the helminths from sympatric rodent species (Muroidea, Cricetidae) in Corrientes city, Humid Chaco ecoregion, Argentina and summarise the record and ecological data on six host species. Fourteen species of helminths were found in 6 rodent assemblages. Five new hosts and 12 new geographical reports from Humid Chaco ecoregion are provided. The higher prevalence values corresponded to Stilestrongylus stilesi, Hassalstrongylus mazzai, H. argentinus and Mazzanema fortuita, and the higher mean abundance and mean intensity values corresponded to S. stilesi from Necromys lasiurus. Nippostrongylinae was the dominant group within each host species. The ecological descriptors of component communities are given. The highest value of richness index was observed for N. lasiurus (S = 6). The diversity index reached values between the range 1.11 in Holochilus chacarius and 0.16 in Akodon azarae. The equitability index shows the highest values for Oligoryzomys flavescens (0.96) and H. chacarius (0.81). The highest value index of dominance of Berger-Parker was observed for A. azarae (0.96) followed by N. lasiurus (0.86). This study contributes to the taxonomic and ecological of the parasite-host relationships, providing substantial information to one of the ecoregions most affected by anthropic actions in Argentina.

RESUMEN El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la composición, diversidad y distribución de las especies frutales en fincas de la agricultura suburbana en Santiago de Cuba. Seleccionadas las fincas, se clasificaron las especies frutales y se elaboraron listados florísticos que se utilizaron en la determinación de la composición. De diversidad alfa (α) se evaluó la Riqueza de especies (S), Dominancia de Berger-Parker (d) y Diversidad general (Shannon H´) mientras que de diversidad beta (β) se tuvo en cuenta el índice de similitud de Sorenson (Iss). Para la distribución se realizó un análisis bibliográfico donde se identificó los principales rangos de distribución en relación con Cuba. La composición de las especies frutales tuvo un comportamiento bastante estable de un período al otro siempre con una ligera tendencia a la disminución, aunque por fincas, se experimentó un aumento. Solo la familia Anacardiaceae tiene buena representatividad en ambos períodos con al menos una especie muestreada y presente en el 100 % de las fincas. La diversidad α mostró un aumento con la llegada de la lluvia, sin embargo, predominaron las especies clasificadas como escasas. La diversidad β arrojó un predominio de la baja similitud entre las muestras que se comparan. Los frutales de estas fincas son en su mayoría especies exóticas y cultivadas en Cuba que presentan un potencial invasivo elevado y en más de un 60 % son consideradas frutales de baja presencia.

ABSTRACT The objective of the work was to determine the composition, diversity and distribution of fruit species in farms of suburban agriculture in Santiago de Cuba. Once the farms were selected, the fruit species were classified and floristic lists were prepared and used to determine the composition. Diversity alpha (α) was evaluated the Species Richness (S), Dominance of Berger-Parker (d) and General Diversity (Shannon H') while diversity of beta (β) Sorenson similarity index (Iss) was taken into account. For the distribution, a bibliographic analysis was carried out identifying the main ranges of distribution in relation to Cuba. The composition of the fruit species had a fairly stable behavior from one period to the other always with a slight tendency to decrease although, by farms, an increase was experienced. Only the Anacardiaceous family has good representativeness in both periods with at least one species sampled and present in 100 % of the farms. The diversity α showed an increase with the arrival of the rain, however, the species classified as scarce predominated. The diversity β showed a predominant of law similitude among the compared samples. The fruit trees of these farms are mostly exotic species and grown in Cuba that have a high invasive potential and in more than 60 % are considered low-fruity.

RESUMEN El arbolado urbano es un elemento esencial en la infraestructura de toda urbe. El Bosque San Juan de Aragón (BSJA) en la Ciudad de México está catalogado como un área verde de valor ambiental pero su condición respecto a la diversidad y estructura arbórea se ha estudiado poco. El propósito del presente trabajo fue aplicar los procedimientos del Indicador Diversidad y Estructura, en el área verde urbana, Bosque San Juan de Aragón de la Ciudad de México, y contribuir en el diagnóstico sobre el estado actual de salud en esta materia. Se ubicaron al azar 28 sitios de muestreo circulares de 0.1 ha; en cada uno se determinó por árbol, la clasificación taxonómica, el diámetro normal (Dn), la altura total (At) y diámetro de copa. En gabinete se calculó el área basal (Aba), volumen compuesto y área superficial de copa y los índices de diversidad de Simpson, Berger-Parker, además, de un índice de valor de importancia urbano (IVIU). Se identificaron 10 familias, 11 géneros y 12 especies. Las familias Casuarinaceae, Proteaceae, Myrtaceae y Cupressaceae estuvieron representadas en un 69%. El Dn promedio fue de 17.5 cm, la At de 8.6 m y el Aba de 0.40 m2/ha. El valor para el índice de Simpson fue de 0.85 que indica una alta dominancia y baja riqueza de especies y el de Berger-Parker fue de 0.66, concentrado la abundancia en cuatro especies. Casuarina equisetifolia y Eucalyptus camaldulensis presentaron los IVIU más altos con 31.98% y 19.96%, respectivamente. La diversidad arbórea del bosque fue baja, similar a otras áreas verdes urbanas. Por medio del IVIU se jerarquizó la importancia por especie, y se identificó a las de mayor potencial actual para proveer servicios ecosistémicos debido a sus altos porcentajes de biomasa y cobertura.

ABSTRACT Urban trees are an essential component of all city´s facilities. The San Juan de Aragon Park (SJAP) in Mexico City, is considered a green area with environmental value; however, there is little research on the diversity and structure as a health indicator. The aims of the study were to adapt the Forest Health methodology for tree diversity and structure indicators (DSI) to assess SJAP current´s condition. A total of 28 circular sites (0.1 ha) were randomly established. For each tree, taxonomic identification, normal diameter (Nd) and total height (Th) were registered. Basal area (Ba), compound volume, crown surface as well as the Simpson, Berger-Parker, and an urban importance value index (UIVI) was determined. The Casuarinaceae, Proteaceae, Myrtaceae and Cupressaceae families were the most abundant with 69% of the total density. Average Nd, Th and Ba were 155 cm, 8.6 m, and 0.40 m2 ha-1, respectively. Simpson index was 0.85 representing a high dominance y low richness, Berger-Parker values (0.66) concentrates abundance in four species. The highest UIVI were obtained for Casuarina equisetifolia (31.98%), and Eucalyptus camaldulensis (19.96%). Tree diversity was low, similar to other urban green areas. The UIVI identifies species with the actual highest potential to provide ecosystem services due to their highest biomass and coverage.

Resumen Los artrópodos del suelo son un componente importante de la biota del suelo por su diversidad de especies, función y como herramienta para evaluar el estado de conservación del hábitat. Este estudio evaluó el estado de conservación de tres sectores en un ecosistema de alta montaña (Socha, Tasco y Socotá en Boyacá, Colombia) por medio de la medición de la diversidad alfa y beta del ensamblaje de artrópodos epigeos con referencia hacia Acari y Collembola. Se instalaron trampas de caída siguiendo transectos en cada sector; se midió la diversidad alfa por medio del índice de Berger-Parker y el modelo gamma-binomial para obtener un parámetro α, que describe el ajuste del ensamblaje a una distribución de abundancias. Se estimó la diversidad de especies por medio de curvas de rarefacción-extrapolación basadas en la cobertura de abundancias y la diversidad beta se midió en sus componentes, reemplazamiento y diferencia de especies. La diversidad alfa no mostró diferencias estadísticas entre sectores, pero con la mayor riqueza de especies en el sector de Socotá. El parámetro α indicó que el sector Socotá es el mejor conservado; similar a lo obtenido con Acari y Collembola. El reemplazamiento o la diferencia de especies mostró cambios con respecto al sector o grupo taxonómico (Acari o Collembola), explicado por la estructura de la vegetación, erosión y distribución agregada de los artrópodos epigeos. La utilidad de los artrópodos epigeos para evaluar la calidad del hábitat y la partición de la diversidad beta en sus componentes fue analizada.

Abstract The soil arthropods are an important component of the soil biota for their species diversity, function, and as tool to evaluate the habitat conservation state. The conservation state of three sectors in an ecosystem of high mountain (Socha, Tasco and Socotá in Boyacá, Colombia) was evaluated measuring alpha and beta diversity of epigean arthropods assemblage in particular Acari and Collembola. Pitfall traps were installed on transects for each sector; the alpha diversity was measured through Berger-Parker index and a gamma-binomial model was used to obtain a parameter α, which describes the fitting to species abundance distribution. The species diversity estimation was established with coverage-based rarefaction and extrapolation curves, and the beta diversity was measured in species replacement and richness difference. The alpha diversity did not show statistical differences between sectors, but with the highest species richness in the sector of Socotá. The α parameter indicated that the sector of Socotá is the better conserved; similar to that obtained with Acari and Collembola. The spatial turnover or species richness difference showed changes with respect to the sector and taxonomic group (Acari or Collembola), explained by vegetation structure, erosion, and aggregate distribution of epigean arthropods. The species replacement did the main contribution to total beta diversity by sectors while in Acari and Collembola the species replacement was highest in Tasco in contrast to the richness difference in Socha and Tasco. The utility of epigean arthropods to evaluate the soil quality and the partition of the beta diversity in their components was discussed.

Resumen Se analizó la estructura, composición y diversidad arbórea de los dos rodales más importantes de selva mediana perennifolia de Bravaisia integerrima (SMPC) de Tabasco, México: el de la Reserva Ecológica Yu-Balcah (YCAH) con una superficie de 271 ha y el del Parque Estatal La Chontalpa (PECH) con 191 ha. En cada uno se levantaron 10 parcelas de muestreo de 1000 m2, cubriendo un área total de 2 ha. Se identificó y registró a las plantas arbóreas, diferenciando brinzales, plantas juveniles y adultos. Se aplicaron diversos índices para analizar el esfuerzo de muestreo, la diversidad de especies, la abundancia proporcional, la dominancia y la equidad. El análisis estructural se basó en el valor de importancia. La riqueza total fue 76 especies, pertenecientes a 64 géneros y 31 familias botánicas, de las que la mejor representada fue Leguminosae con 15 especies. El área basal de YCAH y PECH fue de 37.2 y 29.5 m2ha-1, respectivamente. Bravaisia integerrima fue el árbol con mayor valor de importancia en los dos rodales con un Índice correspondiente de 277. Ambos fragmentos tienen un valor del índice de Shannon de 2.0. El sitio con mejor condición ecológica fue YCAH. Se identificaron seis especies catalogadas en la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. La SMPC presenta una cobertura actual en Tabasco de 490 ha. Los resultados sugieren que su estructura y composición se han visto afectados por la actividad antrópica en la región. Para garantizar la conservación de los remanentes de SMPC en el estado, es importante revisar y actualizar su situación legal y sus planes de manejo, así como generar alternativas sociales y productivas en las poblaciones cercanas. Para lograrlo se requiere de la participación de actores gubernamentales, académicos, organizaciones no gubernamentales, particulares y sociedad en conjunto.

Abstract The structure, composition and diversity of the floodplain forest (SMPC) of Bravaisia integerrima were studied in the two largest forest stands in Tabasco, Mexico: the Ecological Reserve Yu-Balcah (YCAH) with 271 ha, and State Park La Chontalpa (PECH) with 191 ha. In each forest stand 10 plots of 1000 m2 were sampled. Tree individuals sampled were identified to species, and evaluated in three age categories, seedlings, saplings, and adults. The relationship between species richness and sampling effort was analyzed using Chao 2, ICE, Jacknife 1, Jacknife 2 and Bootstrap. The structural analysis was based on the importance value index. The diversity of species was evaluated, using the Margalef index (D Mg), α de Fisher, Shannon-Wiener (H') and equity of Pielou J. The dominance indices of Berger-Parker (d) and Simpson (D) were also used. The total number of species was 76, belonging to 64 genera and 33 botanical families. The richest family was Leguminosae with 15 species. The basal area of the sites YCAH and PECH was 37.2 and 29.5 m2ha-1, respectively. Bravaisia integerrima was the most important tree species in all stands, with an Importance Index of 277. The value of the Shannon index was 2.0 in both sites. YCAH showed the best ecological condition. Six species present in the stands are considered as threatened in Mexico (NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010). The current extent of the floodplain forest of Bravaisia in Tabasco State is 490 ha. The results suggest that the structure and composition of this forest has been affected by human activity. As a consequence, to guarantee the conservation of these remnants of SMPC in Tabasco, it is important to verify their legal situation and the application of management plans, designed to improve the productive activities of the rural communities that live around the stands. To succeed in this endeavor, it is necessary that governmental actors, academics, non-governmental organizations, and civil society work together.

Se evaluó la diversidad, el dominio y la equidad de la ictiofauna en un cuerpo de agua temporal en el río Frío, sector Playuela, Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Caño Negro, según tres categorías del nivel de agua (baja [menor a 1.5 m], media [entre 1.5 y 3.0 m] y alta [mayor de 3.0 m]). Se recolectaron 10 264 individuos, pertenecientes a nueve familias, 18 géneros y 21 especies. Las especies que aportaron el mayor número de individuos fueron Poecilia gillii (37%) y Astyanax aeneus (19%); mientras que las menos abundantes fueron Ophisternon aenigmaticum (0.06%) y Rhamdia nicaraguensis (0.05%). El valor más alto en la diversidad de especies se registró en la categoría alta (H’=2.07); coincidiendo con los valores más altos en el inverso del índice de Simpson (1/D=6.2) y de Berger- Parker (1/d=4.2). De acuerdo con su diversidad, todas las categorías consideradas para el nivel de agua, mostraron diferencias estadísticas altamente significativas entre sí (p<0.001). El análisis de conglomerados reconoció a las categorías alta y media como las más similares (72.9%). De las 21 especies capturadas, solamente O. aenigmaticum constituye un nuevo registro para la ictiofauna de Caño Negro. Este cuerpo de agua estacional es un sistema cuya ictiofauna fluctúa temporalmente.

Species richness and diversity of a fish community in a temporal water body at Caño Negro National Wildlife Refuge, Costa Rica. We evaluated fish community, species richness and diversity in a temporal water body of Río Frío, Caño Negro National Wildlife Refuge. These evaluations were done for three categories of water levels: low (below 1.5 m), intermediate (between 1.5 and 3.0 m) and high (deeper than 3 m). A total of 10 264 individuals were collected (nine families, 18 genera and 21 species). The most abundant species were Poecilia gillii (37%) and Astyanax aeneus (19%) and the least abundant were Ophisternon aenigmaticum (0.06%) and Rhamdia nicaraguensis (0.05%). The highest values in diversity (H’= 2.07), in the inverse of the Simpson index (1/D=6.2) and of the Berger-Parker (1/d= 4.2), were recorded in the deepest water category. Diversity differed clearly among water levels (p<0.001). The high and intermediate categories were the most similar (conglomerate analysis: 72.9%). Out of the 21 species captured, only O. aenigmaticum constitutes a new record for the ichthyofauna of Río Frío in the Caño Negro National Wildlife Refuge. The temporal water body of the Río Frío, considered in this study in the Playuela sector of Caño Negro National Wildlife Refuge is a nonhomogeneous ichthyological system. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 639-645. Epub 2006 Jun 01.

El conocimiento sobre la vegetación de sabana en México es aún incipiente y está marcado por un debate sobre el origen primario o antropogénico de estas comunidades. En este estudio se caracterizó la estructura y la composición florística de las sabanas de la región de Nizanda (Oaxaca, México) a partir de un muestreo realizado en 20 sitios de 15 m² cada uno (300 m² en total). Se encontraron 135 morfoespecies (86 determinadas a nivel de especie) distribuidas en 29 familias y 68 géneros. Las familias Leguminosae, Poaceae y Asteraceae tuvieron la mayor riqueza taxonómica. La cobertura fue de 200.7 m², de la cual 69% correspondió a gramíneas y ciperáceas. A pesar de la clara dominancia estructural de Trachypogon spicatus (índice de Berger-Parker = 0.82), la comunidad tuvo una diversidad relativamente alta (índice de Shannon log2 = 3.64). En el espectro biológico prevalecieron las camefitas y hemicriptofitas. Si bien en la región existen áreas considerables de vegetación secundaria, la virtual ausencia de elementos exóticos en las sabanas, junto con la presencia de especies endémicas y la identidad de la planta dominante son fuertes indicios de la naturaleza primaria de esta comunidad vegetal.

Current knowledge about savanna vegetation in Mexico is still incomplete, and it is dominated by an ongoing debate over their natural versus anthropogenic origin. In this paper we provide a detailed structural and floristic description of the savannas of the Nizanda region (Oaxaca, S Mexico). Vegetation was sampled in 20 sites of 15 m² each (totaling 300 m²). A total of 135 morphospecies were encountered, 86 of which could be determined to species level; they were distributed in 29 families and 68 genera. Leguminosae, Poaceae and Asteraceae were the families with the largest taxonomic richness. Total community cover was 200.7 m², of which 69% was accounted for by grasses and sedges. Despite a clear dominance of Trachypogon spicatus (Berger-Parker Index = 0.82), this community had a relatively large diversity (log2 Shannon Index = 3.64). Life form spectrum showed a dominance of chamaephytes and hemicryptophytes, indicating a harsh environment. Notwithstanding the widespread occurrence of secondary vegetation and ruderal species in the region, the virtual lack of exotic species in these savannas, together with the presence of some endemics and the identity of the dominant species, strongly support the primary nature of this plant community.

OBJETIVO: Comparar a fauna de culicídeos nos ambientes de mata, ecótono e peridomicílio quanto ao número de espécies e de indivíduos, estimativas de diversidade, riqueza, heterogeneidade e similaridade. Determinou-se ainda as espécies dominantes e as relações entre dominância específica e fatores climáticos. MÉTODOS: Foram conduzidas no Parque Ecológico da Cantareira coletas quinzenais com armadilhas luminosas tipo CDC-CO2, dispostas em cinco ambientes ecologicamente diferentes, de fevereiro de 2001 a janeiro de 2002. As análises foram feitas utilizando o índice de Diversidade de Margalef e o de Menhinick. Para similaridade, foi utilizado o índice de Sorensen e, para dominância de espécies, o índice de Berger-Parker. A heterogeneidade foi estimada pelos índices de Simpson e de Shannon. A relação entre dominância específica e fatores climáticos foi estimada por correlação de Spearman. RESULTADOS: Foram coletados 2.219 culicídeos, distribuídos em 11 gêneros e 21 espécies. O ambiente mata apresentou maior riqueza (Mg=3,64) de espécies e o peridomicílio maior dominância (d=0,85). A temperatura mostrou a correlação mais elevada (Rs=0,747; p<0,0001) na relação entre dados climáticos e número de indivíduos capturados no Núcleo Pedra Grande. CONCLUSÕES: O fato do Parque Ecológico da Cantareira ser fragmento urbano de mata o diferencia de outros fragmentos inseridos em ambiente rural, o que pode alterar as relações ecológicas nos criadouros utilizados pelos mosquitos. A ausência de anofelinos do subgênero Kerteszia e também da espécie Culex quinquefasciatus, somado à presença de espécimes da Tribo Sabethini e da espécie Cx. (Mel.) vaxus, indica que o Parque Ecológico da Cantareira é fragmento de mata com características silvestres com interferência antrópica.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the Culicidae fauna in forest, ecotone and anthropic environments and to analyze their composition according to the number of species and individuals, species richness, diversity, heterogeneity and similarities and to determine species dominance and the relationship between species dominance and climatic factors. METHODS: CO2 -baited CDC light traps were used for mosquito collection twice a month in the Serra da Cantareira State Park from February 2001 to January 2002. CO2 - baited CDC light traps were placed in five different environments. The analyses were carried out using Margalef and Menhinick's diversity indexes. Similarity was calculated using the Sorensen index and species dominance was indicated by the Berger-Parker index. Mosquito heterogeneity was estimated using Simpson and Shannon indexes. The correlation between species dominance and climatic factors was estimated by Spearman's coefficient. RESULTS: There were collected 2,219 Culicidae mosquitoes of 11 genera and 21 species. The forest environment showed the highest species richness (Mg=3.64) and the anthropic environment presented the most dominant species (d=0.85). Temperature showed the greatest positive correlation (Rs=0.747; p<0.0001) when analyzing the relationship between climatic factors and number of individuals caught in the study area. CONCLUSIONS: As the Serra da Cantareira State Park is a forest patch inserted in an urban environment, this may have changed the ecological relationships in the Culicidae breeding sites. The absence of Kerteszia subgenus and Culex quinquefasciatus species, in addiction to the presence of Sabethini Tribe specimens and Cx. (Mel.) vaxus species indicate that the Serra da Cantareira State Park is a forest section with sylvan features but show some anthropic interference.