Abstract: Aim We investigated the ichthyofauna parasite component community across a gradient of anthropogenic pressures of the Guaraguaçu River, south Brazil, a Neotropical river of central importance for biodiversity conservation. Methods After fish sampling, all fish were identified, measured, weighed and eviscerated. The viscera and gills were inspected for parasite screening and subsequent identification. Parasite diversity estimators were calculated for the most abundant host species. Results A total of 159 host specimens from 12 species were examined, being 140 (88.05%) found to be infected with at least one parasite, including 14 new parasite occurrences. The most widely distributed parasite was the nematode Contracaecum sp., found in 8 host species. The highest mean infection intensity and mean abundance was observed for the monogenean Aphanoblastella mastigatus, infecting the Silver catfish Rhamdia quelen. The Shannon-Wiener, Jost and Simpson indexes were higher for the more abundant fishes, except for the Trahira Hoplias malabaricus. Most host species harbored parasites in poorly aggregated distribution, according to the discrepancy index. The Berger-Parker index showed monogenean dominance in all hosts except for H. malabaricus. We found little evidence for parasite infracommunity changes across the gradient of the river. Conclusions We described the infection patterns in an important Neotropical river. The new parasite occurrences highlight the contribution of our study. Fish-parasite interactions changed throughout the river stretches, and we argue that it does not necessarily means changes in diversity and abundance of parasite within species, but the rearrange of interactions. Moreover, it seems that parasites are more abundant in most impacted sites, another reason to continue the monitoring. Abstract River Brazil conservation sampling identified measured eviscerated identification 15 1 examined 88.05% 8805 88 05 (88.05% sp sp. mastigatus quelen ShannonWiener, ShannonWiener Shannon Wiener, Wiener Shannon-Wiener fishes malabaricus distribution BergerParker Berger Parker H study Fishparasite Fish stretches Moreover sites monitoring 88.05 880 0 (88.05 88.0 (88.0 88. (88. (88 (8 (

Resumo: Objetivo A comunidade componente de parasitas da ictiofauna foi investigada ao longo de um gradiente de pressões antropogênicas no Rio Guaraguaçu, sul do Brasil, um rio Neotropical com grande importância para a conservação da biodiversidade. Métodos Após a coleta, todos os peixes foram identificados, medidos, pesados e eviscerados. As vísceras e brânquias foram inspecionadas para coleta e subsequente identificação de parasitas. Estimadores de diversidade de parasitas foram calculados para as espécies de hospedeiros mais abundantes. Resultados Um total de 159 espécimes de hospedeiros de 12 espécies foram examinados, sendo 140 (88,05%) infectados com pelo menos um parasita, incluindo 14 novas ocorrências de parasitas. O parasita mais amplamente distribuído foi o nematoide Contracaecum sp., encontrado em 8 espécies de hospedeiros. As maiores intensidades de infecção e abundância foram observadas para o monogenético Aphanoblastella mastigatus, infectando o Jundiá Rhamdia quelen. Os índices de Shannon-Wiener, Jost e Simpson foram maiores para os peixes mais abundantes, exceto para a Traíra Hoplias malabaricus. A maioria das espécies de hospedeiros abrigava parasitas com distribuição pouco agregada, de acordo com o índice de discrepância. O índice de Berger-Parker mostrou a dominância de monogenéticos em todos os hospedeiros, exceto H. malabaricus. Encontramos poucas evidências de mudanças nas infracomunidades de parasitas ao longo do gradiente do rio. Conclusões Descrevemos os padrões de infecção em um importante rio Neotropical. As novas ocorrências de parasitas destacam a importância de nosso estudo. Interações entre parasitos e peixes mudaram ao longo dos setores do rio, e isso não necessariamente resulta em mudanças na diversidade e abundância de parasitos dentro de cada espécie, mas um rearranjo das interações. Além disso, parece que os parasitas são mais abundantes na maioria dos locais impactados, o que é mais uma razão para continuar o monitoramento. Resumo Guaraguaçu Brasil biodiversidade identificados medidos eviscerados 15 1 examinados 88,05% 8805 88 05 (88,05% sp sp. mastigatus quelen ShannonWiener, ShannonWiener Shannon Wiener, Wiener Shannon-Wiener malabaricus agregada discrepância BergerParker Berger Parker H estudo espécie interações disso impactados monitoramento 88,05 880 0 (88,05 88,0 (88,0 88, (88, (88 (8 (

Abstract This study provides the first report of metazoan parasites in Crenicichla strigata. From 31 hosts caught in the Jari River basin, in the eastern Amazon region of Brazil, a total of 1454 parasites were collected: Sciadicleithrum araguariensis, Sciadicleithrum joanae, Sciadicleithrum satanopercae, Posthodiplostomum sp., Genarchella genarchella, Contracaecum sp., Spirocamallanus peraccuratus, Acarina gen. sp. and Dolops geayi. However, the community was dominated by the three species of Sciadicleithrum (Monogenea) and there was similar presence of parasites in the larval and adult stages. The total prevalence was 100% and each of the hosts was parasitized by two or three species, which presented random dispersion. Brillouin diversity, parasite species richness, Berger-Parker dominance index and evenness were low. There was positive correlation between the abundance of Posthodiplostomum sp. the hosts’ length, while the abundance of S. peraccuratus showed negative correlation with the body weight of fish. The abundance of S. araguariensis, S. joanae and S. satanopercae showed negative correlation with the hosts’ length. The parasite community of C. strigata was characterized by low diversity, low richness, low intensity and low abundance of species. 3 basin Brazil 145 collected araguariensis sp genarchella gen geayi However Monogenea (Monogenea stages 100 dispersion diversity richness BergerParker Berger Parker length S fish C 14 10 1

Resumo Este estudo descreveu o primeiro relato de parasitos metazoários em Crenicichla strigata. De 31 hospedeiros capturados na bacia do Rio Jari, na região da Amazônia oriental brasileira, foi coletado um total de 1.454 parasitos: Sciadicleithrum araguariensis, Sciadicleithrum joanae, Sciadicleithrum satanopercae, Posthodiplostomum sp., Genarchella genarchella, Contracaecum sp., Spirocamallanus peraccuratus, Acarina gen. sp. e Dolops geayi. Porém, a comunidade foi dominada por essas três espécies de Sciadicleithrum (Monogenea) e houve similar presença de parasitos em estágio larval e adulto. A prevalência total foi de100% e os hospedeiros estavam parasitados por duas ou três espécies, que tiveram dispersão randômica. A diversidade de Brillouin, riqueza de espécies de parasitos, índice de dominância de Berger-Parker e equitabilidade foram baixos. Houve correlação positiva da abundância de Posthodiplostomum sp. com o comprimento dos hospedeiros, enquanto a abundância de S. peraccuratus mostrou correlação negativa com o peso corporal dos peixes. Abundância de S. araguariensis, S. joane e S. satanopercae apresentou correlação negativa com o comprimento dos hospedeiros. A comunidade parasitária de C. strigata foi caracterizada por baixa diversidade, baixa riqueza, baixa intensidade e baixa abundância de espécies. 3 Jari brasileira 1454 1 454 1.45 araguariensis joanae sp genarchella gen geayi Porém Monogenea (Monogenea adulto de100 randômica Brillouin BergerParker Berger Parker baixos S peixes C 145 45 1.4 de10 14 4 1. de1

Abstract Agroecosystems with coffee (Coffea arabica) are biodiversity reservoirs where fauna species can be found, including some mammals. Mammal’s studies in this habitat have been increasing in recent years. It is important to know the richness, abundance, and diversity of species, as well as the periods of activity to understand the dynamic in a productive system such as coffee plantations. The aim is to determine the diversity of mammals in coffee agroecosystems in Rincón de Mora, San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica. To do this, different capture methods were used (Sherman, Havahart type live capture traps, camera traps and mist nets) which were placed in strategic sites for three years of sampling. 22 species of mammals were detected, classified into three groups according to their abundance: higher, medium, and less. The higher presence of mammals occurred in the phenological stages of flowering-filling and fruit-leaf (at the end of the harvest). Data were obtained from mammals during daytime and nighttime hours. The Shannon H diversity index had a result of 1.80, while the Berger-Parker d= 0.69. According to this research, as well as other studies, coffee agroecosystems can be considered an alternative supporting habitat for the protection of mammal species and other associated fauna.

Resumen Los agroecosistemas con café (Coffea arabica) son reservorios de biodiversidad donde se pueden encontrar especies de fauna, entre ellos algunos mamíferos. Los estudios de mamíferos en este hábitat han ido aumentando en los últimos años. Es importante conocer la riqueza, abundancia y diversidad de especies, así como los periodos de actividad para conocer a profundidad la dinámica en un sistema productivo como los cafetales. El objetivo es determinar la diversidad de mamíferos en agroecosistemas con café en Rincón de Mora, San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Para ello, se utilizaron diferentes métodos de captura (trampas de captura viva tipo Sherman, Havahart, cámaras trampa y redes de niebla) las cuales se colocaron en sitios estratégicos durante tres años de muestreo. Se detectaron 22 especies de mamíferos clasificadas en tres grupos según su abundancia: mayor, media y menor. La mayor presencia de mamíferos se dio en las etapas fenológicas de floración-llenado y de fruto-hoja (al final de la cosecha). Se obtuvieron datos de mamíferos en horarios diurnos y nocturnos. El índice de diversidad Shannon H tuvo un resultado de 1,80, mientras que el de Berger-Parker d= 0,69. Según esta investigación, así como con otros estudios, se puede considerar que los agroecosistemas con café son un hábitat alternativo de apoyo para la protección de especies de mamíferos y otra fauna asociada.

Abstract We evaluated the influence of flooding and receding comparison and spatial variation on the composition and structure of fish assemblages in blackwater and clearwater rivers of the Aracá-Demeni sub-basin in the middle Negro River, Amazonas state, Brazil. The collections were carried out during the falling-water period (November 2018) and the rising-water period (April 2019) using gillnets with meshes ranging from 30 to 120mm stretched mesh size. Ecological estimates of richness, equitability, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and the Berger-Parker index showed no significant differences between the periods. The composition of the ichthyofauna showed variations between the falling-water and rising-water periods. Beta diversity in the Aracá-Demeni sub-basin is almost completely caused by species substitution, with spatial turnover accounting for most of the estimate. The identification of these patterns and of the responsible factors are fundamental for the definition of conservation strategies, especially in an ecosystem whose dynamics can be influenced by climate change through changes in the intensity of the flood pulse and connectivity. AracáDemeni Aracá Demeni subbasin sub basin River state Brazil fallingwater falling water November 2018 risingwater rising April 2019 3 mm size richness equitability ShannonWiener Shannon Wiener BergerParker Berger Parker periods substitution estimate strategies connectivity 201 20 2

Resumo Avaliamos a influência da variação entre os períodos de enchente e vazante e espacialmente na composição e estrutura das assembleias de peixes em rios de águas pretas e claras da sub-bacia Aracá-Demeni no médio rio Negro, Amazonas, Brasil. As coletas foram realizadas durante o período de vazante (novembro de 2018) e o período de enchente (abril de 2019) utilizando redes de espera com malhas variando de 30 a 120mm entre nós opostos. As estimativas ecológicas de riqueza, equitabilidade, índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener e índice de Berger-Parker não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os períodos. A composição da ictiofauna apresentou variações entre os períodos de vazante e enchente. A diversidade beta na sub-bacia Aracá-Demeni é quase totalmente causada pela substituição de espécies, com a renovação espacial respondendo pela maior parte da estimativa. A identificação desses padrões e os fatores responsáveis são fundamentais para a definição de estratégias de conservação, principalmente em um ecossistema cuja dinâmica pode ser influenciada pelas mudanças climáticas por meio de mudanças na intensidade do pulso de inundação e conectividade. subbacia sub bacia AracáDemeni Aracá Demeni Negro Amazonas Brasil novembro 2018 abril 2019 3 mm opostos riqueza equitabilidade ShannonWiener Shannon Wiener BergerParker Berger Parker espécies estimativa conservação conectividade 201 20 2

Abstract: Background and Aims: The flora of the dry forest of Cerros del Tabacal and the semi-deciduous forest of Loma del Agua of the Reserva Forestal Guanito in the Cordillera Central of the Dominican Republic, is presented. There are few species records of this reserve. Hence, the main objective was to inventory the vascular flora of both hills, and the specific objectives, to determine the diversity and richness of species in the Reserva Forestal Guanito and to document the biogeographic, conservation status, and life forms, and to register the floristic composition variation. Methods: Three plots of 10 × 10 m and two transects of 60 × 2 m were made on each hill, based on the species expression minimum area, and they were located in the areas with dense plant cover. The Shannon diversity index, Berger-Parker dominance index and Jaccard similarity coefficient were calculated. Key results: In the dry forest 81 species were recorded, distributed in 72 genera and 31 families; in the semi-deciduous forest, 110 species belonging to 96 genera and 50 families were registered. Fabaceae was the richest family in genera number on both hills (eight and nine, respectively), and Tillandsia the richest genus in species number (six and five, respectively). Tillandsia recurvata stands out with the highest abundance of individuals (173 individuals) in the dry forest, and Savia sessiliflora (39) in the semi-deciduous forest. The Shannon index showed that the semi-deciduous forest has more diversity than the dry forest, and the results of the Jaccard coefficient indicated that both hills have a highly differentiated floristic composition. Conclusions: This study reaffirms the importance and floristic richness of the forests of the Domincan Republic and at the same time constitutes the first floristic inventory for the Reserva Forestal Guanito.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Se presenta la flora del bosque seco de Cerros del Tabacal y del bosque semideciduo de Loma del Agua de la Reserva Forestal Guanito en la Cordillera Central de República Dominicana. Existen muy pocos registros de las especies de esta reserva. Por ello, el objetivo general fue inventariar la flora vascular de ambas montañas; los objetivos específicos, determinar la diversidad y riqueza de especies en la Reserva Forestal Guanito, documentar su distribución, estado de conservación y formas de vida, y registrar la variación en la composición florística. Métodos: Se delimitaron tres parcelas de 10 × 10 m y dos transectos de 60 × 2 m en cada bosque, basados en el área mínima de expresión de las especies, y fueron ubicados en las áreas con cobertura vegetal densa. Se calculó el índice de diversidad de Shannon, el índice de dominancia de Berger-Parker y el coeficiente de similitud de Jaccard. Resultados clave: En el bosque seco se registraron 81 especies, distribuidas en 72 géneros y 31 familias; en el bosque semideciduo, 110 especies de 96 géneros y 50 familias. Fabaceae fue la familia con mayor riqueza de géneros en ambos cerros (siete y ocho, respectivamente), y Tillandsia el género con mayor riqueza de especies (seis y cinco, respectivamente). Con mayor abundancia de individuos destacó Tillandsia recurvata (173 individuos) en el bosque seco y en el bosque semideciduo, Savia sessiliflora (39). El índice de Shannon mostró que el bosque semideciduo tiene mayor diversidad que el bosque seco, y los resultados del coeficiente de Jaccard indican que ambos bosques presentan una composición florística muy diferente. Conclusiones: Este estudio reafirma la importancia y riqueza florística de los bosques de República Dominicana y constituye el primer inventario florístico para la Reserva Forestal Guanito.

Resumo O porco-espinho de crista indiano (Hystrix indica) é classificado como uma espécie de praga agrícola. Alimenta-se de plantas e colheitas; portanto, é responsável por enormes perdas financeiras em todo o mundo. O estudo atual foi realizado para avaliar a composição da dieta do porco-espinho de crista indiano nos distritos de Bagh, Azad Jammu e Caxemira (AJ&K). Assim, amostras fecais foram coletadas e examinadas em diferentes locais de amostragem. Lâminas de referência do material coletado na área de estudo foram preparadas para identificação dos componentes da dieta em pellets fecais. Um total de 80 amostras fecais foi coletado e processado. As frequências relativas percentuais (P.R.F.) foram calculadas para cada espécie de planta recuperada de pelotas. Os dados revelaram que o porco-espinho indiano consumiu 31 espécies de plantas em sua dieta, entre elas Zea mays (34,31 ± 7,76) foi a espécie mais selecionada, seguida por Rumex obtusifolius (15,32 ± 2,57) e Melia azedarach (12,83 ± 4,79). O estudo revelou que a maior diversidade de (n = 20) espécies de plantas foi consumida no verão, enquanto o mínimo (n = 13) espécies foi utilizado durante o inverno. Entre as partes das plantas, o caule foi muito consumido na primavera (57,2%) em relação à semente no outono (36,7%), enquanto a espiga e a folha foram as partes menos recuperadas da matéria fecal., O índice de diversidade de Berger-Parker mostrou alimentos altamente diversificados (10,92) no verão do ano em comparação com o outono (2,95). Este estudo fornece uma linha de base para a preferência alimentar dessa praga na área de estudo. Com base nas descobertas atuais, uma investigação detalhada sobre avaliação de danos, exploração, uso de habitat e gerenciamento de porco-espinho de crista indiano em AJ&K foi recomendada.

Abstract The Indian Crested Porcupine (Hystrix indica) is classified as an agricultural pest species. It feeds on plants and crops; hence, it is responsible for massive financial losses worldwide. The current study was conducted to assess the diet composition of Indian Crested Porcupine in District Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Thus, fecal samples were collected and examined from different sampling sites. Reference slides of the material collected from the study area were prepared for identification of dietary components in fecal pellets. A total of 80 fecal samples were collected and processed. Percent relative frequencies (P.R.F.) were calculated for each plant species recovered from pellets. Data revealed that Indian Crested Porcupine consumed 31 plant species in its diet, among them Zea mays (34.31±7.76) was the most frequently selected species followed by Rumex obtusifolius (15.32±2.57) and Melia azedarach (12.83±4.79). The study revealed that the greatest diversity of (n=20) plant species were consumed in summer season while minimum (n=13) species were used during winter. Among the parts of plants, stem was highly consumed in spring (57.2%) as compared to seed in fall (36.7%) while spikes and leaf were the least recovered parts from the fecal matter. The Berger-Parker diversity index showed highly diversified food (10.92) in the summer time of the year as compared to the autumn season (2.95). This study provides a baseline for the diet preference of this pest in the study area. Based on current findings, a detailed investigation on damage assessment, exploration, habitat use and management of Indian Crested Porcupine in AJ&K has been recommended.

Abstract Beneficial entomofauna is an important component in cultivated systems, however, details about this endogenous resource are not always available. This work aimed to evaluate the diversity of beneficial insects associated with the existing vegetation in suburban farms of Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. An analysis of the work carried out on these farms was carried out and a list of the beneficial species reported was drawn up considering, among other aspects, the total number of individuals. With these data the composition was evaluated and as indicators of alpha diversity the Species Richness, Simpson Dominance, Berger-Parker Index and General Diversity. As a measure of similarity, the formation of homogeneous groups was taken into account by means of a multivariate analysis (CLUSTER). A documentary analysis was carried out to assess the potential of this entomofauna for pest management in the studied farms. 2,785 individuals belonging to five orders, 10 families, 17 genera and 20 species were counted. The composition showed variation tending to decrease from one period to the other, except for the number of families that remained close to stability. The orders Coleoptera and Hymenoptera and the predators among the groups of beneficial organisms were the most represented. The alpha diversity is low and shows a decrease from one period to the other, the values obtained are in the established range except for the Shannon H’ diversity. There is a low similarity between the farms and the beneficial entomofauna studied has potential to be used in the management of pests present in them.

Resumen La entomofauna benéfica es un componente importante en los sistemas cultivados, sin embargo, no siempre se tienen detalles sobre este recurso endógeno. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la diversidad de insectos benéficos asociada a la vegetación existente en fincas suburbanas de Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Se realizó un análisis de trabajos desarrollados en estas fincas y se elaboró un listado de las especies benéficas reportadas, considerando, entre otros aspectos, el total de individuos. Con estos datos se evaluó la composición y como indicadores de diversidad alfa la Riqueza de Especies, Dominancia de Simpson, Índice de Berger-Parker y Diversidad general. Como medida de similitud se tuvo en cuenta la formación de grupos homogéneos mediante un análisis multivariado (CLUSTER). Se realizó un análisis documental para valorar las potencialidades de esta entomofauna para el manejo de plagas en las fincas estudiadas. Se contabilizaron 2.785 individuos pertenecientes a cinco órdenes, 10 familias, 17 géneros y 20 especies. La composición mostró variación tendiendo a la disminución de un período al otro, excepto el número de familias que se mantuvo cercano a la estabilidad. Los órdenes Coleoptera e Hymenoptera y los depredadores entre los grupos de organismos benéficos, fueron los más representados. La diversidad alfa es baja y muestra una disminución de un período al otro, los valores obtenidos están en el rango establecido excepto la diversidad de Shannon H´. Existe una baja similitud entre las fincas y la entomofauna benéfica estudiada posee potencialidades para ser utilizada en el manejo de las plagas presentes en estas.

Abstract The aims of this paper were to list the helminths from sympatric rodent species (Muroidea, Cricetidae) in Corrientes city, Humid Chaco ecoregion, Argentina and summarise the record and ecological data on six host species. Fourteen species of helminths were found in 6 rodent assemblages. Five new hosts and 12 new geographical reports from Humid Chaco ecoregion are provided. The higher prevalence values corresponded to Stilestrongylus stilesi, Hassalstrongylus mazzai, H. argentinus and Mazzanema fortuita, and the higher mean abundance and mean intensity values corresponded to S. stilesi from Necromys lasiurus. Nippostrongylinae was the dominant group within each host species. The ecological descriptors of component communities are given. The highest value of richness index was observed for N. lasiurus (S = 6). The diversity index reached values between the range 1.11 in Holochilus chacarius and 0.16 in Akodon azarae. The equitability index shows the highest values for Oligoryzomys flavescens (0.96) and H. chacarius (0.81). The highest value index of dominance of Berger-Parker was observed for A. azarae (0.96) followed by N. lasiurus (0.86). This study contributes to the taxonomic and ecological of the parasite-host relationships, providing substantial information to one of the ecoregions most affected by anthropic actions in Argentina.

Resumen Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron presentar una lista de helmintos de especies de roedores simpátricos (Muroidea, Cricetidae) de la ciudad de Corrientes, ecorregión del Chaco Húmedo, Argentina, y recopilar registros y datos ecológicos de las especies hospedadoras. Catorce especies de helmintos fueron hallados en un ensamble de 6 roedores. Cinco nuevos hospedadores y 12 nuevos registros geográficos son reportados para la región del Chaco Húmedo. El mayor valor de prevalencia corresponde a Stilestrongylus stilesi, Hassalstrongylus mazzai, H. argentinus y Mazzanema fortuita, y los mayores valores de abundancia media e intensidad media corresponde a S. stilesi de Necromys lasiurus. Los Nippostrongylinae fue el grupo dominante en todas las especies de roedores. Se presentan los descriptores ecológicos de la comunidad componente (riqueza, número total de especímenes parásitos, índice de diversidad, equitatibilidad y dominancia). El valor más elevado del índice de riqueza fue observado para N. lasiurus (S=6). El índice de diversidad alcanzó valores entre 1.11 en Holochilus chacarius y 0.16 in Akodon azarae. El índice de equitatibilidad presentó valores mayores para Oligoryzomys flavescens (0.96) y H. chacarius (0.81). Los valores más altos de dominancia de Berger-Parker fueron observados en A. azarae (0.96), seguido por N. lasiurus (0.86). El presente trabajo contribuye al estudio taxonómico y ecológico de las relaciones parásito-hospedador, proporcionando información sustancial a una de las ecorregiones más afectadas por las acciones antrópicas en Argentina.

ABSTRACT The objective of the work was to determine the composition, diversity and distribution of fruit species in farms of suburban agriculture in Santiago de Cuba. Once the farms were selected, the fruit species were classified and floristic lists were prepared and used to determine the composition. Diversity alpha (α) was evaluated the Species Richness (S), Dominance of Berger-Parker (d) and General Diversity (Shannon H') while diversity of beta (β) Sorenson similarity index (Iss) was taken into account. For the distribution, a bibliographic analysis was carried out identifying the main ranges of distribution in relation to Cuba. The composition of the fruit species had a fairly stable behavior from one period to the other always with a slight tendency to decrease although, by farms, an increase was experienced. Only the Anacardiaceous family has good representativeness in both periods with at least one species sampled and present in 100 % of the farms. The diversity α showed an increase with the arrival of the rain, however, the species classified as scarce predominated. The diversity β showed a predominant of law similitude among the compared samples. The fruit trees of these farms are mostly exotic species and grown in Cuba that have a high invasive potential and in more than 60 % are considered low-fruity.

RESUMEN El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la composición, diversidad y distribución de las especies frutales en fincas de la agricultura suburbana en Santiago de Cuba. Seleccionadas las fincas, se clasificaron las especies frutales y se elaboraron listados florísticos que se utilizaron en la determinación de la composición. De diversidad alfa (α) se evaluó la Riqueza de especies (S), Dominancia de Berger-Parker (d) y Diversidad general (Shannon H´) mientras que de diversidad beta (β) se tuvo en cuenta el índice de similitud de Sorenson (Iss). Para la distribución se realizó un análisis bibliográfico donde se identificó los principales rangos de distribución en relación con Cuba. La composición de las especies frutales tuvo un comportamiento bastante estable de un período al otro siempre con una ligera tendencia a la disminución, aunque por fincas, se experimentó un aumento. Solo la familia Anacardiaceae tiene buena representatividad en ambos períodos con al menos una especie muestreada y presente en el 100 % de las fincas. La diversidad α mostró un aumento con la llegada de la lluvia, sin embargo, predominaron las especies clasificadas como escasas. La diversidad β arrojó un predominio de la baja similitud entre las muestras que se comparan. Los frutales de estas fincas son en su mayoría especies exóticas y cultivadas en Cuba que presentan un potencial invasivo elevado y en más de un 60 % son consideradas frutales de baja presencia.

ABSTRACT Urban trees are an essential component of all city´s facilities. The San Juan de Aragon Park (SJAP) in Mexico City, is considered a green area with environmental value; however, there is little research on the diversity and structure as a health indicator. The aims of the study were to adapt the Forest Health methodology for tree diversity and structure indicators (DSI) to assess SJAP current´s condition. A total of 28 circular sites (0.1 ha) were randomly established. For each tree, taxonomic identification, normal diameter (Nd) and total height (Th) were registered. Basal area (Ba), compound volume, crown surface as well as the Simpson, Berger-Parker, and an urban importance value index (UIVI) was determined. The Casuarinaceae, Proteaceae, Myrtaceae and Cupressaceae families were the most abundant with 69% of the total density. Average Nd, Th and Ba were 155 cm, 8.6 m, and 0.40 m2 ha-1, respectively. Simpson index was 0.85 representing a high dominance y low richness, Berger-Parker values (0.66) concentrates abundance in four species. The highest UIVI were obtained for Casuarina equisetifolia (31.98%), and Eucalyptus camaldulensis (19.96%). Tree diversity was low, similar to other urban green areas. The UIVI identifies species with the actual highest potential to provide ecosystem services due to their highest biomass and coverage.

RESUMEN El arbolado urbano es un elemento esencial en la infraestructura de toda urbe. El Bosque San Juan de Aragón (BSJA) en la Ciudad de México está catalogado como un área verde de valor ambiental pero su condición respecto a la diversidad y estructura arbórea se ha estudiado poco. El propósito del presente trabajo fue aplicar los procedimientos del Indicador Diversidad y Estructura, en el área verde urbana, Bosque San Juan de Aragón de la Ciudad de México, y contribuir en el diagnóstico sobre el estado actual de salud en esta materia. Se ubicaron al azar 28 sitios de muestreo circulares de 0.1 ha; en cada uno se determinó por árbol, la clasificación taxonómica, el diámetro normal (Dn), la altura total (At) y diámetro de copa. En gabinete se calculó el área basal (Aba), volumen compuesto y área superficial de copa y los índices de diversidad de Simpson, Berger-Parker, además, de un índice de valor de importancia urbano (IVIU). Se identificaron 10 familias, 11 géneros y 12 especies. Las familias Casuarinaceae, Proteaceae, Myrtaceae y Cupressaceae estuvieron representadas en un 69%. El Dn promedio fue de 17.5 cm, la At de 8.6 m y el Aba de 0.40 m2/ha. El valor para el índice de Simpson fue de 0.85 que indica una alta dominancia y baja riqueza de especies y el de Berger-Parker fue de 0.66, concentrado la abundancia en cuatro especies. Casuarina equisetifolia y Eucalyptus camaldulensis presentaron los IVIU más altos con 31.98% y 19.96%, respectivamente. La diversidad arbórea del bosque fue baja, similar a otras áreas verdes urbanas. Por medio del IVIU se jerarquizó la importancia por especie, y se identificó a las de mayor potencial actual para proveer servicios ecosistémicos debido a sus altos porcentajes de biomasa y cobertura.

RESUMO Este estudo investigou a diversidade de parasitos metazoários em Colossoma macropomum do Rio Jari, na Amazônia oriental, norte do Brasil. Foram coletados um total de 4.966 parasitos, incluindo monogeneas (Anacanthorus spathulatus, Mymarothecium boegeri, Notozothecium janauachensis e Linguadactyloides brinkmanni), nematoides (larvas de Spectatus spectatus, larvas de Contracaecum sp. eProcamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus), digeneas (metacercárias de Cladorchiidae), acantocéfalos (Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae), crustáceos (Ergasilus turucuyus, Argulus multicolor, Perulernaea gamitanae e Braga patagonica), ácaros e sanguessugas. A dominância foi de espécies de monogeneas, encontradas nas brânquias dos hospedeiros, e houve elevada dispersão agregada dos parasitos, exceto Contracaecum sp., que teve dispersão uniforme e P. (S.) inopinatus, que mostrou dispersão randômica. A riqueza de espécies de parasitos variou de 1 a 9, o índice de diversidade de Brillouin de 0 a 1,52, a uniformidade de 0 a 0,63 e o índice de dominância de Berger-Parker de 0,39 a 1,00. A abundância de parasitos não foi influenciada pelo comprimento dos hospedeiros, mas houve significativa correlação com o peso corporal em alguns casos. A comunidade parasitária foi caracterizada por baixa riqueza de espécies e moderada diversidade, com predominância de ectoparasitos com elevada prevalência e abundância, bem como pela presença de endoparasitos em estágio larval.

ABSTRACT This study investigated the diversity of metazoan parasites in Colossoma macropomum from the Jari River, in the eastern Amazon, northern Brazil. We collected a total of 4966 parasites from 34 fishes, including monogeneans (Anacanthorus spathulatus, Mymarothecium boegeri, Notozothecium janauachensis and Linguadactyloides brinkmanni), nematodes (Spectatus spectatus larvae, Contracaecum sp. larvae andProcamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus), digeneans (Cladorchiidae metacercariae), acanthocephalans (Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae), crustaceans (Ergasilus turucuyus, Argulus multicolor, Perulernaea gamitanae and Braga patagonica), mites and leeches. The dominance was of monogenean species, found in the gills of the hosts. The parasites exhibited high aggregate dispersion, except Contracaecum sp. and P. (S.) inopinatus, that showed uniform and random dispersion, respectively. The species richness of parasites varied from 1 to 9, the Brillouin diversity index from 0 to 1.52, evenness from 0 to 0.63 and the Berger-Parker dominance index from 0.39 to 1.00. Abundance of parasites was not influenced by host length, but there was significant correlation with host body weight in some cases. The parasite community was characterized by low species richness and moderate diversity, with a predominance of ectoparasites with high prevalence and abundance, as well as the presence of endoparasites in the larval stage.

ABSTRACT The development of effective monitoring tools depends on finding sensitive metrics that are capable of detecting the most important environmental impacts at a given region. We assessed if metrics derived from stream fish assemblages reflect physical habitat degradation and changes in land cover. We sampled the ichthyofauna and environmental characteristics of 16 stream sites of first and second order in the Upper Tocantins River basin. The streams were classified according to their environmental characteristics into reference (n = 5), intermediate (n = 4), and impacted (n = 7). A total of 4,079 individuals in five orders, 12 families, and 30 species were collected. Of the 20 metrics tested, eight were non-collinear and were tested for their performance in discriminating among groups of streams. Three metrics were sensitive to the gradient of degradation: Berger-Parker dominance index, percentage of characiform fish, and percentage of rheophilic individuals. Some commonly used metrics did not reflect the disturbances and many others were redundant with those that did. These results indicate that the metrics derived from fish assemblages may be informative for identifying the conservation status of streams, with the potential to be used in biomonitoring.

Resumen Los artrópodos del suelo son un componente importante de la biota del suelo por su diversidad de especies, función y como herramienta para evaluar el estado de conservación del hábitat. Este estudio evaluó el estado de conservación de tres sectores en un ecosistema de alta montaña (Socha, Tasco y Socotá en Boyacá, Colombia) por medio de la medición de la diversidad alfa y beta del ensamblaje de artrópodos epigeos con referencia hacia Acari y Collembola. Se instalaron trampas de caída siguiendo transectos en cada sector; se midió la diversidad alfa por medio del índice de Berger-Parker y el modelo gamma-binomial para obtener un parámetro α, que describe el ajuste del ensamblaje a una distribución de abundancias. Se estimó la diversidad de especies por medio de curvas de rarefacción-extrapolación basadas en la cobertura de abundancias y la diversidad beta se midió en sus componentes, reemplazamiento y diferencia de especies. La diversidad alfa no mostró diferencias estadísticas entre sectores, pero con la mayor riqueza de especies en el sector de Socotá. El parámetro α indicó que el sector Socotá es el mejor conservado; similar a lo obtenido con Acari y Collembola. El reemplazamiento o la diferencia de especies mostró cambios con respecto al sector o grupo taxonómico (Acari o Collembola), explicado por la estructura de la vegetación, erosión y distribución agregada de los artrópodos epigeos. La utilidad de los artrópodos epigeos para evaluar la calidad del hábitat y la partición de la diversidad beta en sus componentes fue analizada.

Abstract The soil arthropods are an important component of the soil biota for their species diversity, function, and as tool to evaluate the habitat conservation state. The conservation state of three sectors in an ecosystem of high mountain (Socha, Tasco and Socotá in Boyacá, Colombia) was evaluated measuring alpha and beta diversity of epigean arthropods assemblage in particular Acari and Collembola. Pitfall traps were installed on transects for each sector; the alpha diversity was measured through Berger-Parker index and a gamma-binomial model was used to obtain a parameter α, which describes the fitting to species abundance distribution. The species diversity estimation was established with coverage-based rarefaction and extrapolation curves, and the beta diversity was measured in species replacement and richness difference. The alpha diversity did not show statistical differences between sectors, but with the highest species richness in the sector of Socotá. The α parameter indicated that the sector of Socotá is the better conserved; similar to that obtained with Acari and Collembola. The spatial turnover or species richness difference showed changes with respect to the sector and taxonomic group (Acari or Collembola), explained by vegetation structure, erosion, and aggregate distribution of epigean arthropods. The species replacement did the main contribution to total beta diversity by sectors while in Acari and Collembola the species replacement was highest in Tasco in contrast to the richness difference in Socha and Tasco. The utility of epigean arthropods to evaluate the soil quality and the partition of the beta diversity in their components was discussed.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a comunidade de parasitos das brânquias de Satanoperca jurupari do Rio Jari, Estado do Amapá, região da Amazônia oriental (Brasil). As brânquias de 100% dos hospedeiros estavam parasitadas por Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Protozoa), Sciadicleithrum juruparii (Monogenoidea), Genarchella genarchella, Posthodiplostomum sp. (Digenea), Ergasilus coatiarus e Argulus multicolor (Crustacea) e foi coletado um total de 27.043 parasitos. Porém, a dominância foi de I. multifiliis e houve dispersão agregada de parasitos com maior discrepância de S. juruparii e A. multicolor. Foi encontrada uma baixa riqueza de espécies de parasitos (3,1 ± 1,1), baixa de diversidade de Brillouin (0,27 ± 0,23), baixa equitabilidade do índice de diversidade (0,16 ± 0,13) e elevada dominância de Berger-Parker (0,88 ± 0,15). A comunidade de parasitos foi caracterizada por baixa riqueza de espécies, baixa diversidade, baixa uniformidade, alta prevalência e baixa abundância. O tamanho dos hospedeiros não teve influência sobre a comunidade parasitos, mas o comportamento dos hospedeiros e a disponibilidade de formas infectantes dos parasitos foram os fatores estruturando a comunidade dos ectoparasitos encontrados.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the gills parasites in Satanoperca jurupari from the Jari River, state of Amapá, in eastern Amazon (Brazil). The gills of 100% of the hosts were parasitized by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Protozoa), Sciadicleithrum juruparii (Monogenoidea) Genarchella genarchella, Posthodiplostomum sp. (Digenea) Ergasilus coatiarus and Argulus multicolor (Crustacea), and a total of 27,043 parasites were collected. However, the dominance was of I. multifiliis and there was aggregated dispersion of parasites with greater discrepancy for S. juruparii and A. multicolor. Low species richness of parasites (3.1 ± 1.1), low Brillouin diversity index (0.27 ± 0.23), low evenness (0.16 ± 0.13) and high dominance of Berger-Parker (0.88 ± 0.15) were found. The community of parasites in S. jurupari was characterized by low species richness, low diversity and low evenness, with high prevalence and low abundance. The size of host did not have any influence on the parasites community, but the host behavior and availability of infective stages of the parasites were factors structuring the community of ectoparasites found here.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar e analisar as comunidades e infracomunidades de metazoários parasitos de corvinas capturadas no Reservatório de Promissão, Rio Tietê, município de Borborema (21° 67′S, 49° 14′O), Estado de São Paulo. Foram examinados 50 espécimes, capturados por pescadores profissionais no mês de março de 2015, e os parasitas coletados foram quantificados, preparados e montados para identificação taxonômica e análise das comunidades de parasitos. Os peixes analisados no estudo apresentaram comprimento padrão médio de 25,2 ± 2,2 cm e peso médio de 328,82 ± 89,03 g. Foram coletados 5227 espécimes de parasitas metazoários, sendo 2880 (55,1%) Diplectanum piscinarius (Monogenoidea: Diplectanidae) e 2347 (44,9%) metacercárias de Austrodiplostomum compactum (Digenea, Diplostomidae), ambos com prevalência de 100% e abundância parasitária de 57,6 e 46,9, respectivamente. Foi encontrada baixa diversidade parasitária (riqueza de espécies=2), com índice de Simpson (D) igual a 0,505 e baixos valores dos índices de Shannon (H’=0,688) e de diversidade de Margalef (I=0,177). O índice de dominância de Berger-Parker (d=0,551) indicou uma leve dominância do monogenético D. piscinarius. Houve correlação positiva intermediária, avaliada pelo coeficiente de Pearson, entre a abundância parasitária de D. piscinarius e comprimento padrão (r=0,43) e peso (r=0,51) dos hospedeiros.

Abstract This study focused on the characterization and analysis of communities and infra-communities of metazoan parasites of Plagioscion squamosissimus caught in Promissão Reservoir in the Tietê River in Borborema (21°39′58”S, 49°8′49”W), state of São Paulo, Brazil. Fifty adult specimens caught by professional fishermen in March 2015 were necropsied. The fish presented an average standard length of 25.2 ± 2.2 cm and average weight of 328.82 ± 89.03 g. A total of 5,227 specimens of metazoan parasites were collected: 2,880 (55.1%) adult Diplectanum piscinarius (Monogenoidea: Diplectanidae) and 2,347 (44.9%) Austrodiplostomum compactum metacercariae (Digenea, Diplostomidae), both with 100% prevalence and mean abundance of 57.6 and 46.9, respectively. Parasite diversity was low (species richness = 2), with a Simpson index (D) equal to 0.505, and low values of Brillouin (HB = 0.687) and Margalef diversity (I = 0.117) indices. Berger-Parker’s index of dominance (p = 0.551) indicated a slight dominance of the monogenean parasite D. piscinarius. There was a positive correlation, assessed by Pearson coefficient between parasite abundance of D. piscinarius and standard length (r = 0.43) and weight (r = 0.51) of hosts.