Abstract Conjugated linoleic acid is considered a functional food since its consumption improves people’s health. This compound is found in the milk of ruminant animals and is synthesized in the rumen and mammary gland using linoleic and α-linolenic acids as substrates, which are widely found in forage plants. Nevertheless, there is little information regarding the content of fatty acids in forages, particularly of native species. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of native forage shrubs that are consumed by goats under extensive grazing in northern Mexico in 2019. For this, forage shrubs consumed by goats were collected. The selected forages were determined: dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, total lipids, and fatty acid profile. The forage shrubs consumed by the goats in the rangeland were huizache [Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wild.], mesquite [Prosopis laevigata (Humb & Bonpl) Wild], gobernadora [Larrea tridentata (Moç. & Seseé DC)] and chaparro prieto [Vachellia constricta (Bentham Siegler & Ebinger Waif)]. Of these, mesquite (CP 148 g kg-1 DM) and chaparro prieto (CP 147 g kg-1 DM) had the best crude protein contents; likewise, mesquite had a high concentration in linoleic (14.21 g 100 g-1 total fatty acids) and α-linolenic (36.22 g 100 g-1 total fatty acids) fatty acids, so these forage shrubs can be considered in the diet of goats that aim to increase the concentration of conjugated linoleic acid in milk or meat of grazing goats.

Resumen El ácido linoleico conjugado es considerado un alimento funcional ya que su consumo mejora la salud de las personas. Este compuesto se encuentra en leche de animales rumiantes y es sintetizado en el rumen y glándula mamaria utilizando como sustratos a los ácidos linoleico y α-linolenico, los cuales se encuentran en forma amplia en plantas forrajeras. Sin embargo, existe poca información respecto al contenido de ácidos grasos en forrajes, en particular, de especies nativas. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la composición química y perfil de ácidos grasos de arbustos forrajeros nativos que son consumidos por cabras bajo pastoreo extensivo en el norte de México, en 2019. Para ello, se realizó una colecta de arbustos forrajeros consumidos por cabras. A los forrajes seleccionados se le determino: materia seca, materia orgánica, proteína cruda, fibra detergente neutro, fibra detergente ácido, lípidos totales y perfil de ácidos grasos. Los arbustos forrajeros consumidos por las cabras en el agostadero fueron: huizache (Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wild.), mezquite (Prosopis laevigata (Humb & Bonpl) Wild), gobernadora (Larrea tridentata (Moç. & Seseé DC) y chaparro prieto (Vachellia constricta (Bentham Siegler & Ebinger Waif). De estos, mezquite (PC 148 g kg-1 de MS) y chaparro prieto (PC 147 g kg-1 de MS) tuvieron los mejores contenidos de proteína cruda, asimismo, mezquite tuvo una alta concentración en los ácidos grasos linoleico (14.21 g 100 g-1 ácidos grasos totales) y α-linolenico (36.22 g 100 g-1 ácidos grasos totales), por lo que estos arbustos forrajeros pueden ser considerados en dieta de las cabras que tengan el objetivo de incrementar la concentración de ácido linoleico conjugado en leche o carne de cabras en pastoreo.

Abstract The article is located in the iusphilosophical scenario of the mid-twentieth century. Its objective is to trace the sources of Hart's rule of recognition, taking as its starting point the thesis that makes such rule a weighted response to the debate between the Kelsenian formalism and the utilitarian theory of Bentham and Austin in the first instance. This is explored in the sources recognized and not recognized by the author himself, since the article maintains the decisive presence in methodology of direct ancestors such as Hobbes, Hume, Malinowski, among others. These do not grant to the mentioned rule of recognition a mere conciliatory desire of the previous traditions, but they rather define the nature of the rule and the need to address it to be addressed from interdisciplinary fields because it can bear fruit for the analysis of the underlying principles in judicial practice from the exploration of speech in context.

Resumen: El artículo se ubica en el escenario iusfilosófico de mitad del siglo XX. Tiene como objetivo rastrear fuentes de la regla de reconocimiento de Hart tomando como partida la tesis que hace de dicha regla una respuesta ponderada al debate entre el formalismo kelseniano y la teoría utilitarista de Bentham y Austin en primera instancia. Esto se explora en las fuentes reconocidas y no reconocidas por el propio autor, por cuanto el artículo sostiene la presencia decisiva en lo metodológico de ascendientes directos en dicho trabajo como Hobbes, Hume, Malinowski, entre otros, los que otorgan a dicha regla de reconocimiento no un mero afán conciliador de las tradiciones anteriores, sino que definen su naturaleza propia y la necesidad de abordarla desde ámbitos interdisciplinarios, porque es desde la exploración del habla en contexto como ella puede rendir frutos para el análisis de los principios subyacentes en la práctica judicial.

Resumen Acalypha californica Bentham es una planta utilizada por los grupos étnicos de Sonora para tratar el cáncer; sin embargo, es una planta que no es cultivada, de manera tal que la especie crece en hábitats expuestos a las actividades antropogénicas y la colecta indiscriminada, resultando en la disminución significativa de las poblaciones silvestres. Aunado a lo anterior las actividades biológicas relacionadas con los procesos antiproliferativos (antioxidante y antiinflamatoria) atribuidos a la especie no han sido evaluadas. Por lo que el objetivo del presente trabajo fue establecer las condiciones adecuadas para el crecimiento de callos de A. californica, así como caracterizar química y biológicamente el extracto etanólico de los callos generados. Primeramente, para producción de callos se utilizaron explantes a partir de hojas, pecíolos, yemas y segmentos nodales de A. californica los que fueron inoculados en Woody Plant Medium (WPM), suplementado con ácido indol butírico (AIB), bencil amino purina (BAP) o cinetina (CIN) en un intervalo de 0.5-2.0 mg/L. El extracto de los callos liofilizados fue generado por maceración con etanol al 70% y la actividad antiproliferativa del mismo se midió mediante el ensayo MTT en las líneas celulares cancerosas humanas A549, HeLa y MCF-7. La actividad antioxidante se evaluó empleando los ensayos DPPH, FRAP y midiendo el contenido de fenoles y flavonoides totales (TPC y TFC). La actividad antiinflamatoria fue estimada a través de la capacidad inhibitoria del óxido nítrico en macrófagos RAW264.7 estimulados con LPS. Finalmente se generó un perfil químico de los compuestos presentes en el extracto etanólico de los callos utilizando espectrometría de masas. Resultando que las yemas fueron el explante más callogénico, con un 55.60 % de inducción en la concentración de 1.5 mg/L de AIB. En tanto que el extracto etanólico de callos de A. californica no mostró una actividad significativa sobre las líneas celulares probadas; sin embargo, presentó un gran contenido de TPC y TFC con valores de 2.6±0.25 mmol GAE/g de extracto y 1.56±0.25 mmol QE/g de extracto; así como una actividad antioxidante significativamente alta por el método de estabilización del radical DPPH (EC50 44.85±1.22 (g/mL) y FRAP (1.58±0.15 mmol de Fe2+ /g de extracto). El extracto etanólico de los callos de A. californica inhibió en un 24% la producción de óxido nítrico con respecto a las células control. En el perfil químico del extracto etanólico de los callos se encontraron estructuras pertenecientes a los ácidos fenólicos y flavonoides principalmente. De esta manera se concluyó que para desarrollar callos efectivos de A. californica las yemas de la planta deben ser cultivadas en WPM+1.5 mg/L de AIB. Adicionalmente se concluye que los compuestos fenólicos son los responsables de la alta actividad antioxidante y antiinflamatoria presentada por el extracto etanólico de los callos obtenidos.

Abstract Acalypha californica Bentham is a plant used by the ethnic groups of Sonora to treat cancer; however, it is a plant that is not cultivated, in such a way that the species grows in habitats exposed to anthropogenic activities and indiscriminate collection, resulting in a significant decrease in wild populations. In addition to the above, the biological activities related to the antiproliferative processes (antioxidant and anti-inflammatory) attributed to the species have not been evaluated. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to establish the adequate conditions for the growth of A. californica calluses, as well as to characterize chemically and biologically the ethanolic extract of the generated calluses. First, for callus production, explants were used from leaves, petioles, buds, and nodal segments of A. californica, which were inoculated in Woody Plant Medium (WPM), supplemented with indole butyric acid (AIB), benzyl amino purine (BAP) or kinetin (CIN) in a range of 0.5-2.0 mg/L. The lyophilized callus extract was generated by maceration with 70% ethanol and its antiproliferative activity was measured by the MTT assay in the human cancer cell lines A549, HeLa and MCF-7. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH and FRAP assays and by measuring the content of total phenols and flavonoids (TPC and TFC). The antiinflammatory activity was estimated through the inhibitory capacity of nitric oxide in RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPS. Finally, a chemical profile of the compounds presents in the ethanolic extract of the callus was generated using mass spectrometry. Resulting that the buds were the most callogenic explant, with a 55.60% induction in the concentration of 1.5 mg/L of AIB. While the ethanolic extract of A. californica calluses did not show significant activity on the cell lines tested; however, it presented a high content of TPC and TFC with values of 2.6±0.25 mmol GAE/g of extract and 1.56±0.25 mmol QE/g of extract; as well as a significantly high antioxidant activity by the DPPH radical stabilization method (EC50 44.85±1.22 (g/mL) and FRAP (1.58±0.15 mmol of Fe2+/g of extract). The ethanolic extract from A. californica calluses inhibited nitric oxide production by 24% compared to control cells. In the chemical profile of the ethanolic extract of the calluses, structures belonging to phenolic acids and flavonoids were found mainly. In this way, it was concluded that to develop effective calluses of A. californica, the buds of the plant must be cultivated in WPM+1.5 mg/L of AIB. Additionally, it is concluded that phenolic compounds are responsible for the high antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity presented by the ethanolic extract of the calluses obtained.

For more than five decades, representatives of the animal liberation movement and of a biocentric or even ecocentric perspective have been demanding that legal rights should be recognised for non-human beings. In 1780, the British philosopher Jeremy Bentham was the first to argue in favour of granting legal rights to animals (cf. Sezgin 2016). More generally, the United States jurist Christopher Stone (cf. Stone 1972) demanded legal rights for trees and for all elements of nature. Such concepts have been legally implemented in a few cases since the beginning of the 21st century, although there are still fundamental questions and differentiating rejections of the idea of legal rights for nature. This article develops a theological-ethical argumentation for the recognition of dignity for non-human beings with the consequence of granting legal rights in an ecocentric perspective.

Abstract The purpose of this essay is to present and analyze the opposition than classical utilitarianism, proposed by Jeremy Bentham, represents against deontological view of the philosophy of natural rights. By these means, it will be argued that Bentham´s goal go beyond of philosophical propositions and state de need to include practical elements that allow the generation of tangible actions for most individuals. Once the above is addressed, this essay shows that the main axiom of utilitarianism - the greatest happiness for the greatest possible number as a measure of right and wrong - requires, based on a method of quantification of pleasure and pain, the intervention of the legislator in the face of externalities and the implementation of certain wealth redistribution measures that lead to the accomplishment of the main principle: to generate the greatest possible equality and happiness.

Resumen El presente artículo tiene como propósito inicial exponer y analizar la oposición que representa el utilitarismo clásico propuesto por Jeremy Bentham frente a la visión deontológica propia de la filosofía de los derechos naturales. Se argumentará que el objetivo del teórico inglés radicaba en trascender los planteamientos netamente filosóficos y argüir por la necesidad de incluir elementos prácticos que permitieran generar acciones tangibles para el bienestar de la mayoría de los individuos. Una vez abordado lo anterior, se demostrará que el principal axioma del utilitarismo -la mayor felicidad para el mayor número posible como medida de lo correcto e incorrecto- requiere, basado en un método de cuantificación edificado en el placer y el dolor, de la intervención del legislador ante las externalidades y de la implementación de ciertas medidas de redistribución de la riqueza que conduzcan al cumplimiento del principio planteado: generar la mayor igualdad y felicidad posible.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar e comparar os ácidos graxos, vitaminas lipossolúveis, esteróis, fenóis e capacidades antioxidantes de três espécies endêmicas de Salvia L. (S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham leiocalycina (Rech. Fil.) Hedge, S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham euphratica (Rech. Fil.) Hedge e S. pseudoeuphratica Rech.Fil.) e avaliar esses resultados sistematicamente. As composições de ácidos graxos foram determinadas por cromatografia gasosa, enquanto as vitaminas lipossolúveis, esteróis e fenóis foram determinadas por HPLC. Além disso, as capacidades antioxidantes das três espécies de Salvia foram medidas in vitro. O ácido palmítico foi encontrado como ácido graxo saturado principal, enquanto o ácido oleico, ácido linoleico, ácido α-linolênico e ácido erúcico foram encontrados como principais ácidos graxos insaturados no presente estudo. Verificou-se que S. euphratica var. euphratica tem menor teor de ácido palmítico (8.94 ± 0.71%) e ácido graxo saturado total (19.16 ± 0.15%) e maior teor de ácidos graxos insaturados (82.08 ± 0.52%) do que as outras espécies estudadas. Além disso, foi demonstrado que a S. euphratica var. euphratica apresentou diferentes proporções 18:3/18:2 (0.36) de ácidos graxos insaturados/saturados (4.28). No entanto, este estudo demonstrou que o gênero Salvia tinha baixo teor de vitaminas lipossolúveis e baixo conteúdo de esteróis. Por outro lado, foi demonstrado que as espécies do gênero Salvia contém quantidades de catequinas (509.2 ± 4,21 µg/mg-552.2 ± 9.21 µg/mg) e ácido vanílico semelhantes (351.2 ± 2.17 µg/mg 396,8 ± 4,1 µg/mg). Descobriu-se também que o gênero Salvia tinha alto conteúdo de ácido rosmarínico enquanto a espécie S. euphratica var. leiocalycina apresentou o maior teor desse ácido (1.480 ± 7.57 µg/g). Por outro lado, foi demonstrado que os teores de ácido ferúlico da espécie S. eupratica foram maiores (1.175 ± 5.21 µg/mg-1740.2 ± 4.82 µg/mg) do que o conteúdo de ácido ferúlico da espécie S. pseudoeuphratica dos quais foi o mais baixo (19.2 ± 0.97 µg/mg). Os resultados atuais sugerem que os resultados bioquímicos orientaram os estudos morfológicos e as espécies de Salvia têm uma potente capacidade antioxidante.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine and compare the fatty acids, lipid soluble vitamins, sterols, phenolics, and antioxidant capacities of three endemic Salvia L. taxa (S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham leiocalycina (Rech. Fil.) Hedge, S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham euphratica (Rech. Fil.) Hedge and S. pseudoeuphratica Rech.Fil.) and to evaluate these results systematically. The fatty acid compositions were determined by using gas chromatography, while the lipid soluble vitamins, sterols, and phenolics were determined by using HPLC. Also, the antioxidant capacities of three Salvia taxa were measured in vitro. Palmitic acid was found as major saturated fatty acid while oleic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and erucic acid were found as major unsaturated fatty acids in the present study. It was found that S. euphratica var. euphratica had lower palmitic acid (8.94 ± 0.71%), total saturated fatty acid (19.16 ± 0.15%), and higher unsaturated fatty acid content (82.08 ± 0.52%) than other studied taxa. Furthermore, it was shown that S. euphratica var. euphratica had different 18.3/18:2 (0.36) unsaturated/saturated fatty acid (4.28) ratios. However, this study demonstrated that Salvia taxa had low lipid soluble vitamins, sterol contents. On the other hand, it was shown that Salvia taxa had similar catechin (509.2 ± 4.21 µg/g and 552.2 ± 9.21 µg/g) and vanillic acid amounts (351.2 ± 2.17 µg/g and 396.8 ± 4.1 µg/g) in this study. And also, it was found that Salvia taxa had high rosmarinic acid content while S. euphratica var. leiocalycina had the highest rosmarinic acid content (1480 ± 7.57 µg/g). On the other hand, it was shown that the two ferulic acid contents of S. euphratica varieties were higher (1175 ±/5.21 µgmg-1740.2 ± 4.82 µg/mg) than the ferulic acid content of S. pseudoeuphratica of which was the lowest (19.2 ± 0.97 µg/mg). The present results suggested that the biochemical results guided the morphological studies, and Salvia taxa have a potent antioxidant capacity.

Panopticism is Michel Foucault's term for the internalisation of surveillance and cultural control that is closely linked to the panopticon or surveillance architecture (associated with prisons) of Jeremy Bentham during the 18th and 19th centuries. The purpose of this article is to argue that Adam Smith's concept of the impartial spectator provides an alternative perspective of internal surveillance that may enhance moral development and resistance to oppressive forms of control. For Smith, this is established through analogical imagination that is used for self-observation to enhance prudent behaviour. The impartial spectator and its resistance to totalitarian behaviour is specifically relevant in contemporary society because of the dominant role of digital technology and scandals that have exposed digital media as participating in digital forms of surveillance, digital personae, artificial intelligence and control. It will also be highlighted that digital surveillance is closely connected to the capitalism that has infiltrated all domains of society, from socio-personal relationships to the workplace.

Abstract A revised and reread study about Bentham on the admissibility of evidence has a historical and actual importance. The author noted that the judge must consider whether the evidence that has not yet been submitted is available to be admitted at trial within a reasonable period of time. If the evidence is important to the case, the judge must strive to order and wait for its production. Settled his main philosophical and historical presuppositions as well as the points that he criticized the most in relation to Common Law, the role of the judicial process and the judge is identified. Thus, his theory of evidence and the so-called domestic or natural system of the procedure are systematically analyzed, and the main idea revolves around the suppression of the excessively technical procedural rules of that time in favor of an increase on the discretionary powers of the judge. In order to arrive at the right decision, the decision maker must have all the relevant evidence on the matter in order to discover the truth.

Resumen Un estudio revisado y releído de Bentham sobre la admisibilidad de la prueba es importante histórica y actualmente. El autor señaló que el juez debe considerar si las pruebas que aún no se han entregado están disponibles para ser admitidas en el juicio dentro de un período de tiempo razonable. Si las pruebas son importantes para el caso, el juez debe esforzarse por ordenar y esperar su producción. Sentados sus presupuestos filosóficos e históricos principales, así como los puntos que más criticó en relación al Common Law, se identifica el rol del proceso judicial y del juez dentro de su pensamiento. Así, se analiza sistemáticamente su teoría de la prueba y el denominado sistema doméstico o natural del procedimiento, cuya principal idea gira en torno a la supresión de las reglas procedimentales excesivamente técnicas de la época a favor de un aumento de facultades discrecionales del juez. Para llegar a la decisión correcta, el tomador de decisiones debe contar con todas las pruebas relevantes sobre el asunto para descubrir la verdad.

Resumo: A partir de um caso clínico, propomos a seguinte hipótese: na prática clínica, a descentração do ego em Lacan não é nem demolir o ego, nem muito menos elogiá-lo, mas delimitá-lo conceitualmente. Tudo isso será discutido analisando o caso de uma mulher, à luz de alguns aspectos fundamentais do seminário II, juntamente com outras referências implícitas: a teoria das ficções de Jeremy Bentham e a construção na análise de Freud. Este análise teórico-clínica nos guiará a considerar que uma possível delimitação conceitual do ego é de considerá-lo como uma ficção útil.

ABSTRACT: Using a clinical case as a starting point, we pose the following hypothesis: in clinical practice, Lacan’s decentering of the ego is neither its demolition nor its praise, but its conceptual delimitation. This idea will be argued through the analysis of a woman’s case, in the light of certain points from Seminar 2 and other references that are implied in this text: Jeremy Bentham’s theory of fictions and Freud’s construction in analysis. This clinical-theoretical analysis will guide us to contemplate a possible conceptual delimitation of the ego: the ego as a useful fiction.

Abstract The present study aimed to determine the antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic activities and element levels of Verbascum lasianthum Boiss. ex Bentham. The free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant capacity levels were analyzed as the antioxidant parameters. Seven bacteria and one yeast strains were used to determine the antimicrobial activity. The cytotoxic effects of plant extracts were determined using A549, MCF-7, HepG2 and SH-SY5Y cell lines. The findings demonstrated that the antioxidant activity increased with an increase in the phenolic content of extracts. This species is rich in bio-elements such as Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Mg. Different concentrations of extracts could have antibacterial activity. This plant had an apparent cytotoxic effect only in the A549 cell line and increased the proliferation in other cell lines. The findings demonstrated that plant could be used alone or as a supplement to the current treatment protocols in diseases due to their antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic effects. However, it is recommended that Verbascum L. species intended for use in therapy should be procured from areas where there is no soil pollution or organic farming is preferred.

Abstract In Judging Positivism, I argue that Joseph Raz has changed his position over time and that these changes produced inconsistencies and incoherencies in his mature position. The key claim that sets the argument in motion is the following: Raz’s account of legal systems in Practical Reasons and Norms (PRN) is grounded in, and dependent on, the claim that judges have a duty to apply the law. It is a positivistic account of law that springs from a positivistic account of adjudication. Problems emerge for Raz when he introduces moral elements into his positivistic account of law. More specifically, I explore the difficulties Raz encounters when he combines his pre-emption thesis with a moral theory of adjudication in Ethics in the Public Domain, and a morally robust theory of authority in The Morality of Freedom. André Coelho and Jorge Fabra-Zamora take issue with my critique of Raz’s account of adjudication, while Thomas Bustamante focuses his commentary on my analysis of Razian authority. In the course of responding to my critics, I revisit my interpretation of PRN, while exploring the foundational assumptions at play in the exchanges. I reject the possibility that all foundational assumptions are equally valuable: non-normative conceptual analysis is, in my opinion, not a viable methodology. I also explore the difficulties of Raz’s account of authority: while the ambiguity found in his core theses may account for its appeal, upon closer inspection, Raz struggles to keep any distance between himself and his intellectual adversaries, including Bentham and the natural lawyers.

Resumen En Judging Positivism, sostengo que Joseph Raz cambió su posición con el paso del tiempo y que esos cambios han producido inconsistencias e incoherencias. La tesis básica que funda mi argumento es la siguiente: el análisis de los sistemas jurídicos en Practical Reason and Norms (PRN) está basado en, y depende de, la tesis según la cual los jueces tienen un deber de aplicar el derecho. Se trata de una concepción positivista del derecho que deriva de una visión positivista de la función del juez. Los problemas surgen cuando Raz introduce en ella elementos morales. En particular, analizo las dificultades a las que Raz se enfrenta cuando introduce una teoría moral de la adjudicación en Ethics in the Public Domain (EPD), y una teoría moralmente robusta de la autoridad en Morality of Freedom (MF). André Coelho y Jorge Fabra-Zamora cuestionan mi crítica a la concepción raziana de la adjudicación, mientras que Thomas Bustamante centra sus comentarios en mi análisis de la autoridad según Raz. Al contestar a mis críticos, vuelvo sobre mi interpretación de PRN, examinando al mismo tiempo las premisas fundacionales que están en juego en estos debates. Rechazo la posibilidad de que todas las asunciones fundacionales sean igualmente valiosas: el análisis conceptual no normativo no es, en mi opinión, una metodología viable. Vuelvo también sobre las dificultades a las cuales se enfrenta la teoría de la autoridad de Raz: mientras que la ambigüedad de sus tesis principales puede explicar su atractivo, una mirada más atenta muestra que Raz tiene dificultades para no caer en el iusnaturalismo.

Resumen Se realizó un diagnóstico patológico de un cultivo de Mora de Castilla en la vereda Pascote, municipio de Gutiérrez Cundinamarca, Colombia. Las muestras vegetales se tomaron de las hojas, tallo, flor, fruto y raíz; las cuales, se procesaron en identificaron en el laboratorio de fitopatología de la Universidad de los Llanos. En el campo se evaluó incidencia de cada síntoma. Se encontraron cuatro patógenos fungosos Colletrotrichum . gloesporoides (Penz.) Penz. con 40.00% de incidencia, Peronospora sparsa Berk con una incidencia del 20.00 %, Oidium sp, con 12.50% de incidencia y Botrytis cinérea Perms., con una incidencia del 7.50 %.

Abstract A pathological diagnosis was made of an Andean blackberry crop (Rubus glaucus Bentham) in the rural area of Pascote, in the municipality of Gutiérrez, Cundinamarca, Colombia. Samples were taken from blackberry leaves, stems, flowers, fruit and roots; they were processed and identified in the Universidad de Los Llanos’ plant pathology laboratory. Pathogen/disease symptom incidence was evaluated in the field. Four fungal pathogens were found and identified: Colletotrichum gloesporoides (Penz.) Penz (anthracnose), 40% incidence, Peronospora sparsa Berk (downy mildew), 20% incidence, Oidium sp. (powdery mildew), 12.5% incidence, and Botrytis cinerea Perms (gray mold disease), 7.5% incidence.

Resumo Realizou-se um diagnóstico fitopatológico num cultivo de amora preta no Vilarejo de Pascote, município de Gutiérrez, Cundinamarca, Colômbia. As amostras vegetais foram colhidas das folhas, caule, flor, fruto e raiz; que foram processados e identificados no laboratório de patologia vegetal da Universidad de los Llanos. A incidência de cada sintoma foi avaliada no campo. Foram encontrados quatro patógenos fúngicos: Colletrotrichum. gloesporoides (Penz.) Penz. com uma incidência de 40,00%; Peronospora sparsa Berk com uma incidência de 20,00%; Oidium sp, com uma incidência de 12,50%; e Botrytis cinérea Perms., com uma incidência de 7,50%.

RESUMEN En fechas recientes, varios filósofos y juristas se han replanteado la posible justificación de la tortura, reabriendo la "Caja de Pandora" que se estimaba absolutamente sellada tras el consenso jurídico internacional de la segunda posguerra. En este trabajo se analizan la filosofía de la tortura, sus variantes consecuencialistas, así como algunas de las estrategias argumentativas utilizadas para reclamarle un espacio de legitimidad en nuestras modernas democracias. Comienza revisando dos de las obras más importantes contra la quaestio escritas durante el siglo XVIII para enfatizar su incompatibilidad fenomenológica con el derecho. A continuación, se introduce en algunas discusiones suscitadas tras las conclusiones de la Comisión Landau de Israel en 1989, donde el debate sobre la tortura fue reabierto. Luego de recordarnos la posición de Jeremy Bentham al respecto, el autor critica cuidadosamente sendas estrategias desarrolladas con la finalidad de legitimarla en la actualidad. Su conclusión, sin embargo, es tajante: la tortura, si es una imposición deliberada de sufrimiento contra un sujeto indefenso, sigue siendo tortura, sea cual sea su motivo o los fines que se persigan, y no puede justificarse.

ABSTRACT The "Pandora Box" on the issue of justifying torture, which has been considered sealed since the international legal consensus was reached in the post-Second World War period, has been recently reopened by quite few philosophers and legal scholars. This work analyses the philosophy of torture, its consequentialist variants, as well as some of the argumentative strategies used to make room for legitimacy in our modern democracies. It begins by reviewing two of the most relevant works against the torture, written in the 18th Century, aiming at emphasizing its phenomenological incompatibility with the law. The reopening of the "Pandora Box" took place afterward Israel Landau Commission conclusions in 1989. After reminding us of Jeremy Bentham's position in this regard, the author insightfully criticizes other strategies developed in order to legitimize it today. His conclusion, however, is emphatic: torture, if it is a deliberate imposition of suffering against an individual, continues to be torture, whatever its motive or ends may be, and cannot be justified.

RESUMEN El propósito central del presente artículo radica en efectuar una consideración analítica sobre las tesis asociadas a la teoría del bienestar desarrolladas por autores como Bentham (1786), Edgewoth (1881), Arrow (1974), Sen (2000), Max-Neef (2011) y Deaton (2015). Por medio de una revisión documental basada en obras y artículos científicos originales, se examinó el concepto de bienestar e importancia en la teoría económica. El documento aborda de una parte, el enfoque ortodoxo fundamentado en el utilitarismo, precisando la elección individual de bienes y servicios como instrumento que posibilita la satisfacción de necesidades y, por ende la maximización de su situación de bienestar; de otro lado, el paper analiza la teoría de las funciones y capacidades o, también denominada de libertades fundamentales, que exalta la heterogeneidad del ser humano y sus condiciones de vida objetivamente. La principal conclusión de este documento estriba en que el concepto de bienestar está basado en dos posturas claramente diferenciadas, una primera que sugiere que el concepto puede ser modelado en una función de utilidad, y un segundo enfoque que promueve que se trata de un término complejo pues está compuesto de expresiones multidimensionales de desarrollo. JEL: D6, I3, I31

ABSTRACT The central purpose of this article is to make an analytical consideration of the theses associated with the theory of welfare developed by authors such as Bentham (1786), Edgewoth (1881), Arrow (1974), Sen (2000), Max-Neef (2011) and Deaton (2015). Through a documentary review based on original scientific works and articles, the concept of welfare and importance in economic theory was examined. The document addresses, on the one hand, the orthodox approach based on utilitarianism, specifying the individual choice of goods and services as an instrument that enables the satisfaction of needs and, therefore, the maximization of their welfare situation; On the other hand, the paper analyzes the theory of functions and capacities or, also called fundamental liberties, which exalts the heterogeneity of the human being and his living conditions objectively. The main conclusion of this document is that the concept of welfare is based on two clearly differentiated positions, a first that suggests that the concept can be modeled in a utility function, and a second approach that promotes that it is a complex term, it is made up of multidimensional expressions of development. JEL: D6, I3, I31

RESUMO O objetivo central deste artigo é fazer uma análise analítica das teses associadas à teoria do bem-estar desenvolvida por autores como Bentham (1786), Edgewoth (1881), Arrow (1974), Sen (2000), Max-Neef (2011) e Deaton (2015). Através de uma revisão documental baseada em trabalhos e artigos científicos originais, foi examinado o conceito de bem-estar e importância na teoria econômica. O documento aborda, por um lado, a abordagem ortodoxa baseada no utilitarismo, especificando a escolha individual de bens e serviços como um instrumento que possibilita a satisfação de necessidades e, portanto, a maximização de sua situação de bem-estar; por outro lado, o artigo analisa a teoria das funções e capacidades ou, também chamadas liberdades fundamentais, que exaltam a heterogeneidade do ser humano e suas condições de vida objetivamente. A principal conclusão deste documento é que o conceito de bem-estar se baseia em duas posições claramente diferenciadas, uma primeira que sugere que o conceito pode ser modelado em uma função de utilidade e uma segunda abordagem que promove que é um termo complexo. é composto de expressões multidimensionais de desenvolvimento. JEL: D6, I3, I31

ABSTRACT Chorizanthe was described on collections from Chile by G. Bentham in 1836 and included C. glabrescens Benth., C. macraei Benth., C. paniculata Benth., C. peduncularis Benth., C. vaginata Benth. and C. virgata Benth. In 1851, J. Rémy recognized Bentham’s species and added C. frankenioides J. Rémy and C. commissuralis J. Rémy. In a series of publications, (1864, 1873, 1895) R. A. Philippi described some sixteen species, of which, the following are accepted: C. dasyantha Phil, C. flavescens Phil., C. kingii Phil., C. umbellata Phil., and C. viridis Phil. In 2004, J. Reveal carried out a revision and recognized fourteen species as valid for Chile; however, it did not review the genus or provide keys of determination. In 2018, S. Teillier and J. Macaya described five species in the framework of a review for the “New Flora of Chile” project: C. gajardoi Teillier & Macaya, C. mieresii Teillier & Macaya, C. navasiae Teillier & Macaya, C. novoana Teillier & Macaya and C. rosasii Teillier & Macaya. In this paper, we describe a new species, C. limariensis, and we provide a review of the Chilean species where we propose a hypothesis about the taxonomy of the genus. For this treatment, classical methods have been used, comparing types, herbarium material and specimens in the field. These results result in a genus that comprises 19 species; 18 species of subshrubs and perennial herbs (subgenus Chorizanthe) and an annual herb (C. commissuralis in subgenus Amphietes). We propose also lectotypes for C. fasciculata Phil., C. kingii Phil., C. parviflora Phil., C. rosea Phil. and C. viridis Phil. Finally, a key to species, morphological descriptions, and photographs are presented.

RESUMEN Chorizanthe fue descrito por G. Bentham (1836) sobre la base de plantas recolectadas en Chile. Las primeras especies descritas fueron C. glabrescens Benth., C. macraei Benth., C. paniculata Benth., C. peduncularis Benth., C. vaginata Benth. y C. virgata Benth. J. Rémy (1851) las reconoce y agrega a C. frankenioides J. Rémy y a C. commissuralis J. Rémy. R.A. Philippi (1864, 1873, 1895) describió unas dieciséis especies de las que aún se aceptan, C. dasyantha Phil, C. flavescens Phil., C. kingii Phil., C. umbellata Phil. y C. viridis. J. Reveal (2004) llevó a cabo una revisión y sinonimización de los tipos y propuso catorce especies como válidas para Chile; sin embargo, no revisó el género ni presentó claves de determinación. Teillier y Macaya (2018) describieron cinco especies en el marco de una revisión para el proyecto “Nueva Flora de Chile”: C. gajardoi Teillier & Macaya, C. mieresii Teillier & Macaya, C. navasiae Teillier & Macaya, C. novoana Teillier & Macaya y C. rosasii Teillier & Macaya. En este trabajo se describe una nueva especie, C. limariensis y se presenta una revisión, la primera integral, con el fin de proponer una hipótesis sobre la taxonomía del género. Para ello se han utilizado los métodos clásicos comparando tipos, material de herbario y ejemplares en terreno. Como resultado se propone que el género estaría formado por 19 especies, 18 subarbustos y hierbas perennes (subgénero Chorizanthe) y una anual (C. commissuralis, subgénero Amphietes). Se lectotipifica, además, a C. fasciculata Phil., C. kingii Phil., C. parviflora Phil., C. rosea Phil. y C. viridis Phil. Finalmente, se presentan una clave para diferenciar las especies, descripciones morfológicas y fotografías.