Abstract Plant fertilization may impact directly on insect pest behavior and biology. Fertilization may be accomplished by using synthetic mineral or organic fertilizers. The effect of different doses of boiled hen chicken manure, Penergetic®, Bokashi compound and mineral fertilizer on the adult population of Bemisia tabaci and Myzus persicae on collards leaves were evaluated. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse using the treatments: Bokashi, Penergetic® bioactivator, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% of solution of boiled manure, mineral fertilization and control. The number of insects was counted directly on the leaves, and the nitrogen, potassium content, and total phenolic compound in the leaves were determined. Higher populations of Bemisia tabaci and M. persicae were observed on NPK-fertilized plants compared to other treatments. Higher levels of nitrogen foliar were found for Bokashi-fertilized plants; and higher concentrations of total phenolic compounds were found in the control. A negative correlation between total phenolics and B. tabaci was established suggesting the importance of these compounds in the species development. The results indicate the importance of the source of the fertilization for sustainable pest management.

Resumen La fertilización de las plantas puede tener un impacto directo en el comportamiento y la biología de los insectos plaga. La fertilización se puede lograr utilizando fertilizantes minerales sintéticos u orgánicos. Se evaluó el efecto de diferentes dosis de estiércol de gallina hervido, Penergetic®, compuesto Bokashi y fertilizante mineral sobre la población adulta de Bemisia tabaci y Myzus persicae en hojas de col forrajera. El experimento se realizó en invernadero utilizando los tratamientos: Bokashi, bioactivador Penergetic®, 2.5%, 5% y 7.5% de solución de estiércol hervido, fertilización mineral y el control. El número de insectos se contó directamente en las hojas, y se determinó el contenido de nitrógeno, de potasio y los compuestos fenólicos totales en las hojas. Se observaron poblaciones más altas de Bemisia tabaci y M. persicae en plantas fertilizadas con NPK en comparación con otros tratamientos. Se encontraron niveles más altos de nitrógeno foliar para las plantas fertilizadas con Bokashi; y se encontraron mayores concentraciones de compuestos fenólicos totales en el control. Se estableció una correlación negativa entre los fenólicos totales y B. tabaci, lo que sugiere la importancia de estos compuestos en el desarrollo de la especie. Los resultados indican la importancia de la fuente de fertilización para el manejo sustentable de plagas.

Resumo Bemisia tabaci é um complexo de espécies que causa danos a uma ampla gama de hospedeiros vegetais por meio de alimentação séria. Ele transmite vírus de plantas de diferentes grupos para importantes safras agrícolas. Algumas safras comerciais importantes do Paquistão são cana-de-açúcar, arroz, tabaco e óleo de semente. Apresenta alta variabilidade genética e é diferenciado em raças ou biótipos. Os biótipos são: biótipo Q, biótipo B, biótipo B2, biótipo M, biótipo L, biótipo A, biótipo H, biótipo C, biótipo K, biótipo N, biótipo R, biótipo E, biótipo P, biótipo J, biótipo S, biótipo AN . Embora o relatório atual baseado no estudo bayesiano das sequências de DNA do gene 1 da oxidase do citocromo mitocondrial (CO1) tenha classificado as diferentes populações de moscas-brancas em doze grupos genéticos, que são Mediterrâneo, África Subsaariana com folha de prata, Oceano Índico, Ásia II, Ásia I, Austrália, Novo Mundo, Itália, China, África Subsaariana sem folha prateada, Batata-doce Mediterrâneo / Ásia Menor / África e Uganda. Os begomovírus são o maior grupo de vírus transmitidos por B. tabaci e causam as principais doenças de culturas, como a doença do cacho do tomate e da pimenta-malagueta, doença do mosaico da mandioca, doença do mosaico amarelo de leguminosas e doença do enrolamento da folha do algodão. O principal objetivo do presente estudo é inculpar conhecimento sobre a diversidade genética da mosca-branca em campos de algodão em todo o Paquistão por meio da análise da sequência parcial de DNA do gene mitocondrial Citocromo Oxidase I (mtCO1).

Abstract Bemisia tabaci is a species complex that causes damage to its broad range of plant hosts through serious feeding. It transmits plant viruses of different groups to important agricultural crops. Some important cash crops of Pakistan are sugar cane, rice, tobacco and seed oil. It shows high genetic variability and is differentiated as races or biotypes. Biotypes are, biotype Q, biotype B, biotype B2, biotype M, biotype L, biotype A, biotype H, biotype C, biotype K, biotype N, biotype R, biotype E, biotype P, biotype J, biotype S, biotype AN. Although the current report based on the Bayesian study of mitochondrial cytohrome oxidase gene1 (CO1) DNA sequences has classified the different populations of whiteflies into twelve genetic groups which are Mediterranean, Sub-Saharan Africa silverleafing, Indian Ocean, Asia II, Asia I, Australia, New World, Italy, China, Sub-Saharan Africa non-silverleafing, Mediterranean/Asia Minor/Africa and Uganda sweet potato. Begomoviruses is largest group of viruses transmitted by B. tabaci and cause major diseases of crops such as tomato and chili leaf curl disease, cassava mosaic disease; yellow mosaic disease of legumes and cotton leaf curl disease. The main objective of current study is to inculpate knowledge regarding genetic diversity of whitefly in cotton fields across Pakistan via analysis of partial DNA sequence of mitochondrial gene Cytochrom Oxidase I (mtCO1).

Resumo Dentre as espécies de Bemisia tabaci, as espécies invasoras MEAM1 e MED se destacam como pragas de grande importância para várias culturas. No Brasil, a maior parte dos surtos populacionais de mosca-branca são associados a presença da espécie MEAM1, que a partir 1990 se espalhou por todo o país. Por outro lado, em 2014 a espécie MED foi identificada no Brasil, inicialmente restrita a casas de vegetação, mas rapidamente se difundindo em novas áreas nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Assim, nosso objetivo foi investigar a distribuição geográfica das espécies MEAM1 e MED em grandes culturas no Brasil. A espécie MEAM1 continua sendo predominante nas monoculturas como algodão, soja e tomate. O sequenciamento de um fragmento do gene citocromo c oxidase subunidade I (COI) revelou a presença de um haplótipo para MEAM1, sugerindo o estabelecimento de apenas uma linhagem no país. Os haplótipos encontrados para MEAM1 e MED são geneticamente relacionados as linhagens globalmente dispersas Jap1 e Mch1, respectivamente. O monitoramento contínuo das espécies de B. tabaci é crucial pois as mudanças na paisagem, mudanças climáticas e métodos de manejo das pragas podem alterar a dominância e a distribuição dessas espécies nas áreas agrícolas do Brasil.

Abstract Among Bemisia tabaci species, the invasive MEAM1 and MED species are key agricultural pests for many crops. In Brazil, most part of B. tabaci population outbreaks were associated with MEAM1, which, since 1990s quickly spread across the entire country. Later in 2014, the MED was identified in Brazil, initially more restricted to greenhouses, but suddenly reaching new areas in the South and Southeast open regions. Thus, our objective was to investigate the geographical distribution of MEAM1 and MED on open field crops in Brazil. MEAM1 is still the predominant species on open field crops such as soybean, cotton, and tomato. The sequencing of a cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene fragment revealed a single haplotype of MEAM1, suggesting the establishment of a single MEAM1 strain in the country. The haplotypes found for MEAM1 and MED are genetically related to the globally dispersed strains, Jap1 and Mch1, respectively. Continuous monitoring of B. tabaci species is crucial because landscape alterations, climatic changes, and pest management methods may shift the B. tabaci species distribution and dominance in Brazilian crop areas.

Resumo A mosca-branca é uma das pragas agrícolas mais difundidas no mundo. Os óleos essenciais podem ser usados para controlar esse inseto de forma ambientalmente responsável. A atividade fumigante, repelente e antioviposição de óleos essenciais extraídos com etanol de Trachyspermum ammi, Withania coagulans e Murraya koenigii contra Bemisia tabaci foi investigada neste estudo. No experimento, foram utilizadas três concentrações de óleo essencial (2,5 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL e 10 mg/mL). Trachyspermum ammi teve a maior porcentagem de morte de mosca-branca em experimentos de laboratório devido à sua toxicidade fumigante; a mesma tendência foi encontrada na toxicidade de contato e efeito repelente. A porcentagem de mortalidade aumenta à medida que a concentração de óleo essencial aumenta com o tempo do bioensaio. À medida que a concentração de óleo essencial cresce com o tempo de bioensaio, o mesmo acontece com a taxa de mortalidade. A maioria das moscas-brancas adultas escapou da estufa das plantas tratadas devido à maior concentração de óleo essencial. A maior repelência foi encontrada com óleo essencial de Trachyspermum ammi a 10 mg/mL. O óleo essencial apresentou a maior eficácia antioviposição contra moscas-brancas. Trachyspermum ammi teve o mais potente impedimento antioviposição, seguido por Withania coagulans em segundo lugar. Murraya koenigii terminou em terceiro com antioviposição moderada, o que afeta o número de ovos produzidos em relação ao controle. Como consequência, esses três óleos podem ser usados como um bioinseticida eficaz e ambientalmente aceitável para controlar B. tabaci.

Abstract Whitefly is one of the most widespread agricultural pests in the world. Essential oils might be used to control this insect in an environmentally responsible way. The fumigant, repellent, and anti-oviposition activity of ethanol-extracted essential oils of Trachyspermum ammi, Withania coagulans, and Murraya koenigii against Bemisia tabaci was investigated in this study. In the experiment, three essential oil concentrations (2.5 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, and 10 mg/mL) were used. Trachyspermum ammi had the highest percentage of whitefly death in laboratory experiments due to its fumigant toxicity; the same tendency was found in contact toxicity and repellent effect. Mortality percent rises as the concentration of essential oil increases with bioassay time. As the concentration of essential oil grows with bioassay time, so does the mortality rate. The most adult whiteflies escaped from the treated plants' greenhouse due to the highest essential oil concentration. The greatest repellency was found with Trachyspermum ammi essential oil at 10 mg/mL. The essential oil had the greatest anti-oviposition efficacy against whiteflies. Trachyspermum ammi possessed the most potent anti-oviposition deterrent, followed by Withania coagulans in second place. Murraya koenigii finished third with moderate anti-oviposition, which affects the number of eggs produced in comparison to the control. As a consequence, these three oils might be used as an effective and environmentally acceptable bio-insecticide to control B. tabaci.

Resumo O setor florestal brasileiro se destaca pela tecnologia, práticas de manejo florestal, responsabilidade social e ambiental e, principalmente, alta produtividade, mas pragas exóticas podem reduzir isto. O parasitoide Psyllaephagus bliteus (Riek, 1962) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), percevejos predadores e fungos entomopatogênicos como Beauveria bassiana e Metarhizium anisopliae são inimigos naturais usados no controle biológico do psilídeo-de-concha do eucalipto Glycaspis brimblecombei (Moore, 1964) (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), praga em plantios de eucalipto. A utilização de fungos entomopatogênicos contra pragas exóticas vem aumentando no setor florestal e a prospecção e identificação de isolados fúngicos é importante para o manejo integrado de pragas. O objetivo deste estudo foi o isolamento e identificação molecular de Cordyceps spp. e avaliar a patogenicidade dos isolados de Cordyceps javanica (LCBPF 11) e Cordyceps fumosorosea (LCBPF 12 e LCBPF 63), obtidos de adultos de Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), ao psilídeo-de-concha G. brimblecombei. Os fungos foram isolados de adultos de B. tabaci encontrados em culturas de soja e tomate e identificados molecularmente. Os conídios foram suspensos em solução com Tween 80 (0,1%) na concentração de 1,0 x 108 conídios/mL e pulverizados sobre dez ninfas de G. brimblecombei por folha de Eucalyptus cortada e colocada sobre gel hidrorretentor no interior de placas de Petri por repetição. O número de insetos mortos foi quantificado, diariamente, por sete dias e transferidos para câmaras úmidas. Cordyceps javanica (LCBPF 11) e C. fumosorosea (LCBPF 12 e LCBPF 63) foram identificados por análise molecular e todos os isolados foram patogênicos para os insetos. Isto indica serem importantes para o manejo de G. brimblecombei e confirma relatos de que, normalmente, fungos causam maiores mortalidades em insetos da mesma ordem daquela da qual foram isolados.

Abstract The Brazilian forestry sector stands out for its technology, forestry management practices, social and environmental responsibility and, mainly, for its high productivity and exotic pests can reduce it. The red gum lerp psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei (Moore, 1964) (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) is an important pest in Eucalyptus plantations. The parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus (Riek, 1962) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), predatory bugs and entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are the natural enemies and used in the biological control of the red gum lerp psyllid. The use of entomopathogenic fungi against exotic pests is increasing in the forestry sector and the prospecting and identification of fungus isolates is important for integrated pest management. The objective of this work was the isolation and molecular identification of Cordyceps spp. And to evaluate the pathogenicity of isolates, obtained from Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) adults, against to the red gum lerp psyllid G. brimblecombei. The fungi were isolated from B. tabaci adults found in soybean and tomato crops and molecularly identified. The conidia obtained were suspended in solution with Tween 80 (0.1%) at a concentration of 1.0 × 108 conidia/mL and sprayed on ten G. brimblecombei nymphs per Eucalyptus leaf cut and placed on a hydroretentive gel inside per Petri dishes as a replication. The number of dead insects was quantified, daily, for seven days, and transferred to humid chambers. Cordyceps javanica (LCBPF 11) and C. fumosorosea (LCBPF 12 and LCBPF 63) were identified with a molecular analysis and all isolates were pathogenic to the insects and indicates that they could be used to manage G. brimblecombei and adds to reports that, normally, fungi cause greater mortality on insects of the same order as that from which they were isolated.

Resumo Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) é amplamente distribuído por todo o ecossistema de cerrado. Os frutos de C. brasiliense são utilizados na alimentação humana e constitui uma importante fonte de renda para muitas comunidades. A perda de habitat provocada pelas mudanças de uso da terra coloca em risco a conservação de C. brasiliense. Insetos sugadores constituem um importante fator ecológico que, potencialmente, afeta o fitness de C. brasiliense em ambientes degradados. Além disso, as metodologias de amostragem de insetos para aplicação em estudos relacionados à conservação de C. brasiliense são pouco desenvolvidas. Neste estudo, o número de insetos sugadores (Hemiptera) e seus predadores foram avaliados em três estratos verticais do dossel de C. brasiliense. A distribuição das espécies sugadoras apresentou estratificação vertical ao longo da estrutura do dossel. O estrato basal do dossel apresentou o maior número de insetos sugadores Aphis gossypii (Glover 1877) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) e Bemisia tabaci (Genn. 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), e seus predadores Chrysoperla sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), aranhas (Araneae) e Zelus armillatus (Lep. & Servi., 1825) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Os predadores distribuíram-se de acordo com a disponibilidade de recursos, ocorrendo em maior número nas partes do dossel com maior abundância de suas presas.

Abstract Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) trees are widely distributed throughout the Cerrado ecosystem. The fruits of C. brasiliense trees are used by humans for food and as the main income source in many communities. C. brasiliense conservation is seriously threatened due to habitat loss caused by the land-use change. Sucking insects constitute an important ecological driver that potentially impact C. brasiliense survival in degraded environments. In addition, insects sampling methodologies for application in studies related to the conservation of C. brasiliense are poorly developed. In this study, sucking insects (Hemiptera) and their predators were recorded in three vertical strata of Caryocar brasiliense canopies. The distribution of sucking species showed vertical stratification along the canopy structure of C. brasiliense. The basal part of the canopy had the highest numbers of sucking insects Aphis gossypii (Glover 1877) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Bemisia tabaci (Genn. 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and their predators Chrysoperla sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), spiders (Araneae), and Zelus armillatus (Lep. & Servi., 1825) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Predators' distribution follows the resource availability and preferred C. brasiliense tree parts with a higher abundance of prey.

ABSTRACT Symptoms of severe vein clearing, leaf rolling, and blistering were observed in cassava plants in southwestern Bahia State, Brazil. The plants were collected, vegetatively propagated, and kept in a greenhouse. Leaf samples tested positive for begomovirus infection by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Complete nucleotide sequences of DNA-A and DNA-B of isolate PSLDV-Man04 revealed 99.89 % and 96.2 % identity, respectively, with the bipartite begomovirus passionfruit severe leaf distortion virus (PSLDV) genome. This PSLDV isolate was experimentally transmitted to two and four of the five cassava plants and ten passion fruit plants, respectively, inoculated with Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1). This is the first report of the natural infection of cassava plants by the PSLDV begomovirus in Brazil. clearing rolling State Brazil collected propagated greenhouse PCR. PCR . (PCR) DNAA DNA A DNAB B PSLDVMan04 PSLDVMan Man04 Man PSLDV-Man0 9989 99 89 99.8 962 96 2 96. identity respectively (PSLDV genome EastAsia East Asia MEAM1. MEAM1 MEAM (MEAM1) (PCR PSLDVMan0 Man0 PSLDV-Man 998 9 8 99. (MEAM1 (MEAM

Abstract This research aimed to predict the seasonal incidence of whitefly, B. tabaci (Asia II 5) with its management by new plant systemic insecticides and their influence on natural enemies on potato crop. Results concluded that the whitefly population was slightly higher in 2020-21 than in 2019-20 and temperature (minimum and maximum), relative humidity (minimum), evaporation, and sunshine hours were key factors in determining the B. tabaci population buildup with reasonable accuracy (R2=0.82). Sequential spray of Diafenthiuron and Thiamethoxam (1.61 adults/3 compound leaves) was noticed to be the most effective treatment with the highest cost-benefit ratio (1:2.55), whereas two sequential sprays of Pymetrozine (3.17 adults/3 compound leaves) was found to be the least effective with the lowest cost-benefit ratio (1:1.61). All of the insecticides sequential spray examined were found to be either harmless or slightly detrimental to natural enemies (spiders and coccinellids). The current study concluded that B. tabaci population growth and seasonal incidence were greatly influenced by weather factors and this information validates the monitoring for early decision-making prior to developing insect pest management strategies against B. tabaci. Sequential spray of Imidacloprid and Thiamethoxam were shown reliable both from bio-efficacy and economic point of view in managing B. tabaci infestations in potato crop and can be incorporated into the IPM module. B Asia 5 202021 2020 21 2020-2 201920 2019 20 2019-2 minimum maximum, maximum , maximum) minimum, (minimum) evaporation R2=0.82. R2082 R R2=0.82 . R2 0 82 (R2=0.82) 1.61 161 1 61 (1.6 adults3 adults 3 adults/ leaves costbenefit cost benefit 12.55, 1255 2.55 2 55 (1:2.55) 3.17 317 17 (3.1 11.61. 1161 (1:1.61) spiders coccinellids. coccinellids coccinellids) decisionmaking decision making bioefficacy bio efficacy module 20202 202 2020- 20192 201 2019- R208 R2=0.8 8 (R2=0.82 1.6 16 6 (1. 12 12.55 125 255 2.5 (1:2.55 3.1 31 (3. 11 11.61 116 (1:1.61 R20 R2=0. (R2=0.8 1. (1 12.5 25 2. (1:2.5 3. (3 11.6 (1:1.6 R2=0 (R2=0. ( 12. (1:2. 11. (1:1. R2= (R2=0 (1:2 (1:1 (R2= (1: (R2 (R

Abstract The whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genn. is a plant pest highly harmful to horticultural crops worldwide. A sustainable tactic for the management of this pest is the search for plant resistance. Wild tomatoes are a crucial source of genetic diversity and genes for resistance to biotic factors as pest incidence. The objective of this work was to evaluate 15 accessions of creole tomatoes in greenhouse for attraction and oviposition response of B. tabaci. In addition, to estimate the incidence and severity of begomovirus in a field trial. The Rosa pa’ak ez2 accession had the lowest number of adults (0.7 per cm2) and Socato uptl had the lowest preference for oviposition (0.8 eggs per cm2). In the field, the País ac and Rosa pa’ak ez2 accessions had significantly fewer adults on the foliage. For the incidence and severity symptoms, Socato uptl had 76.7% of plants with virus symptoms and severity of 2.2 (60 days after transplant) and 2.9 (75 days after transplant), respectively. The results showed variation in the tomato accessions in the attraction of adults, oviposition preference, and susceptibility to viruses transmitted by B. tabaci.

Resumen La mosquita blanca Bemisia tabaci Genn. es una plaga dañina a cultivos hortícolas a nivel mundial. Una de las tácticas sustentables para su manejo es la búsqueda de fuentes de resistencia a esta plaga. Los tomates silvestres son fuente importante de diversidad genética y en ellos se puede encontrar genes de resistencia a diversos factores bióticos, como la incidencia de plagas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar bajo condiciones de invernadero 15 accesiones de tomates criollos, a la atracción y oviposición de B. tabaci. Además, de estimar la incidencia y severidad de begomovirus en campo. La accesión Rosa pa’ak ez2 tuvo menor atracción de adultos (0.7 adultos por cm2) y Socato uptl tuvo menor preferencia de oviposición (0.8 huevos cm2). En campo, las accesiones País ac y Rosa pa’ak ez2 tuvieron significativamente menor presencia de adultos en el follaje. Para incidencia y severidad de síntomas de virosis, Socato uptl tuvo el 76.7% de plantas con síntomas de virosis y una severidad de 2.2 a los 60 días después del trasplante y 2.9 a los 75 días después del trasplante. Los resultados evidenciaron variación en las accesiones de tomate a la atracción de adultos, preferencia de oviposición y susceptibilidad a virosis transmitida por B. tabaci.

Abstract Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci cause important losses for many crops especially tomato, therefore farmers often use many chemical insecticides which had dangerous side effects on human beings and environment, thus there are need to determine the residues of these chemicals in plant . The dissipation of thiamethoxam in tomato leaves and fruits followed the first order kinetics; Half-lives were 2.91 and 3.15 days for fruits and leaves, respectively. The residues of thiamethoxam were determined using a QuEChERS method with HPLC-DAD and it was 0.14 mg/ kg in fruits after 7 days of treatment and less than the maximum residue limit (MRL 0.2 mg/kg. The residue in leaves was more than in fruits. Seedlings produced from treated seeds were more resistant to different stages of the whitefly population and protect tomato plants from whitefly infestation for 6-10 weeks after transplanting. The three sprays of thiamethoxam increased the reduction percentage of B. tabaci stages and the highest increase was recorded after the third spray in egg, nymph, and adult stages. It could be recommend that Thiamethoxam is considered an unconventional insecticide appropriate for B. tabaci control and safe for humans and the environment. Whitefly environment kinetics Halflives Half lives 291 2 91 2.9 315 3 15 3.1 respectively HPLCDAD HPLC DAD 014 0 14 0.1 mg MRL 02 0. mgkg mg/kg 610 6 10 6-1 transplanting B egg nymph 29 9 2. 31 1 3. 01 61 6-

Resumo Bemisia tabaci, também conhecida como “Mosca-branca” causam perdas importantes para muitas culturas, especialmente tomate, por isso, os agricultores costumam usar muitos inseticidas químicos que têm efeitos colaterais prejudiciais aos seres humanos e ao meio ambiente. Nesse sentido, observa-se a necessidade de determinar os resíduos desses produtos químicos na planta. A dissipação do tiametoxam nas folhas e frutos do tomateiro seguiu a cinética de primeira ordem: As meias-vidas foram de 2,91 e 3,15 dias para frutos e folhas, respectivamente. Os resíduos de tiametoxam foram determinados pelo método QuEChERS com HPLC-DAD e foi de 0,14 mg/kg nos frutos após 7 dias de tratamento e inferior ao limite máximo de resíduos (LMR 0,2 mg/kg). O resíduo nas folhas foi maior do que nas frutos. Mudas produzidas a partir de sementes tratadas mostraram-se mais resistentes a diferentes estágios da população de mosca-branca e protegeram os tomateiros da infestação por mosca-branca por 6-10 semanas após o transplante. As 3 pulverizações de tiametoxam aumentaram a porcentagem de redução dos estágios de B. tabaci e o maior aumento foi registrado após a terceira pulverização nos estágios de ovo, ninfa e adulto, assim, é possível considerar o tiametoxam como um inseticida não convencional apropriado para o controle de B. tabaci e seguro para humanos e meio ambiente. Moscabranca Mosca branca “Mosca-branca culturas tomate isso ambiente sentido observase observa se planta ordem meiasvidas meias vidas 291 2 91 2,9 315 15 3,1 respectivamente HPLCDAD HPLC DAD 014 0 14 0,1 mgkg mg kg LMR 02 0, mg/kg. . mg/kg) mostraramse mostraram moscabranca mosca 610 6 10 6-1 transplante B ovo adulto assim 29 9 2, 31 1 3, 01 61 6-

Abstract Transgenic Bt soybean plants have been developed to control insect pests, such as Anticarsia gemmatalis and Chrysodeixis includens. This objective has been achieved successfully; however, recently, some authors claimed that Bt soybean plants have been more susceptible than non-Bt soybean to Bemisia tabaci MEAM1. In addition, it is unknown whether Bt soybean plants infested by B. tabaci become less resistant to target pests. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate: (i) whether the previous infestation with B. tabaci can compromise Bt and non-Bt soybean resistance to C. includens; (ii) the effects of B. tabaci infestations on Bt and non-Bt soybean plant growth; and (iii) whether B. tabaci feeding reduces contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids of soybean plants. Bt and non-Bt soybean plants pre-infested with B. tabaci showed no changes in resistance to C. includens. Bt soybean plants infested with B. tabaci showed a lower plant height than uninfested plants. Differently, non-Bt soybean plants exhibited no reduction in plant growth due to B. tabaci feeding. Bt soybean plants suffered a reduction in dry matter only under double infestation (B. tabaci and C. includens), while non-Bt soybean plants experienced reduction in dry matter when infested with B. tabaci and C. includens or by C. includens only. B. tabaci feeding did not alter contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids, and perhaps the reduction in plant growth was related to salivary toxins. Concluding, both Bt and non-Bt soybean plants were susceptible to B. tabaci feeding, evidencing necessity of developing soybean cultivars resistant to B. tabaci. pests successfully however recently nonBt non MEAM1 MEAM addition B Therefore evaluate i (i C ii (ii iii (iii preinfested pre Differently (B includens, , includens) toxins Concluding

Resumo A soja Bt (transgênica) foi desenvolvida para controlar insetos-praga como Anticarsia gemmatalis e Chrysodeixis includens. Este objetivo foi alcançado com sucesso; no entanto, recentemente, alguns autores afirmaram que as plantas de soja Bt têm sido mais suscetíveis do que a soja não-Bt a Bemisia tabaci MEAM1. Além disso, não se sabe se plantas de soja Bt infestadas por B. tabaci tornam-se menos resistentes às pragas-alvo. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar: (i) se a infestação prévia de B. tabaci pode comprometer a resistência da soja Bt e não Bt a C. includens; (ii) os efeitos de infestações de B. tabaci no crescimento de plantas de soja Bt e não Bt; e (iii) se a alimentação de B. tabaci reduz os teores de clorofila e carotenoides das plantas de soja. Plantas de soja Bt e não Bt pré-infestadas com B. tabaci não apresentaram alterações na resistência a C. includens. Plantas de soja Bt infestadas com B. tabaci apresentaram menor altura de planta do que plantas não infestadas. Diferentemente, as plantas de soja não-Bt não apresentaram redução no crescimento das plantas devido à alimentação de B. tabaci. Plantas de soja Bt sofreram redução de matéria seca apenas sob infestação dupla (B. tabaci e C. includens), enquanto plantas de soja não Bt apresentaram redução de matéria seca quando infestadas por B. tabaci e C. includens ou apenas por C. includens. A alimentação de B. tabaci não alterou os teores de clorofila e carotenoides, e talvez a redução no crescimento da planta esteja relacionada a toxinas salivares. Concluindo, tanto as plantas de soja Bt quanto as não-Bt foram suscetíveis à alimentação de B. tabaci, evidenciando a necessidade do desenvolvimento de cultivares de soja resistentes a B. tabaci. transgênica (transgênica insetospraga insetos praga sucesso entanto recentemente nãoBt MEAM1 MEAM disso B tornamse tornam pragasalvo. pragasalvo pragas alvo. alvo pragas-alvo Portanto avaliar i (i C ii (ii iii (iii préinfestadas pré Diferentemente (B includens, , includens) salivares Concluindo

Resumen El encrespamiento amarillo (EA), la enfermedad más severa detectada en Argentina, causa síntomas y daños en cultivos de batata en toda la región productora. Desde 2010/11 se ha detectado la presencia de cuatro virus en plantas sintomáticas del cv. Arapey INIA recolectadas en lotes de Colonia Caroya, provincia de Córdoba. Los virus son sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) y sweet potato virus G (SPVG), dos potyvirus transmitidos de forma no persistente por Myzus persicae; un closterovirus: sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) y un geminivirus: sweet potato leaf curl virus (SPLCV), ambos transmitidos por Bemisia tacabi de manera semipersistente y persistente, respectivamente. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron aislar e identificar el o los virus involucrados en la enfermedad EA de la batata y determinar la combinación de virus que reproduce la sintomatología de EA Solo la combinación de los cuatro virus permitió reproducir la sintomatología más severa del encrespamiento amarillo observada a campo en dicho genotipo. Los síntomas incluyen clorosis, achaparramiento, mosaico, ampollado, enrulado de la hoja, manchas cloróticas, diseños cloróticos, reducción y distorsión del área foliar, bordes de la hoja curvados hacia arriba. La presencia de cada uno de los virus se detectó mediante pruebas serológicas (DAS, NCM y TAS-ELISA) y moleculares (PCR). Se concluye que la interacción de SPFMV, SPVG, SPCSV y SPLCV es necesaria para el desarrollo de EA.

Abstract Sweet potato yellow curling (YC), the most severe disease of sweet potato detected in Argentina, causes symptoms and damage to sweet potato crops in all cultivated regions. Since 2010/11, the presence of four viruses has been detected in symptomatic cv. Arapey INIA: two potyviruses non-persistently transmitted by Myzus persicae (sweet potato feathery mottle virus, SPFMV and sweet potato virus G, SPVG); a closterovirus, sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) and a geminivirus, sweet potato leaf curl virus (SPLCV), both transmitted by Bemisia tabaci in a semi-persistent and persistent manner, respectively. All the plants were collected from fields in Colonia Caroya, Córdoba province, Argentina. The objectives of the present work are to isolate and identify the virus or viruses involved in YC disease of sweet potato, and to elucidate the viral combination that reproduces YC symptoms. The most severe YC symptoms for this genotype in the field were only reproduced by a combination of the four viruses. The symptoms include chlorosis, stunting, mosaic, blistering, leaf curling, chlorotic spots, chlorotic patterns, leaf area reduction and distortion, and upward curling of leaf edges. The presence of each virus was detected by serological (DAS, NCM and TAS-ELISA) and molecular (PCR) tests. It is concluded that the interaction of SPFMV, SPVG, SPCSV and SPLCV is needed for the development of YC symptoms.

The aim of the current study was the valorization of hesperidin, the dominant flavonoid in citrus processing waste, by microwave-assisted synthesis of hesperidin-Mg complex, improving its antioxidant activity and insecticidal potential. Here we show, for the first time, that microwave-assisted synthesis of [Mg(hesp)2(phen)]OAc (1) (hesp: hesperidin, phen: phenanthroline) improve the reaction rate and yield. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments proved to be powerful tools for the identification of three isomers in metal complexes. Moreover, we explore the insecticidal potential of 1 and [Mg(phen)2(Isov)]OAc (2) (Isov : isovanillic acid) complexes against three insects. Complex 1 killed 80% of adults whitefly at 0.14 μmol L-1, and 2 76% at 0.36 μmol L-1. There was a total mortality of Spodoptera frugiperda with 2 at 0.39 μmol L-1, and 83% with 1 at 0.14 μmol L-1. Both have similar activity, and represent a novel group of insecticide for Bemisia tabaci and S. frugiperda; nevertheless, the benefits of both as Myzus persicae repellent require further evaluation.

Abstract The genus Capsicum, native to tropical and subtropical America, belongs to the Solanaceae family, which includes commercially important vegetables such as chilies and green peppers. The silverleaf whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), causes losses to vegetables including Capsicum species. Among the alternatives of pest control, an effective, economical, and environmentally compatible method is the resistance of the host plant. Infestation by B. tabaci was evaluated in 73 Capsicum genotypes, corresponding to the species C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. sinense, C. frutescens and C. pubescens from an Ecuadorian genebank. Eighty-four percent of the C. baccatum genotypes evaluated showed the highest population densities of B. tabaci, while all the genotypes of C. sinense and C. frutescens had the lowest values (p < 0.05). The non-preference of adults and the scarce oviposition of B. tabaci on genotypes of C. sinense and C. frutescens suggests resistance due to antixenosis. These results could guide breeding programs for the resistance of Capsicum species to B. tabaci infestations.

Resumen El género Capsicum es nativo de América tropical y subtropical, pertenece a la familia Solanaceae e incluye ajíes y pimientos, que son hortalizas comercialmente importantes. La mosca blanca Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) ocasiona pérdidas en hortalizas incluyendo especies de Capsicum. Entre las alternativas de control de plagas, un método eficaz, económico y ambientemente compatible es la resistencia de la planta hospedera. Se evaluó la infestación por B. tabaci en 73 genotipos de Capsicum nativos de Ecuador, correspondientes a las especies C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C. frutescens y C. pubescens, provenientes de un banco de germoplasma ecuatoriano. El 84% de los genotipos de C. baccatum evaluados mostraron las mayores densidades poblacionales de B. tabaci, mientras que los menores valores los tuvieron todos los genotipos de C. sinense y C. frutescens (p < 0.05). La no preferencia de adultos y la escasa oviposición de B. tabaci sobre genotipos de C. sinense y C. frutescens sugiere resistencia por antixenosis. Estos resultados podrían orientar programas de mejoramiento genético para la resistencia de especies de Capsicum ante infestaciones por B. tabaci.

Abstract Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) is one of the main pests in the cultivation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), which transmits phytopathogenic viruses responsible for severe physiological damage and loss of profitability of the crop. The protection of the plant against viral vectors in the first weeks after transplantation is essential to ensure production. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and repeated twice; tomato seedlings of the Río Grande cultivar were used to evaluate the residual effectiveness of five synthetic, four botanical insecticides and one mineral oil. The density of B. tabaci eggs and the percentage of effectiveness at 0, 5 and 10 days after the application (DAA) with insecticides were evaluated. The organo-synthetic treatment with the best effectiveness was Sivanto® Prime (Flupyradifurone) in foliar applications and in the soil; within the natural products, the best treatment was PHC® Neem® (Azadirachtin) in foliar applications; both showed effectiveness of 99.96-88.47% and 65.87-43.5%, respectively, at 0, 5 and 10 DAA in the two trials. Information on the residuality and effectiveness of the insecticides evaluated will contribute to complement the optimal management of B. tabaci.

Resumen Una de las principales plagas en el cultivo de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) es Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), la cual transmite virus fitopatógenos responsables de daños fisiológicos severos y pérdidas de rentabilidad del cultivo. La protección de la planta contra vectores virales en las primeras semanas después del trasplante es fundamental para asegurar la producción. El experimento se realizó en invernadero y se repitió dos veces, se utilizaron plántulas de tomate cultivar Rio Grande para evaluar la efectividad residual de cinco insecticidas sintéticos, cuatro botánicos y un aceite mineral. Se evaluó la densidad de huevos de B. tabaci y el porcentaje de efectividad, a los 0, 5 y 10 días después de la aplicación (DDA) con insecticida. El tratamiento órgano-sintético con la mejor efectividad fue Sivanto®Prime (Flupyradifurone) en aplicaciones foliares y en el suelo; dentro de los productos naturales, el mejor tratamiento fue PHC® Neem® (Azadiractina) en aplicaciones foliares; ambos presentaron efectividad, de 99.96-88.47% y 65.87-43.5%, respectivamente, a los 0, 5 y 10 DDA en los dos ensayos. La información de la residualidad y la efectividad de los insecticidas evaluados contribuirá para complementar el óptimo manejo de B. tabaci.