Abstract Introduction: Biodiversity is being lost at an accelerating rate because of global change. Tools such as species distribution models (SDMs) have been widely used to improve knowledge about species’ conservation status and help develop management strategies to mitigate biodiversity loss. SDMs are especially important for species with restricted distributions, such as endemic species. Objective: To determine how potential distribution predicted by SDMs for eight threatened bat species differed from the distribution maps reported by the IUCN. Also, to infer the area of distribution and state of endemism of each specie, and to evaluate the importance of the Tumbesian region for their conservation. Methods: Based on presence records across the species’ entire ranges, we used SDMs to assess the conservation status of these eight species in the Tumbesian region of Ecuador and Peru. Results: The areas estimated by SDMs were 35-78 % smaller for four species (Eptesicus innoxius, Lophostoma occidentale, Platalina genovensium and Lonchophylla hesperia) and 26-1 600 % larger for three species (Amorphochilus schnablii, Promops davisoni and Rhogeessa velilla) than those reported by the IUCN. For Tomopeas ravus, the area estimated by the SDM and IUCN was similar but differed in spatial distribution. SDMs coincided with areas of endemism reported by previous authors for E. innoxius, R. velilla, and T. ravus, but were different for A. schnablii, P. genovensium, P. davisoni, and L. hesperia, due in part to projected distributions for these latter species in dry inter-Andean valleys according to the SDMs. Conclusions: The Tumbesian region represents a significant portion (40-96 %) of the predicted distribution of seven of the eight species studied, underscoring the importance of this region for bat conservation. Our results show likely distributions for these species and provide an important basis for identifying research gaps and developing conservation measures for threatened bats in the Tumbes biodiversity hotspot.

Resumen Introducción: La biodiversidad se está perdiendo a un ritmo acelerado como resultado del cambio global. Herramientas como los modelos de distribución de especies (MDEs) han sido ampliamente usados para mejorar el conocimiento sobre el estado de conservación de las especies y ayudar a desarrollar estrategias de gestión para mitigar la pérdida de biodiversidad. Objetivo: Determinar cómo la distribución potencial predicha por los MDEs para ocho especies de murciélagos amenazados difiere de los mapas de distribución reportados por la UICN. También, inferir el área de distribución y estado de endemismo de cada especie, y evaluar la importancia de la región tumbesina para su conservación. Métodos: Basados en registros de presencia del rango global de las especies, usamos MDEs para evaluar el estado de conservación de estas ocho especies en la región tumbesina de Ecuador y Perú. Resultados: Las áreas estimadas por los MDEs eran 35-78 % más pequeñas para cuatro especies (Eptesicus innoxius, Lophostoma occidentale, Platalina genovensium y Lonchophylla hesperia) y 26-1 600 % más grandes para tres especies (Amorphochilus schnablii, Promops davisoni y Rhogeessa velilla) que aquellas reportadas por la UICN. Para Tomopeas ravus, el área estimada por el MDE y la UICN fue similar, pero difirió en la distribución espacial. Los MDEs coincidieron con áreas de endemismo informadas por autores previos para E. innoxius, R. velilla y T. ravus, pero fueron diferentes para A. schnablii, P. genovensium, P. davisoni y L. hesperia, debido en parte a las distribuciones proyectadas para estas últimas especies en valles secos interandinos según los MDEs. Conclusiones: La región tumbesina representa una porción significativa (40-96 %) de la distribución predicha de siete de las ocho especies estudiadas, subrayando la importancia de esta región para la conservación de murciélagos. Nuestros resultados muestran las probables distribuciones para estas especies y proporcionan una base importante para identificar vacíos de investigación y desarrollar medidas de conservación para murciélagos amenazados en el punto caliente de biodiversidad de Tumbes.

Abstract Introduction: Extensive cattle ranching in tropical dry forest areas (TDF) has caused the transformation of natural ecosystems and has altered the behavior of associated organisms, generating variation in activity patterns. In bats, the activity pattern is affected by the composition and vegetation structure of the ecosystem, and by the climatic season (dry and rainy). Therefore, it is expected that conventional extensive livestock systems, as opposed to silvopastoral systems where environmental heterogeneity is favored, determine the activity of bats. Objective: To compare the activity patterns of bats in conventional management systems (CS) and silvopastoral (SPS) of extensive cattle ranching associated with TDF in the Colombian Caribbean. Methods: The activity pattern of bats in TDF fragments associated with conventional and silvopastoral systems was compared within an annual cycle. The daily activity patterns of 11 species with records for over 10 days in both livestock management systems were determined. Results: A total of 2 788 bats were captured, from six families, 22 genera, and 37 species. Greater bat activity was recorded during the rainy season. We found that although bats show behavioral adaptation to the different management systems (except for Carollia perspicillata, Dermanura phaeotis and Glossophaga soricina), in TDF fragments associated with SPS there is greater bat activity throughout the year, compared to the activity recorded in CS. Likewise, the only nectarivorous species evaluated, G. soricina, also presented the lowest overlap value between the two types of management SC and SSP. Conclusion: The TDF fragments associated with SPS, due to the vegetation composition and structure, probably favor the constant supply of resources suitable for the bats’ assemblage stability, especially flowers and fruits.

Resumen Introducción: La ganadería extensiva en áreas de bosque seco tropical (bs-T) ha causado la transformación de los ecosistemas naturales, y ha alterado la conducta de los organismos asociados, generando variación en los patrones de actividad. En murciélagos, el patrón conductual se ve afectado por la composición y estructura vegetal del ecosistema, y por la época climática (seca y lluviosa). Por lo que, se espera que en los sistemas convencionales de ganadería extensiva a diferencia de los silvopastoriles donde se favorece la heterogeneidad ambiental, determine la actividad de los murciélagos. Objetivo: Comparar los patrones de actividad de los murciélagos en sistemas de manejo convencional (SC) y silvopastoril (SSP) de ganadería extensiva asociados al bs-T en el Caribe colombiano. Métodos: Se comparó el patrón de actividad de los murciélagos en fragmentos de bs-T asociados a SC y SSP durante un ciclo anual. Se determinó el patrón de actividad diaria de 11 especies con registros mayores a 10 días en ambos sistemas de manejo de ganadería. Resultados: Un total de 2788 murciélagos fueron capturados, de seis familias, 22 géneros y 37 especies. Se registró mayor actividad de murciélagos durante la época de lluvias. Encontramos que a pesar de que los murciélagos presentan adaptación del comportamiento a los diferentes sistemas de manejo (excepto Carollia perspicillata, Dermanura phaeotis y Glossophaga soricina), en fragmentos de bs-T asociados a SSP se presenta mayor actividad de los murciélagos durante todo el año, con respecto a la actividad registrada en los SC. Igualmente, la única especie nectarívora evaluada, G. soricina, presentó también el menor valor de solapamiento entre los dos tipos de manejo SC y SSP. Conclusión: Los fragmentos de bs-T inmersos en SSP debido a la estructura del paisaje, podrían estar favoreciendo la oferta constante de recursos adecuados para la estabilidad del ensamblaje de murciélagos, en especial flores y frutos.

Abstract The presence of the rabies virus and antibodyes in bats from the Americas is mainly associated with hematophagous species; however, this virus has also been detected with low frequency in bats with other feeding habits. The same thing happens in Mexico, although there is no updated information on the species that have been infected by this virus. Due to the public health implications of the subject, in this study we explore how the presence of the rabies virus is related to eating habits, the family to which they belong, the size of the distribution area and the type of refuge used by bats. Based on a review of the scientific literature published from 1954 to 2015, seven families, 24 genera, and 40 species of non-hematophagous bats that have been detected with rabies virus in Mexico. Most are insectivorous (63%) and belong to the Phyllostomidae and Vespertilionidae families (68%). The presence of rabies is positively and significantly related to the number of species per family (r = 0.9, p < 0.005) and type of feeding habit (r = 0.97, p < 0.002) but is not related to the size of its distribution area (r = 0.2, p = 0.2). Cases of rabies in non-hematophagous species in Mexico are rare, and do not represent a risk of transmission to humans.

Resumen La presencia de anticuerpos del virus de la rabia en murciélagos de América se asocia principalmente con especies hematófagas, sin embargo, este virus también se ha detectado con baja frecuencia en murciélagos con otros hábitos alimenticios. En México sucede lo mismo, aunque no se cuenta con información actualizada de las especies que han sido contagiadas por este virus. Debido a las implicaciones de salud pública que involucra el tema, en este estudio exploramos cómo se relaciona la presencia de la rabia detectada con base en anticuerpos específicos y por la presencia del virus de la rabia en murciélagos no hematófagos, con el hábito alimenticio, la familia a la que pertenecen, el tamaño del área de distribución y el tipo de refugio. Con base en una revisión de la literatura científica publicada de 1954 a 2015, se registraron siete familias, 24 géneros y 40 especies de murciélagos no hematófagos con el virus de la rabia en México. La mayoría son de hábitos insectívoros (63%) y pertenecen a las familias Phyllostomidae y Vespertilionidae (68%). La presencia de rabia se relaciona positiva y significativamente con el número de especies por familia (r = 0.9, p < 0.005) y el tipo de hábito alimenticio (r = 0.97, p < 0.002) pero no se relaciona con el tamaño de su área de distribución (r = 0.2, p = 0.2). Los casos de rabia en especies no hematófagas en México son escasos, y no representan un riesgo de transmisión al humano.

RESUMEN Las anomalías oculares causadas debido a lesiones, enfermedades o mutaciones genéticas generan la pérdida total o parcial de la visión, lo cual afecta el desarrollo y comportamiento normal de los individuos afectados en su entorno natural. En murciélagos, estos casos raramente son reportados. Además, es posible que en ocasiones los investigadores encuentren estas anomalías, pero no son reportadas debido a diversos factores. En este trabajo se documenta por primera vez a un individuo de Carollia perspicillata con anomalía ocular (inflamación ocular) en la República de Panamá, registrado en la Reserva Natural Privada Bunorgandi de la Provincia de Panamá.

ABSTRACT Ocular anomalies caused by injury, disease or genetic mutations result in total or partial loss of vision, which affects the normal development and behavior of affected individuals in their natural environment. In bats, these cases are rarely reported. In addition, it is possible that researchers occasionally encounter these anomalies, but they are not reported due to various factors. This paper documents, for the first time, an individual of Carollia perspicillata with an ocular anomaly (ocular inflammation) in the Republic of Panama, recorded in the Bunorgandi Private Nature Reserve in the Province of Panama.

RESUMEN Las flores del Agave americana, caracterizadas por su color amarillo a verdoso, son altamente atractivas para diversos polinizadores, incluyendo murciélagos, insectos y aves. Estos polinizadores consumen gran parte de la energía que la planta ha acumulado a lo largo de su vida, lo que hace que estas flores se presenten como una alternativa alimentaria viable. Este estudio tiene como objetivo determinar el comportamiento antioxidante y polifenólico de la conserva de flor de cabuya negra (Agave americana), una opción alimentaria aún poco conocida en la gastronomía ecuatoriana. Las muestras fueron sometidas a un riguroso proceso que incluyó secado, trituración y extracción asistida por ultrasonido, seguido de análisis mediante los métodos FRAP y Folin-Ciocalteu. Los resultados indicaron un contenido significativo de polifenoles, con 868,5 mg/kg, y una notable capacidad antioxidante, alcanzando 65000 mg/kg. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la conserva de flor de Agave americana podría ser una opción alimentaria saludable. Además, destacan la importancia de realizar futuras investigaciones sobre fitoquímicos presentes en alimentos no convencionales, con el fin de expandir el conocimiento científico y diversificar la gastronomía ecuatoriana y mundial.

ABSTRACT The flowers of Agave americana, characterized by their yellow to greenish color, are highly attractive to various pollinators, including bats, insects, and birds. These pollinators consume a large portion of the energy that the plant has accumulated throughout its life, making these flowers a viable food alternative. This study aims to determine the antioxidant and polyphenolic behavior of the preserved flower of black cabuya (Agave americana), a still little-known food option in Ecuadorian cuisine. The samples were subjected to a rigorous process that included drying, grinding, and ultrasoundassisted extraction, followed by analysis using the FRAP and Folin-Ciocalteu methods. The results indicated a significant polyphenol content, with 868.5 mg/kg, and a remarkable antioxidant capacity, reaching 65,000 mg/kg. These findings suggest that the preserved flower of Agave americana could be a healthy food option. Additionally, they highlight the importance of conducting future researchon phytochemicals present in unconventional foods to expand scientific knowledge and diversify Ecuadorian and global cuisine.

SIGNIFICANCE: The scarcity of bat fossils in Africa poses a significant challenge to both scientific understanding and current conservation efforts. While this article engages in informed speculation regarding the reasons behind this scarcity, it does not lessen the importance of the issue. Without a robust fossil record, tracing the evolutionary history, biological adaptations, and historical ecological roles of bats becomes difficult. Understanding their past is instrumental in mitigating current threats to bats like habitat loss and climate change. Thus, the intriguing lack of a comprehensive fossil record not only limits scientific inquiry but also hinders effective conservation measures.

Abstract Background: The terrestrial bromeliad Puya ctenorhyncha is a near-threatened endemic species that grows between 2,500-4,050 m asl. Hypotheses: Hummingbirds are the most important visitors of this plant given its morphological and floral traits. Study site: The study was carried out along the “Death Road”, located in the Yungas montane cloud forest, La Paz, Bolivia. Methods: We monitored an average of 216 individuals monthly for two years (2018-2019). Besides we conducted direct observations of focal plants to quantify the visits of animals. Results: The reproductive season lasted from April to August in the first year and from May to June in the second. The mean nectar volume was 8.09 ± 1.59 μL per flower and its composition included fructose, glucose, and 86 % of water. With 341 hours of observations, we determined that Coeligena torquata (Trochilidae) is the main visitor and putative pollinator, followed by C. violifer. Males of both species were more frequent visitors than females. Coeligena torquata showed the highest activity during the afternoon while C. violifer was more active in the morning. Conclusions: Floral phenology seems to be annual and unimodal. Although the main pollinators seem to be hummingbirds, the nectar concentration and composition is more similar to bromeliad species of other genera which are pollinated by bats or passerine birds. It is important to evaluate, in future studies, the dependence of both hummingbirds and their behavioural response towards the plant.

Resumen: Antecedentes: La bromelia terrestre Puya ctenorhyncha es una especie endémica casi amenazada que crece entre los 2,500-4,050 m snm. Hipótesis: Los colibríes son los visitantes más importantes de esta planta dadas sus características morfológicas y florales. Sitio de estudio: El estudio se realizó en el “Camino de la Muerte”, situado en el bosque nublado montano de los Yungas, La Paz, Bolivia. Métodos: Monitoreamos un promedio de 216 individuos mensuales durante dos años (2018-2019), mediante observaciones de su biología fenológica. Asimismo, realizamos observaciones directas en plantas focales para cuantificar las visitas de animales. Resultados: La época reproductiva duró de abril a agosto en el primer año y de mayo a junio en el segundo. El volumen medio de néctar fue de 8,09 ± 1,59 μL por flor y su composición incluía fructosa, glucosa y 86 % de agua. Con 341 horas de observaciones, determinamos que Coeligena torquata (Trochilidae) es el principal visitante y polinizador putativo, seguido por C. violifer. Los machos de ambas especies fueron visitantes más frecuentes que las hembras. Coeligena torquata mostró la mayor actividad durante la tarde mientras que C. violifer fue más activa por la mañana. Conclusiones: La fenología floral parece ser anual y unimodal. Aunque los principales polinizadores parecen ser los colibríes, la concentración y composición del néctar es más similar a especies de bromelias de otros géneros que son polinizadas por murciélagos o aves paseriformes. Es importante evaluar, en estudios futuros, la dependencia de ambos colibríes y su respuesta de comportamiento a la planta.

Abstract The hematophagous bats are usually the main reservoir of sylvatic rabies, being one of the most important viral zoonoses affecting humans and livestock in Latin America. Despite the most countries have already studied spatio-temporal distribution of bovine rabies, however, in Ecuador, little has been reported about the state of rabies in the country. Aiming to this objective, a descriptive observational study was realized from 2007 to 2020 based on the formal reports by WAHI-OIE and surveillance of bovine rabies retrieved from its official website. During the study period in Ecuador, some 895 cases of rabies were confirmed in cattle. In addition, in the total of bovine rabies cases seen in Andean and Coast regions (185 effected bovines), Loja and Esmeraldas had 95 (6.16% cases per 10,000 animals) and 51 (1.7% cases per 10,000 animals), respectively. Furthermore, the Amazon region indicated higher rabies cases in cattle than to the observed in other regions (710 rabies cases) while it was highly fluctuating with respect to the years (9.74 to 42.82% cases per 10,000 animals). However, Zamora (292 rabies cases), Orellana (115 rabies cases) and Sucumbíos (113 rabies cases) yielded the highest incidence rates than other provinces (9 to 42% cases per 10,000 animals). Based on this evidence, it has been fundamental to assess the current national program for preventing and control of the sylvatic rabies, being also necessary to include concept of the ecology of the vampire bat. Regardless of these results, vaccination is vital for control programs to prevent rabies in livestock and need to be widely increased for limiting their geographic and temporal spread. America spatiotemporal spatio however Ecuador country objective 200 202 WAHIOIE WAHI OIE website 89 addition 185 (18 bovines, bovines , bovines) 9 6.16% 616 6 16 (6.16 10000 10 000 10,00 animals 5 1.7% 17 1 7 (1.7 animals, respectively Furthermore 710 (71 9.74 974 74 (9.7 4282 42 82 42.82 animals. . However 292 (29 cases, 115 (11 113 ( evidence bat results spread 20 8 18 (1 6.16 61 (6.1 1000 00 10,0 1.7 (1. 71 (7 9.7 97 (9. 428 4 42.8 29 (2 11 2 6.1 (6. 100 0 10, 1. 9. 42. 6. (6

Resumo Os morcegos hematófagos são geralmente o principal reservatório da raiva silvestre, sendo uma das mais importantes zoonoses virais que afetam humanos e rebanhos na América Latina. Apesar de a maioria dos países já ter estudado a distribuição espaço-temporal da raiva bovina, no Equador pouco foi relatado sobre o estado da raiva no país. Com o objetivo de abordar essa questão, foi realizado um estudo observacional descritivo de 2007 a 2020 com base nos relatórios formais da WAHI-OIE e vigilância da raiva bovina obtidos em seu site oficial. Durante o período do estudo no Equador, foram confirmados cerca de 895 casos de raiva em bovinos. Além disso, no total de casos de raiva bovina observados nas regiões andina e litorânea (185 bovinos afetados), Loja e Esmeraldas tiveram 95 (6,16% casos por 10.000 animais) e 51 (1,7% casos por 10.000 animais), respectivamente. Além disso, a região Amazônica indicou casos de raiva em bovinos mais elevados do que os observados em outras regiões (710 casos de raiva), embora tenha apresentado grande flutuação em relação aos anos (9,74% a 42,82% de casos por 10.000 animais). No entanto, Zamora (292 casos de raiva), Orellana (115 casos de raiva) e Sucumbíos (113 casos de raiva) produziram as taxas de incidência mais elevadas do que outras províncias (9% a 42% de casos por 10.000 animais). Com base nessas evidências, tem sido fundamental avaliar o atual programa nacional de prevenção e controle da raiva silvestre, sendo também necessário incluir o conceito da ecologia do morcego hematófago. Independentemente desses resultados, a vacinação é vital para os programas de controle para prevenir a raiva no gado e precisa de ser amplamente aumentada para limitar a sua propagação geográfica e temporal. silvestre Latina espaçotemporal espaço temporal país questão 200 202 WAHIOIE WAHI OIE oficial 89 disso 185 (18 afetados, afetados , afetados) 9 6,16% 616 6 16 (6,16 10000 10 000 10.00 animais 5 1,7% 17 1 7 (1,7 animais, respectivamente 710 (71 raiva, 9,74% 974 74 (9,74 4282 42 82 42,82 animais. . entanto 292 (29 115 (11 113 9% (9 evidências hematófago resultados 20 8 18 (1 6,16 61 (6,1 1000 00 10.0 1,7 (1, 71 (7 9,74 97 (9,7 428 4 42,8 29 (2 11 ( 2 6,1 (6, 100 0 10. 1, 9,7 (9, 42, 6, (6 9,

Abstract Urban environments present less environmental heterogeneity in relation to the natural ones, affecting the biodiversity of bats and the ecological processes in which they participate. In this way, we will identify how urbanization influences the structure of bat communities in the municipality of Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. We compared species composition, guilds and bat richness in a gradient that crossed urban, semi-urban and natural areas in the municipality of Goiânia, contained in the Cerrado biome. We captured a total of 775 bats of 16 species distributed in three families. Urban areas had a higher species abundance, while semi-urban areas had a higher species richness. The three types of environments have different compositions, the urban one being more homogeneous, the fauna in these areas is composed of generalist species, which benefit from this process. The diversity present in semi-urban areas is a consequence of the intersection between urban and natural fauna, which is why urban expansion needs to occur in a planned manner to minimize the impacts of this process and ensure the maintenance of biodiversity. ones participate way Goiânia Goiás Brazil composition semiurban semi biome 77 1 families abundance compositions homogeneous 7

Resumo Ambientes urbanos apresentam uma heterogeneidade ambiental menor em relação aos naturais, afetando a biodiversidade de morcegos e os processos ecológicos dos quais participam. Desta forma, vamos identificar como a urbanização influência na estruturação das comunidades de morcegos no município de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Comparamos a composição de espécies, guildas e riqueza de morcegos em um gradiente que cruzou áreas urbanas, semiurbanas e naturais no município de Goiânia, contido no bioma Cerrado. Capturamos um total de 775 morcegos de 16 espécies distribuídas em três famílias. Áreas urbanas apresentaram uma abundância maior de espécies, enquanto em áreas semiurbanas tivemos uma riqueza de espécies maior. Os três tipos de ambientes apresentam diferentes composições, sendo o urbano mais homogêneo, a fauna nessas áreas é composta por espécies generalistas, que se beneficiam com esse processo. A diversidade presente nas áreas semiurbanas é consequência do cruzamento entre a fauna urbana e a natural, por isso é necessário que a expansão urbana ocorra de forma planejada para minimizar os impactos desse processo e garantir a manutenção da biodiversidade. participam Goiânia Goiás Brasil Cerrado 77 1 famílias composições homogêneo generalistas natural 7

Abstract Frugivore bats are important seed dispersers in forests and their abundance are associated with the presence of zoochoric plants. In this context, the aim of our study was to investigate the association of the frugivore bat S. lilium with the diaspores of the zoochoric plant S. mauritianum, a common arboreal species present in forest fragments of southern Brazil. We also investigated the diet of the species based on seed content present in feces of individuals. Bats were mist-netted from November 2017 to April 2018 in a fragment of Atlantic Forest. The proportion of immature and mature diaspores of S. mauritianum was estimated in the same area where bats were sampled, and feces were sampled from captured individuals. In total, 61 individuals of S. lilium were captured, and 795 seeds were sampled from their feces. The abundance of S. lilium was significantly associated with the proportion of immature diaspores of S. mauritianum. We identified seeds of two botanical families: Solanaceae (89%) and Moraceae (11%) in the fecal samples. Our findings support the view that S. lilium is a legitimate disperser of S. mauritianum, and that its ecological function is probably a result of co-adaptation. plants context S Brazil mistnetted mist netted 201 Forest total 6 79 families 89% 89 (89% 11% 11 (11% samples coadaptation. coadaptation co adaptation. adaptation co-adaptation 20 7 8 (89 1 (11 2 (8 (1 (

ABSTRACT The knowledge of the bat fauna from Minas Gerais, the largest state in southeastern Brazil, has greatly changed in recent years due to increased sampling and taxonomic revisions with reports of range extension and/or new species descriptions. The first annotated list of bats for the state dates to over 10 years ago. Our study aimed to update it by incorporating new localities sampled since then and by adding new species records to the list. We also conducted a comprehensive review of the literature and museum databases and analyzed 691 specimens collected in the state from all mesoregions and ecosystems deposited in collections. We documented the occurrence of 99 bat species from nine families, distributed in 181 municipalities, covering all mesoregions and biomes of the state. This is an increment of 30% in bat richness and of 241% in locality sites with bat records in Minas Gerais, when compared with the previous compilation. We report two previously unrecorded species for the state, the phylostomids Rhinophylla pumilio Peters, 1865 and Trinycteris nicefori (Sanborn, 1949). The mesoregions with the largest number of bat collection localities were “Metropolitana” (46), “Zona da Mata” (26), and “Norte de Minas” (21). The Atlantic Forest had the largest number of collection sites compared to the other biomes present in the state (102). There are a lot of sampling gaps in the state, and most of the conservation areas have not yet been sampled for bats. In face of that and based on the recent findings of several new species and records as a result of sampling and revisionary efforts, we suggest the implementation of rapid survey programs accompanied by taxonomic studies within the conservation units of Minas Gerais. Long-term monitoring programs, including bats, are also completely missing in the state. Gerais Brazil andor or descriptions 1 ago 69 collections 9 families 18 municipalities 30 241 compilation Peters 186 Sanborn, Sanborn (Sanborn 1949. 1949 . 1949) Metropolitana “Metropolitana 46, 46 , (46) Zona Mata 26, 26 (26) Norte 21. 21 (21) 102. 102 (102) efforts Longterm Long term 6 3 24 194 4 (46 2 (26 (21 (102 19 (4 (2 (10 ( (1

ABSTRACT Introduction: Bats are the only flight mammals, with around 1,400 species playing critical roles as pest controllers and nocturnal plant pollinators. However, its impact on human health has become increasingly evident, especially after the appearance of epidemic outbreaks of viral diseases related to these mammals. Objetive: To analyze the influence of bats on human health, focusing on their role as carriers of viral diseases and their potential as reservoirs and vectors of diseases. Methods: A literature bibliographical review was conducted using MeSH descriptors and keywords such as: Animals, Wild Chiroptera, Virus Diseases, Zoonosis, Disease Vectors, Disease Reservoirs, Public Health, bats, Communicable Disease Control, Disease Outbreaks, Prevention and Control. 1442 articles in databases and official documents were reviewed, selecting the relevant sources with Mendeley Desktop 1.19.4., obtaining 47 articles at the end. Results: There are several species of bats that can affect human health and that mainly harbor viruses from the Filoviridae families, Coronaviridae and Paramyxoviridae. Bats are considered optimal incubators for the spread of the virus due to their unique immune system that makes them particularly resistant to these infectious agents. Conclusions: Surveillance and monitoring of bats, together with public education actions and proper management of their habitats, are essential for early detection and prevention of transmission of new viruses from these mammals to humans.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los murciélagos se destacan por ser los únicos mamíferos voladores, con alrededor de 1 400 especies que cumplen un rol fundamental como controladores de plagas y polinizadores de plantas nocturnas. Sin embargo, su influencia sobre la salud humana se ha evidenciado cada vez más, en particular después del surgimiento de brotes epidémicos de enfermedades virales asociadas a estos mamíferos. Objetivo: Analizar la influencia de los murciélagos en la salud humana, centrándose en su papel como portadores de enfermedades virales y su potencial como reservorios y vectores de enfermedades. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de la literatura utilizando descriptores MeSH y términos como: Animals, Wild Chiroptera, Virus Diseases, Zoonoses, Disease Vectors, Disease Reservoirs, Public Health, bats, Communicable Disease Control, Disease Outbreaks, Prevention and Control. Se revisaron 1 442 artículos en bases de datos y documentos oficiales, se seleccionaron las fuentes relevantes con Mendeley Desktop 1.19.4. y se obtuvieron al final 47 artículos. Resultados: Existen varias especies de murciélagos que pueden afectar la salud del ser humano y que albergan en especial virus de las familias Filoviridae, Coronaviridae y Paramixoviridae. Los murciélagos se consideran incubadoras óptimas para la propagación de virus debido a su sistema inmune único que lo hace resistente a estos agentes infecciosos. Conclusiones: La vigilancia y monitoreo de los murciélagos, junto con acciones de educación pública y una gestión adecuada de sus hábitats, son fundamentales para la detección temprana y prevención de la transmisión de nuevos virus de estos mamíferos a los humanos.

ABSTRACT: Rabies is an invariably fatal infectious-contagious viral disease caused by viruses in the genus Lyssavirus, which affects the central nervous system of domestic and wild mammals. This study draws attention to the importance of insectivorous bats and domestic cats in the epidemiology of rabies. For this, two cases of rabies registered in domestic cats in the southeast region of Rio Grande do Sul were analyzed. Diagnoses were based on histological alterations and positive staining for the virus in direct immunofluorescence with confirmation by biological test, immunohistochemical evaluation and identification of the rabies virus variant by polymerase chain reaction. In Brazil, a change in the epidemiological profile of rabies has been observed, in which bats play a major role in the current chain of transmission of the disease. It is noteworthy, that the antigenic viral variant AgV-4, typical of the insectivorous bat Tadarida brasiliensis, was identified in the domestic cats affected in this study. ABSTRACT infectiouscontagious infectious contagious Lyssavirus mammals analyzed test reaction Brazil observed noteworthy AgV4, AgV4 AgV 4, 4 AgV-4 brasiliensis AgV-

RESUMO: A raiva é uma enfermidade viral infectocontagiosa, invariavelmente fatal, causada por Lyssavirus, que afeta o sistema nervoso central de mamíferos domésticos e silvestres. O objetivo deste estudo foi alertar para a importância de morcegos insetívoros e dos felinos domésticos na epidemiologia da raiva. Para isso, foram analisados dois casos de raiva registrados em gatos domésticos na região sudeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Os diagnósticos basearam-se nas alterações histológicas e na marcação positiva para o vírus na imunofluorescência direta com confirmação por prova biológica, avaliação imuno-histoquímica e identificação da variante do vírus rábico por reação de polimerase em cadeia. No Brasil tem sido observado uma mudança no perfil epidemiológico da raiva, no qual os morcegos assumem papel principal na cadeia atual de transmissão da doença.Chama-se a atenção que a variante viral antigênica AgV-4, própria do morcego insetívoro Tadarida brasiliensis, foi identificada nos felinos domésticos afetados neste estudo. RESUMO infectocontagiosa fatal Lyssavirus silvestres isso Sul basearamse basearam se biológica imunohistoquímica imuno histoquímica doença.Chamase doençaChamase doença.Chama doença Chama AgV4, AgV4 AgV 4, 4 AgV-4 brasiliensis Chamase doençaChama AgV-

RESUMEN Este texto surge de mi visita en noviembre de 2021 a la comunidad akateka La Gloria, ubicada en el municipio de La Trinitaria (Chiapas, México). Acompañada por los fotógrafos José Ángel Rodríguez, Alanís Rodríguez y Pablo Farías del proyecto Bats’i Lab, tuve la oportunidad de presenciar la llegada de las cenizas del sacerdote activista Javier Ruiz, quien fundó la comunidad integrada por desplazados guatemaltecos, hace casi 40 años. Mi objetivo es proporcionar un contexto antropológico e histórico a las imágenes capturadas durante este singular evento religioso, así como ofrecer una breve reflexión sobre la relevancia de la fotografía como patrimonio histórico de los pueblos. Además, pretendo destacar la importancia de la fotografía como herramienta etnográfica en mi trabajo antropológico, ya que sirve como catalizador de la memoria colectiva. Es importante mencionar que mi contribución se basa en mi experiencia como antropóloga social y no como especialista en medios visuales.

ABSTRACT The following text arises from my visit in November 2021 to the Akateka community of La Gloria located in the municipality of La Trinitaria (Chiapas, México). Accompanied by the photographers José Ángel Rodríguez, Alanís Rodríguez and Pablo Farías of the Bats’i Lab collective, I had the opportunity to witness the arrival of the ashes of the activist priest Javier Ruiz, who founded the community integrated by displaced Guatemalans, almost 40 years ago. My objective is to provide an anthropological and historical context for the images captured during this unique religious event, as well as to offer a brief reflection on the relevance of photography as a historical heritage of the people. In addition, I intend to highlight the importance of photography as an ethnographic tool in my anthropological work, as it serves as a catalyst of collective memory. It is important to mention that my contribution is based on my experience as a social anthropologist and not as a specialist in visual media.