Abstract In 2022, a study was conducted on 14 malting barley producers under the "Siembra por contrato" program in Chimborazo province, aiming to analyze the socioeconomic characteristics impacting crop losses. Information was collected across social, institutional, productive, environmental, commercial, technological transfer, and economic areas. To group individuals with similar characteristics, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied using statistical tools and R programming codes. The analysis identified four clusters explained by six components, representing 82,42% of the total variability. These clusters revealed socioeconomic factors influencing barley losses, such as education level, occupation, land tenure, soil type, barley variety, and weed percentage. Cluster B, along with producer 14, showed the highest commercial yield, exceeding 3 001 kg. In contrast, producers in clusters A and D had low yields (1 000 to 3 000 kg), regardless of the barley variety harvested. Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression analysis determined that grain weight directly influences losses during mechanized harvesting.

Resumen En el año 2022, se realizó un estudio a 14 productores de cebada maltera bajo el programa "Siembra por contrato" en la provincia de Chimborazo, con el objetivo de analizar las características socioeconómicas que impactan las pérdidas en el cultivo. Se recopiló información en áreas sociales, institucionales, productivas, ambientales, comerciales, de transferencia tecnológica y económicas. Para agrupar individuos con características similares, se aplicó el Análisis de Componentes Principales (PCA) y se utilizaron herramientas estadísticas con códigos en R. El análisis identificó cuatro grupos (clusters) explicados por seis componentes que representan el 82,42% de la variabilidad total. Estos grupos revelaron fuentes socioeconómicas influyentes en las pérdidas de cebada, como el nivel de educación, ocupación, tenencia de tierras, tipo de suelo, variedad de cebada y porcentaje de maleza. El cluster B, junto con el productor 14, mostró el mayor rendimiento comercializado, superando los 3 001 kg. En contraste, los productores de los clusters A y D presentaron rendimientos bajos (1 000 a 3 000 kg), independientemente de la variedad de cebada cosechada. El Análisis de Regresión por Mínimos Cuadrados Parciales (PLS) determinó que el peso de los granos influye directamente en las pérdidas durante la cosecha mecanizada.

Abstract The use of tank mixtures of pesticides makes it possible to increase the efficiency of chemical treatment. The aim of the study was to establish the relationship between the joint use of pesticides and the rate of decomposition of active substances. The study was carried out on the crops of spring wheat, spring barley, peas, spring rapeseed, seed potato. Chemical treatments were carried out with insecticides and fungicides – the insecticide (imidacloprid and λ-cyhalothrin), suspension concentrate; the fungicide (propiconazole), emulsifiable concentrate; the insecticide (imidacloprid), soluble concentrate; the fungicide (copper sulfate tribasic), suspension concentrate. Determination of residual amounts of active substances of pesticides was carried out using methods of gas-liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The acceleration of decomposition of the active substance - imidacloprid on pea crops and spring rapeseed was caused by the combined use of the insecticide (imidacloprid) and the fungicide (propiconazole). The use of the fungicide (copper sulfate tribasic) in a tank mixture with the insecticide (imidacloprid and λ-cyhalothrin) on potatoes caused a slowdown in the decomposition of the active substances imidacloprid and λ-cyhalothrin. Also, there was a change in the level of intake by plant of active substances in the first three hours after spraying, when using tank mixtures, in comparison with the separate use of compounds. The data obtained on the change in the rate of decomposition of active substances of pesticides, when they are used together in mixtures, indicate the need to continue research in this area. In this regard, it is important to study the dynamics of the decomposition of individual active substances of pesticides in plant tissues when they are used in tank mixtures, it is also necessary to conduct research using compounds most commonly used in agricultural production. treatment wheat barley peas potato λcyhalothrin, λcyhalothrin λ cyhalothrin , concentrate propiconazole, propiconazole (propiconazole) imidacloprid, copper tribasic, tribasic gasliquid gas highperformance high performance propiconazole. . λ-cyhalothrin λcyhalothrin. cyhalothrin. Also spraying area regard production (propiconazole

Resumo A utilização de misturas em tanques de pesticidas permite aumentar a eficiência do tratamento químico. O objetivo do estudo foi estabelecer a relação entre a utilização conjunta de pesticidas e a taxa de decomposição das substâncias ativas. O estudo foi realizado nas culturas de trigo de primavera, cevada de primavera, ervilha, colza de primavera e batata-semente. Foram realizados tratamentos químicos com inseticidas e fungicidas − o inseticida (imidacloprida e valuetech-cialotrina), concentrado em suspensão; o fungicida (propiconazol), concentrado emulsionável; o inseticida (imidacloprida), concentrado solúvel; o fungicida (sulfato de cobre tribásico), concentrado em suspensão. A determinação das quantidades residuais de substâncias ativas dos pesticidas foi realizada utilizando métodos de cromatografia gás-líquido e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. A aceleração da decomposição da substância ativa – imidacloprida nas culturas de ervilhas e colza de primavera foi causada pela utilização combinada do inseticida (imidacloprida) e do fungicida (propiconazol). A utilização do fungicida (sulfato de cobre tribásico), que contém cobre, numa mistura de tanques com o inseticida (imidacloprida e valuetech-cialotrina) em batatas provocou um abrandamento da decomposição das substâncias ativas imidacloprida e valuetech-cialotrina. Além disso, verificou-se uma alteração no nível de ingestão por planta de substâncias ativas nas primeiras três horas após a pulverização, quando se utilizam misturas em tanques, em comparação com a utilização separada de compostos. Os dados obtidos sobre a alteração da taxa de decomposição das substâncias ativas dos pesticidas, quando utilizadas em conjunto em misturas, indicam a necessidade de prosseguir a investigação neste domínio. Por isto, é importante estudar a dinâmica da decomposição de substâncias ativas individuais de pesticidas nos tecidos vegetais quando são utilizados em misturas em tanques, e realizar pesquisas que empreguem compostos mais comuns na produção agrícola. químico ervilha batatasemente. batatasemente batata semente. semente batata-semente valuetechcialotrina, valuetechcialotrina valuetech cialotrina , suspensão propiconazol, propiconazol (propiconazol) emulsionável imidacloprida, solúvel sulfato tribásico, tribásico tribásico) gáslíquido gás líquido propiconazol. . valuetech-cialotrina valuetechcialotrina. cialotrina. disso verificouse verificou pulverização domínio isto agrícola (propiconazol

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effect of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) condensed tannin extract in simple and complex diets for weaned piglets on performance, faecal consistency and serum haptoglobin concentrations. Eighty-eight female and castrated male piglets were used, weaned at 28 ± 3 days old, with an initial body weight of 8.02 ± 1.21 kg, housed in same-sex pairs and distributed in four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment in a randomised complete block design. The experimental treatments were simple diet (SD), simple diet + tannin (SD+T), complex diet (CD) and complex diet + tannin (CD+T). The simple diets contained lower concentrations of dairy ingredients, inclusion of barley and no addition of zinc oxide, palatant, acidifier and yeast. The diets with tannin were supplemented with 1,850 mg kg-1 of black wattle condensed tannin extract. The feed programme consisted of three diets: Pre-starter I (0-7 days), Pre-starter II (8-21 days) and Starter (22-28 days). Feed and water were available ad libitum. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly to calculate the average daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The faecal consistency score was measured daily to calculate the diarrhoea occurrence percentage. Blood samples for serum haptoglobin concentration were collected at 7 and 14 days after weaning. The addition of condensed tannin had no effect (P > 0.05) on evaluated performance variables for weaned piglets. The diet type also did not affect the piglets’ performance (P > 0.05). The inclusion of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) condensed tannin does not affect piglet performance, reduces the incidence of diarrhoea in the first week after weaning and decreases the haptoglobin inflammatory response. ABSTRACT Acacia mearnsii Eightyeight Eighty eight used old 802 8 02 8.0 121 1 21 1.2 kg samesex same sex design SD, SD , (SD) SD+T, SDT SD+T T (SD+T) CD (CD CD+T. CDT CD+T . (CD+T) ingredients oxide palatant yeast 1850 850 1,85 kg1 kg- Prestarter Pre starter 07 0 (0- days, 821 (8-2 2228 22 (22-2 days. libitum ratio percentage P 0.05 005 05 0.05. response 80 8. 12 1. (SD (SD+T (CD+T 185 85 1,8 (0 82 (8- 222 (22- 0.0 00 18 1, ( (8 (22 0. (2

RESUMO: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de extrato de tanino condensado de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) no desempenho, consistência fecal e concentração sérica de haptoglobina em leitões na fase de creche. Foram utilizados 88 leitões desmamados aos 28±3 dias, com peso vivo médio inicial 8,02 ± 1,21 kg, alojados em duplas de mesmo sexo, e distribuídos em quatro tratamentos em um delineamento de blocos inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: dieta simples (SD); dieta simples + tanino (SD+T); dieta complexa (CD) e dieta complexa + tanino (CD+T). As dietas simples foram formuladas com menores concentrações de derivados de leite, inclusão de cevada e sem adição de óxido de zinco, palatabilizante e levedura. As dietas com inclusão de tanino foram suplementadas com 1850 mg kg-1 de extrato concentrado de tanino de acácia negra. O programa alimentar foi constituído de três dietas: Pré-inicial I (0 a 7 dias), Pré-inicial II (8 a 21 dias) e Inicial (22 a 28 dias). Ração e água ficaram disponíveis ad libitum. O peso e o consumo de ração dos leitões foram mensurados semanalmente, para calcular a média diária de consumo, o ganho de peso diário e a conversão alimentar. O índice de consistência fecal foi medido diariamente para calcular a porcentagem de ocorrência de diarreia. Amostras de sangue para concentração sérica de haptoglobina foram coletadas aos sete e 14 dias após o desmame. A adição de tanino condensado não teve efeito (P > 0,05) no desempenho de leitões desmamados. O tipo de dieta também não afetou o desempenho dos leitões (P > 0,05). A inclusão do tanino condensado de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) não afetou desempenho, reduziu a incidência de diarreia na primeira semana após o desmame, e diminuiu a resposta inflamatória da haptoglobina. RESUMO acácianegra negra Acacia mearnsii creche 8 283 3 28± 802 02 8,0 121 1 1,2 kg sexo acaso SD (SD) SD+T SDT T (SD+T) CD (CD CD+T. CDT CD+T . (CD+T) leite zinco levedura 185 kg1 kg- Préinicial Pré 0 ( , 22 (2 dias. libitum semanalmente desmame P 0,05 005 05 0,05. 80 8, 12 1, (SD (SD+T (CD+T 18 0,0 00 0,

ABSTRACT. Brazil has high soil loss rates due to its tropical and subtropical climate characteristics. In this sense, soil use and management practices may minimize such losses. In this study, experimental plots were monitored for eight years in southern Brazil during natural rainfall events. Treatments were as follows: I) bare soil under conventional tillage, II) barley-oat/ soybeans succession under conventional tillage, III) oat-lupine-vetch/ maize succession under conventional tillage, IV) barley-oat/ soybeans succession under no-tillage, and V) oat-lupine-vetch/ maize succession under no-tillage. Data on rainfall amount and erosivity indices (EI30, EI20, and EI10) were subjected to regression analyses, evaluating the effects of climatic variables on soil and water losses. We could also analyze crop species, conventional and no-tillage systems, and winter and summer seasons. The highest soil and water losses occurred in treatments under conventional tillage. In addition, soybeans treatments increased soil and water losses. Maize under no-tillage was the most efficient practice, as it had soil losses (3.4 times) and water losses (1.5 times) lower than soybeans under conventional tillage. Rainfall amounts and EI30 were better correlated with soil and water losses in conventional tillage treatments. However, EI10 could better explain the soil losses from the conservationist treatment. ABSTRACT characteristics sense study events follows I II barleyoat/ barleyoat barley oat/ oat barley-oat III oatlupinevetch/ oatlupinevetch lupine vetch/ vetch oat-lupine-vetch IV notillage, notillage no V notillage. EI30, EI (EI30 EI20 analyses species systems seasons addition practice 3.4 34 3 4 (3. times 1.5 15 1 5 (1. EI3 However EI1 treatment (EI3 EI2 3. (3 1. (1 (EI (

Abstract This study focuses on the extraction, characterization, and application of polysaccharide, Arabinoxylan (AX), derived from barley husk ( Hordeum vulgare ). Arabinoxylan was extracted by alkali extraction method with a significant yield of 26%. It was thoroughly characterized to ascertain its physicochemical properties such as percentage yield, solubility, swelling index, loss on drying, sulphated ash and micromeritics. Afterwards AX was employed as a polymer in the synthesis of controlled-release nanoparticles (NPs) of dexlansoprazole, an acid-labile drug. Ionic gelation and nanoprecipitation methods were employed to prepare various NP formulations, which were characterized using techniques such as zeta sizer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermal analysis. FTIR confirmed the compatibility of nanoparticles while SEM results displayed that AX based nanoparticles were smooth and spherical in shape. Likewise, the thermal analysis revealed that nanoparticles were thermally stable. Furthermore, the AX-based nanoparticles demonstrated efficient entrapment efficiency of 79.59 ± 4.6% and 43.69 ± 4.9%, along with sustained drug release profiles, following Korsmeyer-Peppas models. Ionic gelation method was observed to be comparatively better than nanoprecipitation method. Overall, this study showcases the potential of utilizing AX as cost-effective and renewable biomaterial for the development of polymer-based drug transport system, facilitating efficient and controlled drug delivery. characterization polysaccharide AX, , (AX) . ) 26 26% solubility index drying micromeritics controlledrelease NPs (NPs dexlansoprazole acidlabile acid labile formulations sizer SEM, (SEM) Xray X ray XRD, XRD (XRD) Fouriertransform Fourier transform FTIR, (FTIR) shape Likewise stable Furthermore AXbased 7959 79 59 79.5 46 4 6 4.6 4369 43 69 43.6 49 9 4.9% profiles KorsmeyerPeppas Korsmeyer Peppas models Overall costeffective cost effective polymerbased system delivery (AX 2 (SEM (XRD (FTIR 795 7 5 79. 4. 436 43. 4.9

ABSTRACT Barley is an important crop for Brazil and an advantageous alternative for irrigated cultivation in the Brazilian Savanna. The present study aimed to characterize and estimate genetic, phenotypic, and environmental parameters and select genotypes from the Embrapa Cerrados irrigated barley working collection. The experiment was established in Randomized Blocks with four replications under irrigation in Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina-DF. The traits evaluated were grain yield, commercial classification of first grains, 1000-seed weight, plant height, lodging, and cycle. The genetic parameters and correlations between the traits evaluated were obtained. High values of heritability, in a broad sense, were verified. The high coefficients of genotypic variance and the high selective accuracy obtained corroborate the favorable environmental condition for the selection of genotypes. It was verified that the genotypic correlations were higher than the phenotypic correlation coefficients, showing a greater contribution of genetic factors in the expression of the traits. Earlier genotypes had higher grain yields, first-class commercial classification, 1000-seed weight, and height. There was a strong positive correlation between the commercial classification of first grains and 1000-seed weight. Genotypes PFC 2005143, PFC 2006134, and PFC 2004212 were selected for use in crossbreeding blocks within the Brazilian irrigated barley breeding program. Savanna collection PlanaltinaDF. PlanaltinaDF Planaltina DF. DF Planaltina-DF yield 1000seed seed 1000 weight height lodging cycle heritability sense yields firstclass class 2005143 2006134 200421 program 100 200514 200613 20042 10 20051 20061 2004 1 2005 2006 200 20 2

RESUMO A cevada é uma importante cultura para o Brasil e uma vantajosa alternativa para o cultivo irrigado no Cerrado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar, estimar parâmetros genéticos, fenotípicos e ambientais e realizar a seleção de genótipos da coleção de trabalho de cevada irrigada da Embrapa Cerrados. O experimento foi estabelecido em Blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, sob irrigação, na Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina-DF. As características avaliadas foram: rendimento de grãos, classificação comercial de primeira, peso de mil sementes, altura de planta, acamamento e ciclo. Foram obtidos os parâmetros genéticos e as correlações entre as características avaliadas. Foram verificados altos valores de herdabilidade, em sentido amplo. Os altos coeficientes de variância genotípica e a alta acurácia seletiva obtida corroboram a condição ambiental favorável para a seleção de genótipos. Verificou-se que as correlações genotípicas foram maiores que os coeficientes de correlação fenotípica, evidenciando uma maior contribuição dos fatores genéticos na expressão dos caracteres. Os genótipos mais precoces apresentaram maiores rendimentos de grãos, classificação comercial de primeira, peso de mil sementes e altura. Houve forte correlação positiva entre classificação comercial de primeira e peso de mil sementes. Os genótipos PFC 2005143, PFC 2006134 e PFC 2004212 foram selecionados para uso em blocos de cruzamento dentro do programa brasileiro de melhoramento de cevada irrigada. Cerrado caracterizar Cerrados repetições irrigação PlanaltinaDF. PlanaltinaDF Planaltina DF. DF Planaltina-DF grãos planta ciclo herdabilidade amplo Verificouse Verificou se fenotípica caracteres 2005143 200613 200421 200514 20061 20042 20051 2006 2004 2005 200 20 2

ABSTRACT Wheat bran (WB), barley flour (BF), rice bran (RB), wheat red dog (WRD) or reduction shorts (WRS) supplementation, as a food supplement (FS, 19%), to mushroom composts having wheat (WS) or rice straw (RS) as basal substrate (BS, 80%) could have contributed to improving the nutritional value and forage quality properties of spent mushroom substrate (SMS). The SMSs from king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) production were evaluated with 2 BS (WS and PS) × 5 FS (WB, BF, RB, WRD, or WRS) factorial arrangement design. The BS × FS interaction significantly affected some of the studied variables (nutrient contents and in vitro true digestibility, relative feed value, and relative forage quality) of the SMSs used to be evaluated as a feedstuff. The BS significantly affected the acid detergent lignin content, digestible dry matter, metabolizable energy, estimated net energy, and total digestible nutrients. In contrast, the FS affected the acid detergent lignin content and net energy lactation value. In conclusion, independent of FS, WS-based SMSs and the BF and WRD supplemented-SMSs independent of BS had higher nutritional value and forage quality properties than other SMSs. Therefore, these SMSs could be exploited post-cultivation as animal feed due to their upgraded properties. WB, WB , (WB) (BF) RB (RB) (WRD WRS (WRS supplementation (FS 19%, 19 19% 19%) WS RS (RS BS, (BS 80% 80 SMS. SMS . (SMS) Pleurotus eryngii PS (WB design nutrient digestibility feedstuff matter nutrients contrast conclusion WSbased based supplementedSMSs supplemented Therefore postcultivation post cultivation (BF (RB 1 8 (SMS

RESUMO Suplementação com farelo de trigo (WB), farinha de cevada (BF), farelo de arroz (RB), trigo red dog (WRD) ou redução short (WRS), como suplemento alimentar (FS, 19%), para compostos de cogumelos contendo trigo (WS) ou palha de arroz (RS) como substrato basal (BS, 80%) poderiam ter contribuído para melhorar o valor nutricional e as propriedades de qualidade da forragem do substrato de cogumelo gasto (SMS). Os SMS da produção de cogumelo ostra (Pleurotus eryngii) foram avaliados com planejamento fatorial 2 BS (WS e PS) × 5 FS (WB, BF, RB, WRD ou WRS). A interação BS × FS afetou significativamente algumas das variáveis estudadas (conteúdo de nutrientes e digestibilidade verdadeira in vitro, valor alimentar relativo e qualidade relativa da forragem) dos SMS utilizados para serem avaliados como alimento. A BS afetou significativamente o teor de lignina detergente ácido, matéria seca digestível, energia metabolizável, energia líquida estimada e nutrientes digestíveis totais. Em contraste, o FS afetou o teor de lignina em detergente ácido e o valor da energia líquida de lactação. Em conclusão, independentemente do FS, os SMS baseados em WS e os SMS suplementados com BF e WRD independentes do BS apresentaram maior valor nutricional e propriedades de qualidade da forragem do que outros SMSs. Portanto, estes SMSs poderiam ser explorados pós-cultivo como ração animal devido às suas propriedades melhoradas. WB, WB , (WB) (BF) RB (RB) (WRD WRS, WRS (WRS) (FS 19%, 19 19% 19%) RS (RS BS, (BS 80% 80 SMS. . (SMS) Pleurotus eryngii PS (WB WRS. WRS) conteúdo vitro alimento digestível metabolizável totais contraste lactação conclusão Portanto póscultivo pós cultivo melhoradas (BF (RB (WRS 1 8 (SMS

Abstract The objective of this work was to investigate the influence of the reproductive stage of closed-flowering barley on Fusarium graminearum infection and to evaluate the efficacy of pre-inoculation fungicide application in controlling Fusarium head blight (FHB) and reducing grain contamination with the deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin. Two experiments, in a completely randomized design with eight replicates, were conducted in a growth chamber at different temperatures. The statistical analysis was nonparametric, using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Potted plants of the BRS BRAU barley cultivar were inoculated by spraying a conidial suspension at the following three reproductive stages: anthesis halfway, grain at medium milk, and soft dough. The tebuconazole fungicide was sprayed 48 hours before pathogen inoculation. The FHB symptoms caused by the inoculation with F. graminearum at the medium milk stage are fully visible, although fungicide application before pathogen inoculation controls the disease, but mild at the anthesis halfway and soft dough stages. Inoculation at the three stages results in grain contamination with DON, which is reduced by pre-inoculation fungicide application. closedflowering closed flowering preinoculation pre (FHB DON (DON mycotoxin experiments replicates temperatures nonparametric KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis test 4 F visible disease

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a influência do estágio reprodutivo da cevada de florescimento fechado na infecção por Fusarium graminearum e avaliar a eficácia da aplicação pré-inoculação de fungicida no controle da fusariose da espiga e na redução da contaminação dos grãos pela micotoxina desoxinivalenol (DON). Dois experimentos, em delineamento completamente casualizado, com oito repetições, foram conduzidos em câmara de crescimento com diferentes temperaturas. A análise estatística foi não paramétrica, tendo-se utilizado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Plantas da cultivar BRS BRAU de cevada, em vasos, foram inoculadas por pulverização de suspensão de conídios, nos seguintes três estágios reprodutivos: metade da antese, grão leitoso e grão massa mole. O fungicida tebuconazol foi pulverizado 48 horas antes da inoculação do patógeno. Os sintomas de fusariose da espiga causados pela inoculação de F. graminearum no estágio de grão leitoso são claramente visíveis, mas são leves nos estágios de metade da antese e grão com massa mole. A inoculação nos três estágios resulta em contaminação dos grãos com DON, que é reduzida com a aplicação de fungicida pré-inoculação. préinoculação pré DON. DON . (DON) experimentos casualizado repetições temperaturas paramétrica tendose tendo se KruskalWallis. KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis. Wallis Kruskal-Wallis vasos conídios reprodutivos mole 4 patógeno F visíveis préinoculação. inoculação. (DON

Resumo Proteobactérias compreendendo espécies do grupo Pseudomonas syringae causam doenças de muitas plantas ao redor do mundo. O fitopatógeno possui uma estrutura taxonômica complexa, que está em constante revisão devido ao surgimento de novos métodos de diagnóstico molecular e bioquímico. Aqui, pela primeira vez, descrevemos a diversidade genética e fenotípica de 57 cepas de Pseudomonas syringae isoladas de soja, cereais, girassol e outras plantas afetadas na Federação Russa de 1950 a 2019. A diversidade genética foi avaliada por análise de sequência multilocus (MLSA) usando fragmentos dos genes da gliceraldeído-3-fosfato desidrogenase (gapdh), a subunidade D da RNA polimerase dirigida por DNA (rpoD), a subunidade B da girase (topoisomerase) (gyrB) e a citrato sintase I (gltA). A síntese de siringomicina e coronatina por bactérias foi avaliada pela reação de cultura de leveduras suscetíveis, plântulas de cevada, tomate e girassol, e pela presença de genes de toxina confirmados pelo teste de PCR. A patogenicidade das cepas foi confirmada em mudas de plantas dicotiledôneas e monocotiledôneas de ervilha, soja, girassol, cevada e trigo, como as culturas mais afetadas. A sensibilidade das bactérias a 10 antibióticos dos principais mecanismos de atividade e dois produtos bactericidas comerciais foi testada pelo método de disco padrão. Os resultados obtidos mostraram uma alta homogeneidade genética da população russa de P. syringae, que infecta várias culturas agrícolas, e um aumento na proporção de cepas resistentes a antibióticos ao longo dos anos.

Abstract Proteobacteria comprising species of Pseudomonas syringae group cause diseases of many plants around the world. The phytopathogen has a complex taxonomic structure, which is constantly being revised due to the emergence of new molecular and biochemical diagnostic methods. Here for the first time, we describe the genetic and phenotypic diversity of 57 strains of Pseudomonas syringae isolated from affected soybeans, cereals, sunflowers, and other plants in the Russian Federation from 1950 to 2019. Genetic diversity was assessed by Multi Locus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) using fragments of the genes of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh), the DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit D (rpoD), gyrase (topoisomerase) B subunit (gyrB), and citrate synthase I (gltA). The synthesis of syringomycin and coronatine by bacteria was assessed by the reaction of susceptible yeast culture, seedlings of barley, tomato, and sunflower, and by presence of toxin genes confirmed by PCR test. The pathogenicity of the strains was confirmed on seedlings of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants of peas, soybean, sunflowers, barley and wheat, as the most affected crops. The sensitivity of bacteria to 10 antibiotics of the main mechanisms of activity and two bactericidal commercial products was tested by standard disc method. The obtained results showed a high genetic homogeneity of the Russian population of P. syringae, which infects various agricultural crops, and an increase in the proportion of antibiotic-resistant strains over the years.

Resumo Os hábitos alimentares de ratos bandicoot (Bandicota bengalensis) foram investigados nas plantações agrícolas do planalto de Pothwar, Paquistão, por meio da análise do conteúdo estomacal. As atividades da pesquisa foram conduzidas nas principais culturas de campo, incluindo trigo e amendoim, e em terras de pousio durante a estação não agrícola nos limites do campo. Os espécimes foram capturados dos campos usando armadilhas kill/snap e dissecados para coletar suas amostras de estômago para análise laboratorial. Lâminas de microscopia de luz do material vegetal foram recuperadas de amostras de estômago; os materiais de referência foram coletados no campo. Os resultados revelaram que o rato bandicoot alimentava-se predominantemente de culturas cultivadas durante a época de cultivo, mas consumia vegetação selvagem durante a época de não colheita. Não houve diferença significativa entre as dietas de verão e inverno. Os alimentos agrícolas mais frequentemente consumidos foram trigo (Triticum aestivum; 28,57%), amendoim (Arachis hypogea; 11,26%), sorgo (Sorghum bicolor; 10,17%), grão de bico (Cicer arietinum; 9,52%), milho (Zea mays; 6,49%), milheto (Pennisetum glaucum; 5,84%), cevada (Hordeum vulgare; 4,98%) e mostarda (Brassica campestris; 4,98%). Entre a vegetação silvestre foram consumidos khbal gha (Cynodon dactylon; 7,79%), barão dhab (Demostachya bipinnata; 7,36%) e flor espinhosa (Achyranthes aspera; 3,03%). O estudo conclui que, além de consumir culturas de trigo e amendoim, o rato bandicoot pequeno também subsiste de gramíneas, ervas daninhas e algumas culturas forrageiras, componentes importantes de sua dieta no agroecossistema do planalto de Pothwar.

Abstract Dietary habits of bandicoot rats (bandicota bengalensis) were investigated in the agricultural crops of the Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan by analysing stomach contents. The research activities were conducted in major field crops including wheat-groundnut and in the fallow lands during non-crop season at the field boundaries. The specimens were captured from the fields using kill/snap traps, and dissected to collect their stomach samples for laboratory analysis. Light microscopic slides of the plant material were recovered from stomach samples and the reference materials were collected from the field. Results revealed that the bandicoot rat predominantly fed upon cultivated crops during cropping season but consumed wild vegetation during non-cropping season. There was no significance difference between summer and winter diets. Most frequently consumed crop food items were wheat (Triticum aestivum; 28.57%), groundnut (Arachis hypogea; 11.26%), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor; 10.17%), chickpea (Cicer arietinum; 9.52%), maize (Zea mays; 6.49%), millet (Pennisetum glaucum; 5.84%), barley (Hordeum vulgare; 4.98%) and mustard (Brassica campestris; 4.98%). Among wild vegetation were consumed khbal gha (Cynodon dactylon; 7.79%), baron dhab (Demostachya bipinnata; 7.36%) and Prickly flower (Achyranthes aspera; 3.03%). The study concludes that, in addition to consuming wheat and groundnut crops, the Lesser bandicoot rat also subsists on grasses, weeds, and some fodder crops, as important component of its diet in agro-ecosystem of the Pothwar Plateau.

Resumo O estudo se esforça para analisar as variações potenciais da renda dos agricultores sob a mudança climática usando a abordagem Ricardiana. O estudo de caso foi a província de Mazandaran do Irã e três culturas de outono, ou seja, trigo, cevada e canola foram consideradas como as culturas investigadas. O modelo Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG) foi selecionado para reduzir a escala dos dados climáticos. Três variáveis climáticas foram reduzidas para os anos 2020-2080 em três cenários climáticos: otimista (RCP2.6), médio (RCP4.5) e pessimista (RCP8.5). A abordagem ricardiana também foi empregada para prever a economia das mudanças climáticas. Assim, projeta-se que a temperatura média mensal da província tenha uma tendência ascendente em todos os cenários climáticos, no entanto, o padrão de chuvas seria variado. Os resultados dos impactos econômicos das mudanças climáticas também aprovaram que a renda líquida das lavouras investigadas seria de tendências diferentes em cenários de mudanças climáticas. Nesse sentido, as variações da temperatura do ar e da pluviosidade fariam com que a renda líquida aumentasse para o trigo e a cevada, enquanto diminuía para a canola.

Abstract The study strives to analyze the potential variations of farmers' income under climate change by using Ricardian approach. The case study was Mazandaran province of Iran and three autumn crops, i.e. wheat, barley and canola were considered as the investigated crops. The Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG) model was selected to downscale the climate data. Three climate variables were downscaled for the years 2020-2080 under three climate scenarios: optimistic (RCP2.6), medium (RCP4.5), and pessimistic (RCP8.5). The Ricardian approach was also employed to predict the economics of climate change. Accordingly, the mean monthly temperature of the province is projected to have an upward trend under all climate scenarios, however, the rainfall pattern would be varied. The results of economic impacts of climate change also approved that the net income of investigated crops would be different trends under climate change scenarios. Accordingly, the variations of air temperature and rainfall would lead that the net income increases for wheat and barley, while it decreases for canola.

ABSTRACT The total weight of guinea pigs under experimental conditions of feeding with hydroponic green forage of barley, corn husk and concentrate was analyzed. The study was performed in Santa Rosa farm, Tacna (Peru). A total of four treatments were established for the animal feeding T1) hydroponic green forage with free barley + limited concentrate, T2) hydroponic green forage with limited barley + free concentrate, T3) limited corn husk + free concentrate and T4) free corn husk + limited concentrate. The total weight was analyzed when the fourth week finish. The order was: T3=661.33±47.17 g > T2=644.77±17.23 g > T1=499.56±8.34 g > T4=474.33±7.68 g. T3 and T2 showed significant difference (p<0.05) compared to T1 and T4. The total weigh of guinea pigs was higher in the treatments with free concentrate.

RESUMEN Se analizó el peso total de los cuyes en condiciones experimentales de alimentación con forraje verde hidropónico de cebada, maíz chala y concentrado. El estudio se realizó en la Granja Santa Rosa, Tacna (Perú). Se establecieron cuatro tratamientos para la alimentación de los animales: T1) forraje verde hidropónico con cebada libre + concentrado limitado, T2) forraje verde hidropónico con cebada limitada + concentrado libre, T3) maíz chala limitado + concentrado libre y T4) maíz chala libre + concentrado limitado. El peso total se analizó al finalizar la semana cuatro. El orden fue: T3 = 661.33±47.17 g > T2 = 644.77±17.23 g > T1 = 499.56±8.34 g > T4 = 474.33±7.68 g. T3 y T2 mostraron diferencia significativa (p<0.05) en comparación con T1 y T4. El peso total de los cuyes fue mayor en los tratamientos con concentrado libre.

Abstract: This research study implements a demonstration trial to evaluate an integrated management strategy for Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, which causes potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) black scurf. The treatment applies the biocontrol agent Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn (commercial strain QST 713) in combination with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) green manure. This is compared to a chemical control (conventional treatement). The results show improved crop performance in the integrated management plot, with lower incidence of the disease during both sprouting (10.48%) and tuberization (14.26%) stages, as compared to the conventional management (control), which has incidences of 18.48% and 21.99%, respectively. No differences are found in the incidence of black scurf on tubers. However, disease severity is higher in the control plot than in the treatment plot. In conclusion, the integrated management treatment allows improving the management of potato black scurf when compared to chemical control methods.

Resumen: En esta investigación se desarrolla una prueba demostrativa para evaluar una estrategia de manejo integrado de Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, causante de la costra negra de la papa (Solanum tuberosum L.). Se utiliza el agente biocontrol Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn (cepa comercial QST 713) y la cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.) como abono verde, y se compara con un control químico (tratamiento convencional). Los resultados muestran un mejor comportamiento del cultivo en la parcela de manejo integrado, con menor incidencia de la enfermedad en las etapas de brotación (10.48 %) y tuberización (14.26%), en comparación con el manejo convencional (testigo) que alcanzó incidencias de 18.48 y 21.99% respectivamente. No se presentaron diferencias en la incidencia de costra negra en los tubérculos, aunque al analizar la severidad, la parcela testigo presentó mayor nivel de enfermedad. En conclusión, el tratamiento de manejo integrado permite un mejor manejo de la enfermedad costra negra de la papa en comparación al control químico.

Resumen Según estadísticas de mercado, el consumo y producción de cerveza artesanal en el mundo y Argentina han crecido exponencialmente durante los últimos años. Sin embargo, no existe una caracterización completa de las maltas, disponible para estos pequeños productores, aun siendo éstas una de las materias primas fundamentales en la elaboración de cervezas. Como objetivo de este trabajo se propuso realizar la caracterización de maltas base que se utilizan en la producción artesanal, dado que las propiedades fisicoquímicas de las mismas son un parámetro fundamental para condicionar el producto final. Se realizaron determinaciones de humedad, cenizas, proteínas, lípidos, fibra total e hidratos de carbono, según métodos EBC y AOAC, obteniéndose los siguientes resultados respectivamente: 5,15 g/100g ± 0,85; 1,91 g/100g ± 0,12; 10,44 g/100g ± 0,21; 1,76g/100g ± 0,17; 4,46 ± 0,62; 76,28g/100g ± 1,59. También se caracterizaron perfiles de proteínas de los extractos de malta, por electroforesis SDS-PAGE vertical según el método de Laemmli, que tienen un impacto directo en la calidad de la cerveza. Por último, se hizo un análisis estadístico de componentes principales con los datos recolectados. Los valores obtenidos están en concordancia con los informados por otros autores sobre maltas de otras variedades y origen geográfico.

Abstract According to market statistics, the consumption and production of craft beer in the world and in Argentina have exponentially grown in recent years. However, there is no complete characterisation of the malts available for these small producers, even though they are one of the fundamental raw materials in beer production. The aim of this work was to characterise the base malts used in craft production, given that their physicochemical properties are a fundamental parameter for conditioning the final product. Moisture, ash, protein, lipids, total fibre and carbohydrates were determined according to EBC and AOAC methods, obtaining the following results, respectively: 5.15 g/100g ± 0.85; 1.91 g/100g ± 0.12; 10.44 g/100g ± 0.21; 1.76g/100g ± 0.17; 4.46 ± 0.62; 76.28g/100g ± 1.59. Protein profiles of the malt extracts were also characterised by vertical SDS-PAGE electrophoresis according to the Laemmli method, which have a direct impact on beer quality. Finally, a principal component statistical analysis was performed on the collected data. The values obtained are in agreement with those reported by other authors for malts of other varieties and geographical origin.

RESUMEN En Argentina, nitrógeno (N) y fósforo (P) y recientemente azufre (S) y cinc (Zn) son nutrientes reconocidos como limitantes de la producción de los cereales de invierno. Las decisiones de manejo de la fertilización en avena (Avena sativa L.), cebada (Hordeun vulgare L.) y trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) se realiza considerando aportes individuales de nutriente desconociendo la contribución combinada de elementos. La aplicación combinada de nutrientes mejoraría la respuesta a la fertilización comparada con el aporte individual de los elementos requiriendo su inclusión en los planteos o estrategias de manejo de la fertilización de cereales de invierno. El objetivo fue cuantificar los aportes a la producción de granos de avena, de cebada y de trigo de aplicar P, N, S, y Zn en forma individual y su relación con el uso combinado como NP y NPSZn. En 3 sitios (Tandil, San Manuel y Lobería, Argentina) y en tres cultivos (Trigo, Cebada y Avena) se realizaron experimentos de fertilización considerando aportes individuales y combinados de P, N, S y Zn. La fertilización combinada incorporando P, N, S y Zn presentó rendimientos mayores respec-to a los efectos individuales de estos nutrientes en trigo y en cebada. Los incrementos de rendimientos atribuidos a la diferencia entre la fertilización combinada sobre la suma de los efectos de fertilización individual fueron de 330 kg ha-1 en trigo y de 352 kg ha-1 en cebada. En avena, los datos disponibles no permiten determinar diferencias entre la fertilización combinada y los aportes individuales de cada nutriente. Para las condiciones evaluadas tanto en trigo como en cebada, en la decisión de fertilización con P-N-S-Zn, las fertilizaciones combinadas capturan respuestas de rendimientos adicionales a lo logrado en las respuestas a los nutrientes individuales.

ABSTRACT In Argentina, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and recently sulfur (S) and zinc (Zn) are recognized nutrients that limit the production of winter cereals. Fertilization decisions are made considering individual nutrient contributions, ignoring the combined contribution of elements. The combined application of nutrients would improve crops response to fertilization compared to the individual contribution of the elements. The objec-tive was to quantify the contributions to the production of oat (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeun vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains from either individual application of P, N, S, and Zn, or the combined use as NP and NPSZn. Fertilization experiments were carried out at three sites (Tandil, San Manuel and Lo-bería) in Argentina. Combined fertilization (NPSZn) resulted in greater yields than the that obtained with the nutrients applied alone in both wheat and barley. The yield advantage of the combined fertilization over the sum of individual fertilization effects was 330 kg ha-1 in wheat and 352 kg ha-1 in barley. In oats, the available data do not allow determining difference between individual or combined fertilization strategies. Under the conditions of this study, combined fertilization promote additional yield responses in both wheat and barley compared to that achieved with individual nutrient application.