Abstract The Europeans of the Middle Ages have always valued bread within their food system, especially as meat, another highly valued food, became scarcer. But by tradition, more than a thousand years old, in Europe and the Mediterranean, bread was the food par excellence, the only one that the faithful asked God for in their prayers because it was the one whose lack meant hunger. Grain was grown everywhere, but this didn't stop times of scarcity and famine, both in the countryside and in the cities. While the latter had other means of responding to these crises and these phenomena have been better studied there, we barely know how rural people reacted to such adversities. The response of the rural world to the cereal crisis of 1438-1440 is analyzed through a book containing the accounts of the monastery of Alcobaça for the years 1437-1440. This is clearer for the monastery, since the peasants' reactions are more difficult to discern, as they are filtered through the eyes of the landlord. In 1439, the reduction of two-thirds in the abbey's cereal revenues was countered by the cultivation of target maize, a spring cereal that could replace wheat and barley. But the crisis had other effects, such as spiraling grain prices, rising flour extraction rates and a decline in the quality of daily bread, or the resort to substitute foods. From monks to peasants, everyone felt the consequences of this crisis, albeit on very different scales and in very dissimilar ways.

Resumo Os europeus da Idade Média sempre valorizaram o pão dentro do seu sistema alimentar, sobretudo à medida que a carne, outro alimento altamente valorizado, se ia tornando mais escassa. Mas, por tradição mais que milenar, na Europa e no Mediterrâneo, o pão era o alimento por excelência, o único que os fiéis pediam a Deus nas suas orações por ser aquele cuja falta era sinónimo da fome. O cereal cultivava-se por toda a parte, sem que isso impedisse as épocas de escassez e de carestia, tanto no campo, como nas cidades. Se estas últimas tinham outros meios para responder a essas crises e estes fenómenos foram aí mais estudados, mal se conhece o modo como os homens dos campos reagiam a tais adversidades. A partir de um livro com a contabilidade do mosteiro de Alcobaça dos anos de 1437-1440, analisa-se a resposta do mundo rural à crise cerealífera de 1438-1440. Mais clara no que respeita ao mosteiro, já que as reacções dos camponeses são mais difíceis de sondar, por estarem filtradas pelo olhar do senhorio. Em 1439, a redução em dois terços das receitas de cereal da abadia foi compensada pelo cultivo do milho-alvo, um cereal de primavera que podia substituir o trigo e a cevada. Mas a crise teve outros efeitos, como a espiral dos preços do cereal, o aumento das taxas de extração de farinha e a diminuição da qualidade do pão de cada dia, ou o recurso a alimentos de substituição. Dos monges aos camponeses, todos sentiram as consequências desta crise, embora em escalas e em modos muito diferentes.

ABSTRACT Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by different Fusarium species, is the most devastating disease of small cereal grains, including barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) This study aimed to investigate the influence of N fertilization rates (0 kg N ha-1 - N0, 50 kg N ha-1 - N50, and 100 kg N ha-1 - N100) on Fusarium and mycotoxin (deoxynivalenol - DON and zearalenone - ZEA) contamination and some agronomic traits (plant height - PH, spike length - SL and thousand kernel weight - TKW) in two barley cultivars, NS 565 and Etincel, harvested in 2019 and 2020. Climatic conditions during two successive seasons were favourable for Fusarium infection, providing a high incidence of FHB-causing species, of which F. graminearum species complex (FGSC) strains were the most frequent (on average > 34% per treatment). The N rates and barley cultivars had nonsignificant effects on the incidence of FGSC strains. However, N rates significantly influenced mycotoxin levels in 2019, with the highest DON at N100 (5209.67 μg kg-1) and ZEA levels at N50 (47.11 μg kg-1). In 2020, there were nonsignificant differences between N rates for DON levels, while ZEA was not detected. In both years, the six-row barley ‘Etincel’ had significantly higher DON and ZEA levels than the two-row barley ‘NS 565’. Agronomic traits, PH and SL, were affected by barley cultivars, and TKW was affected by N rates and barley cultivars. The highest TKW was at N100, followed by N50 and N0.

Resumen En el año 2022, se realizó un estudio a 14 productores de cebada maltera bajo el programa "Siembra por contrato" en la provincia de Chimborazo, con el objetivo de analizar las características socioeconómicas que impactan las pérdidas en el cultivo. Se recopiló información en áreas sociales, institucionales, productivas, ambientales, comerciales, de transferencia tecnológica y económicas. Para agrupar individuos con características similares, se aplicó el Análisis de Componentes Principales (PCA) y se utilizaron herramientas estadísticas con códigos en R. El análisis identificó cuatro grupos (clusters) explicados por seis componentes que representan el 82,42% de la variabilidad total. Estos grupos revelaron fuentes socioeconómicas influyentes en las pérdidas de cebada, como el nivel de educación, ocupación, tenencia de tierras, tipo de suelo, variedad de cebada y porcentaje de maleza. El cluster B, junto con el productor 14, mostró el mayor rendimiento comercializado, superando los 3 001 kg. En contraste, los productores de los clusters A y D presentaron rendimientos bajos (1 000 a 3 000 kg), independientemente de la variedad de cebada cosechada. El Análisis de Regresión por Mínimos Cuadrados Parciales (PLS) determinó que el peso de los granos influye directamente en las pérdidas durante la cosecha mecanizada.

Abstract In 2022, a study was conducted on 14 malting barley producers under the "Siembra por contrato" program in Chimborazo province, aiming to analyze the socioeconomic characteristics impacting crop losses. Information was collected across social, institutional, productive, environmental, commercial, technological transfer, and economic areas. To group individuals with similar characteristics, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied using statistical tools and R programming codes. The analysis identified four clusters explained by six components, representing 82,42% of the total variability. These clusters revealed socioeconomic factors influencing barley losses, such as education level, occupation, land tenure, soil type, barley variety, and weed percentage. Cluster B, along with producer 14, showed the highest commercial yield, exceeding 3 001 kg. In contrast, producers in clusters A and D had low yields (1 000 to 3 000 kg), regardless of the barley variety harvested. Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression analysis determined that grain weight directly influences losses during mechanized harvesting.

Abstract A study was established under the hypothesis that, in dryland vineyards, mulches improve the vigour of the vineyard and can compensate for the competitive effect caused by cover crops while constituting alternative methods to soil tillage for weed control. The study was carried out in a vineyard var. ‘Macabeo’ in the Urgell region (Lleida), considering the management under the lines (in-row tiller or mulch) and the presence or absence of cover-crops in the adjacent inter-rows. Two simultaneous complete randomized blocs designs were established in the inter-rows and under the vines. The cover crop sown was Hordeum vulgare L. at a rate of 150 kg/ha, while the mulch was based on almond shell. The cover crops and mulches exerted good control over weeds until the beginning of summer when the rains favoured the emergence of certain summer species. Despite this, the vines with mulch showed greater shoot diameter and greater leaf canopy (estimated by LiDAR) than with in-row tiller, but not when cover crops were sown in both adjacent inter-rows. The highest yield values were observed in vines with mulches, although without significant differences compared to those vines tilled.

Resumen Se realizó un estudio bajo la hipótesis que, en viñedos de secano, los acolchados orgánicos mejoran el vigor de la viña y pueden compensar el efecto competitivo causado por las cubiertas a la vez que constituyen métodos alternativos al laboreo del suelo para el control de las malas hierbas. El estudio se realizó en un viñedo de la comarca del Urgell (Lleida) de la variedad Macabeo, considerando el manejo bajo las líneas (intercepa o acolchado) y la presencia o no de cubierta en las calles adyacentes. El diseño experimental fue en bloques completamente aleatorizados de forma simultánea en las calles y bajo las cepas. La cubierta sembrada fue Hordeum vulgare L. a una dosis de 150 kg/ha, mientras que el acolchado fue a base de cáscara de almendra. Las cubiertas y acolchados ejercieron un buen control de las malas hierbas hasta inicios de verano, cuando las lluvias de junio favorecieron la emergencia de ciertas especies estivales. A pesar de ello, las cepas con acolchado mostraron mayor diámetro de sarmientos y mayor dosel foliar (estimado mediante LiDAR) que con intercepa, pero no cuando en ambas calles adyacentes se sembraron cubiertas. Los mayores valores de rendimiento se observaron en vides con acolchado, si bien sin diferencias significativas respecto a aquellas con manejo con intercepas.

Abstract In vineyards, cover crops terminated with the roller crimper provide effective weed management, but their efficiency depends on the cover species and termination timing. To investigate this, an experiment was conducted in organic vineyards (Vitis vinifera var. 'Tempranillo') located in Raimat (Lleida). The study encompassed eight treatments (four cover crop species with two roller crimper termination dates) and a control without a planted cover, following a completely randomized block design with three replications. Species sown in late October 2022 included black oats (Avena strigosa), barley (Hordeum vulgare), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), and triticale (×Triticosecale). In spring, the cover crops were crimped with the roller on two different dates (BBCH 75 and 87). Throughout the study, weed presence, soil coverage, and biomass production of both the cover crop and summer weeds were assessed. Results from the 2022/23 season indicated that all cover crops, except ryegrass, provided substantial soil coverage. Barley and triticale cover crops exhibited the lowest percentage of winter weed coverage. All cover crops, especially ryegrass, showed reduced summer weed biomass compared to the control. The percentage of weed coverage in June was unaffected by the roller date, while in July, this coverage was lower in the second roller date only for the oat cover.

Resumen En viñedos, las cubiertas vegetales chafadas con el rolo-faca, o 'roller crimper', proporcionan un buen manejo de las malas hierbas, pero su efectividad depende de la especie sembrada y del momento de su finalización. Con este fin se ha realizado un experimento en viñedos (Vitis vinifera) ecológicos ubicados en Raimat (Lleida). El estudio incluye ocho tratamientos (cuatro especies como cubierta vegetal con dos fechas de pase del ‘roller’) y un control sin cubierta sembrada, siguiendo un diseño en bloques completamente aleatorizados con tres repeticiones. Las especies sembradas a finales de octubre de 2022 fueron avena negra (Avena strigosa), cebada (Hordeum vulgare), raigrás (Lolium multiflorum) y triticale (×Triticosecale). En primavera, las cubiertas se chafaron con el rodillo en dos fechas distintas (BBCH 75 y 87). A lo largo del estudio se evaluó la presencia de malas hierbas, el recubrimiento del suelo y la producción de biomasa, tanto de la cubierta como de las hierbas estivales. Los resultados obtenidos durante la campaña 2022/23 indican que todas las cubiertas vegetales, excepto el raigrás, mostraron un buen recubrimiento del suelo. El menor porcentaje de recubrimiento de malas hierbas de invierno se encontró en las cubiertas de cebada y triticale. Todas las cubiertas vegetales, especialmente el raigrás, presentaron una reducción de biomasa de hierbas estivales comparado con el testigo. El recubrimiento de estas hierbas en junio no se vio afectado por la fecha de pase de ‘roller’. En julio, dicho recubrimiento fue menor en la segunda fecha de ‘roller’ solo para la cubierta de avena.

Abstract The use of tank mixtures of pesticides makes it possible to increase the efficiency of chemical treatment. The aim of the study was to establish the relationship between the joint use of pesticides and the rate of decomposition of active substances. The study was carried out on the crops of spring wheat, spring barley, peas, spring rapeseed, seed potato. Chemical treatments were carried out with insecticides and fungicides – the insecticide (imidacloprid and λ-cyhalothrin), suspension concentrate; the fungicide (propiconazole), emulsifiable concentrate; the insecticide (imidacloprid), soluble concentrate; the fungicide (copper sulfate tribasic), suspension concentrate. Determination of residual amounts of active substances of pesticides was carried out using methods of gas-liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The acceleration of decomposition of the active substance - imidacloprid on pea crops and spring rapeseed was caused by the combined use of the insecticide (imidacloprid) and the fungicide (propiconazole). The use of the fungicide (copper sulfate tribasic) in a tank mixture with the insecticide (imidacloprid and λ-cyhalothrin) on potatoes caused a slowdown in the decomposition of the active substances imidacloprid and λ-cyhalothrin. Also, there was a change in the level of intake by plant of active substances in the first three hours after spraying, when using tank mixtures, in comparison with the separate use of compounds. The data obtained on the change in the rate of decomposition of active substances of pesticides, when they are used together in mixtures, indicate the need to continue research in this area. In this regard, it is important to study the dynamics of the decomposition of individual active substances of pesticides in plant tissues when they are used in tank mixtures, it is also necessary to conduct research using compounds most commonly used in agricultural production. treatment wheat barley peas potato λcyhalothrin, λcyhalothrin λ cyhalothrin , concentrate propiconazole, propiconazole (propiconazole) imidacloprid, copper tribasic, tribasic gasliquid gas highperformance high performance propiconazole. . λ-cyhalothrin λcyhalothrin. cyhalothrin. Also spraying area regard production (propiconazole

Resumo A utilização de misturas em tanques de pesticidas permite aumentar a eficiência do tratamento químico. O objetivo do estudo foi estabelecer a relação entre a utilização conjunta de pesticidas e a taxa de decomposição das substâncias ativas. O estudo foi realizado nas culturas de trigo de primavera, cevada de primavera, ervilha, colza de primavera e batata-semente. Foram realizados tratamentos químicos com inseticidas e fungicidas − o inseticida (imidacloprida e valuetech-cialotrina), concentrado em suspensão; o fungicida (propiconazol), concentrado emulsionável; o inseticida (imidacloprida), concentrado solúvel; o fungicida (sulfato de cobre tribásico), concentrado em suspensão. A determinação das quantidades residuais de substâncias ativas dos pesticidas foi realizada utilizando métodos de cromatografia gás-líquido e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. A aceleração da decomposição da substância ativa – imidacloprida nas culturas de ervilhas e colza de primavera foi causada pela utilização combinada do inseticida (imidacloprida) e do fungicida (propiconazol). A utilização do fungicida (sulfato de cobre tribásico), que contém cobre, numa mistura de tanques com o inseticida (imidacloprida e valuetech-cialotrina) em batatas provocou um abrandamento da decomposição das substâncias ativas imidacloprida e valuetech-cialotrina. Além disso, verificou-se uma alteração no nível de ingestão por planta de substâncias ativas nas primeiras três horas após a pulverização, quando se utilizam misturas em tanques, em comparação com a utilização separada de compostos. Os dados obtidos sobre a alteração da taxa de decomposição das substâncias ativas dos pesticidas, quando utilizadas em conjunto em misturas, indicam a necessidade de prosseguir a investigação neste domínio. Por isto, é importante estudar a dinâmica da decomposição de substâncias ativas individuais de pesticidas nos tecidos vegetais quando são utilizados em misturas em tanques, e realizar pesquisas que empreguem compostos mais comuns na produção agrícola. químico ervilha batatasemente. batatasemente batata semente. semente batata-semente valuetechcialotrina, valuetechcialotrina valuetech cialotrina , suspensão propiconazol, propiconazol (propiconazol) emulsionável imidacloprida, solúvel sulfato tribásico, tribásico tribásico) gáslíquido gás líquido propiconazol. . valuetech-cialotrina valuetechcialotrina. cialotrina. disso verificouse verificou pulverização domínio isto agrícola (propiconazol

Resumo Proteobactérias compreendendo espécies do grupo Pseudomonas syringae causam doenças de muitas plantas ao redor do mundo. O fitopatógeno possui uma estrutura taxonômica complexa, que está em constante revisão devido ao surgimento de novos métodos de diagnóstico molecular e bioquímico. Aqui, pela primeira vez, descrevemos a diversidade genética e fenotípica de 57 cepas de Pseudomonas syringae isoladas de soja, cereais, girassol e outras plantas afetadas na Federação Russa de 1950 a 2019. A diversidade genética foi avaliada por análise de sequência multilocus (MLSA) usando fragmentos dos genes da gliceraldeído-3-fosfato desidrogenase (gapdh), a subunidade D da RNA polimerase dirigida por DNA (rpoD), a subunidade B da girase (topoisomerase) (gyrB) e a citrato sintase I (gltA). A síntese de siringomicina e coronatina por bactérias foi avaliada pela reação de cultura de leveduras suscetíveis, plântulas de cevada, tomate e girassol, e pela presença de genes de toxina confirmados pelo teste de PCR. A patogenicidade das cepas foi confirmada em mudas de plantas dicotiledôneas e monocotiledôneas de ervilha, soja, girassol, cevada e trigo, como as culturas mais afetadas. A sensibilidade das bactérias a 10 antibióticos dos principais mecanismos de atividade e dois produtos bactericidas comerciais foi testada pelo método de disco padrão. Os resultados obtidos mostraram uma alta homogeneidade genética da população russa de P. syringae, que infecta várias culturas agrícolas, e um aumento na proporção de cepas resistentes a antibióticos ao longo dos anos.

Abstract Proteobacteria comprising species of Pseudomonas syringae group cause diseases of many plants around the world. The phytopathogen has a complex taxonomic structure, which is constantly being revised due to the emergence of new molecular and biochemical diagnostic methods. Here for the first time, we describe the genetic and phenotypic diversity of 57 strains of Pseudomonas syringae isolated from affected soybeans, cereals, sunflowers, and other plants in the Russian Federation from 1950 to 2019. Genetic diversity was assessed by Multi Locus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) using fragments of the genes of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh), the DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit D (rpoD), gyrase (topoisomerase) B subunit (gyrB), and citrate synthase I (gltA). The synthesis of syringomycin and coronatine by bacteria was assessed by the reaction of susceptible yeast culture, seedlings of barley, tomato, and sunflower, and by presence of toxin genes confirmed by PCR test. The pathogenicity of the strains was confirmed on seedlings of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants of peas, soybean, sunflowers, barley and wheat, as the most affected crops. The sensitivity of bacteria to 10 antibiotics of the main mechanisms of activity and two bactericidal commercial products was tested by standard disc method. The obtained results showed a high genetic homogeneity of the Russian population of P. syringae, which infects various agricultural crops, and an increase in the proportion of antibiotic-resistant strains over the years.

Resumo Os hábitos alimentares de ratos bandicoot (Bandicota bengalensis) foram investigados nas plantações agrícolas do planalto de Pothwar, Paquistão, por meio da análise do conteúdo estomacal. As atividades da pesquisa foram conduzidas nas principais culturas de campo, incluindo trigo e amendoim, e em terras de pousio durante a estação não agrícola nos limites do campo. Os espécimes foram capturados dos campos usando armadilhas kill/snap e dissecados para coletar suas amostras de estômago para análise laboratorial. Lâminas de microscopia de luz do material vegetal foram recuperadas de amostras de estômago; os materiais de referência foram coletados no campo. Os resultados revelaram que o rato bandicoot alimentava-se predominantemente de culturas cultivadas durante a época de cultivo, mas consumia vegetação selvagem durante a época de não colheita. Não houve diferença significativa entre as dietas de verão e inverno. Os alimentos agrícolas mais frequentemente consumidos foram trigo (Triticum aestivum; 28,57%), amendoim (Arachis hypogea; 11,26%), sorgo (Sorghum bicolor; 10,17%), grão de bico (Cicer arietinum; 9,52%), milho (Zea mays; 6,49%), milheto (Pennisetum glaucum; 5,84%), cevada (Hordeum vulgare; 4,98%) e mostarda (Brassica campestris; 4,98%). Entre a vegetação silvestre foram consumidos khbal gha (Cynodon dactylon; 7,79%), barão dhab (Demostachya bipinnata; 7,36%) e flor espinhosa (Achyranthes aspera; 3,03%). O estudo conclui que, além de consumir culturas de trigo e amendoim, o rato bandicoot pequeno também subsiste de gramíneas, ervas daninhas e algumas culturas forrageiras, componentes importantes de sua dieta no agroecossistema do planalto de Pothwar.

Abstract Dietary habits of bandicoot rats (bandicota bengalensis) were investigated in the agricultural crops of the Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan by analysing stomach contents. The research activities were conducted in major field crops including wheat-groundnut and in the fallow lands during non-crop season at the field boundaries. The specimens were captured from the fields using kill/snap traps, and dissected to collect their stomach samples for laboratory analysis. Light microscopic slides of the plant material were recovered from stomach samples and the reference materials were collected from the field. Results revealed that the bandicoot rat predominantly fed upon cultivated crops during cropping season but consumed wild vegetation during non-cropping season. There was no significance difference between summer and winter diets. Most frequently consumed crop food items were wheat (Triticum aestivum; 28.57%), groundnut (Arachis hypogea; 11.26%), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor; 10.17%), chickpea (Cicer arietinum; 9.52%), maize (Zea mays; 6.49%), millet (Pennisetum glaucum; 5.84%), barley (Hordeum vulgare; 4.98%) and mustard (Brassica campestris; 4.98%). Among wild vegetation were consumed khbal gha (Cynodon dactylon; 7.79%), baron dhab (Demostachya bipinnata; 7.36%) and Prickly flower (Achyranthes aspera; 3.03%). The study concludes that, in addition to consuming wheat and groundnut crops, the Lesser bandicoot rat also subsists on grasses, weeds, and some fodder crops, as important component of its diet in agro-ecosystem of the Pothwar Plateau.

Resumo O estudo se esforça para analisar as variações potenciais da renda dos agricultores sob a mudança climática usando a abordagem Ricardiana. O estudo de caso foi a província de Mazandaran do Irã e três culturas de outono, ou seja, trigo, cevada e canola foram consideradas como as culturas investigadas. O modelo Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG) foi selecionado para reduzir a escala dos dados climáticos. Três variáveis climáticas foram reduzidas para os anos 2020-2080 em três cenários climáticos: otimista (RCP2.6), médio (RCP4.5) e pessimista (RCP8.5). A abordagem ricardiana também foi empregada para prever a economia das mudanças climáticas. Assim, projeta-se que a temperatura média mensal da província tenha uma tendência ascendente em todos os cenários climáticos, no entanto, o padrão de chuvas seria variado. Os resultados dos impactos econômicos das mudanças climáticas também aprovaram que a renda líquida das lavouras investigadas seria de tendências diferentes em cenários de mudanças climáticas. Nesse sentido, as variações da temperatura do ar e da pluviosidade fariam com que a renda líquida aumentasse para o trigo e a cevada, enquanto diminuía para a canola.

Abstract The study strives to analyze the potential variations of farmers' income under climate change by using Ricardian approach. The case study was Mazandaran province of Iran and three autumn crops, i.e. wheat, barley and canola were considered as the investigated crops. The Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG) model was selected to downscale the climate data. Three climate variables were downscaled for the years 2020-2080 under three climate scenarios: optimistic (RCP2.6), medium (RCP4.5), and pessimistic (RCP8.5). The Ricardian approach was also employed to predict the economics of climate change. Accordingly, the mean monthly temperature of the province is projected to have an upward trend under all climate scenarios, however, the rainfall pattern would be varied. The results of economic impacts of climate change also approved that the net income of investigated crops would be different trends under climate change scenarios. Accordingly, the variations of air temperature and rainfall would lead that the net income increases for wheat and barley, while it decreases for canola.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effect of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) condensed tannin extract in simple and complex diets for weaned piglets on performance, faecal consistency and serum haptoglobin concentrations. Eighty-eight female and castrated male piglets were used, weaned at 28 ± 3 days old, with an initial body weight of 8.02 ± 1.21 kg, housed in same-sex pairs and distributed in four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment in a randomised complete block design. The experimental treatments were simple diet (SD), simple diet + tannin (SD+T), complex diet (CD) and complex diet + tannin (CD+T). The simple diets contained lower concentrations of dairy ingredients, inclusion of barley and no addition of zinc oxide, palatant, acidifier and yeast. The diets with tannin were supplemented with 1,850 mg kg-1 of black wattle condensed tannin extract. The feed programme consisted of three diets: Pre-starter I (0-7 days), Pre-starter II (8-21 days) and Starter (22-28 days). Feed and water were available ad libitum. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly to calculate the average daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The faecal consistency score was measured daily to calculate the diarrhoea occurrence percentage. Blood samples for serum haptoglobin concentration were collected at 7 and 14 days after weaning. The addition of condensed tannin had no effect (P > 0.05) on evaluated performance variables for weaned piglets. The diet type also did not affect the piglets’ performance (P > 0.05). The inclusion of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) condensed tannin does not affect piglet performance, reduces the incidence of diarrhoea in the first week after weaning and decreases the haptoglobin inflammatory response. ABSTRACT Acacia mearnsii Eightyeight Eighty eight used old 802 8 02 8.0 121 1 21 1.2 kg samesex same sex design SD, SD , (SD) SD+T, SDT SD+T T (SD+T) CD (CD CD+T. CDT CD+T . (CD+T) ingredients oxide palatant yeast 1850 850 1,85 kg1 kg- Prestarter Pre starter 07 0 (0- days, 821 (8-2 2228 22 (22-2 days. libitum ratio percentage P 0.05 005 05 0.05. response 80 8. 12 1. (SD (SD+T (CD+T 185 85 1,8 (0 82 (8- 222 (22- 0.0 00 18 1, ( (8 (22 0. (2

RESUMO: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de extrato de tanino condensado de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) no desempenho, consistência fecal e concentração sérica de haptoglobina em leitões na fase de creche. Foram utilizados 88 leitões desmamados aos 28±3 dias, com peso vivo médio inicial 8,02 ± 1,21 kg, alojados em duplas de mesmo sexo, e distribuídos em quatro tratamentos em um delineamento de blocos inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: dieta simples (SD); dieta simples + tanino (SD+T); dieta complexa (CD) e dieta complexa + tanino (CD+T). As dietas simples foram formuladas com menores concentrações de derivados de leite, inclusão de cevada e sem adição de óxido de zinco, palatabilizante e levedura. As dietas com inclusão de tanino foram suplementadas com 1850 mg kg-1 de extrato concentrado de tanino de acácia negra. O programa alimentar foi constituído de três dietas: Pré-inicial I (0 a 7 dias), Pré-inicial II (8 a 21 dias) e Inicial (22 a 28 dias). Ração e água ficaram disponíveis ad libitum. O peso e o consumo de ração dos leitões foram mensurados semanalmente, para calcular a média diária de consumo, o ganho de peso diário e a conversão alimentar. O índice de consistência fecal foi medido diariamente para calcular a porcentagem de ocorrência de diarreia. Amostras de sangue para concentração sérica de haptoglobina foram coletadas aos sete e 14 dias após o desmame. A adição de tanino condensado não teve efeito (P > 0,05) no desempenho de leitões desmamados. O tipo de dieta também não afetou o desempenho dos leitões (P > 0,05). A inclusão do tanino condensado de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) não afetou desempenho, reduziu a incidência de diarreia na primeira semana após o desmame, e diminuiu a resposta inflamatória da haptoglobina. RESUMO acácianegra negra Acacia mearnsii creche 8 283 3 28± 802 02 8,0 121 1 1,2 kg sexo acaso SD (SD) SD+T SDT T (SD+T) CD (CD CD+T. CDT CD+T . (CD+T) leite zinco levedura 185 kg1 kg- Préinicial Pré 0 ( , 22 (2 dias. libitum semanalmente desmame P 0,05 005 05 0,05. 80 8, 12 1, (SD (SD+T (CD+T 18 0,0 00 0,

ABSTRACT Barley is an important crop for Brazil and an advantageous alternative for irrigated cultivation in the Brazilian Savanna. The present study aimed to characterize and estimate genetic, phenotypic, and environmental parameters and select genotypes from the Embrapa Cerrados irrigated barley working collection. The experiment was established in Randomized Blocks with four replications under irrigation in Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina-DF. The traits evaluated were grain yield, commercial classification of first grains, 1000-seed weight, plant height, lodging, and cycle. The genetic parameters and correlations between the traits evaluated were obtained. High values of heritability, in a broad sense, were verified. The high coefficients of genotypic variance and the high selective accuracy obtained corroborate the favorable environmental condition for the selection of genotypes. It was verified that the genotypic correlations were higher than the phenotypic correlation coefficients, showing a greater contribution of genetic factors in the expression of the traits. Earlier genotypes had higher grain yields, first-class commercial classification, 1000-seed weight, and height. There was a strong positive correlation between the commercial classification of first grains and 1000-seed weight. Genotypes PFC 2005143, PFC 2006134, and PFC 2004212 were selected for use in crossbreeding blocks within the Brazilian irrigated barley breeding program. Savanna collection PlanaltinaDF. PlanaltinaDF Planaltina DF. DF Planaltina-DF yield 1000seed seed 1000 weight height lodging cycle heritability sense yields firstclass class 2005143 2006134 200421 program 100 200514 200613 20042 10 20051 20061 2004 1 2005 2006 200 20 2

RESUMO A cevada é uma importante cultura para o Brasil e uma vantajosa alternativa para o cultivo irrigado no Cerrado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar, estimar parâmetros genéticos, fenotípicos e ambientais e realizar a seleção de genótipos da coleção de trabalho de cevada irrigada da Embrapa Cerrados. O experimento foi estabelecido em Blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, sob irrigação, na Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina-DF. As características avaliadas foram: rendimento de grãos, classificação comercial de primeira, peso de mil sementes, altura de planta, acamamento e ciclo. Foram obtidos os parâmetros genéticos e as correlações entre as características avaliadas. Foram verificados altos valores de herdabilidade, em sentido amplo. Os altos coeficientes de variância genotípica e a alta acurácia seletiva obtida corroboram a condição ambiental favorável para a seleção de genótipos. Verificou-se que as correlações genotípicas foram maiores que os coeficientes de correlação fenotípica, evidenciando uma maior contribuição dos fatores genéticos na expressão dos caracteres. Os genótipos mais precoces apresentaram maiores rendimentos de grãos, classificação comercial de primeira, peso de mil sementes e altura. Houve forte correlação positiva entre classificação comercial de primeira e peso de mil sementes. Os genótipos PFC 2005143, PFC 2006134 e PFC 2004212 foram selecionados para uso em blocos de cruzamento dentro do programa brasileiro de melhoramento de cevada irrigada. Cerrado caracterizar Cerrados repetições irrigação PlanaltinaDF. PlanaltinaDF Planaltina DF. DF Planaltina-DF grãos planta ciclo herdabilidade amplo Verificouse Verificou se fenotípica caracteres 2005143 200613 200421 200514 20061 20042 20051 2006 2004 2005 200 20 2

ABSTRACT. Brazil has high soil loss rates due to its tropical and subtropical climate characteristics. In this sense, soil use and management practices may minimize such losses. In this study, experimental plots were monitored for eight years in southern Brazil during natural rainfall events. Treatments were as follows: I) bare soil under conventional tillage, II) barley-oat/ soybeans succession under conventional tillage, III) oat-lupine-vetch/ maize succession under conventional tillage, IV) barley-oat/ soybeans succession under no-tillage, and V) oat-lupine-vetch/ maize succession under no-tillage. Data on rainfall amount and erosivity indices (EI30, EI20, and EI10) were subjected to regression analyses, evaluating the effects of climatic variables on soil and water losses. We could also analyze crop species, conventional and no-tillage systems, and winter and summer seasons. The highest soil and water losses occurred in treatments under conventional tillage. In addition, soybeans treatments increased soil and water losses. Maize under no-tillage was the most efficient practice, as it had soil losses (3.4 times) and water losses (1.5 times) lower than soybeans under conventional tillage. Rainfall amounts and EI30 were better correlated with soil and water losses in conventional tillage treatments. However, EI10 could better explain the soil losses from the conservationist treatment. ABSTRACT characteristics sense study events follows I II barleyoat/ barleyoat barley oat/ oat barley-oat III oatlupinevetch/ oatlupinevetch lupine vetch/ vetch oat-lupine-vetch IV notillage, notillage no V notillage. EI30, EI (EI30 EI20 analyses species systems seasons addition practice 3.4 34 3 4 (3. times 1.5 15 1 5 (1. EI3 However EI1 treatment (EI3 EI2 3. (3 1. (1 (EI (

ABSTRACT The total weight of guinea pigs under experimental conditions of feeding with hydroponic green forage of barley, corn husk and concentrate was analyzed. The study was performed in Santa Rosa farm, Tacna (Peru). A total of four treatments were established for the animal feeding T1) hydroponic green forage with free barley + limited concentrate, T2) hydroponic green forage with limited barley + free concentrate, T3) limited corn husk + free concentrate and T4) free corn husk + limited concentrate. The total weight was analyzed when the fourth week finish. The order was: T3=661.33±47.17 g > T2=644.77±17.23 g > T1=499.56±8.34 g > T4=474.33±7.68 g. T3 and T2 showed significant difference (p<0.05) compared to T1 and T4. The total weigh of guinea pigs was higher in the treatments with free concentrate.

RESUMEN Se analizó el peso total de los cuyes en condiciones experimentales de alimentación con forraje verde hidropónico de cebada, maíz chala y concentrado. El estudio se realizó en la Granja Santa Rosa, Tacna (Perú). Se establecieron cuatro tratamientos para la alimentación de los animales: T1) forraje verde hidropónico con cebada libre + concentrado limitado, T2) forraje verde hidropónico con cebada limitada + concentrado libre, T3) maíz chala limitado + concentrado libre y T4) maíz chala libre + concentrado limitado. El peso total se analizó al finalizar la semana cuatro. El orden fue: T3 = 661.33±47.17 g > T2 = 644.77±17.23 g > T1 = 499.56±8.34 g > T4 = 474.33±7.68 g. T3 y T2 mostraron diferencia significativa (p<0.05) en comparación con T1 y T4. El peso total de los cuyes fue mayor en los tratamientos con concentrado libre.

Abstract Gluten-free products and non-alcoholic beverages have become popular global trends. This study assessed strategies for producing low-alcoholic and low or gluten-free beers. Barley malts were fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomycodes ludwigii, and commercial endopeptidase was used to reduce gluten. S. cerevisiae is the most used yeast in alcoholic beer, so vacuum evaporation was used to reduce values of ethanol. S. ludwigii produces less alcohol, however, there was no data reported it would ferment on a semi-industrial scale. The physiochemical parameters in rice malt beers were similar to both yeasts. However, the parameters found differed for beer with barley malt mainly ethanol values, confirming the fermentative difference by tested strains. Volatile composition was evaluated and analyzed by multivariate analysis. The beers proposed by different methodologies: S. cerevisiae with barley malt, peptidase, and evaporation exhibited aromas of floral and featuring beer and spice notes, among others; S. ludwigii fermentation with barley malt and peptidase showcased aromas rich in floral and fresh accents, among others; and, S. cerevisiae with malted rice exhibited notes evoking fruity notes reminiscent of roses and S. ludwigii using malted rice was associated with aromas featuring fruity attributes and emitting rancid notes, among others. Among all the strategies tested, the one using barley malt, enzyme, and S. cerevisiae proved results in terms of aromatic parameters, even with the final boiling process to remove the alcohol. Glutenfree Gluten free nonalcoholic non trends lowalcoholic glutenfree gluten S alcohol however semiindustrial semi industrial scale yeasts However strains analysis methodologies others accents enzyme

Abstract This study focuses on the extraction, characterization, and application of polysaccharide, Arabinoxylan (AX), derived from barley husk ( Hordeum vulgare ). Arabinoxylan was extracted by alkali extraction method with a significant yield of 26%. It was thoroughly characterized to ascertain its physicochemical properties such as percentage yield, solubility, swelling index, loss on drying, sulphated ash and micromeritics. Afterwards AX was employed as a polymer in the synthesis of controlled-release nanoparticles (NPs) of dexlansoprazole, an acid-labile drug. Ionic gelation and nanoprecipitation methods were employed to prepare various NP formulations, which were characterized using techniques such as zeta sizer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermal analysis. FTIR confirmed the compatibility of nanoparticles while SEM results displayed that AX based nanoparticles were smooth and spherical in shape. Likewise, the thermal analysis revealed that nanoparticles were thermally stable. Furthermore, the AX-based nanoparticles demonstrated efficient entrapment efficiency of 79.59 ± 4.6% and 43.69 ± 4.9%, along with sustained drug release profiles, following Korsmeyer-Peppas models. Ionic gelation method was observed to be comparatively better than nanoprecipitation method. Overall, this study showcases the potential of utilizing AX as cost-effective and renewable biomaterial for the development of polymer-based drug transport system, facilitating efficient and controlled drug delivery. characterization polysaccharide AX, , (AX) . ) 26 26% solubility index drying micromeritics controlledrelease NPs (NPs dexlansoprazole acidlabile acid labile formulations sizer SEM, (SEM) Xray X ray XRD, XRD (XRD) Fouriertransform Fourier transform FTIR, (FTIR) shape Likewise stable Furthermore AXbased 7959 79 59 79.5 46 4 6 4.6 4369 43 69 43.6 49 9 4.9% profiles KorsmeyerPeppas Korsmeyer Peppas models Overall costeffective cost effective polymerbased system delivery (AX 2 (SEM (XRD (FTIR 795 7 5 79. 4. 436 43. 4.9