Visible light communication is a present technology which allows data to be transmitted by modulating information onto a light source. It has many advantages over traditional radio frequency communication and up to 10,000 times larger bandwidth. Many existing research in visible light communication assumes a synchronized channel, however, this is not always easily achieved. This paper proposes a novel synchronized VLC system with the potential to ensure reliable communication in both intra- and inter-vehicle communication. The protocol achieves synchronization at the symbol level using the transistor-transistor logic protocol and achieves frame synchronizations with markers. Consequently, the deployment of the system in both intra- and inter-vehicle communication may present numerous advantages over existing data transmission processes. A practical application where visible light communication is used for media streaming is also previewed. In addition, various regions of possible data transmission are determined to infer forward error correction schemes to ensure reliable communication.

Abstract A novel wideband high-selectivity substrate-integratedwaveguide (SIW) filtering antenna with controllable radiation nulls is proposed. This antenna is composed of a two-layered SIW resonator, two radiating slots on the top layer, and two coupling slots on the middle layer. A vertical SMA connector is located at the bottom and feeds two SIW cavities simultaneously. By adjusting the parameters of these slots, three radiation nulls will be achieved, and two radiation nulls can be easily controlled. For demonstration, one prototype of the filtering antenna is fabricated and measured. Measurement results show that the fractional bandwidth for |S11| < -10 dB is 8.9% (3.86-4.23 GHz), the gain is 6.08 dBi at center frequency 4.05 GHz, three radiation nulls are achieved at 3.7 GHz, 4.3 GHz, and 5.19 GHz, respectively. The out-of-band skirt selectivities of two sidebands are 150 and 332 dB/GHz, respectively. highselectivity high selectivity substrateintegratedwaveguide substrate integratedwaveguide (SIW proposed twolayered layered resonator layer simultaneously controlled demonstration measured S11 S |S11 10 -1 89 8 9 8.9 3.864.23 386423 3.86 4.23 3 86 4 23 (3.86-4.2 GHz , GHz) 608 6 08 6.0 405 05 4.0 37 7 3. 43 4. 519 5 19 5.1 respectively outofband out band 15 33 dBGHz dB/GHz S1 |S1 1 - 8. 864 3.864.2 38642 386 3.8 423 4.2 2 (3.86-4. 60 0 6. 40 51 5. |S 3.864. 3864 38 42 (3.86-4 3.864 (3.86- (3.86 (3.8 (3. (3 (

Abstract This paper presents a study on Active Frenquency Selective Surface (AFSS) for applications in modern wireless communication systems. Initially, an FSS with an element inspired by convoluted metallic lines printed on a dielectric substrate of FR-4 is proposed. The unit cell size is equal to 10.2 % of the wavelength in free space for the frequency of 1.53 GHz. An equivalent circuit model is proposed to better understand the operating principle of the FSS. Four Schottky diodes have been inserted in a symmetrical manner for switching, and three operating states are analyzed (all diodes in off state, all diodes directly polarized and therefore conducting, and two diodes conducting and two diodes off). The reconfiguration allows the frequency response to vary between frequencies from 0.8 GHz to 2.5 GHz. The FSS proved to be stable with respect to the angle of incidence of the plane wave on the circuit surface. The simulated numerical results for the designed prototype was obtained by ANSYS HFSS software. The prototype was built and the experimental characterization of the transmission coefficients, bandwidth and resonance frequency was performed. The values obtained in the experiment were compared and discussed with the simulation results, which showed good agreement. AFSS (AFSS systems Initially FR4 FR 4 FR- 102 10 2 10. 153 1 53 1.5 switching state off. . off) 08 0 8 0. 25 5 2. surface software coefficients performed agreement 15 1.

Article This paper develops an easy design analysis for a simple high selective T-shaped band-stop filter (BSF) loaded with a capacitance. It applies the developed design theory to obtain an appropriate capacitance value for tuning the cut-off frequency. This paper clearly explains the design mechanism for such a simple tunable BSF using ABCD matrices. Simulated filters loaded with capacitances (up to 1.1 pF) show a change in rejection frequencies from 2 GHz (un-tuned) down to 1.047 GHz with 50dB rejection and around 36% -3dB fractional bandwidth. It also shows the effect on pass frequencies which change from 1 GHz down to 111 MHz, while the separation between pass and stop frequency remains around 1 GHz. Measurements on fabricated prototypes match the simulation and theory for tunable frequencies closely. It also compares the performance of the filter with previously reported similar structures. Tshaped T shaped bandstop band (BSF cutoff cut off matrices up 11 1. pF untuned un tuned (un-tuned 1047 047 1.04 dB 36 3dB bandwidth MHz closely structures 104 04 1.0 3 10 0

Abstract This paper focused on the design and practical implementation of a compact arrowhead slot Super Wide Band (SWB) antenna on a semi-flexible substrate for a wide range of applications. A tapered feed circular monopole antenna with an arrowhead-shaped slot structure is designed on RT/Duroid substrate with a compact physical dimension of 22 × 28 × 0.508 mm3. The impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 95.93 GHz (3.1-99.17 GHz) with a peak gain of 6.91 dBi. The proposed antenna has a fractional bandwidth of 187% with a high Bandwidth Dimension Ratio (BDR) of 3049 which makes the proposed antenna suitable for a wide range of applications. The proposed antenna compactness is theoretically verified with the help of the fundamental dimension limit theorem. For wearable IoT applications compactness, conformal and bending capabilities of materials are essential and hence the proposed antenna is also tested under different bending conditions and achieved a minor effect on the antenna performance. Further in order to observe the signal correlation, the time domain analysis using similar antennas in face-to-face and side-to-side scenarios has been also analyzed. The simulated results of the proposed antenna exhibit good agreement with the experimental results of the prototype model antenna. SWB (SWB semiflexible semi flexible arrowheadshaped shaped RTDuroid RT Duroid 2 0508 0 508 0.50 mm3 mm 9593 95 93 95.9 3.199.17 319917 3.1 99.17 3 1 99 17 (3.1-99.1 691 6 91 6.9 dBi 187 BDR (BDR 304 theorem performance correlation facetoface face sidetoside side analyzed 050 50 0.5 959 9 95. 199 3.199.1 31991 31 3. 9917 99.1 (3.1-99. 69 6. 18 30 05 5 0. 19 3.199. 3199 991 99. (3.1-99 3.199 319 (3.1-9 3.19 (3.1- (3.1 (3. (3 (

Abstract In this work a broadband Magnetoelectric (ME) dipole antenna for the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) applied to nanosatellites is proposed. The antenna consists of a reflective cavity with open walls containing four gaps to enhance the axial ratio (AR) bandwidth. Additionally, it includes two ME dipoles formed by two pairs of vertical and horizontal copper plates, one of which is trapezoidal and a T-Γ-shaped cross-feeding structure. A prototype was designed and subsequently manufactured and measured. The experimentally obtained results exhibit consistent agreement with simulated outcomes, demonstrating that the antenna has a wide impedance bandwidth of 111.36% from 1.13 GHz to 1.62 GHz for the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) ≤ 2 and a 3 dB AR bandwidth of 120.45% from 1.10 GHz to 1.63 GHz. Within this range, high gain (≥8.5 dBi) and high radiation efficiency (90%) can be achieved. Furthermore, the antenna exhibits right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) and possesses good unidirectional radiation characteristics with a high front-to-back ratio (≥ 20 dB). (ME GNSS (GNSS proposed (AR Additionally plates TΓshaped T Γ shaped crossfeeding cross feeding structure measured outcomes 11136 111 36 111.36 113 1 13 1.1 162 62 1.6 VSWR (VSWR 12045 120 45 120.45 110 10 163 63 range ≥8.5 85 8 5 (≥8. dBi 90% 90 (90% achieved Furthermore righthand right hand RHCP (RHCP fronttoback front back ≥ ( dB. . dB) 1113 11 111.3 1. 16 6 1204 12 4 120.4 ≥8. (≥8 9 (90 111. 120. ≥8 (9

Abstract The equivalent wave impedance circuit model (ECM-WI) is presented for the analysis of frequency selective surfaces (FSS). The development of the analytical model is based on homogenization theory, as well as analogies between wave theory and transmission line theory. The coplanar strip model and the concept of wave impedance are used to scale the Marcuvitz model for periodic strip gratings of conductive strips, as well as to consider the influence of the presence of a lossy dielectric substrate on the frequency response of the FSS. In particular, the model is applied to the analysis of square loop FSSs and considering the normal incidence. The results obtained are presented by comparing full-wave simulations for the two proposed models, obtaining average deviations in absolute values (%) of 2.11 and 0.38 for resonance frequency and 3.45 and 5.49 for bandwidth. The prototype manufactured in FR-4 obtained a deviation of 2.56% for resonance frequency and 2.79% for bandwidth. ECMWI ECM WI (ECM-WI FSS . (FSS) strips particular incidence fullwave full models % (% 211 2 11 2.1 038 0 38 0.3 345 3 45 3.4 549 5 49 5.4 bandwidth FR4 FR 4 FR- 256 56 2.56 279 79 2.79 (FSS ( 21 1 2. 03 0. 34 3. 54 5. 25 2.5 27 7 2.7

Abstract This study examines the characteristics of the lowvoltage MIMO-PLC electric power line channel, which operates within the 2-100 MHz frequency range. The research involved measurements in four different Setups using 2.5 mm copper wires, including phase, neutral, and protective earth wires. These wires were transposed within a conduit, measured in pairs, with variations in the number and lengths of branches, assuming a deterministic modeling behavior of the electric power line. Throughout the experimentation process, essential parameters such as the magnitude of the S21 scattering parameters and VSWR identify frequency ranges suitable for efficient data transmission. The findings suggest remarkable prospects for enhancing PLC communication across MIMO channels. Depending on the combination of cable lines, over 70% of the bandwidth remains available. Additionally, the overall average impedance measured at 77.14 Ω is vital for impedance matching in PLC coupling circuit designs. MIMOPLC channel 2100 2 100 2-10 range 25 5 2. phase neutral conduit pairs branches process S S2 transmission channels lines 70 available Additionally 7714 77 14 77.1 designs 210 10 2-1 7 771 1 77. 21 2-

Abstract Ring shape microstrip antenna designs supported via an altered ground plane profile are proposed for multi-band response with wider bandwidth in each band. The impedance bandwidth of a single ring patch supported via a slot cut ground plane on a substrate having a thickness of ~ 0.1λg, is 45.8% and the broadside gain is 5.6 dBi. By employing additional stack patches, dual and triple-band configurations are obtained. In the respective operative frequency bands, maximum 15% of bandwidth is achieved in the suggested antenna, with a maximum broadside gain of more than 5.5 dBi. Through the acquired antenna features, the proposed configuration fulfills the criteria of E-GSM900/Secondary Surveillance Radar/Aeronautical Radio Navigation Applications. multiband multi band 01λg λg 0 1λg 0.1λg 458 45 8 45.8 56 5 6 5. dBi patches tripleband triple obtained bands 15 55 features EGSM900/Secondary EGSM900Secondary EGSMSecondary E GSM900/Secondary GSM900 Secondary GSM RadarAeronautical Radar Aeronautical Applications 4 45. 1 EGSM900 EGSM GSM900Secondary GSMSecondary GSM90 EGSM90 GSM9 EGSM9

Abstract This paper proposes a methodology for developing antipodal Vivaldi antennas using RSIW (Ridge Substrate Integrated Waveguide) technology for a specific cut-off frequency. The technique employs metallic-vias and metalized cylindrical posts of reduced sizes inserted in the dielectric substrate. The simulations were performed using the ANSYS® Electronics Desktop software. The antenna RSIW is designed for a resonant frequency of 4 GHz and was fabricated on FR4 (ɛr=4.4 and tanδ=0.02). The structure is compared to an antipodal Vivaldi antenna (AVA) fed by a SIW. The structure proposed had an increase in bandwidth of 4.09 GHz and an increase in gain of 1.41 dBi. Ridge Waveguide cutoff cut off metallicvias metallic vias substrate ANSYS software FR ɛr=4.4 ɛr44 ɛr (ɛr=4. tanδ=0.02. tanδ002 tanδ tanδ=0.02 . 0 02 tanδ=0.02) AVA (AVA SIW 409 09 4.0 141 1 41 1.4 dBi ɛr=4. ɛr4 (ɛr=4 tanδ00 tanδ=0.0 40 4. 14 1. ɛr=4 (ɛr= tanδ0 tanδ=0. ɛr= (ɛr tanδ=0 tanδ=

ABSTRACT Purpose: to report an experience of simulation applied to a research context and assess the feasibility of using trained actors’ audio recordings to simulate nasality levels. Methods: two clinical simulation actors selected and subsequently trained to simulate three nasality levels (non-nasal, mild to moderate hypernasal and severe hypernasal), resulting in a total of 6 audios. These files were analysed through a Praat script to obtain the measures A1-P0 compensated and the first formant’s bandwidth. Afterwards, they were rated by two expert SLPs, according to their nasality and intelligibility, using perceptual scales. Results: according to A1-P0 and F1 bandwidth values in most conditions and the expert SLP’s nasality and intelligibility ratings, the actors were able to simulate the previously defined nasality levels. Final Considerations: based on the preliminary data, it can be concluded that the use of clinical simulation in experimental contexts, offering new opportunities and benefits for researchers, is feasible. In this experience, the actors were able to simulate different nasality levels corroborated by acoustic analysis and experts’ ratings. Purpose Methods nonnasal, nonnasal non nasal, nasal (non-nasal hypernasal, , hypernasal) audios A1P0 AP A1 P0 A P A1-P formants formant s Afterwards SLPs scales Results F SLP ratings Considerations data contexts researchers feasible experts A1P

RESUMEN Objetivo: informar una experiencia de la simulación aplicada a un contexto de investigación y evaluar la factibilidad de utilizar audios de actores entrenados para simular niveles de nasalidad. Métodos: dos actores de simulación clínica fueron seleccionados y posteriormente entrenados para simular tres niveles de nasalidad (no nasal, leve a moderado hipernasal, y severo hipernasal) dando como resultado 6 audios. Estos audios fueron analizados mediante un script de Praat para obtener las medidas A1-P0 compensado y el ancho de banda del primer formante. Posteriormente fueron calificados por dos fonoaudiólogos expertos según su nasalidad e inteligibilidad mediante escalas perceptuales. Resultados: de acuerdo con los valores de A1-P0 y ancho de banda de F1 en la mayoría de las condiciones y la evaluación de la nasalidad e inteligibilidad por los fonoaudiólogos expertos, los actores lograron simular los niveles de nasalidad previamente propuestos. Consideraciones Finales: de acuerdo con los resultados preliminares, podemos concluir que es factible utilizar la simulación clínica en contextos experimentales ofreciendo una nueva oportunidad y beneficios para los investigadores. En esta experiencia los actores lograron simular distintos niveles de nasalidad corroborado mediante análisis acústico y evaluación de expertos. Objetivo Métodos no nasal hipernasal A1P0 AP A1 P0 A P A1-P formante perceptuales Resultados F propuestos Finales preliminares investigadores A1P

Resumen Se presenta en este trabajo el diseño de un arreglo de antenas de parche de geometría optimizada con un reflector plano. Los parches fueron caracterizados con un ancho de banda de 1 GHz y una impedancia de entrada de 50 Ω y la interconexión del arreglo se logra por medio de una red de microcinta. La red que alimenta los parches se modela para ser parte del arreglo plano. El arreglo ha sido diseñado con un ancho de banda de 200 MHz para transmisión y recepción del satélite Morelos III con 1.6265 GHz a 1.6455 GHz del enlace ascendente y de 1.525 GHz a 1.544 GHz para el enlace descendente.

Abstract We present in this paper an antenna array using patches with optimized geometry, having an individual a bandwidth greater than 1 GHz with an input impedance of 50 Ω, feeding each one by a novel feeding network modeled as part of the patches array. We propose this antenna array for a satellite communications application, specifically for the transmission and reception of the operating bands of the Mexican Morelos III satellite. The satellite has an uplink band ranging from 1.6265 GHz to 1.6455 GHz and a downlink band ranging from 1.525 GHz to 1.544 GHz, so a bandwidth of 200 MHz is required.

Abstract Visible-light communication (VLC) is a technique that employs light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and photodiodes to enable communication in indoor scenarios. VLC has gathered increasing attention due to its potential for data transmission across a broad unregulated spectrum (430-790 THz). One of VLC’s primary objectives is to utilize pre-existing LED infrastructures as access points. In this investigation, we assess the performance of an indoor VLC link by measuring the illumination characteristics of commercial LED luminaire. The results are utilized to design an electronic transmission and reception circuit. An analysis was conducted to identify the optimal operating point that ensures adequate lighting and reliable communication. The designed circuits exhibited a bandwidth of 50 MHz at -3 dB. Characterization of the luminaire demonstrated that a single luminaire provided the illumination (486 lx) within the recommended range at 1.6 m. For data transmission, the variable pulse position modulation (VPPM) and the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) were employed in different configurations. The bit error rate (BER) results, with a threshold of ≤ 10-3, revealed that VPPM performed best at a distance of 1.9 m with a rate of 12.5 Mbps. Conversely, OFDM modulation achieved optimal performance at 1.75 m, providing a transmission rate of 30 Mbps. Visiblelight Visible light (VLC lightemitting emitting LEDs (LEDs scenarios 430790 430 790 (430-79 THz. THz . THz) VLCs s preexisting pre existing points investigation circuit 5 3 - dB 486 (48 lx 16 1 6 1. (VPPM frequencydivision frequency division (OFDM configurations BER (BER 103, 103 10 3, 10-3 19 9 125 12 12. Mbps Conversely 175 75 1.7 43079 43 79 (430-7 48 (4 10- 17 7 4307 4 (430- ( (430 (43

Abstract This paper suggests a slotted ground ‘S’-shaped low profile planar microstrip patch antenna for wideband and high gain operation. The suggested antenna has physical dimensions of 20mm×14mm×1.6mm having a fractional bandwidth of 111% having the operating impedance bandwidth 22.55GHz (9.12 GHz to 31.67 GHz). At 19 GHz, maximum gain of 3.9 dBi is attained. An equivalent circuit model corresponding to suggested antenna is designed by ADS software and assessed with the simulated and measured antenna results. Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) of single layer has been placed at optimum position at a distance of 15 mm below the antenna for further improvement of the overall gain of the suggested antenna. Combination of suggested antenna and 6×6 FSS configuration increases peak gain to 9.4 dBi maintaining the same antenna bandwidth. The FSS unit cell of dimension 6.5mm×6.5mm×1.6mm is used. Design of the antenna is done using commercially available electromagnetic simulator (CST Microwave Studio), and the simulated results are verified by suitable antenna measurement technique using standard microwave test bench. Given FSS integrated antenna has an overall physical volume of 39mm×39mm×15mm which makes it ideally suited for high-gain long-range applications. ‘Sshaped Sshaped ‘S shaped S operation 20mm14mm16mm mmmmmm 20mm 14mm 1 6mm 111 2255GHz 22 55GHz 9.12 912 9 12 (9.1 3167 31 67 31.6 GHz. . GHz) 39 3 3. attained (FSS 66 6 6× 94 4 9. 65mm65mm16mm 5mm used CST Studio, Studio , Studio) bench 39mm39mm15mm 39mm 15mm highgain longrange long range applications 11 2 9.1 91 (9. 316 31. (9 (

Abstract In this article, a novel Compact Circularly Polarized Antenna with a notched circular Electromagnetic Band Gap (NCEBG) structure is put forward. This proposed structure comprises of a truncated rectangular patch antenna having its ground plane defected by slots etched on it to achieve compactness and wide impedance bandwidth. Electromagnetic Band Gap structures have the attractive feature of in-phase reflection and stopband creation for surface waves, enabling the surface waves to be suppressed; this, in turn, leads to enhanced performance of the antenna when loaded with such structures. For enhancing the functioning of the antenna with regard to its impedance bandwidth, axial ratio bandwidth and gain, seven NCEBG's are etched on the substrate which surrounds the truncated patch. Additionally, the antenna proposed in this research exhibits compactness with a low profile of 0.473 λo x 0.473 λo x 0.039 λo (λo at center frequency of 7.46GHz represents free space wavelength). The measured outcomes of the prototype-fabricated antenna match well with the results of the simulation, showing 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 13.66% and an impedance bandwidth of 73.29% having a peak gain of 7.32dBi in the operating band. The improved functioning of the proposed antenna marks it as a favorable applicant for wireless communication techniques and thus finding its application in various ways. article NCEBG (NCEBG forward inphase phase suppressed turn NCEBGs s Additionally 0473 0 473 0.47 0039 039 0.03 746GHz GHz 7 46GHz wavelength. wavelength . wavelength) prototypefabricated prototype fabricated simulation 3dB dB 3 1366 13 66 13.66 7329 73 29 73.29 732dBi dBi 32dBi band ways 047 47 0.4 003 03 0.0 136 1 6 13.6 732 2 73.2 04 4 0. 00 13. 73.