RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la variabilidad del porcentaje de fibras meduladas, según sexo y lugar de procedencia y comparar las características colorimétricas en fibra blanca de alpaca Huacaya y Suri. El estudio se realizó en dos Comunidades (Juntaya del distrito de Oropesa y San Juan del distrito de Sabaino) de la provincia de Antabamba, región de Apurímac (Perú), ubicados entre 3950 y 4543 msnm. Se tomaron 451 (Huacaya = 410 y Suri = 41) muestras de fibra (10 g), del costillar medio. Las fibras meduladas (%) y el diámetro medio de fibra - DMF (µm) fueron evaluados usando el equipo Fiber Med. Para el análisis de color se utilizó un espectrómetro acoplado a una esfera de integración y para la caracterización de las bandas químicas se utilizó un espectrofotómetro FTIR. El porcentaje de medulación total, medulación continua y de fibras fuertemente meduladas fueron mayores en alpaca Huacaya hembras respecto a machos (p<0.01). El DMF meduladas y no meduladas fueron diferentes según el lugar de procedencia; en tanto que el DMF y el diámetro medio de fibras meduladas fueron supriores en machos (p<0.01). Los parámetros colorimétricos de luminosidad (L*), cromaticidad (C*) y la tonalidad (Hº) resultaron similares (p>0.05) en las fibras de los dos grupos de alpacas. En conclusión, en la alpaca Huacaya existe variabilidad del porcentaje de medulación continua y DMF, según sexo y lugar de procedencia, pero las características colorimétricas de fibras blancas son similares a las del Suri.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to evaluate the variability of the percentage of medullated fibres, according to sex and location and to compare the colorimetric characteristics in white fibre from Huacaya and Suri alpaca. The study was carried out in two communities (Juntaya in the Oropesa district and San Juan in the Sabaino district) in the province of Antabamba, Apurímac region (Peru), located between 3950 and 4543 meters above sea level. In total, 451 (Huacaya = 410 and Suri = 41) fibre samples (10 g) were taken from the mid side area. The medullated fibres (%) and the mean fibre diameter (µm) were evaluated using the Fiber Med device. For the colour analysis, a spectrometer coupled to an integrating sphere was used and for the characterization of the chemical bands, an FTIR spectrophotometer. The percentage of total medullation, continuous medullation and strongly medullated fibres were greater in female Huacaya alpacas (p<0.01). The mean diameter of medullated and non-medullated fibres differed depending on the location, while the mean fibre diameter and mean diameter of medullated fibres were higher in males (p<0.01). The colorimetric parameters of luminosity (L*), chromaticity (C*) and tone (Hº) were similar (p>0.05) in the fibres of the two groups of alpacas. In conclusion, in Huacaya alpaca there is variability in the percentage of continuous medullation and mean fibre diameter, depending on sex and location, but the colorimetric characteristics of white fibres are like those of the Suri.

Resumo Antecedentes Bandas oligoclonais (BOCs) e cadeias leves de imunoglobulina (free light chains, FLCs, em inglês) Kappa no líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) são marcadores sensíveis da síntese intratecal de imunoglobulina (Ig)G em pacientes com esclerose múltipla (EM). Objetivo Avaliar a taxa de concordância entre BOCs e o índice Kappa (IK) em pacientes com suspeita de EM. Métodos Pacientes com suspeita de EM foram encaminhados a um laboratório especializado em LCR como parte de sua investigação diagnóstica. Amostras pareadas de LCR e soro foram coletadas e investigadas quanto à presença de BOCs e submetidas à determinação do IK. Resultados positivos e negativos foram determinados com ambos os métodos, e estabeleceu-se o percentual de concordância entre eles. Resultados Ao todo, 171 amostras de soro e LCR de 171 pacientes foram incluídas na análise. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 40 ± 14,2 anos; 18,9% deles eram do sexo masculino, e 81,1%, do sexo feminino. Resultados concordantes entre as BOCs e o IK foram observados em 161 (94,2%) amostras: em 74 (43,3%), ambos foram positivos, e em 87 (50,9%), ambos foram negativos. Em 10 casos, os resultados foram discrepantes: IK positivo/BOC negativo em 8, e BOC positivo/IK negativo em 2. Conclusão Observou-se alto nível de concordância entre o IK e as BOCs. A detecção de BOCs no LCR é atualmente o método padrão para o diagnóstico de EM, mas é demorado, e sua interpretação visual pode ser difícil. Os resultados sugerem que o IK pode ser uma alternativa para a detecção de imunoprodução intratecal em casos de suspeita de EM. (BOCs free chains FLCs inglês (LCR IgG Ig G . (EM) (IK diagnóstica métodos estabeleceuse estabeleceu se eles todo 17 análise 4 142 14 2 14, anos 189 18 9 18,9 masculino 811 81 1 81,1% feminino 16 94,2% 942 94 (94,2% 7 43,3%, 433 43,3% , 43 3 (43,3%) 8 50,9%, 509 50,9% 50 (50,9%) discrepantes positivoBOC positivo positivoIK Observouse Observou demorado difícil (EM 18, 81,1 94,2 (94,2 43,3 (43,3% 50,9 5 (50,9% 81, 94, (94, 43, (43,3 50, (50,9 (94 (43, (50, (9 (43 (50 ( (4 (5

Abstract Background Oligoclonal bands (OCBs) and Kappa free light chains (FLCs) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are sensitive markers of intrathecal immunoglobulin (Ig)G synthesis in patients with multiple sclerosis. Objective To evaluate the concordance rate between OCBCs and the Kappa index (KI) in patients with suspected multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods Patients with suspected MS were referred to a specialized CSF laboratory as part of their diagnostic investigation. Paired CSF and serum samples were collected and submitted to detection of OCBs and determination of the KI. Positive and negative results were determined with both methods, and the percentage of agreement between them was established. Results In total, 171 serum and CSF samples from 171 patients were included in the analysis. The mean age of the patients was of 40 ± 14.2 years; 18.9% of them were male, and 81.1% were female. The OCBs and KI presented concordant results in 161 (94.2%) samples: in 74 (43.3%), both were positive, and in 87 (50.9%), both were negative. In 10 cases, the results were discrepant: KI positive/OCB negative in 8 and OCB positive/KI negative in 2 cases. Conclusion The KI and OCBs presented high concordance level. Currently, the detection of OCBs in the CSF is the standard method for MS diagnosis, but it is time-consuming, and its visual interpretation can be difficult. The results suggest that the KI is a good alternative for the detection of intrathecal immunoproduction in cases of suspected MS. (OCBs FLCs (FLCs (CSF IgG Ig G (KI . (MS) investigation methods established total 17 analysis 4 142 14 14. years 189 18 9 18.9 male 811 81 1 81.1 female 16 94.2% 942 94 (94.2% 7 43.3%, 433 43.3% , 43 3 (43.3%) positive 50.9%, 509 50.9% 50 (50.9%) discrepant positiveOCB positiveKI level Currently diagnosis timeconsuming, timeconsuming time consuming, consuming time-consuming difficult (MS 18. 81. 94.2 (94.2 43.3 (43.3% 50.9 5 (50.9% 94. (94. 43. (43.3 50. (50.9 (94 (43. (50. (9 (43 (50 ( (4 (5

Resumo A vespa-da-galha, Leptocybe invasa, representa uma ameaça global significativa para o cultivo de Eucalyptus, causando consideráveis prejuízos econômicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi diferenciar entre genótipos resistentes e suscetíveis por meio de características morfológicas, usando análise de imagem com base nos danos causados pela vespa-da-galha. Além disso, sequências de consenso derivadas de elementos transponíveis (TEs) e do genoma de Eucalyptus spp. foram identificadas por análise in silico. Outro objetivo foi discriminar genótipos de Eucalyptus em resposta a L. invasa, por meio de análises moleculares envolvendo elementos transponíveis e marcadores de sequências simples intercaladas (ISSR). Para a análise de imagem, o sistema GroundEye® foi utilizado para coletar imagens de 60 folhas de seis genótipos, sendo três resistentes e três suscetíveis. Sequências de Eucalyptus spp. foram obtidas do banco de dados GenBank por análise in silico, e alinhamentos de sequências em pares com sequências de TE foram conduzidos usando o BLASTN. Alinhamento de múltiplas sequências foi realizado com Clustal Omega, seguido pela identificação de regiões conservadas no Jalview. Uma assinatura de motivo foi gerada usando o Weblogo. Para a caracterização molecular usando marcadores ISSR e TEs, amostras de folhas jovens foram obtidas de um total de 80 mudas de Eucalyptus, das quais 50 foram classificadas como resistentes e 30 como suscetíveis a L. invasa. Foi possível distinguir genótipos suscetíveis e resistentes à vespa-das-galhas por meio da análise de imagem. A análise in silico permitiu a identificação de regiões conservadas no genoma de Eucalyptus spp., associadas a proteínas envolvidas na produção de metabólitos secundários, como terpenos, que desempenham um papel na resposta a L. invasa. A capacidade de discriminação de TEs e iniciadores ISSR foi demonstrada, e bandas foram geradas que poderiam ser usadas para identificar genótipos resistentes. No entanto, sugere-se aumentar o número de marcadores necessários para discriminar genótipos em ambos os casos. vespadagalha, vespadagalha vespa galha, galha vespa-da-galha invasa econômicos morfológicas vespadagalha. galha. disso (TEs spp L ISSR. . (ISSR) GroundEye 6 BLASTN Omega Jalview Weblogo 8 5 3 vespadasgalhas galhas secundários terpenos demonstrada entanto sugerese sugere se casos (ISSR

Abstract The gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa, poses a significant global threat to Eucalyptus cultivation, by causing substantial economic losses. The objective of this study was to differentiate between resistant and susceptible genotypes by morphological characteristics using image analysis based on the damage caused by the gall wasp. In addition, consensus sequences derived from transposable elements (TEs) and the genome of Eucalyptus spp. Were identified by in silico analysis. Furthermore, another objective was to discriminate Eucalyptus genotypes in response to Leptocybe invasa by conducting molecular analyses involving transposable elements and inter simple sequence markers. For image analysis, the GroundEye ® system was used to collect images of 60 leaves from six genotypes, three of which were resistant and three susceptible. Eucalyptus spp. sequences were obtained from the GenBank database by in silico analysis and pairwise alignments with TE sequences were conducted using BLASTN. Multiple sequence alignment was performed with Clustal Omega, followed by the identification of conserved regions in Jalview. A motif signature was generated using Weblogo. For molecular characterization using ISSR markers and TEs, samples of young leaves were obtained from a total of 80 Eucalyptus seedlings, of which 50 were classified as resistant and 30 as susceptible to L. invasa. It was possible to distinguish gall wasp susceptible and resistant genotypes by image analysis. In silico analysis enabled the identification of conserved regions in the Eucalyptus spp. genome, which were associated with proteins involved in secondary metabolite production, e.g., terpenes, which play a role in the response to L. invasa. The discrimination capacity of TEs and ISSR primers was demonstrated and bands were generated that could be used to identify resistant genotypes. However, increasing the number of markers required to discriminate genotypes in both cases is suggested. cultivation losses addition (TEs spp Furthermore 6 BLASTN Omega Jalview Weblogo 8 seedlings 5 3 L production eg e g e.g. terpenes However suggested e.g

Resumen Las plumas de pollo son residuos de la industria avícola que se generan en grandes volúmenes, están conformadas por queratina, proteína rica en cisteína, enlaces disulfuro y residuos hidrofóbicos y su reconversión es de gran interés para diseñar biomateriales con aplicaciones ambientales. El objetivo es generar esponjas de queratina a partir de plumas aplicables en el control de derrames de crudo, los cuales representan un importante daño ambiental. Se realizaron síntesis de esponjas a partir de plumas acondicionadas: E1: urea (2 M), sulfito de sodio (0,125 M), dodecilsulfato sódico (0,05 M), pH= 9, 90 ºC, 30 min y E2: urea (7,75 M), sulfito de sodio (0,48 M), pH= 6,5, 65 ºC, 120 min. Las disoluciones se dializaron y liofilizaron logrando el re-entrecruzamiento de la queratina. En la caracterización estructural (FTIR-ATR) se observaron las bandas Amida-A (3330 cmˉ¹), Amida-I (1616 cm-1), Amida- II (1580-1510 cm-1) y Amida-III (1240-1230 cm-1). La deconvolución de Amida-I indicó que la conformación de la estructura secundaria (hoja-plegada-β/α-hélice/β-turn) para E1 fue de 55,1/19,6/25,3% y de 52,1/36,7/10,5% para E2. Se evidenció por calorimetría diferencial de barrido la gran estabilidad térmica (Tdesnaturalización (E1) = 143,5 ºC; (E2) = 215 °C), se determinó la isoterma de sorción de agua, se ajustó con la ecuación GAB y se cuantificó la capacidad de sorción de crudo (CSC, g crudo/g queratina) y de retención (% CRC). Por su parte, E2 presentó un mejor desempeño de sorción de crudo (CSC = 21,22, CRC = 78% que E1 (CSC = 5,87, CRC = 47%) y fue posible sintetizar esponjas de queratina con buenas características sorbentes de crudo, siendo una opción para la revalorización de la biomasa y su aplicación podría extenderse al control de otros contaminantes.

Abstract Chicken feathers are residues from the poultry industry that are difficult to break down; they are mainly constituted by keratin, a fibrous protein rich in cysteine, disulfide bonds and hydrophobic residues. This residue can be revalued to generate sorbent materials to control oil spills that cause environmental damage. The aim is to generate keratin sponges from feathers applicable to control of oil spills that represent important environmental damage. Two methodologies for sponge synthesis were used starting from treated feathers: E1: Urea (2M), Sodium sulfite (0.125M), Sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.05M), pH= 9, 90ºC, 30 min; E2: Urea (7.75M), Sodium sulfite (0.48M), pH= 6.5, 65°C, 120 min. The solutions were dialyzed and lyophilized to achieve self-assembly by spontaneous crosslinking of keratin. In the structural characterization (FTIR-ATR) the bands of Amide A (3330 cmˉ¹), Amide-I (1616 cm-1), Amide-II (1580-1510 cm-1), Amide-III (1240 -1230 cm-1) were observed. The secondary structure was analyzed by Amide-I deconvolution; the sheet-folded-β/α-helix/β-turn conformation for E1 was 55.1/19.6/25.3% and 52.1/36.7/10.5% for E2. Differential Scanning Calorimetry showed high thermal stability with denaturation peaks at 143.5 ºC (E1) and 215 °C (E2). The sorption isotherm was fitted with the GAB equation. The sorption capacity (CSC g crude/g keratin) and retention (%´CRC) of crude oil were determined. E2 presented better values of CAC (21.22) and CRC (78 %) than E1, (CAC= 5.87, CRC= 47%). It was possible to synthesize keratin sponges with characteristics of crude oil sorbents, being an option for biomass revaluation, its application could be extended to the control of other contaminants.

Resumen La alicina (All) es un bioactivo con actividad antimicrobiana, antioxidante y de alta efectividad en el control de insectos y el quitosano (Qs) forma nanoencapsulados al interactuar con tripolifosfato de sodio (TPP), por lo que al pensar en la síntesis de nanoencapsulados como sistemas portadores de All con efectos fitosanitarios es de interés agroindustrial. Por lo anterior, en este estudio se sintetizaron y caracterizaron nanoencapsulados de All (NQsAll) mediante la técnica de gelificación ionotrópica. La síntesis consistió en: (i) formulación de complejos All:Qs en proporción de 0,2 g de All por 1 g Qs, partiendo de una solución de Qs (1%p/v) y un fitosanitario comercial con concentración de All = 0,6 % p/v; (ii) obtención de los sistemas NQsAll partiendo de All:Qs adicionando TPP (0,06 % p/v). Se evaluaron dos relaciones en masa de TPP:Qs (5:1 y 3:1) y por medio de FTIR-ATR se observaron las bandas correspondientes a los grupos sulfóxidos (1119 cm-1 ), la vibración de estiramiento de las aminas primarias vinculadas a All (1072 cm-1 ), se comprobó la interacción electrostática de TPP:Qs y se determinó el diámetro medio de partícula (DM) y el potencial-Z (PZ) de los sistemas. La relación TPP:Qs influye significativamente, siendo NQsAll (5:1) la que presentó una mejor estabilidad y un menor tamaño (PZ = 0,67 mV; DM = 144,6 nm). Se evaluó el porcentaje de inhibición del radical DPPH• comprobando que la nanoencapsulación preservó la capacidad antioxidante. Así, NQsAll (5:1) mostró el mejor desempeño para formular un sistema nanoportador. Estos sistemas son una buena alternativa para la conservación de All e incrementan la dispersión y la humectabilidad durante la aplicación en el cultivo.

Abstract Allicin is an active compound with antimicrobial activity, antioxidants and is highly effective against insects. Chitosan (Qs) is a polycationic biopolymer that forms nanoencapsulates by interacting with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). The synthesis of nanoencapsulates as Allicin carrier systems with phytosanitary effects is of interest to the agricultural field. Therefore, in this study nanoencapsulates were synthesized by Ionotropic gelation and then were characterized. The synthesis consists in: i) Formulation of All:Qs complexes that contain 0.2 g of All per 1 g Qs, using Qs (1%w/v) and a commercial phytosanitary with All concentration of 0.6% w/v. (ii) Obtaining the NQsAll systems using the ionotropic gelation technique by adding TPP (0.6 mg mL) to the All:Qs complex in two proportions NQsAll (5:1) and (3:1). FTIR-ATR spectra were obtained, observing the bands corresponding to the sulfoxide groups (1119 cm-1 ) and to the stretching vibration of the primary amines (1072 cm-1 ) linked to All. The electrostatic interaction of the amino groups of Qs with TPP was checked. The mean particle diameter (Dm) by dynamic light distribution and Z-Potential (PZ) were determined; TPP:Qs ratio significantly influenced, being NQsAll(5:1) the most stable, showing the smallest size (PZ=0,67 mV Dm=144.6±6.4 nm). The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by the percentage of inhibition of DPPH•; results indicated that nanoencapsulation preserved the antioxidant capacity of the complex. NQsAll(5:1) showed the best performance to formulate a nano-carrier for a phytosanitary compound. These nano-carrier systems can be a helpful alternative for the conservation of allicin; increase dispersion and wettability during crop application.

Resumen El fruto de zarzamora (Rubus fruticosus) es considerado alto en fibra, vitaminas, minerales y antioxidantes y se destacan por tener propiedades terapéuticas. Sin embargo, es importante determinar si estos antioxidantes aún se conservan en alimentos o frutas procesados; y brindar al consumidor información nutricional de este producto, el cual ha tenido una gran demanda en la región centro del Estado de Veracruz. El objetivo principal fue determinar los contenidos totales de flavonoides y antocianinas en la mermelada y licor de zarzamora artesanal; así como la cantidad de carbohidratos, lípidos y proteínas totales en estos productos, elaborados en Atecaxil, Veracruz, México. Se realizó un tamiz fitoquímico preliminar cualitativa y Cromatografía en Capa Fina de Alta Resolución (HPTLC, por sus siglas en inglés) en frutos, licor y mermelada artesana de zarzamora l. Los flavonoides y antocianinas totales se cuantificaron en la mermelada y licor artesanal de zarzamora por espectrofotometría, durante los tres años de producción. Con la prueba fitoquímica cualitativa, se encontró mayor presencia (+++) de alcaloides y flavonoides tanto en el fruto como en ambos productos artesanales. Se observó en la placa cromatográfica, bandas de color púrpura a púrpura claro, que son características de las antocianinas (Rf 0.2 a 0.3). Durante los tres años de producción la concentración de flavonoides y antocianinas fue similar, comparando entre los productos, hay mayor cantidad de flavonoides totales en la mermelada (43,6 mg) que en el licor (16,0 mg). Las antocianinas se encontraron en mayor cantidad en la mermelada de mora (59,3 mg) que en el licor de mora (23,6 mg). El licor de zarzamora artesanal se encontró un valor energético de 82,48 kJ/19,7 kcal por 15 mL, 3,5 g de carbohidratos, 0,1 g de lípidos y 0,1 g de proteína total, 33 porciones por envase (cada porción de 15mL). En la mermelada de zarzamora artesanal se encontró un valor energético de 110.11kJ/26.3 kcal por 10 g, 6g de carbohidratos, 0.1 g de lípidos y 0.1 g de proteína total, 34 porciones cada envase (cada porción de 10 g). Estos productos artesanales podrían competir en el mercado; debido que aún se preservan los flavonoides y antocianinas, y su valor energético podría proporcionar información importante al consumidor.

Abstract The fruit of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) bush is considered high in fiber, vitamins, mineral and some components are considered as antioxidants, they stand out by their therapeutic properties. Nevertheless, it is important to determine if these antioxidants are still retained in processed food; and to provide the consumer nutrimental information of this product, which has been in great demand in the central region of the State of Veracruz. The main objective was to determine the total contents of flavonoids and anthocyanins in jelly and handmade blackberry liqueur; as well as the amount of total carbohydrates, lipids and proteins contained in these products, produced in Atecaxil, Veracruz, Mexico. A preliminary phytochemical analysis and High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) were performed on fruits, liquor and jelly of blackberry handmade. Total flavonoids and anthocyanins were quantified by spectrophotometry, during the three years of production. In the three samples there was a higher presence of alkaloids and flavonoids (+++). Bands purple color to light purple were observed on the chromatography plate (Rf 0.2 a 0.3), they are characteristic of anthocyanins. During the three years of production, the concentration of flavonoids of flavonoids and anthocyanins were similar, comparing between the products, there is a greater concentration of total flavonoids in jelly (43.6 mg) than in liqueur (16.0 mg). Anthocyanins were found in higher concentration in the blackberry jelly (59.3mg) than in the blackberry liqueur (23.6 mg). Both products recovered total flavonoids and anthocyanins, after the processing of the blackberry fruit. The handmade liqueur had an energetic value of 82.48kJ/19.7 kcal per 15 mL, 3.5g of carbohydrates, 0,1 g of lipids and 0.1 g of total protein, 33 serving per container (each portion or serving of 15 mL). In the artisanal blackberry jelly there was an energetic value of 110.11kJ/26.3 kcal per 10 g, 6g of carbohydrates, 0.1 g of lipids and 0.1 g of total protein, 34 portions each container (each portion of 10g). These products could compete in the handmade market, because the total flavonoids and anthocyanins are still preserved during the fabrication of the product; which could provide important information to the consumer.

Resumen Se prepararon películas a base de una mezcla de almidón de chayotextle y gelatina (SG) de acuerdo a las siguientes concentraciones SG 3:1, SG 2:2, y SG 1:3. Dos controles fueron considerados en las películas; gelatina (G) y almidón (S). Se adicionó glicerol como plastificante para todos los tratamientos en un 2 %. El objetivo de esta investigación fue el estudio del efecto de las diferentes concentraciones de almidón de chayotextle y gelatina en las propiedades físicas, mecánicas y de barrera de las películas. El tratamiento G presentó la más alta solubilidad comparado con aquellos tratamientos en los que se incluyó al almidón. Los resultados FT-IR exhibieron la huella molecular característica de la gelatina y del almidón. No se detectaron nuevas bandas en los espectrómetros de las mezclas de gelatina. El más bajo porcentaje de cristalinidad apareció en las películas SG 2:2 con 37.8%. Este valor incrementó hasta un 64.9% en el tratamiento G. La variación de porcentajes en las mezclas almidón-gelatina produjo diferencias en las estructura y propiedades de las películas. Estas propiedades podrían ser configuradas, adaptadas y aplicadas de acuerdo a los requerimientos de la industria de ingeniería de alimentos, farmacéutica y biomédica.

Abstract Films made from a mixture of Chayotextle starch-Gelatin (SG) were prepared according to the following concentrations SG 3:1, SG 2:2, and SG 1:3. Two controls were considered; gelatin (G) and starch (S) films. Glycerol was added as a plasticizer to all treatments at 2 %. The aim of this research was the study of the effect of different concentrations of chayotextle starch and gelatin on the physical, mechanical and barrier properties of films. G treatment presented higher solubility in comparison to those treatments with presence of starch. FT-IR exhibited the characteristic molecular fingerprint of gelatin and starch. There was not detected new bands in the spectrometers of the mixed films. The lowest percentage of crystallinity appeared in SG 2:2 films with 37.8 %. This value increased up to 64.9 % in the G treatment. The variation of ratios in the mixture starchgelatin produced differences in structure and properties of films. These properties could be configured, adapted and applied according to the requirements of the food engineering, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industry.

RESUMEN El procesamiento de minerales refractarios por métodos convencionales resulta en recuperaciones pobres de oro, siendo una causa el efecto preg-robbing al presentarse la adsorción del complejo Au(CN)2 - en la superficie de materia carbonácea durante la lixiviación. Se hace necesario entonces caracterizar mineralógicamente e identificar la materia carbonácea para establecer la complejidad del mineral. Posteriormente se debe evaluar el grado del preg-robbing para diseñar el procesamiento y recuperar el máximo del metal precioso atrapado. Así, un mineral carbonáceo se caracterizó mediante DRX y por espectroscopía infrarroja, además de evaluar la capacidad de adsorción de Au(CN)2 - del mineral. Por DRX, se identificaron las especies calcita y cuarzo; por espectroscopía infrarroja, las bandas características de Ca-O, C-O, Si-O y la C=C asociada a materia carbonácea; de la capacidad de adsorción se determinó un valor q=0.198 mg Au(CN)2 -/gmineral, que corresponde al 70% de Au(CN)2 - adsorbido, por lo que el mineral se clasifica como preg-robbing.

ABSTRACT Limited gold recovery from refractory ores by conventional methods is due to the preg-robbing effect. Adsorption of the Au(CN)2 - complex on the surface of carbonaceous matter during the gold leaching defines this. Mineralogical characterization is required to identify the carbonaceous matter and then establish the complexity of the ore. Subsequently, the preg-robbing degree must be evaluated to design the processing and gold recovery. Thus, a carbonaceous mineral was characterized by XRD and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), evaluating its adsorption capacity of Au(CN) 2 -. XRD identified calcite and quartz species; the characteristic bands of Ca-O, C-O, Si-O, and C = C associated with carbonaceous matter, calcite, and quartz were identified by FTIR. A value q= 0.198 mg Au(CN)2 -/g ore was obtained from the adsorption capacity, corresponding to 70% of Au(CN) 2 - adsorbed, evidencing the preg-robbing effect.

Resumen En los últimos años el óxido de grafeno ha sido motivo de estudio debido a sus propiedades electrónicas, magnéticas, térmicas y mecánicas. Este estudio presenta dos métodos diferentes de funcionalización química para la obtención óxidos de grafeno (GO) adheridos a una superficie de grafito pirolítico de alta densidad (HOPG) por spray coating ácido. Para el rociado en el primer método, se utilizaron dos ácidos fuertes (H2SO4 y HNO3). En el segundo método de rociado, se utilizaron tres ácidos fuertes (H2SO4/HNO3/HCl). Para los dos casos el intervalo de rociado fue de 2, 4 y 6 horas. Se caracterizaron las placas de HOPG mediante análisis de SEM-EDS, FTIR, XRD y espectroscopia Raman, mediante el análisis exhaustivo de estos ensayos y verificando todas las variantes, ya sea por evidencia de picos en FTIR, planos predominantes en la red cristalina y observación de bandas D y G de los grupos funcionales característicos del GO por análisis Raman permitió determinar la presencia de GO en la superficie del grafito, además el método demuestra la capacidad de funcionalización de la superficie de (HOPG) por la formación de una fina lamina de átomo de C con hibridación sp2 correspondiente a la banda 2D y al grupo funcional C=C.

Abstract In recent years, graphene oxide has been the subject of study due to its electronic, magnetic, thermal, and mechanical properties. This study presents two different methods of chemical functionalization to obtain graphene oxides (GO) adhered to a high-density pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface by acid spray coating. For the spraying in the first method, two strong acids (H2SO4 and HNO3) were used. In the second spray method, three strong acids (H2SO4 / HNO3 / HCl) were used. For both cases, the spray interval was 2, 4 and 6 hours. The HOPG plates were characterized by SEM - EDS, FTIR, XRD and Raman spectroscopy analysis, through exhaustive analysis of these assays and verifying all variants, either by evidence of peaks in FTIR, predominant planes in the crystal lattice and observation. of bands D and G of the functional groups characteristic of GO by Raman analysis allowed to determine the presence of GO on the surface of graphite, in addition the method demonstrates the functionalization capacity of the surface of (HOPG) by the formation of a thin sheet of C atom with sp2 hybridization corresponding to band 2D and functional group C = C.

RESUMEN La agricultura de precisión (AP) apunta a identificar la variabilidad del cultivo y del suelo en un lote para mejorar el manejo y optimizar el empleo de insumos. Los mapas de rendimiento son herramientas relevantes para planificar la AP. Los índices de vegetación (IV) provenientes de la teledetección permiten monitorear la variación espacio-temporal de los cultivos durante la estación de crecimiento. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la idoneidad de diferentes IV de Sentinel-2A para estimar el rendimiento de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merril) en el marco de la AP. El estudio se realizó empleando un mapa de rendimiento de soja (campaña 2017-2018) de un lote ubicado al sur de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina. Se calcularon IV empleando la diferencia, el cociente y la diferencia normalizada, tomando de a dos bandas de una imagen de Sentinel-2A del 4/2/2018. Se computó el valor absoluto del coeficiente de correlación lineal de Pearson (|r|) entre los distintos IV y el rendimiento de soja. El mayor valor de |r| (0,726) correspondió a la diferencia entre las bandas 8 (NIR) y 12 (SWIR), permitiendo reproducir con suficiente precisión y anticipación la variabilidad espacial de los rendimientos en el lote.

SUMMARY Precision agriculture (PA) aims to identify crop and soil variability to improve management and optimize the use of inputs. Yield maps become a relevant tool for PA planning. Vegetation indices (VI) from remote sensing allow monitoring the spatio-temporal variation of crops in the growing season. The objective of this work was to evalúate the performance of different Sentinel-2A VIs to estímate soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril) yield within the framework of PA. The study was carried out using a soybean yield map during the 2017/2018 season from a plot located to the south of Córdoba city, Argentina. Every two bands were taken from a Sentinel-2A image from 4/Feb/2018 and VI were calculated using differences, ratios and normalized differences. The absolute value of the Pearson linear correlation coefficient (|r|) between the different IVs and soybean yield was computed. The highest value of |r| (0.726) corresponded to the difference between bands 8 (NIR) and 12 (SWIR), allowing to reproduce with sufficient precision the spatial variability of yields in the plot.

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue contrastar los porcentajes de las diferentes fracciones de caseína en leche de cabras Criollas y Saanen. Para ellos se evaluaron 6 cabras adultas de cada raza de una ganadería comercial, ubicada en la región semiárida del centro oeste de Argentina. Las cabras se alimentaron en base a alfalfa y grano de maíz. Las muestras se colectaron por ordeño manual, tomando 100 cm3 por animal a los 15, 30 y 45 días postparto. Para determinación de los porcentajes de alfa-caseína, beta-caseína y kappa-caseína, se utilizó el método de electroforesis vertical en gel de UREA-PAGE y las bandas se leyeron aplicando el método de semi-cuantificación con software ImageJ. Los resultados expusieron que en ambas razas los valores de alfa-caseína fueron en aumento, mientras los de beta y kappa-caseína disminuyeron a lo largo del muestreo. Asimismo, se encontró que alfacaseína fue más elevada en leche de cabra Saanen, mientras que los porcentajes de beta y kappa-caseína fueron más elevada en leche de cabra Criolla, encontrando diferencia estadística significativa para alfa y beta-caseína en los tres momentos evaluados y en el caso de kappa-caseína solo en el muestreo de los 45 días. Se concluyó que la leche de cabra Criolla posee menor porcentaje de alfa-caseína que la leche de cabra Saanen, lo que la haría menos alergénica y posee un porcentaje más elevado de beta y kappa-caseína, situación que per mitiría una coagulación rápida para la elaboración de quesos y una estabilidad y firmeza más elevado en los yogures

Abstract The objective of the present work was to compare the values of the percentages of the different fractions in the milk casein of Criollo and Saanen goats. For this purpose, 6 adult goats of each breed from a commercial goat herd, located in the semi-arid region of central western Argentina, were evaluated. The goats were fed on alfalfa and corn grain, and service was performed by natural mating. Samples were collected by hand milking, taking 100 c.c./animal at 15, 30 and 45 days post-partum. To determine the percentage of alpha, beta and kappa casein, the UREA-PAGE vertical gel electrophoresis method was used and the bands were read applying the semi-quantification method with ImageJ software. The results found showed that in both breeds the values of alpha casein were increasing, while those of beta and kappa casein decreased throughout the sampling. Likewise, it was found that alpha casein was higher in Saanen goat milk, while the per- centages of beta and kappa casein were higher in Criollo goat milk, finding a significant statistical difference for alpha and beta casein at the three times evaluated and in the case of kappa casein only in the 45-day sampling. It was concluded that Criollo goat milk has a lower percentage of alpha casein than Saanen goat milk, which would make it less allergenic and has a higher percentage of beta and kappa casein, a situation that would allow a quick coagulation for cheese production and a higher stability and firmness in yogurts.

Resumo O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar os valores das porcen- tagens das diferentes frações da Caseína do leite de Cabras Crioulas e Saanen. Para isso, foram avaliadas 6 cabras adultas de cada raça de uma pecuária comercial, localizada na região semi-árida do cen- tro-oeste da Argentina. As cabras eram alimentadas à base de alfafa e grão de milho, o serviço era realizado por montaria natural. As amos- tras foram coletadas por ordenha manual, levando 100cc/animal aos 15, 30 e 45 dias pós-parto. Para determinação da porcentagem de Alfa, Beta e Kappa-caseína, foi utilizado o método de eletroforese vertical em gel UREA-PAGE e as bandas foram lidas aplicando-se o método de semiquantificação com o software ImageJ. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que em ambas raças os valores de Alfa-caseína foram au- mentando, enquanto os de Beta e Kappa-caseína diminuíram ao lon- go da amostragem. Da mesma forma, verificou-se que a Alfa-caseína foi maior no leite de cabra Saanen, enquanto os percentuais de Beta e Kappa-caseína foram mais elevados no leite de cabra Crioula, encon- trando diferença estatisticamente significativa para Alfa e Beta-caseína nos três momentos avaliados e no caso da Kappa-caseína apenas na amostra de 45 dias. Concluiu-se que o leite de cabra Crioula possui menor percentual de Alfa-caseína do que o leite de cabra Saanen, o que o tornaria menos alergênico e possui percentual mais elevado de Beta e Kappa-caseína, situação que permitiria uma coagulação rápida para a elaboração de queijos e uma maior estabilidade e firmeza nos iogurtes.

ABSTRACT The work evaluated the potential for discrimination of land use and occupation around reservoirs, using spectral information obtained by multispectral, hyperspectral satellites and images obtained with an ARP (remotely piloted aircraft). The research analyzed the performance of different images classification techniques applied to multispectral and hyperspectral sensors for the detection and differentiation of soil classes around the Paus Brancos and Marengo reservoirs, located in Settlement 25 of Maio. The classes identified based on surveys in campaigns carried out in 2014 and 2015 around the reservoirs were: water, macrophytes, exposed soil, native vegetation, agriculture, thin and ebbing vegetation, in addition to the cloud and cloud shadow targets. The performance of the classifiers applied to the image of the Hyperion sensor was, in general, superior to those obtained in Landsat 8 image, which can be explained by the high spectral resolution of the first, which facilitates the differentiation of targets with similar spectral response. For validation of the supervised classification method of Maximum Likelihood, Landsat 8 (08/24/2015) and Hyperion (08/28/2015) images were used. The results of the application indicated a good performance of the classifier associated with the RGB composition of the chosen Hyperion image (bands R - 51, G - 161, B - 19) in the detection of the classes around this reservoir, producing a Kappa coefficient of 0.83. The availability of data from the Hyperion sensor is very restricted, which hinders the development of continued research, thus the use of images surpassed by RPA is extremely viable.

RESUMO O trabalho avaliou o potencial de discriminação dos usos e ocupação do solo no entorno de reservatórios, mediante informações espectrais obtidas por imagens de satélites multiespectrais, hiperespectrais e imagens obtidas com uma ARP (aeronave remotamente pilotada). A pesquisa analisou o desempenho de diferentes técnicas de classificação de imagens aplicadas a sensores multiespectrais e hiperespectrais para detecção e diferenciação das classes do solo no entorno dos reservatórios Paus Brancos e Marengo, situados no Assentamento 25 de Maio. As classes identificadas com base em levantamentos em campanhas realizadas em 2014 e 2015 no entorno dos reservatórios foram: água, macrófitas, solo exposto, vegetação nativa, agricultura, vegetação rala e vazante, além dos alvos nuvem e sombra de nuvem. O desempenho dos classificadores aplicados à imagem do sensor Hyperion foi, em geral, superior aos obtidos em imagem Landsat 8, o que pode ser explicado pela alta resolução espectral do primeiro, que facilita a diferenciação de alvos com reposta espectral similar. Para validação do método de classificação supervisionada de Máxima Verossimilhança, utilizaram-se imagens Landsat 8 (24/08/2015) e Hyperion (28/08/2015). Os resultados da aplicação indicaram um bom desempenho do classificador associado à composição RGB da imagem Hyperion escolhida (bandas R – 51, G – 161, B – 19) na detecção das classes no entorno deste reservatório, produzindo um coeficiente Kappa de 0,83. A disponibilidade de dados do sensor Hyperion é bem restrita, o que dificulta o desenvolvimento de pesquisas continuadas, dessa forma a utilização de imagens obtidas por RPA mostra-se extremamente viável.

Resumen Objetivo: Los trastornos del desarrollo sexual son un grupo de enfermedades congénitas que afectan la formación normal de los genitales. Dentro los mecanismos fisiopatológicos descritos existen factores genéticos causados por alteraciones cromosómicas o en los genes determinantes en la diferenciación sexual. En este trabajo se analizaron alteraciones cromosómicas y en el gen SRY como posible causa del trastorno. Se realizó cariotipo con bandas G o R y FISH para SRY en linfocitos, tejido gonadal y tejido escrotal. Materiales y métodos: La información clínica de los sujetos de investigación se obtuvo de los informes de los médicos tratantes. En 9 (73%) casos el sexo asignado fue masculino y en 3 (27%) casos fue femenino. 8 de los casos (66%) tuvieron cariotipo 46,XY; 2 casos (17%) 46,XX y en 2 casos (17%) se reportaron mosaicos con presencia de idic(Y). Un solo caso de tejido gonadal mostró mosaicismo debido a la presencia de una línea celular tetraploide. El diagnóstico clínico más frecuente fue de genitales ambiguos en 8 casos (67%). Seguido de hipospadias en 5 casos (41,7%). Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran la importancia de aplicar diferentes pruebas citogenéticas en el diagnóstico y la necesidad del seguimiento de los pacientes por un equipo transdisciplinario para abordar estas condiciones clínicas.

Abstract Objective: Disorders of sexual development are a group of congenital diseases that affect the normal formation of genital structures. Within the pathophysiologic mechanisms described, there are genetic factors caused by chromosomal or sex-determining gene alterations. Therefore, chromosomal analysis is an essential priority in the diagnostic approach. Alterations in the chromosomes and the SRY gene as a cause of disorder of sexual development was analyzed herein. Material and methods: G or R-banding karyotype and FISH analyses for the SRY gene were performed in lymphocytes, gonadal tissue, and scrotal tissue in twelve cases, three cases, and one case, respectively. The clinical information was obtained from the patients’ medical reports. Results: In 9 (73%) cases, the assigned sex was male, and in 3 (27%) cases, it was female. Karyotype 46,XY was found in 8 (66%) cases, 46,XX in 2 (17%) cases, and mosaic karyotype in 2 (17%) cases with idic(Y). A single case of gonadal tissue showed mosaicism due to the presence of a tetraploid cell line. The most common clinical diagnosis was abnormal genital differentiation in 8 (67%) cases, followed by hypospadias in 5 (41.7%) cases. Conclusions: The results show the importance of applying different cytogenetic tests in making the diagnosis, and the need for a multidisciplinary team to address the disorder.

Resumen La salinidad es un factor abiótico que produce disminución en el rendimiento de los cultivos, las plantas responden modificando su expresión génica e inducen cambios en la síntesis de proteínas. El objetivo fue determinar el efecto de Rhizophagus irregularis y NaCl sobre el patrón electroforético de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae). Se inocularon plantas de tomate con R. irregularis (0, 1.5 y 3 g de inóculo) y tratadas con 0, 100 y 200 mM de NaCl, por 30 días. Luego, se cuantifico el contenido de proteínas solubles totales mediante el método de Bradford y se evaluó su patrón electroforético mediante SDS-PAGE en hojas y raíces. El contenido de proteínas solubles totales en hojas aumentó conforme aumenta la cantidad de inóculo de R. irregularis, mientras que en raíces disminuye conforme incrementa la concentración de NaCl; en cuanto a su patrón electroforético, en hojas, aparece una proteína de 111 kDa por efecto del NaCl y R. irregularis; en raíces aparece una proteína de 73 kDa; además se observaron cambios en la intensidad de algunas bandas en hojas y raíces. Posiblemente estos cambios, sean consecuencia de la alteración de la síntesis proteica por el desequilibrio iónico y osmótico que genera el NaCl.

Abstract Salinity is an abiotic factor that produces a decrease in crop yields, plants respond by modifying their gene expression and inducing changes in protein synthesis. The objective was to determine the effect of Rhizophagus irregularis and NaCl on the electrophoretic pattern of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae). Tomato plants were inoculated with R. irregularis (0, 1.5 and 3 g of inoculum) and treated with 0, 100 and 200 mM NaCl, for 30 days. Then, the total soluble protein content is quantified by the Bradford method and its electrophoretic pattern is evaluated by SDS- PAGE on leaves and roots. The total soluble protein content in the compliant leaves increases the amount of inoculum of R. irregularis, while in the adjusted conforming roots the concentration of NaCl increases; as for its electrophoretic pattern, in leaves, a 111 kDa protein appears due to the effect of NaCl and R. irregularis; in roots a protein of 73 kDa appears; In addition, changes in the intensity of some bands in leaves and roots were observed. Possibly these changes are consequences of the alteration of protein synthesis due to the ionic and osmotic imbalance generated by NaCl.

RESUMO Atualmente, existe uma demanda na busca por materiais com alta densidade de potência, longo ciclo de vida e baixo impacto ambiental que são em sua maioria utilizados para a produção de supercapacitores, sendo esses considerados fontes promissoras de energia para sistemas eletrônicos. Os tipos de materiais mais promissores para essa aplicação são os baseados em carbono, devido à sua flexibilidade, área superficial e boa estabilidade eletroquímica. Para a produção de materiais carbonosos, o principal precursor utilizado é a poliacrilonitrila (PAN) e suas variações a partir da adição de monômeros, como o acrilato de metila (MA). Geralmente, esses materiais são utilizados em formas de mantas, fios ou nanofibras produzidos a partir de processos de fiação e posteriormente carbonizados para gerar o material carbonáceo. Um dos processos de fiação que tem sido amplamente estudado para a obtenção de nanofibras de carbono é o processo de eletrofiação. Portanto, este trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos do processo de carbonização de mantas eletrofiadas a partir de solução de PAN homopolímero (PANH) e PAN-co-acrilato de metila 6 % (PA6MA) com dimetilformamida (DMF) com o intuito de obter material para uso em supercapacitores. Os polímeros utilizados foram analisados por DSC para a obtenção dos valores relacionados a faixa de ciclização, sendo possível observar uma melhor estabilidade térmica relacionada as amostras de PAN6MA com faixa de temperatura de 240-312 °C e temperatura máxima do pico exotérmico de 292 °C. As mantas obtidas pelo processo de eletrofiação foram oxidadas a 235°C por 5min e carbonizadas a 900 °C por 5 min. As mantas obtidas, antes e após o processo de carbonização, foram analisadas por MEV apresentando fibras de superfície lisa, dispersas aleatoriamente e de dimensões nanométricas, sendo os valores de diâmetro aproximado de 219 nm para as nanofibras de carbono de PANH (NfcPANH) e 185 nm para as nanofibras de carbono de PAN6MA (NfcPAN6MA). As mantas carbonizadas foram analisadas pela técnica RAMAN e foi possível a obtenção de dados referentes a estrutura carbônica presente nas amostras, onde os valores obtidos demonstraram que as amostras de NfcPAN6MA apresentaram menor valor de grau de cristalinidade medida a partir da relação entre as bandas D e G conhecido como fator ID/IG, sendo o valor obtido igual a 1,06 para as NfcPNA6MA e 1,24 para as NfcPANH, isso demonstra uma maior presença de estruturas grafíticas cristalinas quando comparadas as amostras produzidas a partir da PANH. Para obtenção das características capacitivas foram realizados levantamento das curvas carga/ descarga por análise cronopotenciométrica, foi possível observar as melhores características relacionadas a capacitância específica e estabilidade de ciclagem em baixas correntes aplicadas para as amostras de PAN6MA com valores de capacitância específica de 270,9 F/g, densidade de energia de 30,0 Wh/kg e densidade de potência de 153,5 W/kg. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o material apresentou potencial para a aplicação proposta.

ABSTRACT Currently, there is a demand in the search for materials with high power density, long life cycle and low environmental impact that are mostly used fot the supercapacitors production, which are considered promising energy power for electronic systems. The most promising types of materials for this application are those based on carbon, due to their flexibility, surface area and good electrochemical stability. For the production of carbonaceous materials, the main precursor used is polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and its variations from the addition of monomers, such as methyl acrylate (MA). Generally, these materials are used in forms of blankets or yarns produced from spinning processes and later carbonized to generate the carbonaceous material. One of the spinning processes that has been widely studied for obtaining carbon nanofibers is the electrospinning process. Therefore, this paper presents the results obtained from the carbonization of electrospun blankets manufactured from solutions of polyacrylonitrile homopolymer (PANH) and poly (acrylonitrile-co-6 % methyl acrylate) (PAN6MA) combined with dimethylformamide in order to obtain material for use in supercapacitors. The polymers used were analyzed by DSC to obtain the values related to cyclization, by that were possible to observe a better thermal stability related to the samples of PAN6MA, with a temperature range of 240-312 ºC and maximum temperature of the exothermic peak of 292 °C. The electrospun mats were oxidized at 235°C per 5 min and carbonized at 90 °C per 5 min. Both pre-carbonization and post-carbonization mats were analyzed by SEM, showing fibers with smooth surface, randomly dispersion and nanometric size, with values of diameter of approximately 219 nm for PANH carbon nanofibers (NfcPANH) and 185 nm for PAN6MA carbon nanofibers (NfcPAN6MA). The carbonized mats were analyzed by RAMAN technique and it was possible to obtain the data related to the carbon structure present in the samples, where the obtained values showed that the mats manufactured from PAN6MA presented the lower value of degree of crystallinity measured from the relationship between bands D and G known as factor ID/IG, the value obtained being equal to 1.06 for NfcPAN6MA and 1.24 for NfcPANH, this shows a higher concentration of crystalline graphitic structures when compared with the samples produced from PANH. To obtain the capacitive characteristic, the load/discharge curves were surveyed by chronopotentiometric analysis, where it was possible to observe the best characteristics related to the specific capacity and low current cycling stability applied to the PAN - co- 6% methyl acrylate sample with specific capacity values of 270.9 F/g, energy density of 30.0 Wh/kg and power density of 153.5 W/kg. The results obtained demonstrated that the material presented potential for the proposed application.