The species Oryza sativa (rice) and Musa cavendishii (banana) are sources of cellulose-rich waste biomass in the Amazon region, Tocantins State. This research investigates the nanoscale production of cellulose through the interactions between three choline amino acid ionic liquids Ch[AA]IL and the respective fibers by pretreatment. To this end, the synthesis of three ILs was carried out: choline arginate Ch[Arg], choline glycinate Ch[Gly] and choline lysinate Ch[Lys], characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The samples resulting from the pretreatment were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was possible to infer from the SEM micrographs that Ch[Arg] caused greater fiber breakage than the other ILs. The TEM analyses identified fibers up to 16 nm in diameter. Positive effects were observed in the diffractograms, although no crystallinity was obtained in the pretreated samples. Thermogravimetry curves showed that the fibers treated with Ch[Arg] showed higher thermal stability. rice (rice banana (banana celluloserich rich region State ChAAIL Ch AA IL end out ChArg, ChArg Arg , ChGly Gly Ch[Gly ChLys, ChLys Lys Ch[Lys] FTIR. FTIR . (FTIR) SEM, (SEM) TEM, (TEM) Xray X ray XRD (XRD TGA. TGA (TGA) Ch[Arg 1 diameter diffractograms stability Ch[Lys (FTIR (SEM (TEM (TGA

ABSTRACT Santa Catarina is a significant banana producer, responsible for 722 tons annually. For every 1,000 kg of bananas harvested, approximately 3,000 kg of pseudostem, 650 kg of peels, and 350 kg of rejected fruit are generated. Studies have evaluated the use of banana residues for bioethanol production. Solid residues like banana pseudostem bagasse, banana peels, and vinasse (fermented broth residue) are produced during this process. This study aimed to quantify and characterize these residues for biogas and methane production. Banana peels and vinasse were more suitable for containing lower total solids content and favorable C:N (carbon:nitrogen) ratios (10-30:1), yielding higher biochemical potential of methane (260 mLCH4 gvs -1) compared to banana pseudostem bagasse (201 mLCH4 gvs -1). However, vinasse had a high hydrogen sulfide content (0.0783%), necessitating desulphurization for safe biogas use. The results indicate that banana pseudostem bagasse, banana peels, and vinasse have substantial potential for biogas and methane production due to their high degradation rates. The biogas composition meets the criteria for use, with adequate methane and carbon dioxide concentrations, highlighting the viability of these residues for energy generation and contributing to sustainability in banana cultivation. producer 72 annually 1000 1 000 1,00 harvested 3000 3 3,00 65 35 generated fermented residue process CN C N carbonnitrogen nitrogen (carbon:nitrogen 10301, 10301 10 30 , (10-30:1) 260 (26 mLCH -1 201 (20 1. . However 0.0783%, 00783 0.0783% 0 0783 (0.0783%) rates concentrations cultivation 7 100 00 1,0 300 3,0 6 1030 (10-30:1 26 (2 - 20 0078 0.0783 078 (0.0783% 1, 3, 103 (10-30: 2 ( 007 0.078 07 (0.0783 (10-30 0.07 (0.078 (10-3 0.0 (0.07 (10- 0. (0.0 (10 (0. (1 (0

RESUMO Santa Catarina é um importante produtor de banana, responsável por 722 toneladas anuais. Para cada 1.000 kg de banana colhida, são gerados aproximadamente 3.000 kg de pseudocaule, 650 kg de cascas e 350 kg de frutos rejeitados. Estudos avaliaram a utilização de resíduos de banana para produção de bioetanol. Resíduos sólidos como bagaço de pseudocaule de banana, cascas de banana e vinhaça (resíduo de caldo fermentado) são produzidos nesse processo. Este estudo teve como objetivo quantificar e caracterizar esses resíduos para produção de biogás e metano. Cascas de banana e vinhaça foram melhores por conterem menor teor de sólidos totais e relações C:N (carbono:nitrogênio) favoráveis (10 - 30:1), proporcionando maior potencial bioquímico de metano (260 mLCH4 gvs -1) em comparação ao pseudocaule de bananeira bagaço (201 mLCH4 gvs -1). No entanto, a vinhaça apresentou alto teor de sulfeto de hidrogênio (0,0783%), necessitando de dessulfurização do biogás gerado para seu uso seguro. No geral, os resultados indicam que o bagaço do pseudocaule da banana, as cascas de banana e a vinhaça têm potencial substancial para a produção de biogás e metano devido às suas altas taxas de degradação. A composição do biogás atende aos critérios de utilização, com concentrações adequadas de metano e dióxido de carbono, destacando a viabilidade desses resíduos para geração de energia e contribuindo para a sustentabilidade no cultivo da banana. 72 anuais 1000 1 000 1.00 colhida 3000 3 3.00 65 35 rejeitados bioetanol resíduo fermentado processo CN C N carbononitrogênio carbono nitrogênio (carbono:nitrogênio 10 (1 301, 301 30 , 30:1) 260 (26 mLCH -1 201 (20 1. . entanto 0,0783%, 00783 0,0783% 0 0783 (0,0783%) seguro geral degradação 7 100 00 1.0 300 3.0 6 ( 30:1 26 (2 20 0078 0,0783 078 (0,0783% 3. 30: 2 007 0,078 07 (0,0783 0,07 (0,078 0,0 (0,07 0, (0,0 (0, (0

Abstract Oxalic acid is an organic compound found in green leafy vegetables, which has proven to be effective in delaying ripening by inhibiting ethylene synthesis in fruits such as banana, mango, peach, tomato, plum, and others. In this study, the response to oxalic acid application on postharvest physiology was evaluated in transgenic tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) variety TA234 with the TomLoxB gene insertion in antisense, at two concentrations of oxalic acid: 3 and 10 mM, during 30 d of storage at 25 ± 1 ºC and a relative humidity of 65 - 70 %. The fruits were harvested at break stage and immersed for 10 minutes in the oxalic acid solution, which was maintained at 25 ºC. Upon treatment, less weight loss, better retention of lightness, delay in the decrease of firmness and hue angle, decrease in lipoxygenase activity, low electrolyte leakage and increase in total phenolics content were observed. The most effective oxalic acid concentration was 3 mM, that extended postharvest life by up to 30 d and reduced deterioration of the genetically modified (GM) tomatoes. In turn, the untreated GM tomatoes showed an acceptable appearance up to day 24 of storage, while the wild type fruits were kept satisfactorily for 15 d.

Resumen El ácido oxálico es un compuesto orgánico que se encuentra en vegetales de hoja verde y que ha demostrado ser eficaz para retrasar la maduración mediante la inhibición de la síntesis de etileno en frutos. En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de la aplicación de ácido oxálico sobre la fisiología poscosecha en frutos de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) variedad TA234 genéticamente modificados (GM) con la inserción del gen TomLoxB en antisentido, a dos concentraciones de ácido oxálico (3 y 10 mM) durante 30 d de almacenamiento a 25 ± 1 ºC y una humedad relativa del 65 - 70 %. Los frutos en estado break se sumergieron durante 10 min en la solución de ácido oxálico. Se observó una menor pérdida de peso, mejor retención de la luminosidad, un retraso en la disminución de la firmeza y del ángulo hue, disminución de la actividad lipoxigenasa, baja pérdida de electrolitos y un aumento en el contenido de fenoles totales. La concentración más eficaz fue de 3 mM, que prolongó la vida poscosecha hasta 30 d y redujo el deterioro del tomate modificado, mientras los frutos GM testigos tuvieron una vida postcosecha de 24 d y los frutos silvestres testigo se mantuvieron satisfactoriamente por 15 d.

Abstract Introduction: Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima (banana passionfruit) is one of the most promising exotic tropical fruits from the diversity of the Passifloraceae family in South America, because of its organoleptic properties and antioxidant activity. Objective: To evaluate the physiological and anatomical responses of banana passionfruit plants under water deficit to better understand the mechanisms that mitigate this stress and affect the production of crops subject to climate change and global warming. Methods: Three-month-old seedlings of banana passionfruit were subjected to a soil water deficit through an irrigation reduction at 70 % for 49 days under greenhouse conditions. Morphology (leaf area, height, and number of leaves) and physiological (stomatal conductance, Fv/Fm, total chlorophyll content) measurements were made through time, and after the irrigation treatments were measured biomass parameters and anatomical foliar traits. Results: The plants experienced a decrease in height, leaf area, number of leaves, leaf area index, and relative water content, that are common responses in plants subjected to reduced irrigation. Additionally, the plants exhibited certain mechanisms that can be attributed to water deficit tolerance such as higher root:shoot ratio, stomatal closing, an increase in stomatal density, a reduction in mesophyll tissue thickness, and a decrease in the number of vessels and its diameter as they enable the banana passionfruit to reduce water loss and decrease the probability of cavitation in xylem vessels. Conclusions: banana passionfruit plants could implement strategies against water scarcity, allowing them to survive and endure challenging environmental conditions.

Resumen Introducción: Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima (banana passionfruit - curuba) es una de las frutas tropicales exóticas de la diversidad de la familia Passifloraceae en Sudamérica, promisoria por sus propiedades organolépticas y actividad antioxidante. Objetivo: Evaluar las respuestas fisiológicas y anatómicas de la curuba bajo déficit hídrico con el fin de comprender mejor los mecanismos que mitigan este estrés y afectan la producción de sus cultivos, que están sujetos al cambio climático y al calentamiento global. Métodos: Plántulas de 3 meses de edad se sometieron a un déficit hídrico mediante una reducción del riego al 70 % durante 49 días en condiciones de invernadero. Se realizaron mediciones morfológicas (área foliar, altura y número de hojas) y fisiológicas (conductancia estomática, Fv/Fm, contenido de clorofilas) a lo largo del tiempo, y transcurridos los tratamientos de irrigación se midieron parámetros de biomasa, además de rasgos anatómicos foliares. Resultados: Las plantas experimentaron una disminución en la altura, área foliar, número de hojas, índice de área foliar y contenido relativo de agua, respuestas comunes en plantas sometidas a una irrigación reducida. Adicionalmente, las plantas exhibieron ciertos mecanismos que pueden atribuirse a la tolerancia al déficit hídrico tales como una mayor relación raíz:vástago, cierre de estomas, un aumento en la densidad estomática, una reducción en el grosor del tejido del mesófilo y una disminución en el número de vasos del xilema y su diámetro; pues le permiten a la curuba disminuir la pérdida de agua y reducir la probabilidad de cavitación en los vasos del xilema. Conclusiones: Las plantas de la curuba tienen la capacidad de implementar estrategias de mitigación frente al déficit hídrico, lo que les permite sobrevivir y soportar condiciones ambientales desafiantes.

RESUMEN La conservación poscosecha de frutas y hortalizas frescas es un desafío constante en la industria alimentaria. Los recubrimientos biodegradables representan una solución innovadora y sostenible para prolongar su vida útil. En este contexto, esta investigación evaluó la influencia de un recubrimiento a base de almidón oxidado de plátano (Musa paradisiaca L. grupo AAA, cv. Cavendish) y aceite de oliva en la conservación de tomates cherry (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Cerasiforme) durante su almacenamiento en condiciones ambientales. Se prepararon emulsiones formadoras de recubrimiento usando almidón (4% m v-1) con alto grado de oxidación, glicerol, Tween 80 y aceite de oliva. Los productos se recubrieron mediante inmersión. El rendimiento de extracción del almidón fue de 27,26% por el método de molienda húmeda. Los contenidos de lípidos, fibra cruda, proteínas, carbohidratos y cenizas tendieron a disminuir en los almidones oxidados al aumentar el tiempo de reacción, comportamiento opuesto para la humedad (P≤0,05). La solubilidad y capacidad de absorción de aceite aumentaron en los almidones oxidados, mientras que la absorción de agua y poder de hinchamiento disminuyeron (P≤0,05). La mejor combinación para la formulación de los recubrimientos de almidón oxidado fue 3% (m v-1) de glicerol y 0,3% (m v-1) de aceite. Este recubrimiento redujo las pérdidas de masa y retrasó el proceso de maduración. Los resultados sugirieron que el uso de recubrimientos a base de almidón oxidado de plátano y aceite de oliva es una estrategia eficaz para mantener la calidad y frescura de los frutos durante un periodo de almacenamiento más prolongado.

ABSTRACT Postharvest conservation of fresh fruits and vegetables is a constant challenge in the food industry. Biodegradable coatings represent an innovative and sustainable solution to extend their shelf life. In this context, this research evaluated the influence of a coating based on oxidized banana starch (Musa paradisiaca L. group AAA, cv. Cavendish) and olive oil on the conservation of cherry tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Cerasiforme) during their storage at ambient conditions. Coating-forming emulsions were prepared using starch (4% m v-1) with a high degree of oxidation, glycerol, Tween 80, and olive oil. The products were dip coated. The starch extraction yield was 27.26% by the wet milling method. The contents of lipids, crude fiber, proteins, carbohydrates, and ashes tended to decrease in oxidized starches with increasing reaction time, the opposite behavior for humidity (P≤0.05). Solubility and oil absorption capacity increased in oxidized starches, while water absorption and swelling power decreased (P≤0.05). The best combination for the formulation of oxidized starch coatings was 3% (m v-1) of glycerol and 0.3% (m v-1) of oil. This coating reduced weight losses and delayed the ripening process. The results suggested that the use of coatings based on oxidized banana starch and olive oil is an effective strategy for maintaining the quality and freshness of the fruits during a longer storage period.

Abstract The growing global consumption of coffee has positioned Colombia as the third largest producer worldwide. However, the processing of coffee beans generates significant by-products, such as mucilage, which is rich in phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. Inadequate disposal of this waste creates environmental problems and economic losses. This research aimed to develop high-quality coffee mucilage capsules using spray drying technology. Chemically modified banana starch with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) and commercial maltodextrin were used as coating materials to enhance the properties of the capsules. Physicochemical and functional characterization was performed on samples of fresh and filtered coffee mucilage (MF), concentrated mucilage (MC), concentrated mucilage with the addition of maltodextrin and OSA-modified starch (MCMA), and finally, spraydried coffee mucilage powder (MP). The antioxidant capacity (AC) of the mucilage was evaluated throughout the processing stages. MF showed an AC of 179.2 μmol of trolox/100 g, while the final coffee mucilage powder (MP) showed a significantly higher AC of 5444.35 μmol of trolox/100 g. Additionally, the MP showed a stability index of 0.48, water activity (aw) of 0.19, solubility of 14.64%, and a high water retention capacity of 90.53%. Microscopic analysis revealed amorphous structures with an average size of 29.16 ± 2.12 μm in the MP. These findings highlight the potential of spray drying with food-grade matrices such as OSA-modified banana starch to encapsulate coffee mucilage, preserving its antioxidant capacity and creating a new functional food ingredient with water retention properties.

Resumen El creciente consumo mundial de café ha posicionado a Colombia como el tercer productor más grande a nivel global. Sin embargo, el procesamiento de los granos de café genera subproductos significativos, como el mucílago, una fuente rica en compuestos fenólicos con actividad antioxidante. La eliminación inadecuada de este residuo crea problemas ambientales y pérdidas económicas. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo desarrollar cápsulas de mucílago de café de alta calidad utilizando tecnología de secado por aspersión. Se empleó almidón de plátano modificado químicamente con anhídrido octenil succínico (OSA) y maltodextrina comercial como materiales de recubrimiento para mejorar las propiedades de las cápsulas. Se caracterizaron fisicoquímica y funcionalmente muestras de mucílago de café fresco y filtrado (MF), mucílago concentrado (MC), mucílago concentrado con adición de maltodextrina y almidón modificado con OSA (MCMA) y, finalmente, el polvo de mucílago de café secado por aspersión (MP). La capacidad antioxidante (AC) del mucílago se evaluó a lo largo de las etapas de procesamiento. El MF mostró una AC de 179,2 μmol de trolox/100g, mientras que el polvo final de mucílago de café (MP) mostró una AC significativamente mayor de 5444,35 μmol de trolox/100 g. Además, el MP mostró un índice de estabilidad de 0,48, actividad del agua (aw) de 0,19, solubilidad del 14,64% y una alta capacidad de retención de agua del 90,53%. El análisis microscópico reveló estructuras amorfas con un tamaño promedio de 29,16 ± 2,12 μm en el MP. Estos hallazgos resaltan el potencial del secado por aspersión con matrices de grado alimenticio como el almidón de plátano modificado con OSA para encapsular el mucílago de café, preservando su capacidad antioxidante y creando un nuevo ingrediente alimentario funcional con propiedades de retención de agua.

ABSTRACT: In Peru, the plantain or banana is the most important cultivated fruit. In Tumbes 5,000 hectares are cultivated, part of these areas is found in the Zarumilla valley. One of the phytosanitary problems is the black sigatoka (Micosphaerella fijiensis Morelet), which decreases the leaf area of the plantations, with effects on yields. The objective was to evaluate the effect of three doses of Silicon on the yield and control parameters of the aforementioned disease in Musa spp., under field conditions, in said valley. The experimental design used was completely randomized blocks (BCA). According to the studies carried out, it was concluded that, in the performance parameters, silicon did not show an effect on the circumference of the pseudostem, leaf area, the number of hands per bunch and bunch weight, but there were effects on the number of leaves. at the time of flowering, at the time of harvest and in the weight of banana fingers. Regarding the effect of silicon in the control of "black sigatoka", it was possible to reduce the damage index by 17.66% in the S3 treatment (150 kg/ha) in comparison with the control (0 kg/ha) that was obtained 28.22%.

RESUMEN: En el Perú, el plátano o banano, es la fruta cultivada más importante. En Tumbes se cultivan 4 800 hectáreas, parte de esas áreas se encuentran en el valle de Zarumilla. Uno de los problemas fitosanitarios, es la sigatoka negra (Micosphaerella fijiensis Morelet), que disminuye el área foliar de las plantaciones, con efectos sobre los rendimientos. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de tres dosis de Silicio en los parámetros de rendimiento y control de la citada enfermedad en Musa spp., bajo condiciones de campo en dicho valle. El diseño experimental empleado fue bloques completamente al azar (BCA). De acuerdo con los estudios realizados se concluyó que, en los parámetros de rendimiento, el silicio no presentó efecto en la circunferencia del pseudotallo, área foliar, el número de manos por racimo y peso del racimo, pero si hubo efectos en el número de hojas al momento de la floración, al momento de la cosecha y en el peso de dedos del banano. En cuanto al efecto del silicio en el control de “sigatoka negra” se logró disminuir el índice de daño en un 17,66% en el tratamiento S3 (150 kg/ha) en comparación con el testigo (0 kg/ha) que se obtuvo 28,22%.

Resumen El Mal de Panamá es una enfermedad que afecta a las plantaciones de bananos y plátanos. Es causada por el hongo Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Raza 4 Tropical (conocido también como Fusarium odoratissimum). En la actualidad, dicha enfermedad es un problema que ha llamado la atención del sector agrícola en Colombia, puesto que genera una gran pérdida económica en las plantaciones afectadas. Los métodos de control de este hongo son fungicidas de origen químico, cuyos componentes pueden generar contaminación ambiental y resistencia del hongo, además del uso de nanopartículas metálicas, la cual es una opción innovadora frente a este problema. Es así como este trabajo se centra en una revisión del uso de nanopartículas metálicas para el control de dicho fitopatógeno, en Colombia y en el ámbito mundial. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica referente del tema, consultando bases de datos como: Scopus, Google Scholar, y SCieLo, buscando artículos, patentes, libros, entre otros. Se identificaron diferentes estudios en los cuales se usaron nanopartículas metálicas para el control del hongo del género Fusarium; sin embargo, se evidenció el gran vacío que existe en Colombia y en el mundo, sobre estudios con nanopartículas metálicas en contra del hongo Fusarium sp. oxysporum cubense raza 4 tropical causante del mal de Panamá.

Resumo O mal do Panamá é uma doença que ataca as plantações de banana e banana da Terra, ela é causada pelo fungo Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Raça 4 Tropical (sin: Fusarium odoratissimum). Atualmente é um problema que tem chamado a atenção do setor agrícola na Colômbia, pois gera um grande prejuízo econômico. Os métodos de controle desse fungo são fungicidas de origem química, cujos componentes podem gerar contaminação ambiental e resistência do fungo à sua ação antifúngica. Outra alternativa implementada é a utilização de nanopartículas metálicas, que é uma opção inovadora para resolver este problema. É assim que este estudo se concentra em uma revisão do uso de nanopartículas metálicas para o controle do referido fitopatógeno, na Colômbia e no mundo. Foi feita uma pesquisa bibliográfica ao respeito do tema, consultando bases de dados como: Scopus, Google Scholar e SCieLo, procurando artigos, patentes, livros, entre outros. Foram identificados diferentes estudos, nos quais nanopartículas metálicas são utilizadas para controlar o fungo do gênero Fusarium sp., porém, ainda existe uma grande lacuna na Colômbia e no mundo, no que diz respeito a estudos com nanopartículas metálicas contra o fungo Fusarium sp. oxysporum cubense raça tropical 4 causando o Mal do Panamá.

Abstract Panama disease is a disease that affects banana and plantain plantations, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Race 4 Tropical (syn: Fusarium odoratissimum). Currently, it is a problem that has drawn the attention of the agricultural sector in Colombia, as it leads to significant economic losses. The fungus control methods are fungicides of chemical origin, whose components can generate environmental contamination and the fungus resistance of its antifungal action. Another alternative implemented is the use of metallic nanoparticles, which is an innovative approach to this problem. This study focuses on a review of the use of metallic nanoparticles for the control of this phytopathogen, in Colombia and the global scale. A literature search on the topic was conducted, consulting databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, and SCieLo, looking for articles, patents, books, and other sources. Various studies were identified in which metallic nanoparticles were used to control Fusarium sp. fungi. However, a significant gap was observed both in Colombia and globally regarding studies involving metallic nanoparticles against Fusarium sp. oxysporum cubense Race 4 Tropical, the causative agent of Panama disease.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en analizar el estado actual de los usos y beneficios de la harina de plátano (Musa paradisiaca) en alimentos para consumo humano, como estrategia para el fortalecimiento de la cadena productiva en el departamento del Putumayo. Para tal fin, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en bases de datos de diferentes artículos científicos indexados relacionados con los usos que se le están dando a la harina de plátano a nivel internacional y nacional. Se determinó que entre los usos más frecuentes para consumo humano se encuentran las coladas, pastas y panificación, además que los beneficios para la salud son amplios por su contenido de almidón resistente, capacidad antioxidante, contenido de proteínas, fenoles y flavonoides; lo cual la convierte en una materia prima de relevancia para elaboración de alimentos y el favorecimiento de la salud humana; aspecto que puede ser aprovechado para potencializar la producción y transformación de plátano en el Putumayo.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o estado atual dos usos e benefícios da farinha de banana (Musa paradisiaca) na alimentação humana, como estratégia para fortalecer a cadeia produtiva no departamento de Putumayo. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica em bases de dados de diferentes artigos científicos indexados relacionados aos usos que estão sendo dados à farinha de banana a nível internacional e nacional. Concluirá que entre os usos mais frequentes para consumo humano estão lavanderia, massas e panificação, além do fato de que os benefícios à saúde são extensos devido ao seu teor de amido resistente, capacidade antioxidante, teor de proteínas, fenóis e flavonoides; o que o torna matéria-prima relevante para o processamento de alimentos e promoção da saúde humana; aspecto que pode ser aproveitado para potenciar a produção e transformação da banana-da-terra no Putumayo.

Abstract The objective of this work is to analyze the current state of the uses and benefits of plantain flour (Musa paradisiaca) in food for human consumption, as a strategy to strengthen the production chain in the department of Putumayo. For this purpose, a bibliographic review was carried out in databases of different indexed scientific articles related to the uses that are being given to plantain flour at an international and national level. It will end that among the most frequent uses for human consumption are laundry, pasta and baking, in addition to the fact that health benefits are extensive due to its resistant starch content, antioxidant capacity, protein content, phenols and flavonoids; which makes it a relevant raw material for food processing and the promotion of human health; aspect that can be used to potentiate plantain production and transformation in Putumayo.

ABSTRACT: Piura is the region with the largest organic banana production in Peru; however, the post-harvest disease crown rot has generated large economic losses. Therefore, the following objectives were raised: to evaluate the efficacy of biofungicides in vitro and in vivo for the control of this disease. The products used were: oregano extract, citric acid; ascorbic acid, bioflavonoids; biofertilizer and tea tree oil. In vitro, the "poisoned medium" method was used. In vivo, fruits were inoculated with conidial suspensions at 1 x 104 CFU ml-1 of the phytopathogens Thielaviopsis paradoxa and Colletotrichum musae. The biofungicides were prepared according to the commercial dose. The products were applied, and the fungi were inoculated with manual sprayers. The banana clusters with treatment were placed in 18,4 kg cardboard boxes and packed, incubating at 13 °C for 18 days and 4 days in a maturation chamber with ethylene gas. In vitro, the biofungicides: oregano extract (1450 ppm) and citric acid (2825 ppm) obtained 100% inhibition in the growth of the mycelium of T. paradoxa and C. musae. In fruits, the lowest severity index was for the citrus extract biofungicide (4275 ppm), registering 0,0% against T. paradoxa and C. musae.

RESUMEN: Piura es la región con mayor producción de banano orgánico en el Perú; sin embargo, la enfermedad post cosecha de la pudrición de la corona ha generado grandes pérdidas económicas. Por lo cual, se planteó los siguientes objetivos: evaluar la eficacia de biofungicidas in vitro e in vivo para el control de esta enfermedad. Los productos usados fueron: extracto de orégano, ácido cítrico; ácido ascórbico, bioflavonoides; biofertilizante y aceite del árbol de té. In vitro se utilizó el método del “medio envenenado”. In vivo, se inocularon a frutos con suspensiones de conidias a 1 x 104 UFC mL-1 de los fitopatógenos Thielaviopsis paradoxa y Colletotrichum musae. Se prepararon los biofungicidas según la dosis comercial. Se aplicaron los productos y se inocularon los hongos con asperjadores manuales. Los clústeres de banano con tratamiento se embalaron en cajas de cartón de 18,4 kg y fueron embaladas incubándose a 13 °C durante 18 días y 4 días en cámara de maduración con gas etileno. En in vitro los biofungicidas: extracto de orégano (1450 ppm) y ácido cítrico (2825 ppm) obtuvieron 100% inhibición en el crecimiento del micelio de T. paradoxa y C. musae. En in vivo los frutos el menor índice de severidad lo fue para el biofungicida extracto de cítricos (4275 ppm) registrándose 0,0% frente a T. paradoxa y C. musae.

ABSTRACT: Bananas have high nutrient needs, and farmers rely on chemical fertilizers that damage the soil. One of the solutions is the combination of organic fertilizers with chemical fertilizers in smaller amounts. In this context, the objective was to measure the development of a banana cultivar in different treatments of biochar plus fixed doses of SiO2, KNO3 and P2O5. Biochar (BC) was obtained from banana rhizomes at a temperature of 350 °C for 2 hours. In the experiment, 10 plants per treatment were evaluated, consisting of doses per plant of 100 g BC + 100 g SiO2, 20 g BC + 100 g SiO2 and 100 g SiO2 (control plot). These doses were applied in weeks one, eight and 16 of the experiment. The fertilizer dose for all treatments was 75 kg ha-1 KNO3 + 50 kg ha-1 P2O5, and which were applied 15 days prior to the biocarbon dose and during the sixth week of the experiment. The study showed that the 20 g biochar treatment was the most effective in terms of plant height and pseudostem circumference, surpassing the 100 g treatment and the control. The 100g biochar treatment also had the highest bunch weight compared to other treatments. In general, the biochar, silicon, and fertilizer treatments improved the physiological performance of the plants, suggesting their potential application in agriculture.

RESUMEN: El banano necesita muchos nutrientes, lo que lleva a los agricultores a depender de fertilizantes químicos que dañan el suelo. Una solución es combinar abonos orgánicos con fertilizantes químicos en menor cantidad. En este marco, el objetivo fue medir el desarrollo de un cultivar de banano en varios tratamientos de biocarbón más dosis fija de SiO2, KNO3 y P2O5. El biocarbón (BC) se obtuvo del raquis del banano a una temperatura de 350 °C por 2 horas. En el ensayo se evaluaron 10 plantas por tratamiento que se conformaron por dosis por planta de: 100 g de BC + 100 g SiO2, 20 g de BC + 100 g SiO2 y 100 g SiO2 (parcela testigo). Estas dosis se aplicaron en la semana uno, ocho y 14 del ensayo. La dosis de fertilizantes para todos los tratamientos se conformó de 75 kg ha-1 KNO3 + 50 kg ha-1 P2O5, y que se aplicaron 15 días antes que la dosis de biocarbon y en la semana seis del ensayo. El estudio demostró que el tratamiento con 20 g de biocarbón fue el más efectivo en términos de altura de la planta y circunferencia del pseudotallo, superando al tratamiento con 100 g y al control. Asimismo, el tratamiento con 100 g de biocarbón mostró el mayor peso de racimo en comparación con los otros tratamientos. Los tratamientos con biocarbón, silicio y fertilizantes tuvieron un efecto en las plantas de banano superior a la fertilización química, lo que sugiere su potencial aplicación en la agricultura.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the influence of culture media, irradiance, and sealing system on the in vitro and ex vitro growth of Cattleya walkeriana Gardner. We used MS medium as culture medium, supplemented with 30 g L-1 of sucrose and solidified with 7.0 g L-1 of bacteriological agar. This medium served as a control, while for the other treatments we supplemented the media as follows: 2) MS with 150 g L-1 of banana pulp = P150; 3) MS with 300 g L-1 of banana pulp = P300; 4) MS with 150 g L-1 of banana peel = PE150; and 5) MS with 300 g L-1 of banana peel = PE300. The irradiances were provided by 3000K LED lamps: 86 μmol m-2 s-1 (Irradiance-1) and 128 µmol m-2 s-1 (Irradiance-2) and the conventional sealing (CSS) and sealing systems that allow gas exchange (GESS). After 120 (in vitro) and 180 days (ex vitro) of cultivation, we evaluated them for pseudobulb (PN), leaf (LN) and root number (RN), plant height (PH), pseudobulb diameter (PD), longest leaf (LL) and root length (RL), fresh mass (TFM) and survival (%SURV). There was a significant interaction for all the variables analyzed. The CM x SS double interaction was significant for PH, LL, and RL. The CM x I x SS interaction was significant for PN, LN, RN, PD, TFM, and %SURV traits of C. walkeriana grown in vitro. There was a significant interaction between CM x I x SS for all C. walkeriana traits evaluated in ex vitro culture. Using the medium with up to 150 g L-1 of banana pulp combined with Irradiance-2 and CSS provided the highest values for in vitro plant growth. However, prior cultivation in MS medium, Irradiance-1, and CSS provided the greatest survival and establishment of this species plants in ex vitro culture. irradiance Gardner 3 L1 L 1 L- 70 7 0 7. agar control follows 2 15 P150 P P300 4 PE150 PE 5 PE300 K lamps 8 m2 m m- s1 s s- Irradiance1 Irradiance (Irradiance-1 12 Irradiance2 (Irradiance-2 (CSS GESS. GESS . (GESS) 18 PN , (PN) LN (LN RN (RN) PH (PH) PD (PD) LL (LL RL, RL (RL) TFM (TFM %SURV. SURV (%SURV) analyzed C Irradiance- However Irradiance1, 1, Irradiance-1 P15 P30 PE15 PE30 (Irradiance- (GESS (PN (RN (PH (PD (RL (%SURV P1 P3 PE1 PE3 (Irradiance

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do meio de cultura, irradiância e sistema de vedação no crescimento in vitro e ex vitro de Cattleya walkeriana Gardner. Utilizamos como meio de cultura o meio MS, suplementado com 30 g L-1 de sacarose e solidificado com 7,0 g L-1 de ágar bacteriológico. Este meio serviu de controle, enquanto nos demais tratamentos o meio foi complementado da seguinte forma: 2) MS com 150 g L-1 de polpa de banana = P150; 3) MS com 300 g L-1 de polpa de banana = P300; 4) MS com 150 g L-1 de casca de banana = PE150; e 5) MS com 300 g L-1 de casca de banana = PE300. As irradiâncias foram fornecidas por lâmpadas LED de 3000K: 86 μmol m-2 s1 (Irradiância-1) e 128 µmol m-2 s-1 (Irradiância-2) e a vedação convencional (CSS) e sistema de vedação que permite troca gasosa (GESS). Aos 120 (in vitro) e 180 dias (ex vitro) de cultivo, avaliamos o número de pseudobulbos (PN), de folhas (LN) e raízes (RN), altura da planta (PH), diâmetro do pseudobulbo (PD), comprimento da maior folha (LL) e raiz (RL), massa fresca (TFM) e sobrevivência (%SURV). Houve interação significativa para todas as características analisadas. A dupla interação CM x SS foi significativa para PH, LL e RL. A interação CM x I x SS foi significativa para as características PN, LN, RN, PD, TFM e %SURV de C. walkeriana cultivada in vitro. Houve interação significativa entre CM x I x SS para todas as características de C. walkeriana avaliadas em cultivo ex vitro. A utilização do meio com até 150 g L-1 de polpa de banana combinada com Irradiância-2 e CSS proporcionou os maiores valores para o crescimento in vitro das plantas. No entanto, o cultivo prévio em meio MS, Irradiância-1 e CSS proporcionou maior sobrevivência e estabelecimento de plantas dessa espécie em cultivo ex vitro. Gardner 3 L1 L 1 L- 70 7 0 7, bacteriológico controle forma 2 15 P150 P P300 4 PE150 PE 5 PE300 3000K K 8 m2 m m- s Irradiância1 Irradiância (Irradiância-1 12 s- Irradiância2 (Irradiância-2 (CSS GESS. GESS . (GESS) 18 PN , (PN) LN (LN RN (RN) PH (PH) PD (PD) (LL RL, RL (RL) (TFM %SURV. SURV (%SURV) analisadas C Irradiância- entanto P15 P30 PE15 PE30 (Irradiância- (GESS (PN (RN (PH (PD (RL (%SURV P1 P3 PE1 PE3 (Irradiância

Abstract Fruit peels such as Banana, Orange, and Pineapple can be used to produce eco-enzymes producing diverse chemical compounds. Eco-enzymes are derived from the organic fermentation process of the specified ingredients. The objective of this study was to characterize the organic compounds present in Eco-enzymes derived from various raw materials. The research phase involved the extraction of eco-friendly Eco-enzymes from different raw materials and the identification of the chemical compounds in them. The results of this study are expected to contribute to organic waste management, highlighting the importance of utilizing waste as an economically and environmentally viable resource and strategic steps in a more sustainable waste management. Data analysis of the Eco-enzyme extraction results was carried out using high-liquid chromatography (HPLC) to ascertain the levels of organic chemical compounds produced. The findings revealed eight organic compounds categorized into organic acids (acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid) Acetic acid compound in pineapple fermentation 1.83 (g/L). Citric acid compound in banana peel fermentation 3.39 (g/L). Lactic acid compounds in orange fermentation 4.89 (g/L). The highest oxalic acid compound was identified in orange fermentation with a content of 0.1764 (g/L). Banana Orange ecoenzymes eco enzymes Ecoenzymes Eco ingredients ecofriendly friendly them management Ecoenzyme enzyme highliquid high liquid HPLC (HPLC produced acetic 183 1 83 1.8 g/L. gL g/L . g L (g/L) 339 3 39 3.3 489 4 89 4.8 01764 0 1764 0.176 18 8 1. (g/L 33 3. 48 4. 0176 176 0.17 017 17 0.1 01 0.

Resumo Cascas de frutas, como banana, laranja e abacaxi, podem ser usadas para produzir ecoenzimas que produzem diversos compostos químicos. As ecoenzimas são derivadas do processo de fermentação orgânica dos ingredientes especificados. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar os compostos orgânicos presentes nas ecoenzimas derivadas de várias matérias-primas. As fases de pesquisa envolveram a extração de ecoenzimas ecológicas de diferentes matérias-primas e a identificação dos compostos químicos nelas contidos. Espera-se que os resultados deste estudo contribuam para o gerenciamento de resíduos orgânicos, destacando a importância da utilização de resíduos como um recurso econômica e ambientalmente viável, e de etapas estratégicas em um gerenciamento de resíduos mais sustentável. A análise de dados dos resultados da extração da ecoenzima foi realizada usando cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) para verificar os níveis de compostos químicos orgânicos produzidos. Os resultados revelaram oito compostos orgânicos categorizados em ácidos orgânicos (ácido acético, ácido cítrico, ácido láctico e ácido oxálico), sendo: composto de ácido acético na fermentação do abacaxi (1,83 g/L); composto de ácido cítrico na fermentação da casca de banana (3,39 g/L), e compostos de ácido láctico na fermentação da laranja (4,89 g/L). O maior composto de ácido oxálico foi identificado na fermentação da laranja, com teor de 0,1764 g/L. frutas especificados matériasprimas. matériasprimas matérias primas. primas contidos Esperase Espera se viável sustentável HPLC (HPLC produzidos oxálico, , oxálico) sendo 1,83 183 1 83 (1,8 g/L gL g L g/L) 3,39 339 3 39 (3,3 g/L, 4,89 489 4 89 (4,8 . 01764 0 1764 0,176 1,8 18 8 (1, 3,3 33 (3, 4,8 48 (4, 0176 176 0,17 1, (1 3, (3 4, (4 017 17 0,1 ( 01 0,

ABSTRACT: Vale do Ribeira is one of the largest banana producing regions in Brazil. However, information on soil fertility and nutrient status that could limit fruit production remains scarce. Thus, the present study diagnosed the most limiting nutrient parameters for the Nanica and Prata banana cultivars, in Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo State, based on soil and leaf chemical analyses. The data assessed included samples from commercial plantations in the municipalities of Eldorado, Cajati, Jacupiranga, Pariquera-açú, Registro and Sete Barras, between 2012 and 2020. The results of soil (pH, V, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and leaf chemical analyses (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) were interpreted according to literature values and their maximums, minimums, means, coefficients of variation (CV), and confidence intervals (CI) were calculated at P < 0.05. Parameter classes were assessed according to their frequency distribution. A large part of the samples exhibited pH and V values similar to those recommended for banana plants. Although, average soil nutrient concentrations were considered high, soil K, Mg and S levels did not provide adequate banana plant nutrition, since these nutrients were deficient in the plants. ABSTRACT Brazil However scarce Thus cultivars State Eldorado Cajati Jacupiranga Pariqueraaçú, Pariqueraaçú Pariquera açú, açú Pariquera-açú Barras 201 2020 pH, (pH K Ca B Cu Fe Zn N, N (N maximums minimums means CV, CV , (CV) CI (CI 005 0 05 0.05 distribution plants Although high nutrition 20 202 (CV 00 0.0 2 0.

RESUMO: O Vale do Ribeira é uma das maiores regiões produtoras de banana do Brasil. Contudo, ainda são escassas informações sobre a fertilidade do solo e o estado nutricional das plantas que possam limitar a produção da fruta na região. Deste modo, o presente trabalho objetivou diagnosticar os parâmetros nutricionais mais limitantes para as cultivares de bananeira, Nanica e Prata, no Vale do Ribeira - SP, a partir de laudos de análises químicas de solo e folha. Os dados avaliados compreenderam amostragens realizadas em pomares comerciais, nos municípios de Eldorado, Cajati, Jacupiranga, Pariquera-açú, Registro e Sete Barras entre os anos 2012 e 2020. Os resultados das análises químicas de solo (pH, V, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn) e folha (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn) foram interpretados de acordo com valores disponíveis na literatura e calculados seus valores máximos, mínimos, médias, coeficientes de variação (CV) e intervalos de confiança (IC) a P < 0.05. As classes de interpretação dos parâmetros foram avaliadas de acordo com sua distribuição de frequência. Grande parte das amostras apresentaram valores de pH e V próximos aos indicados para a bananeira. As concentrações de nutrientes no solo, em média, foram consideradas altas, no entanto, para K, Mg e S, a concentração no solo não refletiu em adequada nutrição da bananeira, estando esses nutrientes deficientes na planta. RESUMO Brasil Contudo região modo bananeira Prata SP comerciais Eldorado Cajati Jacupiranga Pariqueraaçú, Pariqueraaçú Pariquera açú, açú Pariquera-açú 201 2020 pH, (pH K Ca S B Cu Fe Zn N, N (N máximos mínimos médias CV (CV IC (IC 005 0 05 0.05 frequência média altas entanto planta 20 202 00 0.0 2 0.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate agronomic performance in cultivars of the Cavendish banana under the soil and climate conditions of the microregion of Assis in the state of São Paulo over three production cycles. The experiment was set up at the Fazenda São José Farm, Água do Pau d´Alho, in Palmital, São Paulo. The Grande Naine, IAC2001 and FHIA02 cultivars were evaluated, considering the following variables: cultivar; plant height; pseudostem perimeter; number of leaves at flowering and harvest; number of days from planting to flowering, from planting to harvest, and from flowering to harvest; weight of the bunch, stalk and fruit per bunch; number of hands per bunch; productivity of the fruit and pulp; weight and number of fingers on the second hand; weight, length and diameter of the finger; pulp diameter; and weight and thickness of the peel. The data were subjected to multivariate statistical techniques (principal component factor analysis, tree clustering, two-way joining, and correspondence). The results showed the extraction of three principal factors that accounted for 89.63% of the total variance of the characteristics under analysis: banana production (Factor 1), vegetative development (Factor 2), and cultivars and fruit diameter (Factor 3). The productive performance of the FHIA02 cultivar was homogeneous and inferior to that of the other cultivars, as seen in the two-way joining cluster analysis. Only the Grande Naine and IAC2001 cultivars are recommended for cultivation in the micro-region of Assis, São Paulo, with Grande Naine showing the largest fruit and, especially, the largest pulp diameter. cycles Farm dAlho d Alho d´Alho Palmital IAC IAC200 FHIA FHIA0 evaluated variables height perimeter harvest bunch hand finger peel analysis clustering twoway two way correspondence. correspondence . correspondence) 8963 89 63 89.63 Factor 1, 1 , 1) 2, 2 2) 3. 3 3) micro region especially IAC20 896 8 6 89.6 IAC2 89.