Steel and cement production emits CO2, spurring research for alternatives. Concrete materials are studied for shortages and enhancement. Construction, especially steel structures, will grow, but costs and shortages loom. Developing countries face steel scarcity and higher costs. Researchers explore natural or synthetic fiber replacements for steel, with bamboo showing promise. This study examines bamboo, with and without epoxy coating, as a steel substitute. Bamboo can replace steel in small or non-critical structures. The article explores bamboo's properties and behavior in reinforced concrete. Treating bamboo is vital for bond strength and flexural behavior under static loads. Three coatings are tested: natural, epoxy-coated, and epoxy with sand-coated bamboo. Twelve slab specimens are tested per Indian standards against steel-reinforced concrete slabs. The study evaluates bond strength, flexural behavior, and crack resistance using ultrasonic pulse velocity tests. Epoxy and sand-coated bamboo show significant improvement in bond strength, flexural performance, and concrete quality. CO2 CO alternatives enhancement Construction structures grow loom promise coating substitute noncritical non critical bamboos s loads epoxycoated, epoxycoated coated, coated epoxy-coated sandcoated sand steelreinforced slabs tests performance quality

Resumen Antecedentes: El bajareque es una técnica de construcción en la que se utiliza un tejido hecho con bambú, cañas, varas, mimbres, agregados con diversos compuestos de tierra local, material vegetal y agua (lodo). En México, existe evidencia arqueológica y actual del uso del bajareque en la construcción de viviendas rurales. En el sitio arqueológico de Los Guachimontones, se ha documentado el uso del bajareque con una antigüedad de 2,400 a 1,500 años. Sin embargo, se desconoce la especie de bambú utilizada. Preguntas y/o Hipótesis: 1) ¿Cuáles especies de bambú de México se han utilizado en la construcción de viviendas rurales con la técnica del bajareque? 2) ¿Cuál especie de bambú probablemente se utilizó en la construcción de viviendas con la técnica del bajareque en la zona arqueológica de Los Guachimontones, Jalisco? Resultados: Nuestros resultados indican el uso de cinco especies de bambú (Guadua amplexifolia, G. paniculata, G. velutina, Otatea acuminata y O. fimbriata) en la construcción del bajareque. Es probable que la especie utilizada en la construcción de viviendas y estructuras cívico-ceremoniales en la zona arqueológica de Los Guachimontones sea Otatea acuminata. Conclusiones: En este estudio, evidenciamos que en México se han utilizado cinco especies de bambú en la construcción del bajareque. De estas, tres pertenecen al género Guadua y dos al género Otatea. Es muy probable que en Los Guachimontones se haya utilizado Otatea acuminata en la construcción de sus viviendas con la técnica del bajareque.

Abstract Background: Bajareque is a construction technique that utilizes a woven structure made of bamboo, reeds, rods, and wickers, combined with various compounds of local soil, plant material, and water (mud). In Mexico, there is archaeological and contemporary evidence of the use of bajareque in housing construction. At the Los Guachimontones archaeological site, the use of bajareque has been documented with an age ranging from 2,400 to 1,500 years. However, the species of bamboo used remains unknown. Questions and/or Hypotheses: 1) Which bamboo species from Mexico have been used in the construction of housing using the bajareque technique? 2) Which bamboo species is likely to have been used in the construction of housing using the bajareque technique at the Los Guachimontones archaeological site in Jalisco? Results: Our results indicate the use of five bamboo species (Guadua amplexifolia, G. paniculata, G. velutina, Otatea acuminata, and O. fimbriata) in bajareque construction. It is probable that the species used in the construction of housing and civic-ceremonial structures at the Los Guachimontones archaeological site is Otatea acuminata. Conclusions: In this study, we demonstrate that five bamboo species have been used in bajareque construction in Mexico. Of these five species, three belong to the Guadua genus and two to the Otatea genus. It is highly likely that Otatea acuminata was used in the construction of housing at the Los Guachimontones site using the bajareque technique.

Abstract Bamboos are plants belonging to the botanical family of grasses (corn, rice, reed, sugar cane) and the subfamily Bambusoideae, which groups a great diversity of species distributed worldwide, particularly in the state of Chiapas are a large part of the species registered for Mexico, which because they are of a natural nature become underused and / or despised giving them the qualification of Lag, preferring therefore to the use of industrialized materials for the conformation of living spaces, which are framed under the notion of progress. In this way, a methodological process is proposed from a qualitative research, where the referential theoretical framework was built through the bibliographic review, under the objective of denoting the use and exploitation of the native bamboo Otatea fimbriata Soderstr., found locally. In this sense, the present research allowed to demonstrate that the native bamboo present in the state of Chiapas, is a natural resource, whose physical and mechanical properties endow it with a high potential to be used not only in the conformation of living spaces, but at the same time to generate diversity of products and services, reaching a positive impact on the families that make up the localities of Chiapas.

Resumen Los bambúes son plantas pertenecientes a la familia botánica de las gramíneas (maíz, arroz, carrizo, caña de azúcar) y a la subfamilia Bambusoideae, la cual agrupa gran diversidad de especies distribuidas mundialmente, particularmente en el estado de Chiapas se encuentran gran parte de las especies registradas para México, mismas que por ser de índole natural pasan a ser subutilizadas y/o despreciadas dándoles el calificativo de rezago, prefiriendo por ello al empleo de materiales industrializados para la conformación de espacios habitables, mismos que están enmarcados bajo la noción de progreso. De esta forma, se plantea un proceso metodológico a partir de una investigación cualitativa, donde el marco teórico referencial se construyó mediante la revisión bibliográfica, bajo el objetivo de denotar la utilización y aprovechamiento del bambú nativo Otatea fimbriata Soderstr., encontrado localmente. En este sentido, la presente investigación permitió demostrar que el bambú nativo presente en el estado de Chiapas, es un recurso natural, cuyas propiedades físicas y mecánicas lo dotan de un alto potencial para ser aprovechado no solo en la conformación de espacios habitables, sino a la vez de generar diversidad de productos y servicios, llegando a impactar de forma positiva en las familias que integran a las localidades de Chiapas.

This article it documents the research on the use of a thermal barrier in the back part of a room, made up of a series of bamboo stacked from the base of the floor with a measure of 12 m high and 5 m wide. The purpose of this plantation is to achieve a protective barrier with respect to the heat generated and that presents extreme heat, especially during the afternoons, and the objective of this investigation is to compare the results of the measurements of the thermal barrier with respect to a room that does not have this differential element, and with this comparison analyze the effectiveness of this proposal. To obtain the data and carry out its subsequent analysis, the Fluke brand temperature and humidity meter is used. In addition, the temperature values are obtained at the rear door of the room, to recommend some type of insulating material to be placed on the doors, all with the aim of improving the thermal comfort conditions within the room under study and that it uses the protective thermal barrier.

En el presente artículo se documenta la investigación acerca del uso de una barrera térmica en la parte trasera de un salón, conformada esta barrera por una serie de bambúes apilados desde la base del suelo con una medida de 12 m de alto y 5 m de ancho. La finalidad de esta plantación es lograr una barrera protectora respecto al calor generado y que presenta calor extremo, especialmente durante las tardes, y el objetivo de esta investigación es comparar los resultados de las mediciones de la barrera térmica con respecto a un salón que no posee este elemento diferencial, y con esta comparación analizar la efectividad de esta propuesta. Para obtener los datos y realizar su posterior análisis, se hace uso del medidor de temperatura y humedad de la marca Fluke. Además se obtienen los valores de temperatura en la puerta trasera del salón, para recomendar algún tipo de material aislante para que sea colocado en las puertas, todo esto con el objetivo de mejorar las condiciones de confort térmico dentro del salón objeto de estudio y que utilice la barrera térmica de protección.

Abstract Bamboos are abundant and versatile, hence their growing interest throughout the world in a variety of uses, however, there is little technical information on the anatomy and physical properties that are important to further expand and diversify its uses. For them, the objective was to characterize the anatomy and variation in the axial direction of the physical properties of the three bamboo species in the Madre de Dios region. For this, the bamboo species were collected: Bambusa vulgaris, Gigantochloa apus, and Guadua weberbaueri were through destructive methods, collecting three culms from different bushes and obtaining samples at different heights of the culm (base, intermediate and apex). The anatomy was performed at the base of the culm and the physical properties at the three axial positions. The results show that at the anatomical level, there is a difference between the three species mainly due to the vascular bundles, on the physical properties there was also a difference between species and the variation in the axial direction there was variation in the three positions, in addition, the grouping analysis showed that the species Bambusa vulgaris and Gigantochloa apu form a group due to their anatomical characteristics and physical properties, while Guadua weberbaueri was not grouped with either. Finally, the appropriate uses of the three bamboo species are directly related to their anatomy and physical properties, being key to their sustainable use in tropical forests.

Abstract Bamboo based agroforestry frameworks are one of the significant part to improve financial status, yearly pay of partners as well as climate cordial. In Ethiopia, bamboos are established on the waterway bank and territory region to safeguard the streams from various defilement and soil protection. Bamboos reaping can remunerate the financial misfortunes of agrarian yield because of water shortage. Bamboos are great soil fastener because of presence of stringy root foundation and subsequently assume a significant part in soil and water protection. It has the potential for compelling carbon sequestration, subsequently assisting in countering the emanation of ozone harming substances, a worldwide temperature alteration and environment with changing. It additionally brings down the power of light and shields from destructive UV radiations. Planting of bamboo lines in east-west bearing diminishes conceal impact, in this way decline the dirt and air temperature and sun oriented radiation, which straightforwardly impact the dirt water vanishing and moistness. Leaves of bamboo were used as fodder, for animals. So bamboo based agroforestry plantations can be grown extensively in river bank and terrain areas of Ethiopia to boost the socio-economic conditions of farmers and ecological sustainability. Here, we reviewed the potential socioeconomic and environmental benefits of bamboo agroforestry and accentuate implications on sustainable rural development in Ethiopia.

Resumen Los marcos agroforestales basados en bambú son una de las partes importantes para mejorar la situación financiera, el salario anual de los socios y el clima cordial. En Etiopía, se establecen bambúes en las orillas de los cursos de agua y en la región del territorio para proteger los arroyos de diversas contaminaciones y proteger el suelo. La cosecha de bambú puede compensar las desgracias financieras del rendimiento agrario debido a la escasez de agua. Los bambúes son excelentes fijadores del suelo debido a la presencia de raíces fibrosas y, por lo tanto, desempeñan un papel importante en la protección del suelo y el agua. Tiene el potencial de obligar al secuestro de carbono, lo que posteriormente ayuda a contrarrestar la emanación de sustancias dañinas para la capa de ozono, una alteración global de la temperatura y el medio ambiente con cambios. También reduce la potencia de la luz y protege de las radiaciones ultravioleta destructivas. La plantación de líneas de bambú en dirección este-oeste disminuye el impacto oculto, por lo que disminuye la temperatura del suelo y del aire y la radiación solar, que impactan directamente en la desaparición del agua y la humedad. Las hojas de bambú se utilizaban como forraje para los animales. Por lo tanto, las plantaciones agroforestales a base de bambú se pueden cultivar extensivamente en las riberas de los ríos y en las zonas terrestres de Etiopía para mejorar las condiciones socioeconómicas de los agricultores y la sostenibilidad ecológica. Aquí, revisamos los posibles beneficios socioeconómicos y ambientales de la agrosilvicultura de bambú y acentuamos las implicaciones para el desarrollo rural sostenible en Etiopía.

Resumo Buscar alternativas sustentáveis para diversificar a matriz energética tornou-se uma meta a ser alcançada por todas as nações. A biomassa de bambu pode ser uma dessas alternativas por ser uma fonte de energia neutra em CO2 com a possibilidade de uso como combustível na forma sólida, líquida ou gasosa. Neste estudo objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da idade de 12 e 7 anos nas propriedades químicas e energéticas de colmos de Dendrocalamus giganteus. Para isso, foram determinados os teores de extrativos totais, de lignina, de materiais voláteis, de cinzas e de carbono fixo, além da densidade básica, poder calorífico superior e densidade energética dos colmos. Também foram realizadas as avaliações de rendimento gravimétrico do carvão vegetal e do licor pirolenhoso produzidos a partir da carbonização do material. Os bambus com 12 e 7 anos de idade apresentaram boas propriedades químicas para fins energéticos. Os valores de teor de lignina, materiais voláteis, carbono fixo e cinzas foram semelhantes entre as idades. Entretanto, o poder calorífico líquido, densidade energética, rendimento gravimétrico do carvão vegetal e ácido pirolenhoso aumentaram com o aumento da idade, e os maiores valores foram verificados para os colmos com 12 anos. A espécie Dendrocalamus giganteus apresentou propriedades físico-químicas e energéticas, e atendem aos critérios de qualidade esperados para o aproveitamento dessa biomassa para produção de energia térmica. tornouse tornou se nações CO sólida gasosa objetivouse objetivou 1 isso totais lignina voláteis básica material energéticos idades Entretanto líquido físicoquímicas físico térmica

Abstract Seeking sustainable alternatives to diversify the energy matrix has become a goal to be achieved by all nations. Bambo biomass can be one of these alternatives because it is a CO2-neutral energy source with the possibility of use as a fuel in solid, liquid or gaseous form. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of age of 12 and 7 years on the chemical and energetic properties of Dendrocalamus giganteus stems. For this, the contents of total extractives, lignin, volatile materials, ash and fixed carbon were determined, in addition to the basic density, higher calorific value and energy density of the stems. Evaluations of gravimetric yield of charcoal and pirolenhoso liquor produced from the carbonization of the material were also performed. Bamboos aged 7 and 12 years showed good chemical properties for energy purposes. The values of lignin content, volatile materials, fixed carbon and ash were similar between ages. However, the net calorific value, energy density, gravimetric yield of charcoal and pyroligneous acid expanded/rose with increasing age, and the highest values were found in 12-year-old colm. The species Dendrocalamus giganteus presented physical-chemical and energetic properties and they meet the expected quality criteria for the use of this biomass to generate thermal energy. nations CO2neutral COneutral CO2 neutral CO solid form 1 stems extractives materials determined performed purposes content ages However expandedrose expanded rose 12yearold yearold year old colm physicalchemical physical

RESUMEN La subfamilia Bambusoideae comprende tres tribus monofiléticas, Arundinarieae, Bambuseae y Olyreae. Aquí reportamos el número gamético y el comportamiento meiótico de los cromosomas de dos especies pertenecientes a la tribu Olyreae de bambúes herbáceos, Olyra latifolia y Olyra humilis. Las introducciones se recolectaron en la provincia de Misiones, en el noreste argentino. Reportamos un nuevo número gamético para O. humilis, n=18, y confirmamos n=11 para O. latifolia. Los números cromosómicos básicos y gaméticos son importantes para comprender la evolución de la familia Poaceae, especialmente para delimitar sus clados y las relaciones existentes entre ellos, por lo que es necesario continuar produciendo este tipo de datos.

ABSTRACT The subfamily Bambusoideae comprises three monophyletic tribes, Arundinarieae, Bambuseae and Olyreae. Here we report the gametic number and the chromosomal meiotic behavior of two species belonging to the herbaceous tribe Olyreae, Olyra latifolia and Olyrahumilis. Accessions were collected in Misiones, at Northeastern Argentina. We report a new gametic number for O. humilis, n=18, and we confirmed n=11 for O. latifolia. Chromosomal features, like the basic and gametic chromosome number, are important in understanding the evolution of the Poaceae family, especially in delimiting clades and elucidate inter andintra-clades relationships, and therefore it is necessary to continue producing this type of data.

ABSTRACT Eremitis is one of the three genera of the subtribe Parianinae (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Olyreae) and is restricted to the Atlantic Forest in eastern Brazil. Eremitis aemula, herein described and illustrated, is microendemic to the Alto Cariri State Park, located in the Baixo Jequitinhonha region, an area considered to be extremely important for conservation of the flora in the state of Minas Gerais. This new species is morphologically similar to Eremitis jardimii and E. robusta. However, E. aemula is differentiated from both species mainly by its longer decumbent culms (47-50 cm long vs. 22-25 cm and (15-)25-28 cm, respectively) with shorter inflorescences (4.5-5 cm long vs. 5.5-6 cm and 6-6.5 cm, respectively), and by its leaf blades with rounded base (vs. attenuate in E. jardimii and E. robusta). The total number of bamboos in Minas Gerais thereby rises to 79 species with 16 endemic to the state, reinforcing the fact that the Baixo Jequitinhonha is of extreme importance to the conservation of the Minas Gerais flora.

SUMMARY Background and aims: In Argentina, the genus Bambusa comprises nine introduced taxa, of which the most cultivated are B. multiplex, B. tuldoides and B. vulgaris cv. vittata. Bambusa plants are characterized by non-seasonal blooms, after long and variable vegetative periods. The study of the foliage leaf anatomy of woody bamboos is thus usefulness in the taxonomy of Bambusoideae. In order to characterize each species, the micromorphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of foliage leaf blades are studied. M&M: With the aid of optical, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy, the anatomy of foliage leaf blades of the three species are analysed. Qualitative and quantitative parameters of transverse and longitudinal sections and dissociated material are documented. Results: The dimensions of the leaf blade showed significant differences between the three species of Bambusa studied. The micromorphology of the foliage leaf blade surface exhibits differential characters between the abaxial and adaxial epidermis between species, such as the presence or absence of microhairs, macrohairs and prickles; silica cell type; degree of cohesion and number of papillae surrounding the stomatal apparatus. The dimensions and characteristics of the fusoid cells and fibers show differences between the species, as well as the micrometric parameters as seen in cross sections. Conclusions: The morphoanatomical features allows the characterization of the Bambusa species studied.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: En Argentina, el género Bambusa está representado por nueve taxones introducidos, de los cuales los más cultivados son B. multiplex, B. tuldoides y B. vulgaris cv. vittata. Los representantes del género se caracterizan por tener floraciones no estacionales, luego de largos y variables períodos vegetativos. El estudio de la anatomía foliar de bambúes leñosos resulta de utilidad para la diferenciación de especies. Con el fin de caracterizar cada entidad, se estudia la micromorfología, anatomía y ultraestructura de sus hojas de follaje. M&M: Mediante microscopía óptica, electrónica de barrido y de transmisión se analizan los caracteres de los tipos celulares y de la estructura interna de las hojas de follaje de las tres especies. Se registran parámetros cualitativos y cuantitativos de cortes transversales y longitudinales y disociados de cada una de las especies. Resultados: Las dimensiones de la lámina de la hoja mostraron diferencias significativas entre las tres especies de Bambusa estudiadas. La micromorfología de la superficie foliar exhibe caracteres diferenciales entre la epidermis abaxial y adaxial de cada especie y entre especies: presencia o ausencia de micropelos, macropelos y aguijones; tipo de células silíceas; grado de cohesión y número de papilas que rodean a los estomas. Las dimensiones y características de las células fusoides y fibras muestran diferencias entre las especies, al igual que los parámetros micrométricos registrados sobre los cortes transversales de las hojas. Conclusión: Los caracteres morfo-anatómicos en conjunto con aquellos morfológicos permiten la caracterización de las especies de Bambusa estudiadas.

Resumen Antecedentes: La floración esporádica puede influenciar la estructura genética de las poblaciones. Los bambúes presentan patrones de floración esporádica o gregaria. En este estudio analizamos la diversidad genética de tres especies de Guadua con diferentes patrones de floración distribuidos en la Vertiente del Golfo de México. Preguntas: 1) ¿Están las tres especies de Guadua (G. inermis, G. amplexifolia y G. tuxtlensis) genéticamente diferenciadas? 2) ¿Presenta G. inermis bajos niveles de diversidad genética? 3) ¿Cuál es la contribución relativa de los factores geográficos y ambientales en la estructura genética de G. inermis? Especies de estudio: G. amplexifolia, Guadua inermis y G. tuxtlensis. Sitio y años de estudio: En 2014 y 2015, colectamos muestras de G. inermis en Puebla y sureste de México; G. amplexifolia en Veracruz y Oaxaca, y G. tuxtlensis en el sureste de Veracruz. Métodos: Amplificamos exitosamente cinco marcadores SSR de un total de nueve y genotipificamos 155 muestras. Resultados: Las tres especies analizadas están genéticamente diferenciadas. G. inermis presentó altos niveles de diversidad genética, y superiores a otras especies de monocotiledóneas. Los niveles de diferenciación genética fueron altos y se detectaron tres grupos: norte, sur y centro. Encontramos una asociación significativa entre las distancias genéticas con la temperatura máxima del mes más caliente, pero no con la distancia geográfica. Conclusiones: Nuestro trabajo es el primer estudio que evalúa los niveles de diversidad genética en bambúes mexicanos y confirma su identidad taxonómica. G. inermis tiene una estructura genética alta, incluso cuando las poblaciones están cerca geográficamente.

Abstract Background: Sporadic flowering contributes significantly to genetic diversity and connectivity among populations. Woody bamboos present sporadic or gregarious flowering patterns with long flowering cycles. In this study, we analyze the genetic diversity of three Guadua species distributed along the Gulf of Mexico slope that have different patterns of flowering. Questions: (1) Are the three Guadua species genetically differentiated? (2) Does the vulnerable species G. inermis have low levels of genetic diversity? (3) What is the relative contribution of geographic and environmental factors to the genetic structure of G. inermis? Species studied: G. amplexifolia, Guadua inermis and G. tuxtlensis. Study site and dates: During 2014 and 2015, we collected samples of G. inermis in Puebla and southeastern Mexico, G. amplexifolia in Veracruz and Oaxaca, and G. tuxtlensis in southern Veracruz. Methods: We successfully amplified five of nine SSR markers, and genotyped a total of 155 samples. Results: The three Guadua species were genetically differentiated. For G. inermis, we found high levels of population genetic diversity, which are relatively higher than those of other monocot species. Genetic differentiation was high and three groups were detected: north, central and south. We found a significant association between genetic distances and the maximum temperature of the warmest month, but not with geographic distance. Conclusions: Our study is the first to analyze levels of genetic diversity in Mexican bamboos and confirms their taxonomic identity. G. inermis has a strong genetic structure, even when populations are geographically close.

ABSTRACT There is a knowledge gap regarding the influence of bamboos on natural regeneration. This study evaluated how abundance, richness, dominance, evenness, diversity of the seed bank and biotic and abiotic factors (e.g., canopy opening, herbaceous cover, and litter thickness), differ between bamboo dominated (B) and non-dominated (NB) areas. The study was conducted in a fragment of Semideciduous Seasonal Forest surrounded by an agricultural landscape. Soil samples were taken at 20 points in each area at two time periods, to evaluate the seed bank. The results show that diversity and structural parameters of the seed bank differ between areas and time periods. There was higher abundance and richness of seedlings of herbaceous ruderal species in area B and a greater abundance of seedlings of arboreal species in area NB. Sampling points in the bamboo dominated area had greater canopy openings and greater cover by herbaceous species, facilitating the establishment of individuals belonging to the families Poaceae and Cyperaceae, which could have competitive advantages over other species of the regenerating community. Considering that bamboo can affect the seed bank, long-term studies are needed to understand successional dynamics and evaluate suitable management actions to conserve the diversity in remaining forests.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los bambúes leñosos neotropicales (NWB) pertenecen al clado nativo de América. Taxonómicamente los NWB se clasifican en tres subtribus: Arthrostylidiinae, Chusqueinae, y Guaduinae. Estos bambúes se distribuyen desde el norte de México y las Indias occidentales hasta el Sur - Centro de Chile y Argentina, y desde el nivel del mar hasta por encima de los 4,000 m. El tratamiento más completo de la diversidad y clasificación de los NWB fue publicado hace 20 años y el conocimiento de los NWB se ha incrementado desde entonces. Preguntas y/o Hipótesis: ¿Cuánto ha cambiado nuestro conocimiento de la diversidad, distribución y clasificación de los bambúes leñosos neotropicales en los últimos 20 años? Resultados: En en este estudio se realiza una revisión del estado actual de los bambúes leñosos neotropicales y se provee 1) nuevas claves morfológicas (inglés y español) y una descripción sinóptica a nivel de géneros; 2) una lista completa y actualizada de las especies; y 3) un análisis de la biodiversidad por país y tipo de hábitat. La diversidad total de los bambúes leñosos neotropicales actualmente es de 446 especies y 23 géneros. En este siglo 21, se han descrito 103 especies y 5 nuevos géneros. Conclusiones: Las especies y géneros nuevos descritos desde el 2000 han producido un incremento en la riqueza del 29.5 % y un incremento neto a nivel genérico del 26.3 %. Esta nueva revisión será útil para los taxónomos, ecólogos, biólogos de la conservación y otros que trabajen con bambúes leñosos en el Neotrópico.

Abstract Background: The Neotropical woody bamboos (NWB) comprise a clade native to the Western Hemisphere. Taxonomically the NWB are classified into three subtribes: Arthrostylidiinae, Chusqueinae, and Guaduinae. These woody bamboos are distributed from northern Mexico and the West Indies to south-central Chile and Argentina and from sea level to over 4,000 m in elevation. The most recent comprehensive treatment of the diversity and classification of NWB was published just over 20 years ago, and knowledge of the NWB has greatly increased in the interim. Questions and / or Hypotheses: How much has our knowledge of Neotropical woody bamboo diversity, distribution and classification changed in the last 20 years? Results: The present work reviews the current state of Neotropical woody bamboo taxonomy and provides 1) new morphological keys (in English and Spanish) to and synoptic descriptions of the NWB genera; 2) an updated comprehensive species list; and 3) a biodiversity analysis by country and habitat type. Neotropical woody bamboo diversity presently totals 446 species in 23 genera. In the 21st century, 103 new species and five genera of NWB have been described. Conclusions: The new species and genera described since 2000 have produced an increase in species richness of 29.5 % and a net increase in generic richness of 26.3 %. This new review will be useful for systematists, ecologists, conservation biologists and others working with woody bamboos in the Neotropics.

ABSTRACT Although karyotype features are useful data for evolutionary studies, cytogenetic data in Bambusoideae are mainly based only on chromosome counts. The first comparative cytogenetic analysis of three Neotropical woody bamboo species - Guadua chacoensis, G. angustifolia and Chusquea tenella - was undertaken based on new and reviewed chromosome counts, CMA/DAPI double staining, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with 35S and 5S rDNA probes, and genome size estimation. The two species of Guadua were found to have 2n = 46 chromosomes, while the first record for C. tenella was 2n = 44. Only one pair of CMA+/DAPI- was detected on the terminal region of metacentric chromosomes in all three species. Likewise, one pair of 5S and 35S rDNA sites was detected in all three species, with the 35S rDNA sites always collocated with the CMA+ bands. Genome sizes ranged from 2C ≈ 3.99 pg for the species of Guadua, to 2C = 4.77 pg for C. tenella. Considering the Miocene origin of Neotropical woody bamboos, the observed karyotype stability suggests that the analyzed species are diploidized paleopolyploids. The results reveal the conservative cytomolecular organization of Neotropical woody bamboo karyotypes, which helps to improve our understanding of the evolution of this group.

Resumen Guerreiro, C. & Z. Rúgolo. 2020. Un evento de floración en el género Chusquea (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae). Darwiniana, nueva serie 8(2): 576-582. La floración de los bambúes leñosos es un fenómeno intrigante. El registro de un evento de floración proporciona información valiosa sobre los ciclos de vida de las especies. Chusquea argentina es una especie endémica de los bosques andino-patagónicos de la Argentina y Chile. Este reporte tiene por finalidad dar a conocer un evento de floración de C. argentina ocurrido en el noroeste de la Patagonia Argentina. Se presenta un mapa de la zona en el cual se indican los sitios de floración y fotografías de la entidad que incluyen detalles de su floración. Los efectos epidemiológicos de la floración de C. argentina se toman en consideración.

Abstract Guerreiro, C. & Z. Rúgolo. 2020. A flowering event of the genus Chusquea (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae). Darwiniana, nueva serie 8(2): 576-582. Flowering in woody bamboos is an intriguing phenomenon. Documenting a flowering event provides valuable information about bamboo life cycles. Chusquea argentina is a species endemic to the Andean Patagonian beech forests of Argentina and Chile. We here report a flowering event of C. argentina in northwestern Argentinean Patagonia. We provide a map of the area indicating flowering sites. Photographs showing details of the flowering event are presented. The epidemiological effects of the flowering of C. argentina are taken into consideration.