Abstract This research evaluated the flexo-compression behavior in the rigidity of the beam-pillar connection with the use of bamboo armor of the species bamboo vulgaris as an alternative replacement to conventional steel reinforcement, in the expectation of using an alternative material with ecological biases. They have manufactured reinforced concrete pillars of length 1,600 mm and cross-sections (140 x 140) mm² and (140 x 310) mm² were made, respectively, in the internal stretch and at the ends of the pillar, simulating the beam-pillar connection. The pillars had as their only variable the longitudinal reinforcement rate, of 1.03% for the conventional pillar, of 2.14%, 3.21% and 4.29% for the pillars with the bamboo. The results regarding the resistant capacity showed that the pillar with the bamboo rate of 4.29%, that is, with the reinforcement area four times the steel area, presented similar behavior to the pillar with conventional reinforcement and had the lowest ductility index, considerably reducing the propagation of cracks. And the theoretical estimates showed variability of only 9%. Thus, bamboo, with an adequate rate and adhesion, revealed a technically viable and sustainable alternative to steel in the manufacture of reinforced concrete structural elements. flexocompression flexo compression beampillar beam biases 1600 1 600 1,60 crosssections cross sections 140 (14 310 made respectively 103 03 1.03 214 2 14 2.14% 321 3 21 3.21 429 4 29 4.29 is index cracks 9 9% Thus adhesion elements 160 60 1,6 (1 31 10 0 1.0 2.14 32 3.2 42 4.2 16 6 1, ( 1. 2.1 3. 4. 2.

Resumo Esta pesquisa avaliou o comportamento de flexocompressão na rigidez da conexão viga-pilar com o uso de armadura de bambu da espécie Bambusa vulgaris como alternativa de substituição à armadura convencional de aço, na expectativa de utilizar um material com viés ecológico. Foram confeccionados 4 pilares de concreto armado de comprimento 1.600 mm e de seções transversais de 140x140 mm² e de 140x310 mm² no trecho interno e nas extremidades do pilar respectivamente, simulando a conexão viga-pilar. Os pilares tinham como única variável a taxa de armadura longitudinal, de 1,03% para o pilar convencional, de 2,14%, 3,21% e 4,29% para os pilares com o bambu. Os resultados quanto à capacidade resistente mostraram que o pilar com a taxa de bambu de 4,29%, ou seja, com a área de armadura quatro vezes a área do aço, apresentou comportamento similar ao pilar com armadura convencional e teve o menor índice de ductilidade, reduzindo consideravelmente a propagação das fissuras. As estimativas teóricas apresentaram variabilidade de apenas 9%. Assim, o bambu, com taxa e aderência adequadas, revelou-se uma alternativa tecnicamente viável e sustentável ao aço na fabricação de elementos estruturais de concreto armado. vigapilar viga ecológico 1600 1 600 1.60 x 140x14 140x31 respectivamente vigapilar. pilar. longitudinal 103 03 1,03 214 2 14 2,14% 321 3 21 3,21 429 29 4,29 seja ductilidade fissuras 9 9% Assim adequadas revelouse revelou se 160 60 1.6 140x1 140x3 10 0 1,0 2,14 32 3,2 42 4,2 16 6 1. 140x 1, 2,1 3, 4, 2,

Abstract To determine the species composition, relative abundance and seasonal variation of different mosquitoes Genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex, and Culiseta) in different habitats the present research work was carried out in Entomology Research Laboratory of The University of Peshawar. Sampling performed from variety of permanent and temporary breeding habitats was carried out on monthly basis from targeted breeding sites for two consecutive years through dipping method. Species diversity in the survey sites was noted. Collection from these seventeen various types of potential larval habitats, yielded a total of 42,430 immature constituting 41,556 larvae and 874 pupae. Among these only 19,651 adult mosquitoes emerged comprising 11,512 female and 8,139 male mosquitoes. 78% (n= 15333) of mosquito larvae were from permanent and 22% (n=4318) were from temporary breeding sites. This study showed that Peshawar valley harbours 15 species from the genera Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex and Culiseta. When the density of each species was examined, Culex quinquifasciatus was found to be dominant (79%) and constant in distribution. Among the temporary habitats Aedes albopictus was found as the most prevalent species particularly from tree holes and water cisterns. The highest intensity of mosquitoes was in June (2243 emerged adults) and November (2667 emerged adults) while the lowest was in January (203 emerged adults). A perfect positive correlation (r = +0.8) was found between temperature and population of mosquitoes (df 10 and α 0.05). The species diversity index for mosquitoes remained between 0.12 and 1.76. The Margalef’s richness components was noticeably low for bamboo traps (0.2) and fairly high for rice fields, Percolating water and Animal tracks (1.3) which shows the abundance of mosquito species in these habitats. Similarly Pielou’s Evenness was highest for bamboo traps (E=1) showing species uniform distribution. Animal tracks were presumed not only the diverse habitat rather also possessed high value for species richness and species evenness. Temperature, rainfall, humidity and other related attributes responsible for species variation and abundance need to be analysed further to pave way for controlling vector species in their oviposition targeted sites. composition (Aedes Anopheles Armigeres Culiseta method noted 42430 42 430 42,43 41556 41 556 41,55 87 pupae 19651 19 651 19,65 11512 11 512 11,51 8139 8 139 8,13 78 n= n (n 15333 22 n=4318 n4318 4318 (n=4318 1 examined 79% 79 (79% distribution cisterns 2243 (224 adults 2667 (266 203 (20 adults. . r +0.8 08 0 df 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) 012 12 0.1 176 76 1.76 Margalefs Margalef s 0.2 02 2 (0.2 fields 1.3 13 3 (1.3 Pielous Pielou E=1 E1 E (E=1 evenness Temperature rainfall 4243 4 43 42,4 4155 55 41,5 1965 65 19,6 1151 51 11,5 813 8,1 7 1533 n=431 n431 431 (n=431 (79 224 (22 266 (26 20 (2 +0. 00 0.0 01 0. 17 1.7 (0. 1. (1. E= (E= 424 42, 415 5 41, 196 6 19, 115 11, 81 8, 153 n=43 n43 (n=43 (7 26 ( +0 (0 (1 (E n=4 n4 (n=4 +

Resumo Para determinar a composição de espécies, abundância relativa e variação sazonal de diferentes gêneros de mosquitos (Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex e Culiseta) em diferentes habitats, o presente trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Entomologia da Universidade de Peshawar. A amostragem coletada a partir de uma variedade de habitats de reprodução permanentes e temporários foi realizada mensalmente a partir de locais de reprodução alvo por 2 anos consecutivos através do método de imersão. A diversidade de espécies nos locais de pesquisa foi anotada. A coleta desses 17 tipos diferentes de habitats larvais potenciais rendeu um total de 42.430 imaturos, constituindo 41.556 larvas e 874 pupas. Destes, emergiram apenas 19.651 mosquitos adultos, sendo 11.512 fêmeas e 8.139 machos. 78% (n = 15333) das larvas do mosquito eram de criadouros permanentes e 22% (n = 4318) de criadouros temporários. Este estudo mostrou que o vale de Peshawar abriga 15 espécies dos gêneros Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex e Culiseta. Quando a densidade de cada espécie foi examinada, Culex quinquifasciatus foi considerado dominante (79%) e constante na distribuição. Entre os habitats temporários, o Aedes albopictus foi encontrado como a espécie mais prevalente, principalmente em ocos de árvores e cisternas de água. A maior intensidade de mosquitos foi em junho (2.243 adultos emergidos) e novembro (2.667 adultos emergidos), enquanto a menor foi em janeiro (203 adultos emergidos). Uma correlação positiva perfeita (r = +0,8) foi encontrada entre temperatura e população de mosquitos (DF 10 e α 0,05). O índice de diversidade de espécies de mosquitos permaneceu entre 0,12 e 1,76. Os componentes de riqueza de Margalef foram visivelmente baixos para armadilhas de bambu (0,2) e razoavelmente altos para campos de arroz, água percolada e rastros de animais (1,3), o que mostra a abundância de espécies de mosquitos nesses habitats. Da mesma forma, a uniformidade de Pielou foi maior para armadilhas de bambu (E = 1), mostrando distribuição uniforme das espécies. As pegadas de animais foram presumidas não apenas como habitat diverso, mas também possuíam alto valor para riqueza e uniformidade de espécies. Temperatura, chuva, umidade e outros atributos relacionados responsáveis pela variação e abundância das espécies precisam ser analisados mais a fundo para abrir caminho para o controle de espécies de vetores em seus locais de oviposição alvo. (Aedes Anopheles Armigeres Culiseta imersão anotada 1 42430 42 430 42.43 imaturos 41556 41 556 41.55 87 pupas Destes 19651 19 651 19.65 11512 11 512 11.51 8139 8 139 8.13 machos 78 n 15333 22 4318 examinada 79% 79 (79% prevalente 2.243 2243 243 (2.24 emergidos 2.667 2667 667 (2.66 emergidos, , 203 (20 emergidos. . r +0,8 08 0 DF 0,05. 005 0,05 05 0,05) 012 12 0,1 176 76 1,76 0,2 02 (0,2 arroz 1,3, 13 1,3 3 (1,3) forma E 1, 1) diverso Temperatura chuva 4243 4 43 42.4 4155 55 41.5 1965 65 19.6 1151 51 11.5 813 8.1 7 1533 431 (79 2.24 224 24 (2.2 2.66 266 66 (2.6 20 (2 +0, 00 0,0 01 0, 1,7 (0, (1,3 424 42. 415 5 41. 196 6 19. 115 11. 81 8. 153 (7 2.2 (2. 2.6 26 ( +0 (0 (1, 2. + (1

The developed novel Nanoclay (NC) filled bamboo fibre (BF) /glass fibre (GF) reinforced unsaturated polyester (USP) hybrid composites were subjected to static and dynamic mechanical studies. Effect of NC on mechanical properties of the neat and NC filled BF/GF hybrid composites were tested in accordance with the ASTM standards. Dynamic mechanical analysis was performed on the composites to evaluate their viscoelastic properties like, storage modulus (E’), loss modulus (E”) and damping factor (Tanδ). Outcomes of the mechanical results revealed that, NC filled BF/GF-USP hybrid composites showed superior mechanical performance over the neat hybrid composites particularly 5 wt.% NC filled BF/GF hybrid composite (HC4) outperformed other composites. From the dynamic mechanical it was found that the addition of NC filler in the hybrid composites enhanced the E’, E” and glass transition temperature (Tg). Fractured specimens of the hybrid composites were examined using Field emission electron microscope (FESEM). Matrix fracture, micro-cracks, fibre pullouts, stretching of fibres and delamination of the fibre layers were significantly noted in the fractography analysis. Therefore, from the obtained results, NC filled BF/GF USP hybrid nanocomposites can be employed for automotive applications. (NC BF (BF GF (GF (USP studies BFGF standards like E, E , (E’) (E” Tanδ. Tanδ . (Tanδ) BF/GFUSP BFGFUSP wt wt. HC4 HC (HC4 E’ Tg. Tg (Tg) FESEM. FESEM (FESEM) fracture microcracks, microcracks micro cracks, cracks micro-cracks pullouts Therefore applications (E’ (E (Tanδ GFUSP (HC (Tg (FESEM

ABSTRACT The environmental conditions of Mexico allow the presence of several species of bamboo, where commercial uses have diversified due to their rapid growth and characteristics. The Mexican Guaduas are specimens with exemplary structural characteristics, however, there is no cartographic information in Mexico that allows locating and sizing the areas where bamboo species are located or can be located, which restricts decision making for commercial forest plantations. Therefore, it is intended to determine the probability of occurrence of the 7 species of this genus of bamboo, based on the maximum entropy approach and three arrangements of 21 environmental variables, for which 478 presence records were used. All generated models defined a good fit with the training data, with an AUC value greater than 0.90. It was found that the niche distribution of Guadua mexicana species is mainly influenced by altitude (ELEV), so they are found in areas close to coastal regions. Likewise, in defining the distribution of this genus, annual precipitation (BIO12), evapotranspiration (ETP) and average annual temperature (BIO1) stood out. This was independent of the three arrangements of environmental variables that were tested. characteristics however plantations Therefore 2 47 used data 090 0 90 0.90 ELEV, ELEV , (ELEV) regions Likewise BIO12, BIO12 BIO (BIO12) ETP (ETP BIO1 (BIO1 out tested 4 09 9 0.9 (ELEV (BIO12 (BIO 0.

RESUMO As condições ambientais do México permitem a presença de várias espécies de bambu, onde, devido ao seu rápido crescimento e características, os usos comerciais se diversificaram. As Guaduas mexicanas são exemplares com características estruturais exemplares, porém não há informações cartográficas no México que permitam localizar e dimensionar as áreas onde estão ou podem estar localizadas espécies de bambu, o que restringe a tomada de decisão para plantações florestais comerciais. Portanto, pretende-se determinar a probabilidade de ocorrência das 7 espécies deste gênero de bambu, com base na abordagem de máxima entropia e três arranjos de 21 variáveis ambientais, para as quais foram utilizados 478 registros de presença. Todos os modelos gerados definiram um bom ajuste com os dados de treinamento, com um valor de AUC maior que 0,90. Verificou-se que a distribuição de nicho das espécies mexicanas de Guadua é influenciada principalmente pela altitude (ELEV), por isso são encontradas em áreas próximas às regiões costeiras. Da mesma forma, a precipitação anual (BIO12) destacou-se na definição da distribuição deste gênero, assim como a evapotranspiração (ETP) e a temperatura média anual (BIO1). Isso foi independente dos três arranjos de variáveis ambientais que foram testados. bambu diversificaram Portanto pretendese pretende 2 47 treinamento 090 0 90 0,90 Verificouse Verificou ELEV, ELEV , (ELEV) costeiras forma BIO12 BIO (BIO12 destacouse destacou ETP (ETP BIO1. BIO1 . (BIO1) testados 4 09 9 0,9 (ELEV (BIO1 0, (BIO

ABSTRACT Background: Bamboo species have a high potential to produce biomass and stock carbon. However, biometric tools are not available to estimate biomass production for most giant bamboo taxa. The aim was to develop an additive equation system to estimate the aboveground biomass by structural component and the total of the three bamboo species. Destructive sampling was applied, and a sample of 101 mature bamboo specimens was collected. The nonlinear power allometric model was used to integrate two additive equations systems, which were formed by the structural components of biomass: culm, branches and leaves as well as aboveground biomass total. The predictor variables were: diameter at breast height (D) for the S1 system, and D in combination with the total height (D2H) for the S2 system. Results: It was determined that the SUR method in combination with the dummy variables technique and the correction of heteroscedasticity is an adequate fit strategy. Given that the additivity property is fulfilled, specific values of the parameters of each system and by taxon are identified. In addition, the variance of the error stabilizes. The aboveground biomass of the culm constitutes 86.40%, 90.48%, and 93.94% for Bambusa oldhamii Munro, Guadua aculeata Rupr., and Guadua angustifolia Kunth, respectively. The S1 system was selected, and its statistics regarding the total aboveground biomass were 0.92, 4.9 kg, -0.35 kg, and 0.05 for the fit statistics R 2 adj , RMSE, S, and E, respectively. Conclusion: This biometric tool will easier to carry out aboveground biomass inventories, as well as to infer the carbon content and CO2 equivalent at the specimen level. Background However taxa applied 10 collected systems (D S D2H DH H (D2H Results strategy fulfilled identified addition stabilizes 8640 86 40 86.40% 9048 90 48 90.48% 9394 93 94 93.94 Munro Rupr Rupr. Kunth respectively selected 092 0 92 0.92 49 4 9 4. kg 0.35 035 35 -0.3 005 05 0.0 RMSE E Conclusion inventories CO level 1 864 8 86.40 904 90.48 939 93.9 09 0.9 0.3 03 3 -0. 00 0. 86.4 90.4 93. -0 86. 90. -

Steel and cement production emits CO2, spurring research for alternatives. Concrete materials are studied for shortages and enhancement. Construction, especially steel structures, will grow, but costs and shortages loom. Developing countries face steel scarcity and higher costs. Researchers explore natural or synthetic fiber replacements for steel, with bamboo showing promise. This study examines bamboo, with and without epoxy coating, as a steel substitute. Bamboo can replace steel in small or non-critical structures. The article explores bamboo's properties and behavior in reinforced concrete. Treating bamboo is vital for bond strength and flexural behavior under static loads. Three coatings are tested: natural, epoxy-coated, and epoxy with sand-coated bamboo. Twelve slab specimens are tested per Indian standards against steel-reinforced concrete slabs. The study evaluates bond strength, flexural behavior, and crack resistance using ultrasonic pulse velocity tests. Epoxy and sand-coated bamboo show significant improvement in bond strength, flexural performance, and concrete quality. CO2 CO alternatives enhancement Construction structures grow loom promise coating substitute noncritical non critical bamboos s loads epoxycoated, epoxycoated coated, coated epoxy-coated sandcoated sand steelreinforced slabs tests performance quality

ABSTRACT This study investigates the feasibility of using concrete reinforced with a blend of coir and bamboo as a sustainable building material. Bamboo, known for its robust yet lightweight nature, serves as a natural reinforcement with high tensile strength, enhancing structural properties. Various lengths and diameters of bamboo reinforcements are coated with gloss enamel and black coal tar for durability is employed in this study. Coir is sourced from coconut husks and recognized for its strength and resilience in composite construction. The research explores the combined action of coir rope fibers and bamboo to improve tensile strength, flexural strength, and durability in concrete slabs. Twelve slabs are examined with featuring of conventional reinforcements, dried bamboo, gloss enamel-painted bamboo and black coal tar-coated bamboo with different diameters. The mechanical properties of concrete specimens are subjected to compressive force test according to IS 456:2000. While steel-reinforced slabs exhibit superior strength, it is noteworthy that 1.75% of black coal tar-coated bamboo reinforcement with coir rope performs comparably to traditional steel reinforcement in conventional concrete. material Bamboo nature construction enamelpainted painted tarcoated 4562000. 4562000 456 2000. 2000 456:2000 steelreinforced 175 1 75 1.75 456200 45 200 456:200 17 7 1.7 45620 4 20 456:20 1. 4562 2 456:2 456:

ABSTRACT The exploration of the potential of Amazonian species, such as Guadua weberbaueri, popularly known as bamboo, is verified in several segments. Having its great potential in the application for civil construction, it can still be maximized with the application of nanotechnology. The objective of this study is to verify the research on applications of Guadua weberbaueri bamboo fiber for civil construction in the last five years. Through four indexed databases of studies, applying to six descriptors, and cataloguing them, throughout their areas of exploration and year of affiliation, it was possible to weave the data and results obtained. These results pointed to 10 studies that used the species, and these studies were mostly in the area of characterization of biological or physicochemical properties and none corresponded to the area of civil construction. He also noticed that over the last five years, the curve of studies carried out has been increasing. Thus, there was a lack of exploration of the potential of both the Guadua weberbaueri species and its fiber as a structural component within civil engineering. segments nanotechnology years descriptors them affiliation obtained 1 increasing Thus engineering

RESUMO A exploração das potencialidades das espécies Amazônicas, como o Guadua weberbaueripopularmente conhecido como bambu, é verificada em diversos segmentos. Tendo seu grande potencial na aplicação para a construção civil, ainda pode ser maximizado com a aplicação da nanotecnologia. Este estudo tem como objetivo verificar as pesquisas de aplicações da fibra de bambu Guadua weberbaueri, para a construção civil, nos últimos cinco anos. Através de quatro bases de dados indexadas de estudos, aplicando para seis descritores, e os catalogando, ao longo de suas áreas de exploração e ano de vinculação, foi possível tecer os dados e resultados obtidos. Esses resultados apontaram para 10 estudos que utilizaram a espécie, sendo que esses estudos eram, majoritariamente, na área de caracterização das propriedades biológicas ou físico-químicas e nenhum corresponde à área de construção civil. Também percebeu que ao longo dos últimos cinco anos, a curva de estudos realizados é crescente. Assim, verificou-se a carência na exploração do potencial, tanto da espécie Guadua weberbaueri, como da sua fibra, como componente estrutural, dentro da engenharia civil. Amazônicas segmentos civil nanotecnologia weberbaueri anos descritores catalogando vinculação obtidos 1 eram majoritariamente físicoquímicas físico químicas crescente Assim verificouse verificou se estrutural

ABSTRACT Brazilian forestry laws do not provide specifications for the management of bamboo-dominated forests. This study aimed to characterize the bamboo population structure, its spatial distribution and the effects of shoot density on the diversity and density of dominant tree species in the southwest of the Amazon Rainforest. An inventory was carried out in forest with and without anthropogenic interference, and the height and diameter at breast height of the trees were measured, as well as the diametrical, vertical and spatial distribution of the shoots. The bamboo diametrical distribution presented an irregular behavior in the two areas under study and the vertical distribution behaved irregularly in the forest without anthropization, in an asymmetric negative way when compared to the forest that suffered anthropogenic disturbance. The bamboo spatial distribution did not show changes in its aggregate pattern between the studied environments, and its density did not present a significant correlation with the density and diversity of tree species. bamboodominated dominated forests structure Rainforest interference measured shoots anthropization disturbance environments

RESUMO As leis florestais brasileiras não fornecem especificações para o manejo de florestas dominadas por bambu. Objetivou-se caracterizar a estrutura populacional de bambu, sua distribuição espacial e os efeitos da densidade de brotos na diversidade e densidade de espécies arbóreas dominantes no sudoeste da Floresta Amazônica. Realizou-se inventário em floresta com e sem interferência antrópica e mediu-se a altura e o diâmetro à altura do peito das árvores, bem como a distribuição diametral, vertical e espacial dos brotos. A distribuição diametral do bambu apresentou comportamento irregular nas duas áreas em estudo e a distribuição vertical comportou-se de forma irregular na floresta sem antropização, de forma assimétrica negativa quando comparada à floresta que sofreu perturbação antrópica. A distribuição espacial do bambu não apresentou alterações em seu padrão de agregados entre os ambientes estudados, e sua densidade não apresentou correlação significativa com a densidade e diversidade de espécies arbóreas. Objetivouse Objetivou se Amazônica Realizouse Realizou mediuse mediu árvores comportouse comportou antropização estudados

Bergbambos is a temperate C3 bamboo grass genus, consisting of one species found mainly along southern African mountain ranges (Temperate Afromontane Region). We document here a new record of Bergbambos tessellata found in the Thabazimbi area along Hamerkop Street near the fence of an old nursery (non-functional). The specimen was identified at the National Herbarium (PRE) using a light microscope and compared with other herbarium specimens or materials, collected from other South African provinces. This discovery is accompanied by diagnostic features for precise species differentiation, as well as illustrations facilitating visual distinction. Notably, Bergbambos tessellata exhibits an unusual geographical range in the Waterberg Biosphere region within the valley. This discovery not only enriches our comprehension of bamboo dispersion dynamics but also engenders a heightened impetus for in-depth investigation into the various factors that underlie its restricted presence within this specific ecological niche. The documentation of this species therefore holds considerable importance in formulating effective conservation strategies and promoting sustainable management practices.

Resumen Antecedentes: El bajareque es una técnica de construcción en la que se utiliza un tejido hecho con bambú, cañas, varas, mimbres, agregados con diversos compuestos de tierra local, material vegetal y agua (lodo). En México, existe evidencia arqueológica y actual del uso del bajareque en la construcción de viviendas rurales. En el sitio arqueológico de Los Guachimontones, se ha documentado el uso del bajareque con una antigüedad de 2,400 a 1,500 años. Sin embargo, se desconoce la especie de bambú utilizada. Preguntas y/o Hipótesis: 1) ¿Cuáles especies de bambú de México se han utilizado en la construcción de viviendas rurales con la técnica del bajareque? 2) ¿Cuál especie de bambú probablemente se utilizó en la construcción de viviendas con la técnica del bajareque en la zona arqueológica de Los Guachimontones, Jalisco? Resultados: Nuestros resultados indican el uso de cinco especies de bambú (Guadua amplexifolia, G. paniculata, G. velutina, Otatea acuminata y O. fimbriata) en la construcción del bajareque. Es probable que la especie utilizada en la construcción de viviendas y estructuras cívico-ceremoniales en la zona arqueológica de Los Guachimontones sea Otatea acuminata. Conclusiones: En este estudio, evidenciamos que en México se han utilizado cinco especies de bambú en la construcción del bajareque. De estas, tres pertenecen al género Guadua y dos al género Otatea. Es muy probable que en Los Guachimontones se haya utilizado Otatea acuminata en la construcción de sus viviendas con la técnica del bajareque.

Abstract Background: Bajareque is a construction technique that utilizes a woven structure made of bamboo, reeds, rods, and wickers, combined with various compounds of local soil, plant material, and water (mud). In Mexico, there is archaeological and contemporary evidence of the use of bajareque in housing construction. At the Los Guachimontones archaeological site, the use of bajareque has been documented with an age ranging from 2,400 to 1,500 years. However, the species of bamboo used remains unknown. Questions and/or Hypotheses: 1) Which bamboo species from Mexico have been used in the construction of housing using the bajareque technique? 2) Which bamboo species is likely to have been used in the construction of housing using the bajareque technique at the Los Guachimontones archaeological site in Jalisco? Results: Our results indicate the use of five bamboo species (Guadua amplexifolia, G. paniculata, G. velutina, Otatea acuminata, and O. fimbriata) in bajareque construction. It is probable that the species used in the construction of housing and civic-ceremonial structures at the Los Guachimontones archaeological site is Otatea acuminata. Conclusions: In this study, we demonstrate that five bamboo species have been used in bajareque construction in Mexico. Of these five species, three belong to the Guadua genus and two to the Otatea genus. It is highly likely that Otatea acuminata was used in the construction of housing at the Los Guachimontones site using the bajareque technique.

Abstract The total height (Th) of bamboo culms is essential for inventories of volume, biomass, carbon stores, and products distribution. The high density of the canopy and the natural inclination of the upper part of the crown make its direct measurement of the field difficult. Allometric equations are a viable alternative to efficiently estimating the height as a function of the diameter at breast height (Dbh). The aim was to fit mathematical models Th-Dbh and select the best predictive capacity to estimate the Th of culms of Bambusa oldhamii Munro, Guadua aculeata Rupr. and Guadua angustifolia Kunth in the Northeastern Sierra of Puebla, Mexico. In the analysis, 101 pairs of Th-Dbh observations measured in 2019 were used, with which six allometric models and three growth models were fitted by non-linear regression. Nonlinear ordinary least squares techniques with indicator variables (NL-OLS-VI) and nonlinear mixed effects models (NL-MEM) were compared. The “nlme” package of the R software was used. We evaluated the models based on the adjusted coefficient of determination (R2 ad j ), the root mean square error (RMSE), and the mean bias (B). NL-OLS-VI explained 83.5% and NL-MEM 83.2% of the observed variability. The model with the best performance was the Logistic fitted with NL-OLS-VI (R2 ad j = 0.835, RMSE = 2.280 m y B = 0.005 m). The generated Th-Dbh model is workable to estimate the Th for culms of the three bamboo taxa with low errors.

Resumen La altura total (At) de los culmos de bambú es fundamental para realizar inventarios de volumen, biomasa, almacenes de carbono y distribución de productos. Su medición directa en campo se dificulta por la alta densidad del dosel y la inclinación natural de la parte alta de la copa. Las ecuaciones alométricas son una alternativa viable para estimar eficientemente la altura en función del diámetro normal (Dn). El objetivo fue ajustar modelos matemáticos At-Dn y seleccionar el de mejor capacidad predictiva para estimar la At de culmos de Bambusa oldhamii Munro, Guadua aculeata Rupr. y Guadua angustifolia Kunth en la Sierra Nororiental de Puebla, México. En el análisis se utilizaron 101 pares de observaciones At-Dn medidas en 2019 con los que se ajustaron por regresión no lineal seis modelos alométricos y tres de crecimiento. Se compararon las técnicas de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios no lineales con variables indicadoras (MCO-NL-VI) y modelos de efectos mixtos no lineales (MEM-NL), se usó la librería “nlme” del programa R. Los modelos se evaluaron con base en el coeficiente de determinación ajustado (R2 adj ), la raíz del error medio cuadrático (REMC) y el sesgo promedio (S). MCO-NL-VI explicó el 83.5% y MEM-NL el 83.2% de la variabilidad observada. El modelo con el mejor desempeño fue el Logístico ajustado con MCO-NL-VI (R2 adj = 0.835, REMC = 2.280 m y S = 0.005 m). El modelo At-Dn generado es factible para estimar la At para culmos de los tres taxones de bambú con errores bajos.

Abstract Bamboos are plants belonging to the botanical family of grasses (corn, rice, reed, sugar cane) and the subfamily Bambusoideae, which groups a great diversity of species distributed worldwide, particularly in the state of Chiapas are a large part of the species registered for Mexico, which because they are of a natural nature become underused and / or despised giving them the qualification of Lag, preferring therefore to the use of industrialized materials for the conformation of living spaces, which are framed under the notion of progress. In this way, a methodological process is proposed from a qualitative research, where the referential theoretical framework was built through the bibliographic review, under the objective of denoting the use and exploitation of the native bamboo Otatea fimbriata Soderstr., found locally. In this sense, the present research allowed to demonstrate that the native bamboo present in the state of Chiapas, is a natural resource, whose physical and mechanical properties endow it with a high potential to be used not only in the conformation of living spaces, but at the same time to generate diversity of products and services, reaching a positive impact on the families that make up the localities of Chiapas.

Resumen Los bambúes son plantas pertenecientes a la familia botánica de las gramíneas (maíz, arroz, carrizo, caña de azúcar) y a la subfamilia Bambusoideae, la cual agrupa gran diversidad de especies distribuidas mundialmente, particularmente en el estado de Chiapas se encuentran gran parte de las especies registradas para México, mismas que por ser de índole natural pasan a ser subutilizadas y/o despreciadas dándoles el calificativo de rezago, prefiriendo por ello al empleo de materiales industrializados para la conformación de espacios habitables, mismos que están enmarcados bajo la noción de progreso. De esta forma, se plantea un proceso metodológico a partir de una investigación cualitativa, donde el marco teórico referencial se construyó mediante la revisión bibliográfica, bajo el objetivo de denotar la utilización y aprovechamiento del bambú nativo Otatea fimbriata Soderstr., encontrado localmente. En este sentido, la presente investigación permitió demostrar que el bambú nativo presente en el estado de Chiapas, es un recurso natural, cuyas propiedades físicas y mecánicas lo dotan de un alto potencial para ser aprovechado no solo en la conformación de espacios habitables, sino a la vez de generar diversidad de productos y servicios, llegando a impactar de forma positiva en las familias que integran a las localidades de Chiapas.

Resumen: Los estudios de materiales compuestos juegan un papel importante en aplicaciones de ingeniería, metalurgia, mecánica y actualmente una alternativa en la fabricación de piezas automotrices. Las fibras naturales reforzadas con polímeros presentan ciertos beneficios como bajo costo, bajo peso, son renovables y son fáciles de procesar. El objetivo de este trabajo es caracterizar el material compuesto con polímeros reforzados con fibras de bambú, para su aplicación en la fabricación de piezas automotrices. Para los ensayos se fabricó probetas de material compuesto de fibra de bambú en proporciones del 75% y 60% con resina epóxica en proporciones de 25 % y 40% dispuestas en 2 y 3 capas. Los resultados en proporción fibra de bambú (75%) - resina epóxica (25%) mostraron un mejor comportamiento mecánico a flexión en un 7,7 % respecto a otras fibras naturales como fibra natural larga de cabuya con fibra de vidrio, lo que se traduce en un aumento de rigidez de los materiales caracterizados, corroborando así, que es un potencial refuerzo de material híbrido alternativo para aplicaciones automotrices. Los resultados de los esfuerzos de tracción fueron validados mediante el método de elementos finitos FEM.

Abstract: The studies of composite materials play an important role in engineering, metallurgy, mechanical applications and currently an alternative in the manufacture of automotive parts. Natural fibers reinforced with polymers have certain benefits such as low cost, low weight, are renewable and are easy to process. The objective of this research was to characterize the composite material with polymers reinforced with bamboo fibers, for its application in the manufacture of automotive parts. For the tests, specimens were made of bamboo fiber composite material in proportions of 75% and 60% with epoxy resin in proportions of 25% and 40% arranged in 2 and 3 layers. The results in the proportion of bamboo fiber (75%) - epoxy resin (25%) showed a better mechanical bending behavior by 7.7% compared to other natural fibers such as natural long cabuya fiber with fiberglass, which translates into an increase in stiffness of the characterized materials, thus corroborating that it is a potential reinforcement of alternative hybrid material for automotive applications. The tensile stress results were validated using the FEM finite element method.

This article it documents the research on the use of a thermal barrier in the back part of a room, made up of a series of bamboo stacked from the base of the floor with a measure of 12 m high and 5 m wide. The purpose of this plantation is to achieve a protective barrier with respect to the heat generated and that presents extreme heat, especially during the afternoons, and the objective of this investigation is to compare the results of the measurements of the thermal barrier with respect to a room that does not have this differential element, and with this comparison analyze the effectiveness of this proposal. To obtain the data and carry out its subsequent analysis, the Fluke brand temperature and humidity meter is used. In addition, the temperature values are obtained at the rear door of the room, to recommend some type of insulating material to be placed on the doors, all with the aim of improving the thermal comfort conditions within the room under study and that it uses the protective thermal barrier.

En el presente artículo se documenta la investigación acerca del uso de una barrera térmica en la parte trasera de un salón, conformada esta barrera por una serie de bambúes apilados desde la base del suelo con una medida de 12 m de alto y 5 m de ancho. La finalidad de esta plantación es lograr una barrera protectora respecto al calor generado y que presenta calor extremo, especialmente durante las tardes, y el objetivo de esta investigación es comparar los resultados de las mediciones de la barrera térmica con respecto a un salón que no posee este elemento diferencial, y con esta comparación analizar la efectividad de esta propuesta. Para obtener los datos y realizar su posterior análisis, se hace uso del medidor de temperatura y humedad de la marca Fluke. Además se obtienen los valores de temperatura en la puerta trasera del salón, para recomendar algún tipo de material aislante para que sea colocado en las puertas, todo esto con el objetivo de mejorar las condiciones de confort térmico dentro del salón objeto de estudio y que utilice la barrera térmica de protección.