ABSTRACT One of the main phytosanitary problems in major crops are phytonematodes, which are characterised as difficult to control. In view of this, biocontrol, through the use of biological agents, has become a driving force in controlling these pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the compatibility of microorganisms, and detect the possibility of antagonistic effects, influence on growth, or synergistic action when microorganisms are jointly applied to crops. Microbiological analyses were carried out to observe the interaction of the fungus Trichoderma asperellum with the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus methylotrophicus. It was found that the interaction between the genera Bacillus and Trichoderma did not promote any increase in the fresh or dry weight of the roots or shoots of the soya plants; however, based on the results of the microbiological analysis of the fungi and bacteria, the interaction was found to be promising, particularly in the evaluation carried out on the seventh day. Considering the number of viable spores, the interaction between B. subtilis + T. asperellum showed better results than B. methylotrophicus + T. asperellum. The Interaction between the genera Bacillus and Trichoderma showed the potential for joint use in the biological control of the soya bean.

Fruits of Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi were investigated. A fast and efficient method for the simultaneous determination of 11 polyphenolic substances by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was applied. Limits of quantification ranged between 0.78 and 3.14 mg L-1. High concentrations of kaempferol were found. An exploratory evaluation was performed using principal component analysis (PCA) for fruit origin differentiation. Total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 274 to 517 mg GAE 100 g-1; total flavonoid content (TFC) ranged from 101 to 283 mg QE 100 g-1. In vitro analyses showed that antioxidant capacity with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) ranged from 1.7 to 7 µM DPPH 100 g-1. The bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect were also evaluated against: Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella choleraesuis, Candida albicans and C. glabrata, using broth microdilution assay. It can be inferred that S. terebinthifolia Raddi fruit has the potential to act as an ally in the search for new alternatives in the action against pathogens, and it can be used as a potential natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. Metals (Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn) were also determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), with emphasis on high concentrations of Mg, Zn and Fe. investigated 1 chromatographydiode chromatography diode HPLCDAD HPLC DAD (HPLC-DAD applied 078 0 78 0.7 314 3 14 3.1 L1. L1 L 1. L-1 found PCA (PCA differentiation TPC (TPC 27 51 10 g1 g g-1 TFC (TFC 28 g1. 2,2diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl 22diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl diphenylpicrylhydrazyl 2,2 diphenyl picrylhydrazyl 2 (DPPH 17 subtilis B cereus aureus coli aeruginosa choleraesuis C glabrata assay S pathogens agent Cu, Cu (Cu Fe Mg FAAS, FAAS , (FAAS) 07 0. 31 3. L- 5 g- 2diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl 22 2, (FAAS

The aim of this work was to develop and characterize nisin-loaded polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers prepared by green electrospinning. The electrospinning operating parameters were optimized and nanofibers with 20,000 and 30,000 IU mL-1 of nisin were obtained. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging confirmed the formation of uniform, beadless nanofibers with diameters that ranged between 216 and 261 nm. Thermal stability studies showed that the electrospinning process led to the impairment of the crystalline structure of the polymer. Also, Raman spectroscopy tests revealed the interaction between nisin and PEO, while attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) showed that the addition of nisin did not alter the polymer backbone structure. In addition to this, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the semi-crystalline structure of nanofibers. Finally, the resulting nisin-loaded PEO nanofibers were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, confirming its antibacterial activity against this Gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, we also report, apparently for the first time, the antibacterial activity of nisin-loaded PEO nanofibers against Bacillus subtilis. These results expand their applications as green antibacterial biomaterials in areas such as food systems and biomedicine. nisinloaded loaded (PEO 20000 20 000 20,00 30000 30 30,00 mL1 mL 1 mL- obtained SEM (SEM uniform 21 26 nm Also ATRFTIR ATR FTIR (ATR-FTIR Xray X ray XRD (XRD semicrystalline semi Finally aureus Grampositive Gram positive bacteria Moreover report time subtilis biomedicine 2000 2 00 20,0 3000 3 30,0 200 0 20, 300 30,

Resumen Introducción. En Ecuador, existen pocos estudios sobre la utilización de inoculantes microbianos para la producción sostenible del fríjol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la inoculación con rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (PGPR) en variables productivas y económicas de P. vulgaris . Materiales y métodos. La investigación se desarrolló en la Estación Experimental La Argelia, Loja, Ecuador, durante el periodo de febrero a julio de 2022. En un suelo de textura Franca, se empleó el cultivar de fríjol común Mantequilla bajo un diseño en bloques completos al azar con siete tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones de cada uno. Los tratamientos fueron: T1) control absoluto, T2) Bacillus subtilis, T3) Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae, T4) Pseudomonas fluorescens + B. subtilis, T5) R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + B. subtilis, T6) R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + P. fluorescens + B. subtilis, y T7) fertilización química. Se evaluó el efecto de los tratamientos sobre variables de crecimiento, desarrollo y componentes de rendimiento en el cultivar evaluado. Además, se realizó un análisis económico de la aplicación de los microorganismos benéficos frente a la fertilización química. Resultados. El tratamiento: R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + P. fluorescens + B. subtilis (T6) acortó las fases fenológicas (días), promovió un mayor número de nódulos, porcentaje de emergencia, altura de la planta, área foliar, número de vainas por planta, peso de 100 semillas, contenido de nitrógeno y rendimiento agrícola sin diferencias estadísticas (p<0,05) con respecto a la fertilización química (T7). Mediante el análisis económico se estableció que el T6 generó mayores ingresos, y una mayor rentabilidad frente a la fertilización química. Conclusión. La inoculación con microorganismos benéficos afectó positivamente las variables productivas y económicas de frijol común y puede ser una alternativa válida al uso convencional de fertilizantes químicos.

Abstract Introduction. In Ecuador, there are few studies on the use of microbial inoculants for the sustainable production common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Objective. To evaluate the effect of inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on productive and economic variables of P. vulgaris. Materials and methods. The research was carried out at the La Argelia Experimental Station in Loja, Ecuador, from February to July 2022. Using loamy soil, the common bean cultivar “Mantequilla” was employed in a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and four replications each. The treatments were: T1) absolute control, T2) Bacillus subtilis, T3) Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae, T4) Pseudomonas fluorescens + B. subtilis, T5) R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + B. subtilis, T6) R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + P. fluorescens + B. subtilis, and T7) chemical fertilization. The effect of the treatments on growth, development, and yield components in the evaluated cultivar was assessed. Additionally, an economic analysis of the application of beneficial microorganisms versus chemical fertilization was conducted. Results. Treatment T6 (R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + P. fluorescens + B. subtilis) shortened the phenological phases (days), promoted a higher number of nodules, emergence percentage, plant height, leaf area, number of pods per plant, weight of 100 seeds, nitrogen content, and agricultural yield without statistical differences (p<0.05) compared to chemical fertilization (T7). The economic analysis showed that T6 generated higher income and greater profitability compared to chemical fertilization. Conclusion. Inoculation with beneficial microorganisms positively affected the productive and economic variables of common beans and can be a valid alternative to the conventional use of chemical fertilizers.

Resumen Dentro de este artículo de investigación académica, se observa que una bacteria aislada de un entorno de suelo marino cerca del mar Mediterráneo posee el potencial de producir diversos ácidos grasos, especialmente los ácidos n-caproico y oleico, según lo evidencia el perfil FAME. Además, la introducción de glucosa en el medio de crecimiento potencia la producción de ácido caprílico en lugar de ácido caproico. La secuenciación del 16S rDNA sugiere que la cepa MZ1 pertenece a Bacillus subtilis y está estrechamente relacionada con muchas especies halófilas. El perfil FAME revela que la cepa MZ1 aislada es competente en la producción total de ácidos grasos en comparación con otros candidatos bacterianos marinos. Además, los resultados indican que MZ1 es eficiente en la producción de muchos otros ácidos grasos. Esta exploración sugiere que la bacteria marina Bacillus subtilis MZ1 puede ser utilizada para la síntesis de ácidos grasos, lo cual podría ser valioso para la producción de biodiesel y otras aplicaciones.

Abstract Within this academic research article, a bacterium isolated from a marine soil environment near the Mediterranean Sea is observed to possess the potential for producing various fatty acids, particularly n-caproic and oleic acids, as evidenced by FAME profiling. Furthermore, the introduction of glucose into the growth medium enhances the production of caprylic acid rather than caproic acid. The 16S rDNA sequencing suggested that the MZ1 strain belongs to Bacillus subtilis and is closely related to many halophilic species. FAME profiling reveals that the isolated MZ1 is competent in the total production of fatty acids compared to other marine bacterial candidates. Furthermore, the results indicate that MZ1 is efficient in the production of many other fatty acids. This exploration suggests that the marine bacterium Bacillus subtilis MZ1 can be used for fatty acids synthesis, which could be valuable for biodiesel production and other applications.

ABSTRACT Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) seed production using the aeroponic system has been widely implemented in Indonesia. However, aeroponic systems in tropical areas such as Indonesia faced obstacles in the form of high wilt attacks caused by the bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum. This research aimed to control R. solanacearum wilt disease in an aeroponic system using various microbes. The research was carried out from September 2022 to January 2023. This research consisted of four stages, namely exploration and isolation of microorganisms, identification of microbial antagonism, testing of in vitro potential microbial antagonism and testing of selected microbial antagonism in the aeroponic system. The nutrients used in the aeroponic system contained R. solanacearum with a concentration of 104 CFU mL-1, while the concentration of the microbial solution used was 108 CFU mL-1. Pseudomonas fluorescence was consistently the best microbe both in vitro and in aeroponics, whereas Bacillus subtilis could only overcome wilt in vitro and could not overcome wilt in aeroponic system. Pseudomonas fluorescence required 5 min soaking time and could increase wilt with increasing soaking time. The consortium between B. subtilis and P. fluorescence with 10 min soaking time could overcome wilt by 85% and increase the number of tubers and tuber weight by 79% and 85%, respectively, so this prospective microbial consortium could be applied to aeroponic systems environmentally friendly in tropical areas with high R. solanacearum opportunities.

RESUMEN La pudrición parda del duraznero causada por Monilinia fructicola afecta al género Prunus en el campo y especialmente en poscosecha, provocando pérdidas de hasta el 60% en los frutos cosechados. El manejo de la pudrición parda actualmente se realiza mediante la aplicación de fungicidas químicos que generan fitotoxicidad en los frutos y contaminación en el ambiente. Esto aumenta los costos de producción, demanda la identificación de diferentes estrategias para el manejo de enfermedades. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos de biocontrol de dos aislados de Bacillus subtilis (CB10 y CB11) contra M. fructicola mediante pruebas in vitro en medios y en frutos inoculados versus un control químico con el fungicida diclorán como un control positivo. La inhibición del crecimiento del patógeno así como la severidad y tasa de inhibición de M. fructicola se evaluaron en cultivos duales. El aislado CB10 en los cultivos duales logró una tasa de inhibición (biocontrol) del 88,5%, muy superior a los demás tratamientos evaluados. En el fruto inoculado este aislamiento CB10 logró un porcentaje de inhibición del patógeno del 95%, superior a otros tratamientos, incluido el fungicida diclorán. La investigación permitió afirmar que B. subtilis CB10 podría utilizarse en el biocontrol de M. fructicola para durazno en el manejo de la enfermedad de pudrición parda.

ABSTRACT Brown rot of the peach tree caused by Monilinia fructicola affects the genus Prunus in the field, and especially at postharvest, causing losses of up to 60% of the harvested fruits. Brown rot management is currently done using the application of chemical fungicides that generate phytotoxicity in the fruits and contamination in the environment. This increases production costs, demanding the identification of different strategies for disease management. This research aimed to evaluate the biocontrol effects of two isolates of Bacillus subtilis (CB10 and CB11) against M. fructicola using in vitro tests and inoculated fruit versus a chemical control with the dicloran fungicide as a positive control. The inhibition of phytopathogenic growth as well as the severity and rate of inhibition of the M. fucticola were evaluated in dual media. The isolate CB10 in the dual cultures achieved an inhibition rate (biocontrol) of 88.5%, much higher than the other evaluated treatments. In the inoculated fruit this isolate CB10 achieved a rate of inhibition of the pathogen of 95%, higher than other treatments, including the dicloran fungicide. The research allowed us to affirm that B. subtilis CB10 could be used in the biocontrol of M. fructicola for peaches in the management of brown rot disease.

Resumen El aporte de nutrimentos al cultivo de maíz en México es principalmente con fertilizantes químicos, sin embargo, el precio de estos insumos requiere buscar otras alternativas para abatir los costos, sin disminuir la producción. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto individual y combinado de Azospirillum brasilense, Bacillus subtilis y Serendipita indica (ocho tratamientos) en la producción de maíz. El cultivo se estableció en Cieneguillas, Zacatecas, en condiciones de invernadero, en el año 2022. La inoculación de los microorganismos se realizó al momento de la siembra. Los ocho tratamientos con los microorganismos se evaluaron en un diseño experimental en bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Con la co-inoculación de A. brasilense + S. indica se incrementó el rendimiento de toda la planta y el mayor rendimiento de grano con A. brasilense + B. subtilis, este último incremento, respecto al testigo, fue de 40%.

Abstract In Mexico, the nutrients to the corn crop are supplied with chemical fertilizers, however, the price of these inputs requires looking for other alternatives to reduce costs, without reducing production. The objective of this work was to determine the individual and combined effect of Azospirillum brasilense, Bacillus subtilis, and Serendipita indica, (eight treatments) on corn production. The crop was established in Zacatecas, Mexico, under greenhouse conditions, in the year 2022. The microorganism's inoculation was carried out at the sowing time. The eight treatments with microorganisms were evaluated in an experimental design in randomized blocks with four repetitions. With the co-inoculation of A. brasilense and S. indica the yield of the entire plant was increased, and the highest grain yield with A. brasilense and B. subtilis, this last increased, compared with the control treatment, it was 40%.

Abstract: Solid and liquid formulations based on the plant growth-promoting bacteria Bacillus subtilis Bs006 were designed as biological inoculant for vegetable nursery production. Considering the importance of microbial survival from the production process to the soil application, spore viability (CFU) in each formulation was assessed during twelve months of storage at 20, 30, and 40°C. At the three temperature levels evaluated, survival was higher than 85 and 90% for solid and liquid formulations, respectively. The bacterial biological activity was evaluated as plant growth promotion on lettuce, broccoli, and tomato in nursery. The formulations were applied at three concentrations (1x107, 5x107, 1x108 CFU/mL) at sowing and 21 days after seeding. Root and aerial part length and dry weight were the response variables evaluated. A positive effect was observed, particularly with the liquid formulation at 1x108 spores/mL, showing the longest length of root and aerial part and the highest dry weight values in the root and foliar parts. Regarding the endophytism, B. subtilis colonized roots, stems, and leaves, achieving concentrations between 8x102 and 1x105 CFU/g.

ABSTRACT Vermiculite mining residues, although of low solubility, contain nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium at concentrations that allow their agricultural use. Beneficial bacteria can increase the solubility of this waste and its efficiency. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of bio-inoculation of vermiculite residue, associated with cattle manure, on the release of nutrients and initial growth of maize. A completely randomized design was performed in a greenhouse with seven treatments and four replications. The treatments were: T1 - soil without fertilization; T2 - soil fertilized with soluble sources of nutrients (conventional fertilization); T3 - application of vermiculite residue (VR); T4 - VR enriched with cattle manure (CM); T5 - VR + CM with Bacillus subtilis; T6 - VR + CM + B. amyloliquefaciens, and T7 - VR + CM +B. subtilis + B. amyloliquefaciens). Regardless of the use of cattle manure or beneficial microorganisms, vermiculite mining waste increased the availability of Ca and K in the soil, but was not able to match the soluble sources of nutrients. Mining waste associated with cattle manure and beneficial microorganisms (B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens) increased microbial activity and enhanced the release of available calcium for maize. VR increased the growth and the dry mass production of maize compared to the non-fertilized soil, but was consistently inferior to conventional fertilizer.

RESUMO Os resíduos da mineração de vermiculita, embora de baixa solubilidade, contêm nutrientes como cálcio, magnésio e potássio em concentrações que permitem seu uso agrícola. Bactérias benéficas podem aumentar a solubilidade deste resíduo e sua eficiência. Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da bioinoculação do resíduo de vermiculita, associado ao esterco bovino, na liberação de nutrientes e no crescimento inicial do milho. Foi realizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado em casa de vegetação com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T1 - solo sem adubação; T2 - solo adubado com fontes solúveis de nutrientes (fertilização convencional); T3 - aplicação de resíduo de vermiculita (VR); T4 - VR enriquecido com esterco bovino (CM); T5 -VR+CM com Bacillus subtilis; T6 - VR + CM + B. amyloliquefaciens e T7 - VR + CM + B. subtilis + B. amyloliquefaciens). O VR aumentou a disponibilidade de Ca e K no solo, porém seu desempenho foi inferior às fontes solúveis. Independentemente da utilização de esterco bovino ou de microrganismos benéficos, os resíduos da mineração de vermiculita aumentaram a disponibilidade de Ca e K no solo, mas não foram capazes de igualar as fontes solúveis de nutrientes. Os resíduos de mineração associados ao esterco bovino e aos microrganismos benéficos (B. subtilis e B. amyloliquefaciens) aumentaram a atividade microbiana e aumentaram a liberação de cálcio disponível para o milho. Os resíduos da mineração de vermiculita aumentaram o crescimento e a produção de massa seca do milho em comparação ao solo não fertilizado, mas foram consistentemente inferiores ao fertilizante convencional.

ABSTRACT The consumption of potassium (K) fertilizers in Brazilian agriculture exceeds the national production of this input by more than ten times, indicating the need for alternatives to reduce imports of these products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the remineralizing rocks phonolite and olivine melilitite as sources of K and other nutrients, as well as the effects of inoculation with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium on the solubilization of these rocks in the soil. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using a randomized block design, with four replications, in a factorial arrangement consisting of three K sources (potassium chloride, phonolite, and olivine melilitite), three rates (150, 300, and 600 kg ha-1 K2O), with and without inoculant, and two controls without K (one with and one without inoculant). The experimental units consisted of pots containing 3 kg of soil and a strawberry plant grown for eight months. The treatment with olivine melilitite inoculated with rhizobacteria favored phosphate solubilization when applied the highest rate. Olivine melilitite remineralizer, alone or inoculated with rhizobacteria, increased K+ and Ca2+ contents in the soil when applied at the intermediate and highest rates (300 and 600 kg ha-1 K2O), highlighting this remineralizer as an alternative potassium source for plants.

RESUMO O consumo de fertilizante potássico pela agricultura brasileira supera em mais de dez vezes a produção nacional desse insumo, fato que indica a necessidade de alternativas para diminuir a dependência de sua importação. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho dos remineralizadores fonolito e olivina melilitito, como fonte de potássio e outros nutrientes, bem como o efeito da inoculação dessas rochas com as rizobactérias Bacillus subtilis e Bacillus megaterium, no incremento da solubilização destes materiais. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, sendo conduzido em delineamento blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial, sendo três fontes (cloreto de potássio, fonolito e olivina melilitito), três doses (150, 300 e 600 kg ha-1 de K2O) com a presença ou ausência da inoculação, além de dois controles, sem adição de potássio, um com e outro sem inoculação, aplicados em 4 repetições. Foram avaliados os teores de potássio e outros nutrientes no solo. O tratamento com olivina melilitito inoculado com rizobactérias favorece a solubilização de fosfato na maior dose. O remineralizador olivina melilitito, isolado ou inoculado com rizobactérias aumentou os teores de K+ e Ca2+ no solo nas doses intermediária e máxima (300 e 600 kg ha-1 de K2O), destacando esse remineralizador como fonte alternativa de potássio para as plantas.

RESUMO Bioestimulantes são produtos químicos ou biológicos que melhoram a absorção ou eficiência dos nutrientes e a tolerância contra estresses abióticos em cultivos. Foram estudados três bioestimulantes (Stimulate®, tryptofol e Bacillus subtilis C-3102) e dois sanitizantes (hipocloclorito de sódio ou timol), sobre o crescimento inicial de Arracacia xanthorrhiza. Hipoclorito de sódio associado ao B. subtilis melhoram as trocas gasosas e induzem maior volume de raiz. A interação entre hipoclorito de sódio e triptofol aprimorou a ramificação das hastes e a biomassa seca das raízes. Diferentes bioestimulantes agem diferentemente sobre o desenvolvimento dos órgãos de batata baroa; portanto é necessário avaliar a competência morfofisiológica da planta para aplicar o bioestimulante e sanitizante correto. cultivos Stimulate®, Stimulate (Stimulate® C3102 C 3102 C-3102 hipocloclorito timol, timol , timol) xanthorrhiza B raiz raízes baroa correto Stimulate® (Stimulate C310 310 C-310 C31 31 C-31 C3 3 C-3 C-

ABSTRACT Biostimulants are chemical or biological components adopted to improve nutrient uptake/efficiency and tolerance to abiotic stresses in crops. We studied three biostimulants (Stimulate®, tryptophol and Bacillus subtilis C-3102) associated to two sanitizers (sodium hypochlorite or thymol), on initial growth of propagules of Arracacia xanthorrhiza. Sodium hypochlorite associated to B. subtilis improve the leaf gas exchange, furthermore this treatment showed greater root volume. The interaction among sodium hypochlorite and tryptophol improves the plant branching; in addition this association showed better results for root dry mass. Different biostimulants improve differently the arracacha organs development, hence it is necessary to evaluate the plant morphophysiological competence to apply the correct biostimulant and sanitizer. uptakeefficiency uptake efficiency crops Stimulate®, Stimulate (Stimulate® C3102 C 3102 C-3102 thymol, thymol , thymol) xanthorrhiza B exchange volume branching mass development sanitizer Stimulate® (Stimulate C310 310 C-310 C31 31 C-31 C3 3 C-3 C-

Abstract The aim of present study was the production of protease from local Bacillus subtilis through solid state fermentation. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used for the optimization of all the culture conditions. Casein (1% w/v) was used as a substrate in nutrient agar medium for the screening of enzyme production potential and showed maximum zone of clearance (4.6 cm). It was identified as Bacillus subtilis K-5 by genetic identification based on 16S rRNA and blast technology of NCBI. Among culture conditions, incubation temperature, incubation time, pH of the medium and moisture level of the substrate were optimized. Maximum protease production was observed at 37oC, pH 9.0 with incubation time of 36 h and moisture to substrate ratio of 1: 0.75. Maximum protease production of 70.21 U/mL was recorded when wheat bran was used as an agro-industrial substrate. The activity of crude protease was observed 99.63 % at 60oC and pH 10.0 with protein concentration 0.63 mg/mL and specific activity of 111.56 U/mg. Protein contents of 0.57 mg/mL (specific activity of 124.72 U/mg) and protein contents of 0.44 mg/mL (specific activity of 143.65 U/mg) were observed by 70% saturation with ammonium sulphate and gel chromatography, respectively. Line Weaver Burk plot was used to find its Vmax and Km, which were 344. 83 mg/mL/min and 100.04 mg/mL, respectively. The study concluded that Bacillus subtilis K-5 is thermophilic and alkaliphilic strain which produces active protease and can be used as potential microorganism for industries. fermentation RSM (RSM conditions 1% 1 (1 w/v wv w v 4.6 46 4 6 (4. cm. cm . cm) K5 K 5 K- S NCBI temperature optimized 37oC oC 90 9 0 9. 3 075 75 0.75 7021 70 21 70.2 UmL U mL agroindustrial agro industrial 9963 99 63 99.6 100 10 10. 063 0.6 mgmL mg 11156 111 56 111.5 Umg U/mg 057 57 0.5 12472 124 72 124.7 044 44 0.4 14365 143 65 143.6 chromatography respectively Km 344 8 mgmLmin min 10004 04 100.0 industries ( 4. (4 07 7 0.7 702 2 70. 996 99. 06 0. 1115 11 111. 05 1247 12 124. 1436 14 143. 34 1000 100.

Resumo O presente estudo avalia a atividade antibacteriana de extratos brutos corporais de Camponotus compressus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). A crescente resistência das bactérias aos antibióticos levou o mundo a voltar a sua atenção para os insetos na procura de novas fontes de compostos antibacterianos. O extrato corporal bruto obtido com diferentes solventes foi testado contra bactérias Gram-positivas (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) e Gram-negativas (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae). O método padrão de difusão em disco foi utilizado para realizar a atividade. Os extratos de C. compressus foram investigados quanto à sua eficácia contra todas as bactérias patogênicas resistentes. Staphylococcus aureus foi considerado o mais suscetível, exibindo uma inibição média de crescimento elevada, enquanto Bacillus subtilis apresentou uma zona média de inibição de crescimento mais baixa. Nossos resultados quanto ao efeito inibitório dos extratos de C. compressus mostram a presença de um composto antibacteriano de amplo espectro. Isto será útil na busca de novos antibióticos naturais contra cepas bacterianas patogênicas resistentes. Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Formicidae. Formicidae . Formicidae) antibacterianos Grampositivas Gram positivas Gramnegativas negativas Pseudomonas aeruginosa coli pneumoniae. pneumoniae pneumoniae) C resistentes suscetível elevada baixa espectro

Abstract The current study evaluates the antibacterial activity of Camponotus compressus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) body crude extracts. The increasing antibiotic resistance of bacteria has prompted the world to turn its attention towards insects in the search for new sources of antibacterial compounds. The body crude extract obtained with different solvents were tested against both Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae). Standard disc diffusion method was used to perform the activity. The extracts of C. compressus were investigated for their effectiveness against all resistant pathogenic bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the most susceptible, exhibiting a high average growth inhibition, while Bacillus subtilis showed a lower average growth inhibition zone. Our findings regarding the inhibitory effect of C. compressus extracts show the presence of a broad-spectrum antibacterial compound. This will be helpful in the search for novel natural antibiotics against robust pathogenic bacterial strains. Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Formicidae compounds Pseudomonas aeruginosa coli pneumoniae. pneumoniae . pneumoniae) C susceptible zone broadspectrum broad spectrum compound strains

Abstract Polyhydroxyalkanoates are renewable, and biocompatible plastics having physiochemical properties similar to petrochemical plastics, and meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Two bacterial strains: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis were selected to produce the PHA. The standard carbon source was glucose while molasses and banana peels were cheaper carbon substrates used in a medium to grow the bacterial strains. Sudan black B and Nile blue A staining were used to confirm the PHA production via spread plate assay. PHA granules were observed inside the bacterial cell microscopically, using Sudan stain. The carbohydrate concentration was estimated in molasses (29.4mg/mL) and banana peel extract (9.8mg/mL) by the Phenol-sulfuric acid test. In batch fermentation, time profiles of PHA production and growth of microbial strains for every 3hrs were performed up to incubation of 48hrs at 150rpm. PHA was extracted by sodium dodecyl sulfate digestion and chloroform extraction method. PHA production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 1.120g/L (66.82%) and 0.380g/L (44.60%) while in Bacillus subtilis was 0.476g/L (53.84%) and 0.288g/L (39.18%) utilizing molasses and banana peels, respectively after 48hrs. FTIR characterized the PHA monomer as polyhydroxybutyrate having a C=O bond at 1697.8cm-1 and 1750.0cm-1 and a CH3 group at 1395.9cm-1 and 1458.3cm-1. A statistical significance between the PHA productions was calculated by applying an unpaired t-test, for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a significant difference was observed between glucose with both substrates, while for Bacillus subtilis, a significant difference was noted only between glucose and peel extract. renewable SDG. SDG . (SDG) assay microscopically stain 29.4mg/mL 294mgmL mgmL 29 4mg mL mg (29.4mg/mL 9.8mg/mL 98mgmL 9 8mg (9.8mg/mL Phenolsulfuric Phenol sulfuric test fermentation hrs 150rpm rpm method 1120gL gL 1 120g L g 66.82% 6682 66 82 (66.82% 0380gL 0 380g 44.60% 4460 44 60 (44.60% 0476gL 476g 53.84% 5384 53 84 (53.84% 0288gL 288g 39.18% 3918 39 18 (39.18% CO C O 1697.8cm1 16978cm1 cm 1697.8cm 1697 8cm 1697.8cm- 1750.0cm1 17500cm1 1750.0cm 1750 0cm 1750.0cm- CH 1395.9cm1 13959cm1 1395.9cm 1395 9cm 1395.9cm- 1458.3cm1. 14583cm1 1458.3cm 1. 1458 3cm 1458.3cm-1 ttest, ttest t test, t-test (SDG 2 66.82 668 6 8 (66.82 44.60 446 4 (44.60 53.84 538 5 (53.84 39.18 391 3 (39.18 8cm1 16978cm 169 0cm1 17500cm 175 9cm1 13959cm 139 3cm1 1458.3cm1 14583cm 145 1458.3cm- 66.8 (66.8 44.6 (44.6 53.8 (53.8 39.1 (39.1 16 17 13 14 66. (66. 44. (44. 53. (53. 39. (39. (66 (44 (53 (39 (6 (4 (5 (3 (