ABSTRACT Plant growth regulators play an essential role in plants’ biochemical processes. In this study, foliar spray was applied using three growth regulators, gibberellic acid (GA3), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP), to investigate their effects on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ‘Giza-171’ yield traits and grain biochemical constituents, including sugars, carbohydrates and protein. The assessed growth regulators (GA3, NAA, and BAP) were applied at 100 and 150 mg L-1 concentrations. The results indicated significant improvements in wheat grain yield and 1000-grain weight, which increased by 15.40% and 24.78%, respectively, using GA3 at 150 and 100 mg L-1. In addition, the highest contents of protein and carbohydrates were observed with samples treated by the foliar application of NAA at 150 mg L-1 and BAP at 100 mg L-1, respectively. The fat content in wheat grains increased by 1.97% and 2.73% with foliar spray with 150 mg L-1 NAA and 100 mg L-1 BAP, respectively. The lipid profile showed cis-linoleic acid was the primary fatty acid, followed by palmitic acid; the content of linoleic acid slightly increased with GA3 treatment to 50.42%, while palmitic acid significantly increased with 100 mg L-1 NAA. The total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids recorded 33.64% and 66.30%, respectively; the 150 mg L-1 NAA treatment had the lowest saturated fatty acid content. The SDS-PAGE profiles showed that growth regulators significantly enhanced the wheat protein where new bands appeared, especially in 100 mg L-1 GA3 and 100 mg L-1 BAP treatments. The applied growth regulators improved wheat yield, contents of some compounds, and nutritional value.

Abstract Sideroxylon capiri (Tempisque) is a tropical tree of the Sapotaceae family, considered of great importance from its biological role, traditional use and high content of secondary metabolites of interest. However, both natural and anthropogenic factors have led to its classification as a threatened species in Mexico according to the NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 regulation. Therefore, the development of an in vitro propagation protocol for the conservation of this species is crucial. Within this context, the effect of the growth regulators 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Picloram on the formation, proliferation and development of embryogenic callus and/or pro-embryogenic structures, as well as the effect of L-Cysteine on the reduction of oxidation in callus which were exposed to UV-B irradiation, was evaluated. Results show a positive response to the application of the combination of BAP and Picloram at concentrations of 4 and 2 mg L-1 respectively, on growth callus. Additionally, the generation of pro-embryogenic callus was observed at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mg L-1 of BAP and 1.5 and 2 mg L-1 of Picloram. Furthermore, a culture medium was standardized that reduced callus oxidation and browning by using 100 to 200 mg L-1 of L-Cysteine.

Resumen Sideroxylon capiri (tempisque) es un árbol tropical de la familia Sapotaceae, considerado de suma importancia debido a su papel biológico, uso tradicional y alto contenido de metabolitos secundarios de interés. No obstante, debido a factores tanto naturales como antropogénicos, en México se ha catalogado como una especie amenazada de acuerdo con la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. Por lo anterior, es crucial el desarrollo de un protocolo de propagación in vitro para su conservación. En este contexto, se evaluó el efecto de los reguladores de crecimiento 6-Bencilaminopurina (BAP) y Picloram en la formación, proliferación y desarrollo de callo embriogénico y estructuras proembriogénicas, así como el efecto de la L-Cisteína en la reducción de la oxidación en callos, los cuales fueron expuestos a irradiación UV-B. Los resultados mostraron una respuesta positiva ante la aplicación de la combinación de BAP y Picloram en concentraciones de 4 y 2 mg L-1, respectivamente sobre el crecimiento de los callos. Además, se observó la generación de callos proembriogénicos en concentraciones de 0.5 y 1 mg L-1 de BAP y 1.5 y 2 mg L-1 de Picloram. Adicionalmente, se logró estandarizar un medio de cultivo que disminuyó los procesos de oxidación y pardeamiento en los callos mediante el uso de L-Cisteína en concentraciones de 100 a 200 mg L-1.

Abstract One of the main stages of cryopreservation of meristematic tissues in vegetative plants is a clonal micropropagation, which includes isolating the explants of the raw material in vitro and optimizing the culture medium for micropropagation. As the result of our studies, the optimal periods for in vitro micropropagation are: first - isolation of explants from initiated shoots of dormant buds (blackcurrants and raspberries) in January-March; the second - from actively growing shoots (blackcurrants and raspberries) in May-June, from the formed mustache (strawberry) in July-August. The optimal drugs for sterilization of raspberry explants are: a) 0.1% HgCl2 (6 min), then 3% H2O2 (15 min); b) chlorine-containing bleach «Domestos» in the dilution of H2O 1:9 (10 min). For blackcurrant: a) 0.1% HgCl2 (5 min) in combination with 0.1% fungicide “Topaz” (30 min); b) 0.1% HgCl2 (5 min) in combination with the treatment with KMnO4 (30 min); c) “Domestos” in the dilution of H2O 1:5 (20 min). For strawberry: a) 0.1% HgCl2 (6 min) followed by treatment with 3% H2O2 10 (min); b) 1% deochlor (7 min), 3% H2O2 (10 min); c) “Domestos” in the dilution of H2O 1:5 (8 min) with subsequent treatment 0,1% HgCl2 -7 min, then 0,20 mg/l КМnO4 - 30 min. Optimal compositions of culture media for micropropagation of blackcurrant - Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 0.5 mg L-1 BAP, 0.5 mg L-1 GA3, 0.1 mg L-1 IBA and 20 g L-1 glucose. For raspberry -MS medium with 0.5 mg L-1 BAP, 0.1 mg L-1 IBA, 10 mg L-1 iron chelate and 30 g L-1 sucrose. For strawberry - MS medium with 0.3 mg L-1 BAP, 0.01 mg L-1 IBA, 0.2 mg L-1 GA3, 10 mg L-1 iron chelate and 30 g L-1 sucrose. Based on these studies, the cryobank was created, which include the germplasm of in vitro meristematic tissues in 66 cultivars, hybrids and wild-growing forms of blackcurrant, raspberry and strawberry. Therefore, the aim of the research was to obtain aseptic plants, clonal micropropagation and the creation of a cryogenic collection of germplasm based on the developed technology. studies are blackcurrants raspberries JanuaryMarch January March January-March MayJune, MayJune May June, June May-June (strawberry JulyAugust. JulyAugust July August. August July-August 01 0 1 HgCl 6 ( min , 3 HO H O 15 (1 b chlorinecontaining chlorine containing Domestos «Domestos 19 9 1: . 5 Topaz “Topaz (3 KMnO c “Domestos (2 (min) 7 8 0,1 020 0,2 mgl l КМnO (MS 05 0. L1 L L- BAP GA3 GA 2 glucose sucrose 03 001 0.0 02 created cultivars wildgrowing wild Therefore technology (min 0, 00

Resumo Uma das principais etapas da criopreservação de tecidos meristemáticos em plantas vegetais é a micropropagação clonal, que inclui o isolamento dos explantes da matéria-prima in vitro e a otimização do meio de cultura para micropropagação. Como resultado deste estudo, os períodos ideais para micropropagação in vitro são: primeiro - isolamento de explantes de brotos iniciados de gemas dormentes (groselhas e framboesas) em janeiro a março; o segundo - de brotos em crescimento ativo (groselhas e framboesas) em maio a junho, do bigode formado (morango) em julho a agosto. As drogas ideais para esterilização de explantes de framboesa são: a) HgCl2 0,1% (6 min), depois H2O2 3% (15 min); b) lixívia contendo cloro “Domestos” na diluição de H2O 1:9 (10 min). Para groselha preta: a) HgCl2 a 0,1% (5 min) em combinação com fungicida “Topaz” a 0,1% (30 min); b) HgCl2 0,1% (5 min) em combinação com o tratamento com KMnO4 (30 min); c) “Domestos” na diluição de H2O 1:5 (20 min). Para morango: a) 0,1% HgCl2 (6 min) seguido de tratamento com 3% H2O2 10 (min); b) dicloro a 1% (7 min), H2O2 a 3% (10 min); c) “Domestos” na diluição de H2O 1:5 (8 min) com tratamento posterior 0,1% HgCl2 - 7 min, depois 0,20 mg/l КМnO4 - 30 min. Composições ótimas de meios de cultura para micropropagação de groselha negra - meio Murashige e Skoog (MS) com 0,5 mg L-1 BAP, 0,5 mg L-1 GA3, 0,1 mg L-1 IBA e 20 g L-1 de glicose. Para meio framboesa - MS com 0,5 mg L-1 de BAP, 0,1 mg L-1 de AIB, 10 mg L-1 de quelato de ferro e 30 g L-1 de sacarose. Para morango - meio MS com 0,3 mg L-1 BAP, 0,01 mg L-1 IBA, 0,2 mg L-1 GA3, 10 mg L-1 quelato de ferro e 30 g L-1 sacarose. Com base nesses estudos, um criobanco foi criado incluindo o germoplasma de tecidos meristemáticos in vitro em 66 cultivares, híbridos e formas silvestres de groselha, framboesa e morango. Portanto, o objetivo da pesquisa foi a obtenção de plantas assépticas, micropropagação clonal e a criação de uma coleção criogênica de germoplasma com base na tecnologia desenvolvida. matériaprima matéria prima estudo são groselhas framboesas março junho (morango agosto HgCl 01 0 1 6 ( min , HO H O 3 15 (1 b Domestos “Domestos 19 9 1: . preta 5 Topaz “Topaz (3 KMnO c (2 (min) 8 020 mgl l КМnO (MS 05 0, L1 L L- BAP GA3 GA 2 glicose AIB sacarose 03 001 0,0 02 estudos cultivares Portanto assépticas desenvolvida (min 00

ABSTRACT: The present study evaluated the efficiency of a protocol for micropropagation of stem apexes and nodal segments of basil ‘Grecco a Palla’ in various concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 3-indole butyric acid (IBA). A completely randomized design was used with six treatments distributed in five replications. A medium without growth regulators favored the survival of Ocimumbasilicum stem apexes inoculated in vitro, and thereby promoted the sprouting of explants, whereas, for nodal segments, it was necessary to use regulators, and the concentration of 0.5 mg.L−1 BAP 0.0 mg.L−1 of IBA was more beneficial for the species. ABSTRACT Grecco Palla 6benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine 6 (BAP 3indole indole 3 IBA. . (IBA) replications vitro explants whereas 05 0 5 0. mgL1 mgL mg L 1 mg.L− 00 species (IBA mg.L

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de um protocolo de micropropagação de ápices caulinares e segmentos nodais da cultivar de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) ‘Grecco a palla’ em diferentes concentrações de BAP (6-benzilaminopurina) e de AIB (ácido 3-indol butírico). Foi utilizado delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos distribuídos em cinco repetições. Para ápices caulinares, meio sem a adição de reguladores de crescimento favoreceu a sobrevivência de ápices caulinares de O. basilicum inoculados in vitro, promovendo a brotação dos explantes. Enquanto que para segmentos nodais houve necessidade do uso de reguladores, sendo que a concentração de 0,5 mg.L-1 de BAP e 0,0 mg.L-1 de AIB foi mais benéfica para a espécie. RESUMO Ocimum L. L Grecco palla 6benzilaminopurina benzilaminopurina 6 (6-benzilaminopurina ácido 3indol indol 3 butírico. butírico . butírico) casualizado repetições vitro explantes 05 0 5 0, mg.L1 mgL1 mgL mg.L 1 mg mg.L- 00 espécie L1

Abstract The use of growth regulators (GRs) in a mechanized bench grafting system is essential for the final quality of grafted grapevine plants. In Brazil, the GRs used (commercial waxes) are imported, increasing the production cost for nurseries. This work aimed to test the in vitro callus co-cultivation technique as a strategy for prospecting effective doses and mixtures of GRs for in vivo graft union on grapevines. Two genotypes were used as scions (‘Bordo’ and ‘Riesling Italico’) and two as rootstocks (‘SO4’ and ‘P1103’). Callus from different scion/rootstock combinations were co-cultivated, varying the doses (0.25 to 20 mg l-1) of auxins (DBA, IAA and IBA) and cytokinin (BAP), following the Doehlert design. The best in vitro treatments were validated in vivo, in plants grafted with an ‘omega’ cutter machine. Multivariate and non-parametric methods were applied to integrate the results. In vitro prospecting combined with the in vivo validation strategy allowed us to select effectively the IAA(2.50 mg l-1) plus BAP(1.00 mg l-1) formulation with the potential to induce graft callus union similar to commercial waxes. The induction intensity varied among the genetic combinations but was similar in the in vitro and in vivo conditions. (GRs Brazil waxes imported nurseries cocultivation co cultivation grapevines ‘Bordo Bordo (‘Bordo Riesling Italico Italico’ ‘SO4 SO4 SO (‘SO4 ‘P1103. P1103 P ‘P1103 . ‘P1103’) scionrootstock scion rootstock cocultivated, cocultivated cultivated, cultivated co-cultivated 0.25 025 0 25 (0.2 2 l1 l 1 l-1 DBA, DBA (DBA IBA BAP, BAP , (BAP) design ‘omega omega machine nonparametric non parametric results IAA2.50 IAA250 2.50 50 IAA(2.5 BAP1.00 BAP100 1.00 00 BAP(1.0 conditions ‘SO (‘SO P110 ‘P110 ‘P1103’ 0.2 02 (0. l- (BAP IAA2 IAA2.5 IAA25 250 2.5 5 IAA(2. BAP1 BAP1.0 BAP10 100 1.0 BAP(1. P11 ‘P11 0. (0 IAA2. 2. IAA(2 BAP1. 10 1. BAP(1 P1 ‘P1 ( IAA( BAP( ‘P

Resumo A utilização de reguladores de crescimento (RC) no sistema de enxertia de mesa da videira são fundamentais para a qualidade final das mudas. No Brasil, os RC utilizados (ceras comerciais) são importados, aumentando o custo de produção para os viveiristas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo testar a técnica do cocultivo de calos in vitro na prospecção de doses e misturas de RC para indução da enxertia in vivo da videira. Foram utilizados dois genótipos como copas (‘Bordo’ e ‘Riesling Italico’) e dois como porta-enxertos (‘SO4’ e ‘P1103’). Calos das combinações copa/porta-enxerto foram cocultivados, variando-se as doses (0,25 a 20mg l-1) de auxinas (DBA, IAA e IBA) e citocinina (BAP), seguindo o delineamento Doehlert. Os melhores tratamentosin vitro foram validados in vivo, em plantas enxertadas com máquina deenxertia tipo ‘omega’. Métodos multivariados e não paramétricos foram aplicados naintegração dos resultados. A prospecção in vitro combinada com a validação in vivo foi eficaz na seleção da formulação IAA (2,50mg l-1) mais BAP (1,00mg l-1) com potencial parainduzir o calo da enxertia de forma semelhante à cera comercial. A intensidade dessa indução variou entre as combinações genéticas de forma similar tanto na condição in vitro como na in vivo. (RC mudas Brasil ceras comerciais importados viveiristas ‘Bordo Bordo (‘Bordo Riesling Italico Italico’ portaenxertos porta enxertos ‘SO4 SO4 SO (‘SO4 ‘P1103. P1103 P ‘P1103 . ‘P1103’) copa/portaenxerto copaportaenxerto copa/porta enxerto copa cocultivados variandose variando se 0,25 025 0 25 (0,2 mg l1 l 1 l-1 DBA, DBA (DBA IBA BAP, , (BAP) Doehlert ‘omega. omega ‘omega ‘omega’ resultados 2,50mg 250mg 2 50mg 1,00mg 100mg 00mg comercial ‘SO (‘SO P110 ‘P110 ‘P1103’ portaenxerto copaporta 0,2 02 (0, l- (BAP P11 ‘P11 0, (0 P1 ‘P1 ( ‘P

ABSTRACT: Malus is an important ornamental plant around the world and widely used in commercial production due to its diversity and wide adaptability. ‘Zi Dieer’ crabapple has good adaptability to a wide temperature range (high and low), disease resistance, and high commercial value. To satisfy the market demand, we established ‘Zi Dieer’ crabapple micro-regeneration system for large-scale reproduction. Induced buds were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mg/L) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA: 0.05, 0.1, 0.3 mg/L) for 35 days. The highest bud induction rate (93.3%) was observed on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BAP and 0.1 mg/L NAA, with average micro-shoot length of 1.32 cm. The germinated buds (1 cm in length) were propagated and cultured on MS medium supplemented with BAP (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mg/L) and NAA (0.1, 0.3, 0.5 mg/L), after 35 days, on the MS basal medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L BAP and 0.3 mg/L NAA, the best average number of new shoots is 8.56±0.13 (P<0.05) and good shoot length (4.94±0.09 cm), reproduction coefficient higher than MS medium (0) without PGRs. In order to induce rooting, the shoots (length 2 cm) are inserted in half strength MS (1/2 MS) medium containing 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/L of 3-indole butyric acid (IBA) or NAA, and 1 g/L activated carbon (AC) was added on the basis of NAA 0.3 mg/L to study the effect of activated carbon on the rooting of crabapple. After 38 days of culture, compared with other treatments, among the explants treated with IBA, the rooting rate was higher in the 1/2 MS medium containing 0.1 mg/L (82.1%), and the highest root number (11.29±0.52) was observed, and the root length was the other treatments 2-3 times. Although, the highest rooting rate was observed on 1/2 MS medium containing 0.1mg/L NAA (87.8 %), but the bottom of these buds formed large callus, which was not conducive to survival, and the root length was short. In summary, a feasible and complete rapid propagation program for ‘Zi Dieer’ crabapple has been developed. ABSTRACT Zi Dieer low, low , low) resistance value demand microregeneration micro regeneration largescale scale (MS 6benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine 6 (BAP 05 0 5 10 15 1. mgL mg L 1naphthaleneacetic naphthaleneacetic (NAA 005 0.05 01 03 3 0. 93.3% 933 93 (93.3% microshoot 132 32 1.3 ( (1.0 20 2. (0.1 mg/L, 856013 8 56 13 8.56±0.1 P<0.05 P005 P (P<0.05 4.94±0.09 494009 4 94 09 (4.94±0.0 cm, (0 PGRs 12 (1/ 3indole indole IBA (IBA gL g AC (AC culture 1/ 82.1%, 821 82.1% 82 (82.1%) 11.29±0.52 1129052 11 29 52 (11.29±0.52 23 2- times Although 01mgL 1mg 87.8 878 87 (87. %, % %) callus survival short summary developed 00 0.0 93.3 9 (93.3 (1. (0. 85601 8.56±0. P<0.0 P00 (P<0.0 4.94±0.0 49400 (4.94±0. 82.1 (82.1% 11.29±0.5 112905 (11.29±0.5 87. (87 93. (93. 8560 8.56±0 P<0. P0 (P<0. 4.94±0. 4940 (4.94±0 82. (82.1 11.29±0. 11290 (11.29±0. (8 (93 856 8.56± P<0 (P<0 4.94±0 494 (4.94± (82. 11.29±0 1129 (11.29±0 (9 85 8.56 P< (P< 4.94± 49 (4.94 (82 11.29± 112 (11.29± 8.5 (P 4.94 (4.9 11.29 (11.29 8. 4.9 (4. 11.2 (11.2 4. (4 11. (11. (11

RESUMO: Malus é uma planta ornamental importante no mundo e muito utilizada na produção comercial devido à sua diversidade e ampla adaptabilidade. A maçã silvestre ‘Zi Dieer’ apresentou boa adaptabilidade a altas e baixas temperaturas, resistência a doenças e maior valor comercial. Para satisfazer a demanda do mercado, estabelecemos o sistema de microrregeneração de maçã silvestre ‘Zi Dieer’ para reprodução em larga escala. Os botões induzidos foram cultivados em meio Murashige e Skoog (MS) suplementado com 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) 0,5, 1,0, 1,5 mg/L e ácido 1-naftalenoacético (NAA) 0,05, 0,1, 0,3 mg/L por 35 dias. A maior taxa de indução de gemas foi em meio MS suplementado com 1,0 mg/L de BAP e 0,1 mg/L de NAA, que foi de 93,3% e o comprimento médio dos microbrotos foi de 1,32 cm. Os botões germinados (comprimento 1 cm) foram propagados e cultivados em meio MS suplementado com BAP e NAA de 1,0, 1,5, 2,0 e 0,1, 0,3, 0,5 mg/L, após 35 dias, em meio MS basal suplementado com 1,5 mg/L. L BAP e 0,3 mg/L ANA, o melhor número médio de brotos novos é 8,56±0,13 (P<0,05) e bom comprimento de brotos (4,94±0,09 cm), coeficiente de reprodução superior ao meio MS (0) sem PGRs. Para induzir o enraizamento, os brotos (comprimento 2 cm) são inseridos em meio MS de meia concentração (1/2 MS) contendo 0,1, 0,3 e 0,5 mg/L de ácido 3-indol butírico (IBA) ou ANA, e 1 g /L carvão ativado (CA) foi adicionado com base em ANA 0,3 mg/L para estudar o efeito do carvão ativado no enraizamento da maçã silvestre. Duas semanas depois, observando a geração de raízes. Após 38 dias de cultivo, comparado aos demais tratamentos, entre os explantes tratados com AIB, a taxa de enraizamento foi maior no meio 1/2 MS contendo 0,1 mg/L (82,1%) e o maior número de raízes (11,29±0,52) foi observado, e o comprimento da raiz foi igual aos demais tratamentos 2 a 3 vezes. Embora a maior taxa de enraizamento tenha sido observada em meio MS 1/2 contendo 0,1mg/L de NAA (87,8%), mas a parte inferior dessas gemas forma um grande calo, que não é propício à sobrevivência, e o comprimento da raiz é curto. Em resumo, foi desenvolvido um programa de propagação rápida viável e completo para a maçã silvestre ‘Zi Dieer’. RESUMO Zi Dieer temperaturas mercado escala (MS 6benzilaminopurina benzilaminopurina 6 (BAP 05 0 5 10 15 1, mgL mg 1naftalenoacético naftalenoacético (NAA 005 0,05 01 03 0, 933 93 93,3 132 32 1,3 cm 20 2, 856013 8 56 13 8,56±0,1 P<0,05 P005 P (P<0,05 4,94±0,09 494009 4 94 09 (4,94±0,0 cm, , (0 PGRs 12 (1/ 3indol indol IBA (IBA CA (CA depois cultivo AIB 1/ 82,1% 821 82 (82,1% 11,29±0,52 1129052 11 29 52 (11,29±0,52 observado vezes 01mgL 1mg 87,8%, 878 87,8% 87 (87,8%) calo sobrevivência curto resumo Dieer. . 00 0,0 9 93, 85601 8,56±0, P<0,0 P00 (P<0,0 4,94±0,0 49400 (4,94±0, ( (1 82,1 (82,1 11,29±0,5 112905 (11,29±0,5 87,8 (87,8% 8560 8,56±0 P<0, P0 (P<0, 4,94±0, 4940 (4,94±0 82, (82, 11,29±0, 11290 (11,29±0, 87, (87,8 856 8,56± P<0 (P<0 4,94±0 494 (4,94± (82 11,29±0 1129 (11,29±0 (87, 85 8,56 P< (P< 4,94± 49 (4,94 (8 11,29± 112 (11,29± (87 8,5 (P 4,94 (4,9 11,29 (11,29 8, 4,9 (4, 11,2 (11,2 4, (4 11, (11, (11

Refined processed olive oil can indeed become significantly contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To assess exposure to these contaminants, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is utilized as a marker due to its known carcinogenicity in humans. The European Commission has established a maximum limit of 2 μg kg-1 for B[a]P in edible oils. However, the analysis of trace amounts of B[a]P in a complex matrix like olive oil poses a persistent challenge. In this study, we have developed a low-temperature liquid-liquid extraction method in combination with constant energy synchronous fluorescence analysis for the determination of B[a]P in olive oil samples. The analyte was extracted from the olive oil using a mixture of acetonitrile and acetone. The performance of fluorescence measurements was evaluated by carefully considering the effects of solvent, temperature, acetone quenching, and slit width for monochromators. The proposed method demonstrates a linear range from 0.8 to 3.2 μg kg-1, with limits of detection and quantification of 0.04 and 0.80 μg kg-1, respectively. Precision and trueness assessments revealed relative standard deviations of less than 10% and recovery rates ranging from 103 to 112%. This method presents an efficient and rapid alternative to sample preparation procedure that minimizes organic solvent consumption. PAHs. PAHs . (PAHs) contaminants benzoapyrene benzo pyrene BaP B P (B[a]P humans kg1 kg 1 kg- oils However challenge study lowtemperature low temperature liquidliquid liquid samples quenching monochromators 08 0 8 0. 32 3 3. kg1, 1, 004 04 0.0 080 80 respectively 10 112 112% consumption (PAHs 00 11

Abstract The rose is the most important ornamental and floral crop, as well as a valuable aromatic and medicinal plant. For accelerated production of planting material, clonal micropropagation is used. There are problems in obtaining an aseptic culture and the peculiarities of plant cultivation at different stages, depending on the variety. It is necessary to develop and optimize the technological cycle of cultivation in in vitro culture. The results showed that the highest viability of rose explants obtained from lateral buds was noted by sterilization with 0.2% silver nitrate solution of and 5% Lysoformin 3000 with an exposure of 15 minutes (82%-95%); the highest viability of explants obtained from etiolated shoots was observed when sterilized with 0.2% silver nitrate solution with an exposure of 10 minutes and 5% Lysoformin 3000 with an exposure of 15 min (82%-100%). The maximum length of the micro-shoots was noted in the ‘Dream Come True’ variety on a QL (Quoirin and Lepoivre) nutrient medium (on average 21.2 cm), in the ‘Full Sail’ variety - on a ½ QL medium (on average 24.9 cm). An increase in the concentration of 6-BAP from 0.5 to 1.0 mg L-1 in the nutrient medium contributed to an increase in the number of micro-shoots (by 1.7-1.9 times). The maximum root length was noted on the nutrient medium ½ QL (on average 88.7-95.3 cm). An increase in the concentration of IAA from 0.5 to 1.0 mg L-1 in the nutrient medium contributed to an increase in root length by 1.4-1.8 times. The protocol developed in this study allows to propagate these two varieties in vitro and produce a large number of plants. crop material used stages 02 0 2 0.2 5 300 1 82%95% 8295 82% 95% 82 95 (82%-95%) 82%100%. 82100 100% . 100 (82%-100%) microshoots micro Dream True Quoirin Lepoivre 212 21 21. cm, cm , cm) Full Sail 249 24 9 24. cm. 6BAP BAP 6 05 0. 1. L1 L L- 1.71.9 1719 1.7 1.9 7 1.7-1. times times) 88.795.3 887953 88.7 95.3 88 3 88.7-95. 1.41.8 1418 1.4 1.8 4 8 1.4-1. plants 30 82%95 829 (82%-95% 82%100% 8210 (82%-100% 71 1.71. 171 17 19 1.7-1 795 88.795. 88795 887 88. 953 95. 88.7-95 41 1.41. 141 14 18 1.4-1 82%9 (82%-95 82%100 821 (82%-100 1.71 1.7- 79 88.795 8879 88.7-9 1.41 1.4- (82%-9 82%10 (82%-10 88.79 88.7- (82%- 82%1 (82%-1 (82% (82 (8 (

Resumo A rosa é a cultura ornamental mais importante, além de uma valiosa planta aromática e medicinal. Para produção acelerada de grande quantidade de material de plantio, utiliza-se a micropropagação clonal. Porém, existem problemas na obtenção de uma cultura asséptica e nas peculiaridades do cultivo das plantas nas diferentes fases, dependendo da variedade. Para algumas variedades de rosas é necessário desenvolver e otimizar o ciclo tecnológico de cultivo in vitro. Os resultados mostraram que a maior viabilidade dos explantes de rosa obtidos das gemas laterais foi observada com esterilização com soluções de nitrato de prata a 0,2% e Lysoformin 3000 a 5% e exposição de 15 minutos (82%-95%); a maior viabilidade dos explantes obtidos de brotos estiolados foi observada quando esterilizados com soluções de nitrato de prata 0,2% com exposição de 10 minutos e Lysoformin 3000 5% com exposição de 15 min (82%-100%). O comprimento máximo dos microbrotos de rosa foi observado na variedade ‘Dream Come True’ em meio nutriente QL (em média 21,2 cm), na variedade ‘Full Sail’ - em meio ½ QL (em média 24,9 cm). Um aumento na concentração de 6-BAP de 0,5 para 1,0 mg L-1 no meio de cultivo contribuiu para um aumento no número de brotações (de 1,7 a 1,9 vezes). O comprimento máximo da raiz das variedades estudadas foi observado no meio de cultivo½ QL (em média 88,7-95,3 cm). Um aumento na concentração de AIA de 0,5 para 1,0 mg L-1 no meio de cultivo contribuiu para um aumento no comprimento da raiz em 1,4-1,8 vezes. O protocolo desenvolvido neste estudo permite propagar essas duas variedades in vitro e produzir um grande número de plantas. importante medicinal plantio utilizase utiliza se clonal Porém fases 02 0 2 0,2 300 5 1 82%95% 8295 82% 95% 82 95 (82%-95%) 82%100%. 82100 100% . 100 (82%-100%) Dream True 212 21 21, cm, cm , cm) Full Sail 249 24 9 24, cm. 6BAP BAP 6 05 0, 1, L1 L L- 17 7 19 vezes vezes) 88,795,3 887953 88,7 95,3 88 3 88,7-95, 1,41,8 1418 1,4 1,8 4 8 1,4-1, 30 82%95 829 (82%-95% 82%100% 8210 (82%-100% 795 88,795, 88795 887 88, 953 95, 88,7-95 41 1,41, 141 14 18 1,4-1 82%9 (82%-95 82%100 821 (82%-100 79 88,795 8879 88,7-9 1,41 1,4- (82%-9 82%10 (82%-10 88,79 88,7- (82%- 82%1 (82%-1 (82% (82 (8 (

Abstract Lichenan, 1,3-1,4-β-Glucan, a linear polysaccharide exists in the cell walls of various cereals, has garnered attention for its industrial applications due to its enzymatic breakdown by lichenase enzymes. In this study, Bacillus licheniformis strain RB16, isolated from cattle faeces, was identified as a robust lichenase producer. The lichenase gene, licA, was successfully cloned and characterized. The cloned RB16 lichenase (LicA) demonstrated its highest activity level at pH 7.5. It also retained over 50% of its activity within the pH range of 6.0–8.5 but experienced a decline to 40% at pH 9.0. LicA was active at temperatures ranging from 25 to 65 °C with an optimum at 45 °C. LicA exhibited more than 60% of its activity at the temperature range of 35–55 °C. Zymogram analysis confirmed LicA’s lichenan-degrading ability and structural analysis revealed a stable enzyme structure primarily composed of random coils and extended strands. Although LicA exhibited low thermostability, consistent with its relatively low α-helix content, it demonstrated promising industrial potential. Evolutionary analysis placed LicA within a cluster of closely related Bacillus lichenases, particularly B. halotolerans, B. atrophaeus, and B. spizizenii. These findings expand our understanding of lichenases of Bacillus and underscore its potential for various industrial applications. Lichenan 1,31,4βGlucan, 1314βGlucan βGlucan 1,3 1,4 β Glucan, 1 3 4 Glucan 1,3-1,4-β-Glucan cereals enzymes study RB faeces producer gene licA characterized RB1 (LicA 75 7 5 7.5 50 6085 6 0 8 6.0–8. 40 90 9 9.0 2 C 60 3555 35 55 35–5 LicAs s lichenandegrading lichenan degrading strands thermostability αhelix α helix content B halotolerans atrophaeus spizizenii 31 4βGlucan 1,31,4βGlucan 13 1, 14 7. 608 6.0–8 9. 355 35– 6.0– 6.0 6.

Resumo Aglaonema é uma das commodities de plantas ornamentais frequentemente afetada pela queda dos preços no mercado de plantas ornamentais. Este fenômeno exige uma estratégia de armazenamento de sementes de cultivares raras e exóticas no curto e médio prazo. O armazenamento in vitro é uma forma de antecipar isso. Este estudo teve como objetivo obter a composição adequada de meios de cultivo in vitro para armazenamento de plantas de Aglaonema por armazenamento de crescimento lento (SGS). Este estudo utilizou um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com um fator, composto por 7 tratamentos, ou seja, meio 1/4 MS, 1/2 MS e MS completo, com adição de 1,0 mg L-1, 2,0 mg L-1 de Benzil aminopurina (BAP) e a adição de ácido indolacético (IAA) 1,0 mg L-1, 2,0 mg L-1. Os resultados mostraram que a composição do meio de plantio em ¼ MS + BAP 1,0 mg L-1 + IAA 1,0 mg L-1 foi a melhor para armazenamento de crescimento lento de Aglaonema in vitro. prazo isso SGS. SGS . (SGS) fator tratamentos seja 14 1 4 1/ 12 2 completo 10 0 1, L1, L1 L 20 2, L- (BAP (IAA L1. 1. (SGS

Abstract Aglaonema is one of the ornamental plant commodities often affected by falling prices in the ornamental plant market. This phenomenon requires a strategy for storing seeds of rare and exotic cultivars for the short and medium term. In vitro storage is one way to anticipate it. This study aims to obtain the suitable composition of in vitro growing media for storing Aglaonema plants by slow growth storage (SGS). This study used a completely randomized design with one factor, consisting of seven treatments, i.e., media 1/4 Murashige and Skoog (MS), 1/2 MS, and full MS, with the addition of 1.0 mg L-1 and 2.0 mg L-1 Benzyl aminopurine (BAP), and the addition of Indoleacetic Acid (IAA) 1.0 mg L-1 and 2.0 mg L-1. The results showed that the composition of the planting medium on ¼ MS + BAP 1.0 mg L-1 + IAA 1.0 mg L-1 was the best for slow-growth storage of Aglaonema in vitro. market term it SGS. SGS . (SGS) factor treatments ie i e i.e. 14 1 4 1/ , (MS) 12 2 10 0 1. L1 L L- 20 2. BAP, (BAP) (IAA L1. slowgrowth (SGS i.e (MS (BAP

Resumo A limitada disponibilidade de água devido ao desenvolvimento agrícola, industrial, tecnológico e urbano exige um maior esforço para tornar seu uso mais eficiente e obter economía substancial nas produções ornamentais, sem afetar o valor comercial, a qualidade e a apresentação final das flores e plantas. O estresse hídrico é um fator ambiental que causa efeitos fisiológicos nas plantas e acelera a senescência de folhas e flores em hastes de corte. Considerando a evapotranspiração das culturas (ETc), uma forma alternativa de reduzir o consumo de água nas culturas intensivas é o uso de irrigação controlada e restrita, somada à aplicação de fitohormônios na pré-colheita para mitigar os efeitos do estresse hídrico, por exemplo, 6-benzilaminopurina (6-BAP). O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a qualidade e vida de vaso de hastes de Lilium sob irrigação restrita combinada com aplicação de fitohormônios. Foi delineado um experimento com quatro tratamentos, em irrigação normal (NI, 100% ETc) ou restrita (IR, 35% ETc) e com ou sem aplicação de 6-BAP (300 ppm). Foi utilizado um delineamento ANOVA inteiramente casualizado com 6 repetições por tratamento. A vida de vaso das flores de corte de Lilium não foi afetada significativamente (13,9 vs. 12,5 dias com NI e RI, respectivamente). A aplicação de 6-BAP não influenciou na vida de vaso, mas retardou o amarelecimento da folhagem e, portanto, reduziu a taxa de deterioração da haste floral. A irrigação restrita e a aplicação de fitohormônios podem ser ferramentas úteis para melhorar a eficiência do uso da água nas culturas de lírios. agrícola industrial ornamentais comercial ETc, ETc , (ETc) précolheita pré colheita exemplo 6benzilaminopurina benzilaminopurina 6BAP. 6BAP BAP . (6-BAP) tratamentos NI, (NI 100 IR, IR (IR 35 300 (30 ppm. ppm ppm) tratamento 13,9 139 13 9 (13, vs 125 12 5 12, RI respectivamente. respectivamente respectivamente) portanto floral lírios (ETc (6-BAP 10 3 30 (3 13, 1 (13 ( (1

Abstract The limited availability of water due to agricultural, industrial, technological, and urban expansion requires a greater effort to make its use more efficient and achieve substantial savings in ornamental productions without affecting the commercial value quality, and final presentation of flowers and plants. Water stress is an environmental factor that causes physiological effects in plants and accelerates the senescence of leaves and flowers on cut stems. Considering crop evapotranspiration (ETc), an alternative way to reducing water consumption in intensive crops is the use of controlled, restricted irrigation, coupled with the application of phytohormones in pre-harvest to mitigate the effects of water stress, i.e. 6- Benzylaminopurine (6-BAP). The objective of this study was to determine the quality and vase life of Lilium stems under restricted irrigation combined with phytohormones application. An experiment with four treatments was designed, concerning normal (NI, 100% ETc) or restricted irrigation (RI, 35% ETc) and with or without application of 6-BAP (300 ppm). A completely randomized ANOVA design with 6 repetitions per treatment was used. The vase life of cut Lilium flowers was not significantly affected (13.9 vs. 12.5 days under NI and RI respectively). The application of 6-BAP had no influence on vase life, but delayed the foliage yellowing and therefore reduced the rate of deterioration of the floral stem. Restricted irrigation and the application of phytohormones can be useful tools to improve the water use efficiency in lily crops. agricultural industrial technological ETc, ETc , (ETc) controlled preharvest pre harvest ie i e i.e 6BAP. 6BAP BAP . (6-BAP) designed NI, (NI 100 RI, (RI 35 300 (30 ppm. ppm ppm) used 13.9 139 13 9 (13. vs 125 12 5 12. respectively. respectively respectively) stem (ETc (6-BAP 10 3 30 (3 13. 1 (13 ( (1

RESUMO No cultivo in vitro do morango são aplicadas técnicas de micropropagação para obtenção de plantas livres de doenças e com altas taxas de multiplicação. Para melhorar a eficácia dos protocolos de micropropagação é necessário conhecer o efeito dos reguladores de crescimento, principalmente as citocininas, porém não há informações a respeito do uso combinado da transzeatina (Zt) com outras citocininas para indução de brotações. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito combinado de Zt com 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP), 6-furfurilaminopurina (KIN) ou 2-isopenteniladenina (2iP) na propagação in vitro de três cultivares de morangueiro. Combinações de citocininas, Zt e BAP, Zt e KIN, Zt e 2iP foram propostas para avaliar a indução de brotos. Na aclimatação das mudas foram utilizados dois tipos de substratos (Pro-Mix, Pro-Mix e húmus 2:1). Observou-se que o uso de Zt e KIN induziu maior número de brotos por explante, o maior número de folhas e raízes foi obtido quando foram utilizados Zt e 2iP ou Zt e BAP. O substrato Pro-Mix ou Pro-Mix e humus não apresentou diferenças significativas para o número de folhas e raízes, e elevados valores de índice SPAD. Os resultados indicam que o uso da combinação de Zt e KIN permitiu obter o maior número de brotos por explante que não produziram calos e promoveram o desenvolvimento do sistema radicular, da mesma forma, o substrato Pro-Mix ou Pro-Mix e humus foi adequado para aclimatação permitindo crescimento e desenvolvimento de mudas de morango. multiplicação (Zt brotações 6benzilaminopurina benzilaminopurina 6 BAP , (BAP) 6furfurilaminopurina furfurilaminopurina (KIN 2isopenteniladenina isopenteniladenina 2 iP (2iP morangueiro ProMix, ProMix Pro Mix, Mix (Pro-Mix 21. 21 1 . 2:1) Observouse Observou se SPAD radicular forma (BAP 2:1 2:

ABSTRACT In the in vitro propagation of strawberry plants, techniques have been applied to obtain disease-free plants with high multiplication rates. To improve the efficacy of micropropagation protocols, it is necessary to determine the effect of growth regulators, mainly cytokinins; however, there is no information regarding the combined use of trans zeatin (Zt) and other cytokinins for shoot induction. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of Zt combined with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 6-furfurylaminopurine (KIN) or 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP) on the in vitro propagation of three strawberry cultivars. Combinations of cytokinins, Zt and BAP, Zt and KIN, and Zt and 2iP were proposed to evaluate shoot induction. For the acclimatization of the seedlings, two types of substrates were used (Pro-Mix, Pro-Mix plus humus 2:1). The use of Zt and KIN increased the average number of shoots per explant, and the greatest number of leaves and roots was obtained when Zt and 2iP or Zt and BAP were used. The Pro-Mix and Pro-Mix plus humus substrates did not significantly affect the number of leaves or roots, or the SPAD. These results indicate that the use of the combination of Zt and KIN allowed us to obtain the greatest number of shoots per explant that did not produce calli and promoted the development of the root system; likewise, the Pro-Mix or Pro-Mix plus humus substrate were adequate for acclimatization, allowing the growth and development of strawberry plants. diseasefree disease free rates protocols regulators however (Zt induction 6benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine 6 , (BAP) 6furfurylaminopurine furfurylaminopurine (KIN 2isopentenyladenine isopentenyladenine 2 iP (2iP cultivars seedlings ProMix, ProMix Pro Mix, Mix (Pro-Mix 21. 21 1 . 2:1) SPAD system likewise (BAP 2:1 2:

Resumo Este estudo investiga os fatores críticos que influenciam a regeneração de brotos e raízes a partir de cortes de rizoma de H. gigantea, fornecendo insights valiosos para as práticas de corte de rizoma. Três experimentos foram conduzidos para avaliar o impacto das concentrações de reguladores vegetais, comprimento do corte e seção de corte na regeneração. No primeiro experimento, diferentes concentrações de α-NAA e BAP foram examinadas, revelando que a seleção e concentração de reguladores vegetais desempenham um papel crucial na indução de brotos e raízes e no desenvolvimento de plântulas. As taxas de sucesso mais altas foram observadas a partir de 150 ppm de α-NAA e 100 ppm de BAP, embora houvesse um equilíbrio entre a quantidade e a qualidade das plântulas, enfatizando a necessidade de uma seleção equilibrada de reguladores vegetais. O segundo experimento investigou a influência do comprimento de corte do rizoma. Cortes mais longos, especialmente com cinco e sete cm, levaram a um melhor desenvolvimento de brotos e raízes, destacando a importância da seleção de comprimentos de corte apropriados. No terceiro experimento, seções de corte (apical, média e distal) sem concentrações de reguladores vegetais foram avaliadas, com todas as seções mostrando altas taxas de regeneração. No entanto, a seção apical produziu plântulas de melhor qualidade com parâmetros de crescimento superiores, seguida pela seção média, enquanto a seção distal apresentou menor eficácia. Em resumo, essas descobertas destacam a importância da escolha e concentração de reguladores vegetais, comprimento de corte e seção de corte para a regeneração bem-sucedida de H. gigantea a partir de cortes de rizoma. Esses insights fornecem orientações valiosas para aprimorar os métodos de corte de rizoma para essa espécie de planta e promover uma propagação eficiente. H αNAA α NAA examinadas 15 10 longos cm apropriados apical, (apical avaliadas entanto superiores eficácia resumo bemsucedida bem sucedida eficiente 1

Abstract This study investigates the critical factors influencing shoot and root regeneration from Homalomena gigantea rhizome cuttings, providing valuable insights for rhizome cutting practices for this plant species. Three key experiments were conducted to assess the impact of plant growth regulator (PGR) concentrations, cutting length, and cutting section on regeneration. In the first experiment, different concentrations of α-NAA and BAP were examined, revealing that PGR selection and concentration play a pivotal role in shoot and root induction and plantlet development. The highest success rates were observed at 150 ppm α-NAA and 100 ppm BAP, although there was a trade-off between the quantity and quality of plantlets, emphasizing the need for a balanced plant regulator selection. The second experiment investigated the influence of rhizome cutting length. Longer cuttings, particularly at 5 and 7 cm, consistently led to better shoot and root development, highlighting the importance of selecting appropriate cutting lengths. In the third experiment, cutting sections (apical, middle, and distal) without PGR concentrations were assessed, with all sections showing high regeneration rates. However, the apical section produced the highest-quality plantlets with superior growth parameters, followed by the middle section, while the distal section exhibited lower effectiveness. In summary, these findings underscore the significance of PGR choice and concentration, cutting length, and cutting section for successful regeneration of H. gigantea from rhizome cuttings. These insights provide valuable guidance for enhancing rhizome cuttings methods for this plant species and promoting efficient propagation. (PGR length αNAA α NAA examined development 15 10 tradeoff trade off cm lengths apical, (apical assessed However highestquality parameters effectiveness summary H propagation 1

Resumo As bromélias são plantas que além de acentuada importância ecológica, apresentam crescente potencial ornamental no mercado de flores, sendo comumente coletadas de forma extrativista, o que acarreta perda genética das espécies exploradas, pondo-as em diferentes graus de ameaça. A cultura de tecidos vegetais tem se mostrado uma alternativa viável para a propagação de muitas bromeliáceas. O objetivo deste estudo foi produzir mudas de Neoregelia mucugensis por micropropagação. A multiplicação de brotos via organogênese direta foi obtida em meio líquido estático contendo a citocinina 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP). Os brotos foram enraizados, em meio com carvão ativado, e transferidos para a condição ex vitro, sendo obtidos 100% de sobrevivência das plantas. Conclui-se, portanto que a produção de mudas de N. mucugensis é viável por micropropagação. ecológica flores extrativista exploradas pondoas pondo as ameaça bromeliáceas micropropagação 6benzilaminopurina benzilaminopurina 6 BAP. BAP . (BAP) enraizados ativado vitro 100 Concluise, Concluise Conclui se, Conclui-se N (BAP 10 1

Abstract Bromeliads are plants that, in addition to marked ecological importance, have increasing ornamental potential in the flower market, being commonly collected in an extractive way, which results in genetic loss of the exploited species, putting them in different degrees of threat. Culture of plant tissues has been shown to be a viable alternative for the propagation of many bromeliads. The aim of this study was to produce seedlings of Neoregelia mucugensis by micropropagation. In vitro multiplication of sprouts via direct organogenesis was obtained in static liquid medium containing 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) cytokinin. The sprouts were rooted in activated charcoal medium and transferred to the ex vitro condition, and 100% plant survival was obtained. It is concluded, therefore, that the production of seedlings of N. mucugensis is viable by micropropagation. importance market way species threat bromeliads micropropagation 6benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine 6 BAP (BAP cytokinin condition 100 concluded therefore N 10 1

Abstract Green beans are a legume used in human diets throughout the world. One of the most important factors limiting the yield of bean crops in the world is high lime. Two registered varieties (Beyzade and Lida) resistant to high lime and three commercial varieties (Ribera, Albeni, and Garrafol) which are superior in terms of some agricultural characteristics were used as materials. In this study, 20 F1 hybrid combinations were obtained from green bean varieties Beyzade, Lida, Riberia, Albeni, and Garrafol using full diallel crosses. The effects of GCA and SCA on the traits examined in the study were found to be important and the most suitable parent and cross combinations for green bean breeding were identified. The study found that additive genes can effectively inherit grain yield and plant height, while non-additive genes can effectively inherit other traits studied. Garrafol had the highest GCA for grain yield. The “Lida x Garrafol” cross exhibited high SCA effects for seed yield per plant. These results indicate that sufficient levels of genetic variation exist in the study population for the agricultural traits observed in this study. Beyzade Lida Ribera, Ribera (Ribera Albeni materials 2 F Riberia crosses identified height nonadditive non studied