Summary: Avocado is a fruit (Persea americana), that has increased its consumption worldwide. Mexico is the main producer and exporter of avocado in the world, representing more than 30% of the world harvest, of which 73.2% of the total avocado production in Mexico was concentrated in the state of Michoacán. In the state of Michoacán, there is a constant production of avocado fruit throughout the year, but this production is affected by the variation in climate, water management and flowering type, putting agricultural production and sustainable development at risk. The objective of this study was to evaluate the climatic effect, water management, and flowering type on fruit nutrient content in six orchards in the state of Michoacan. Six orchards were evaluated in the towns of Basilia, Cheranguerán, Tecario, Araparicuaro, Peribán and Patamburu in the state of Michoacan, which represent 90% of the climate types (TC), predominant in the state (ACW1, ACW2 and CW1)., with 100% of the water regime (irrigated and seasonal, RH) and 97% of the type of fruit produced (loca and normal, FF). The dry matter contents and total mineral content of the fruit were evaluated. The arrangement of treatments was a factorial [A= water regime (RH); B= type of climate (TC); C= floral flow (FF)], distributed completely randomly with 20 repetitions taking each tree as a repetition. The results indicated that the dry matter content is affected by TC, but not by RH and FF, FF affects the nutritional content more than TC and RH. The type of climate is the factor with the least impact on the mineral content of the fruit. In floral flow, the total nutritional content was significant in four elements with higher values for N, Cl, and Zn in crazy fruit and Na in normal fruit.

Resumen: El aguacate (Persea americana), es un fruto que ha incrementado su consumo a nivel mundial. México es el principal productor y exportador de aguacate en el mundo que representa más del 30% de la cosecha mundial, del cual el 73.2% de la producción total de aguacate en México se concentra en el estado de Michoacán, pero dicha producción es afectada por la variación del clima, poniendo en peligro la producción agrícola y el desarrollo sostenible. El objetivo del fue evaluar el efecto climático, manejo de agua y el tipo de floración sobre el contenido nutrimental del fruto en seis huertas del estado de Michoacán. Se evaluaron seis huertos de las localidades de la Basilia, Cheranguerán, Tecario, Araparicuaro, Peribán y Patamburu del estado de Michoacan, que representan un 90% de los tipos de clima (TC), predominantes en el estado (ACW1, ACW2 y CW2), con un 100% del régimen de agua (riego y temporal, RH) y un 97% del tipo de fruto producido (loca y normal, FF). Se evaluaron los contenidos de materia seca y el contenido mineral total del fruto. El arreglo de tratamientos fue una factorial [A= régimen hídrico (RH); B= tipo de clima (TC); C= flujo floral (FF)], distribuido completamente al azar con 20 repeticiones tomando cada árbol como una repetición. Los resultados indicaron que el contenido de materia seca es afectado por TC, pero no por RH y FF, FF afecta más el contenido nutricional que TC y RH. El tipo de clima es el factor de menor impacto en el contenido mineral del fruto. En flujo floral el contenido nutricional total fue significativo en cuatro elementos con mayor valor para N, Cl, y Zn en fruto loca y Na en fruto normal.

Abstract This article contributes to developing and consolidating research on the connections between food and gentrification while highlighting the effects of these processes in areas beyond urban life. To achieve this, we draw on the concept of value chains connecting gentrified neighborhoods to rural agricultural communities. In this chain, processes of valorization and devaluation are generated, which unevenly affect the actors involved in the production and consumption of food. The paper focuses on the conflicts and contestations along the value chain of gentrification, putting interdisciplinary contributions into dialogue while presenting four cases from secondary sources. These cases are illustrative of how these processes operate at different levels, territories, and scales: signature coffee, as a symbol of distinction in gentrified neighborhoods; the avocado from its gastronomic manifestation as avocado toast; wine, from the touristification of its production to valorization strategies in urban consumption; and quinoa, from the patenting of new varieties to the development of markets that exclude large sectors of the population. The boom in the circulation of these foods has the effect of capital accumulation by dispossession in both rural and urban areas and in both production and consumption processes.

Resumen El presente artículo busca contribuir al desarrollo y consolidación de los estudios sobre la gourmetización y la gentrificación alimentaria, enfatizando los efectos que estos procesos tienen en ámbitos que exceden a la vida urbana. En ese marco, se propone recuperar los engranajes de la cadena de valor y sus localizaciones -desde los barrios gentrificados hasta las comunidades rurales agrícolas-, indicando los procesos de valorización y desvalorización y cómo estos afectan de forma desigual a los actores involucrados. Se enfatiza sobre este punto estableciendo un diálogo interdisciplinar. A partir de una revisión bibliográfica, el artículo se basa en cuatro casos recuperados de fuentes secundarias y que ilustran la forma en la que operan estos procesos en distintos niveles, territorios y escalas: el café de autor en cuanto símbolo de distinción en los barrios gentrificados; la palta o aguacate a partir de su manifestación gastronómica en el avocado toast; el vino, desde la turistificación de su producción hasta las estrategias de valorización en su consumo urbano; y la quinoa, desde el patentamiento de nuevas variedades hasta el desarrollo de mercados que excluyen a amplios sectores de población. Se concluye que el auge de estos alimentos tiene efectos de acumulación del capital por desposesión en los ámbitos rural y urbano, al igual que en los procesos de producción y de consumo.

ABSTRACT The integration of cutting-edge precision agriculture technologies into avocado production is a promising strategy to boost productivity and profitability in this thriving industry. While previous reviews have explored the application of emerging technologies in avocado cultivation, there is a gap in the analysis of patent production. This research aims to bridge that gap by identifying trends in both scientific and technological innovations related to precision agriculture in avocado. Through a bibliometric analysis using data from Scopus and Lens.org, this study reveals that scientific production is primarily concentrated in industrialized countries, with limited research output from major avocado-producing nations. The focus of research has been on remote sensing and image processing techniques. In terms of technological development, innovations in agricultural data capture, collection, and processing, as well as components for agricultural machinery, have been the most prevalent. Market-available technologies are designed to predict crop yields and assess the impact of abiotic factors such as temperature, humidity, and precipitation. By adopting these precision agriculture tools, avocado farmers can make data-driven decisions to optimize resource use, improve crop health, and ultimately enhance overall farm performance.

RESUMEN La integración de tecnologías de agricultura de precisión de vanguardia en la producción de aguacate es una estrategia prometedora para impulsar la productividad y la rentabilidad en esta próspera industria. Si bien revisiones anteriores han explorado la aplicación de tecnologías emergentes en el cultivo de aguacate, existe un vacío en el análisis de la producción de patentes. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo cerrar esa brecha identificando tendencias en innovaciones científicas y tecnológicas relacionadas con la agricultura de precisión en el aguacate. A través de un análisis bibliométrico utilizando datos de Scopus y Lens.org, este estudio revela que la producción científica se concentra principalmente en los países industrializados, con una producción de investigación limitada de las principales naciones productoras de aguacate. La investigación se ha centrado en las técnicas de teledetección y procesamiento de imágenes. En términos de desarrollo tecnológico, las innovaciones en captura, recolección y procesamiento de datos agrícolas, así como en componentes para maquinaria agrícola, han sido las más predominantes. Las tecnologías disponibles en el mercado están diseñadas para predecir el rendimiento de los cultivos y evaluar el impacto de factores abióticos como la temperatura, la humedad y las precipitaciones. Al adoptar estas herramientas de agricultura de precisión, los productores de aguacate pueden tomar decisiones basadas en datos para optimizar el uso de recursos, mejorar la salud de los cultivos y, en última instancia, mejorar el rendimiento general de la finca.

Abstract The city of Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila is characterized by having criollo avocado trees with different morphological properties. However, very little information is available on their fruit nutritional and sensory characteristics. The objective of this work was to perform the bromatological, mineral, phytochemical and sensory characterization of 7 avocado landraces. The proximal analysis was carried out using standardized tests by the AOAC (2019), while the phytochemical content was determined using HPLC/MS equipment. Subsequently, the samples were evaluated using a hedonic test. The bromatological analysis showed significant differences in the total of the samples for the different response variables, which indicates the great genetic diversity among the sampled trees. The mineral that were determined in the highest concentration were Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium. Thirty-eight different phytochemical compounds were identified in the fruits, with a greater presence of flavones. While the sensory analysis showed a significant difference among the avocado landraces for the evaluated attributes. The flavor and texture attributes were the most important for the consumer preference. Different environmental factors (soil, climate, altitude, latitude, maturity) modify the nutritional composition of the avocado and its organoleptic characteristics. The results of this work may help propagation, fruit diversification and development of companies focused on this fruit in Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila.

Resumen La ciudad de Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila, se caracteriza por tener árboles de aguacate criollo con diferentes propiedades morfológicas. Sin embargo, es muy poca la información que se tiene sobre las características nutrimentales y sensoriales de los frutos de estos árboles. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar bromatológica, mineral, fitoquímica y sensorial 7 aguacates criollos, obtenidos de diferentes árboles. El análisis proximal se realizó mediante pruebas estandarizadas por la AOAC (2019), mientras que el contenido de fitoquímicos se determinó en un equipo HPLC/MS. Posteriormente, las muestras se evaluaron mediante una prueba hedónica. El análisis bromatológico arrojó diferencias significativas en el total de las muestras para las diferentes variables de respuesta, lo que indica la gran diversidad genética entre los árboles muestreados. Los minerales que se determinaron en mayor concentración fueron Potasio, Magnesio y Calcio. Se identificaron 38 compuestos fitoquímicos diferentes en los frutos, con mayor presencia de flavonas, mientras que el análisis sensorial arrojó una diferencia significativa entre los criollos en las variables evaluadas. Los atributos de sabor y textura resultaron los más importantes para la preferencia del consumidor. Diferentes factores ambientales (suelo, clima, altitud, latitud, madurez) modifican la composición nutrimental del aguacate y sus características organolépticas. Los resultados de este trabajo pudieran ayudar a la propagación, diversificación frutícola y desarrollo de empresas enfocadas en este fruto en Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila.

Abstract The variant called JICA-TH-19, located in the Experimental Orchard of the ‘Presidente Juárez’ Faculty of Agrobiology, was selected in 2021. Avocado trees descended from the original Hass variety from the state of California, USA, established during the 1970s in the INIFAP orchard in Uruapan, were used as reference material (control). Segregating materials were planted in 2016 and characterized between 2018-2022, in an experimental orchard located 4 km from Uruapan, Michoacán and its coordinates are: 19° 23’ 54.3” north latitude, 102° 03’ 12.9” west longitude, and an altitude of 1 636 m. The objective was to characterize morphologically variant genotypes of original ‘Hass’ avocado that have the potential to be exploited commercially in the avocado belt of Michoacán. The characterization of the trees and their vegetative and reproductive organs was carried out based on the Manual of descriptors for avocado (CICTAMEX, 1991), published by the Sánchez Colín Foundation with the support of the standard format followed by the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR).

Resumen Se seleccionó la variante denominada JICA-TH-19 localizada en la huerta experimental de la Facultad de Agrobiología ‘Presidente Juárez’ en 2021. Como material de referencia (testigo) se utilizaron árboles de aguacate descendientes de la variedad Hass original provenientes del estado de California, EUA, establecidos durante los años setenta en la huerta del INIFAP en Uruapan. Materiales segregantes se sembraron en 2016 y se caracterizaron entre 2018-2022, en un huerto experimental que se ubica a 4 km de Uruapan, Michoacán y sus coordenadas son: latitud norte: 19° 23’ 54.3’’ longitud oeste: 102° 03’ 12.9’’ y una altura de 1 636 msnm. El objetivo fue caracterizar morfológicamente a genotipos variantes de aguacate ‘Hass’ original que tengan posibilidades de ser explotados a nivel comercial en la franja aguacatera de Michoacán. La caracterización de los árboles y sus órganos vegetativos y reproductivos se efectuó con base en el Manual de descriptores para aguacate (CICTAMEX, 1991), publicado por la Fundación Sánchez Colín con apoyo en el formato estándar que sigue el International Board for Plant Genetic Rosources (IBPGR).

Abstract The cultivation of avocado (Persea Americana) is not only essential from an economic point of view, but also plays a crucial role in the nutrition, health and well-being of populations around the world. The study was carried out in Ayacucho -Peru (latitude: 12° 53' 57'' S, longitude: 74° 16' 55'' W and altitude: 2596 masl), with the objective of evaluating the effect of the use of the technical drip irrigation system on the production and yield of two varieties of avocado, Hass and Fuerte. The study was based on the use of an irrigation system with programming by treatment with avocado plants installed in plots of 500 m² in 6 sectors, with a density of 5 x 5 m, whose age was between 5 to 16 years, of the which were considered 12 plants (6 plants with drip irrigation and 6 plants as a control with gravity irrigation). Irrigation was carried out right at the flowering and production stage, guaranteeing adequate water supply in periods of water deficit, between February and June 2022. The experimental design was a complete randomized block, with six blocks of 20 plants each. The harvest carried out reported yields of 67.96 ± 8.8 t/ha under technical irrigation and 26.42 ± 4.93 t/ha under gravity irrigation, an increase of 157% with respect to the latter. As for the varieties, the Fuerte avocado had the highest yield 49.38 ± 23.06 t/ha compared to the Hass variety (45.0 ± 21.14 t/ha), the maximum yield occurred with drip irrigation for the Fuerte variety (71.09 ± 8.38 t/ha), this is explained by the energy expenditure in the osmotic adjustment potential which drastically decreases the yield potential with traditional gravity irrigation, obtaining a minimum yield in Hass of 25.18 ± 4.44 t/ha.

Resumen El cultivo de palta (Persea americana) no solo es esencial desde el punto de vista económico, sino que también desempeña un papel crucial en la alimentación, la salud y el bienestar de las poblaciones en todo el mundo. El estudio se realizó en Ayacucho-Perú (latitud: 12° 53’ 57’’ S, longitud: 74° 16’ 55’’ O y altitud: 2596 msnm), con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la utilización del sistema de riego tecnificado por goteo en la producción y rendimiento de dos variedades de palta, Hass y Fuerte. El estudio estuvo basado en el uso de un sistema de riego con programación por tratamiento con plantas de palta instaladas en parcelas de 500 m² en 6 sectores, con una densidad de 5 x 5 m, cuya edad estuvo entre 5 a 16 años, de las cuales se consideró 12 plantas (6 plantas con riego por goteo y 6 plantas como testigo con riego por gravedad). Los riegos se efectuaron justo en la etapa de floración y producción garantizando el suministro de agua adecuado en periodos de déficit hídrico, entre febrero a junio de 2022. El diseño experimental fue de bloques completos al azar, con seis bloques de 20 plantas cada uno. La cosecha realizada reporto rendimientos 67,96 ± 8,8 t/ha bajo riego tecnificado y de 26,42 ± 4,93 t/ha en riego por gravedad, siendo un incremento del 157% con respecto a este último. En cuanto a las variedades, la palta Fuerte tuvo el mayor rendimiento 49,38 ± 23,06 t/ha con respecto a la variedad Hass (45,0 ± 21,14 t/ha), el rendimiento máximo se dio con riego por goteo para a variedad Fuerte (71,09 ± 8,38 t/ha), esto es explicado por el gasto de energía en el potencial de ajuste osmótico la cual disminuye drásticamente el potencial de rendimiento con riego tradicional por gravedad, obteniendo un rendimiento mínimo en Hass de 25,18 ± 4,44 t/ha.

Abstract Avocado scab causes great economic losses in Mexico and the world. This study aimed to provide an automatic method of quantifying this symptom. The proposed method uses polygonal regions from the a-b plane of the CIE L*a*b* color format to identify a color (even with variations) and different avocado fruit shades. The polygons were used to determine the scab percentage in 70 Hass avocado fruit images. The scab percentage was estimated with a diagrammatic scale, and the regression equation y = 0.5848x, with an r2 = 0.80, was found when comparing these results with scab percentages obtained from digitized images (observed). With the method presented in this study, the equation y = 0.9923x was found, with an r2 = 0.8672, so the proposed automatic method performed better.

Abstract La roña del aguacate causa grandes pérdidas económicas en México y en el mundo. El objetivo de este estudio fue proporcionar un método automático de cuantificación de este síntoma. El método propuesto utiliza regiones poligonales, del plano a-b, del formato de color CIE L*a*b* para identificar un color (aún con variaciones) y diferentes tonalidades del fruto de aguacate. Con los polígonos se determinó el porcentaje de roña en 70 imágenes de frutos cv. Hass. El porcentaje de roña se estimó con una escala diagramática y se encontró la ecuación de regresión y = 0.5848x, con una r2 = 0.80, al comparar estos resultados con porcentajes de roña obtenidos de imágenes digitalizadas (observados). Con el método presentado en este estudio, se encontró la ecuación y = 0.9923x, con una r2 = 0.8672, por lo que el método automático propuesto tuvo un mejor desempeño.

Abstract In Mexico, due to the demand for fruit, orchards of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) variety ‘Hass’ of subtropical climate are erroneously established in cold areas, affecting their production; an alternative is to use cold-tolerant rootstocks of the Mexican race, tolerance related to the increase of sugars in areas of demand, which it shares through grafting with the ‘Hass’ variety; therefore, in 2021, the segregants of the ‘rootstocks’ duke 7, tepetl, aceitoso, and colecta 1 were evaluated at the College of Postgraduates; analyzing glucose, fructose, sucrose and starch contents in vegetative shoots at 1, 7, and 14 days of treatment; in chamber 1 (treatment) with luminosity of 380 μmol m-2 s-1 and temperatures with light of 15.61 °C, and darkness of 4.40 °C; and chamber 2 (control) with luminosity of 367 μmol m-2 s-1 and temperatures with light of 23.2 °C, and darkness of 19.29 °C, considering the factor of cold and low luminosity, it was observed that, chlorophyll in the leaves shows growth without photosynthetic deficiency in plants in both chambers; the glucose content of the ‘Hass’ variety varies according to the glucose content in the rootstock; the fructose content increases in grafted and non-grafted materials, acting as an osmoprotectant, the sucrose content increases in the grafted aceitoso material and the starch content is not affected; as a result, duke 7 and tepetl were the materials with the highest concentration of glucose and fructose under cold conditions.

Resumen Debido a la demanda de fruta, en México, las huertas de aguacate (Persea americana Mill.) variedad ‘Hass’ de clima subtropical, se establecen erróneamente en zonas frías, afectando su producción; una alternativa es usar portainjertos de la raza mexicana tolerantes al frio, tolerancia relacionada con el incremento de azúcares, en áreas de demanda, que comparte a través del injerto con la variedad ‘Hass’, por lo que, en 2021 se evaluaron en el Colegio de Posgraduados los segregantes de los ‘portainjertos’ duke 7, tepetl, aceitoso y colecta 1, analizando contenido de glucosa, fructosa, sacarosa y almidón en brotes vegetativos, a los 1, 7 y 14 días de tratamiento, en la cámara 1 (tratamiento) con luminosidad de 380 µmol m-2 s-1 y temperaturas con luz de 15.61 °C y oscuridad de 4.4 °C y la cámara 2 (testigo) con luminosidad de 367 µmol m-2 s-1 y temperaturas con luz de 23.2 °C y oscuridad de 19.29 °C, considerando el factor frío y la baja luminosidad, se observó que la clorofila en las hojas, presenta un crecimiento sin deficiencia fotosintética en las plantas de ambas cámaras, el contenido de glucosa de la variedad ‘Hass’ varía de acuerdo al contenido de glucosa en el portainjerto, el contenido de fructosa, aumenta en los materiales injertados y no injertados, actuando como un osmoprotector, el contenido de sacarosa aumenta en el material aceitoso injertado y el contenido de almidón, no es afectado, resultando, duke 7 y tepetl los materiales con mayor concentración de glucosa y fructosa, en condiciones de frío.

The thermal degradation kinetics of avocado seed biomass (Persea americana) was investigated at the heating rates of 5, 15, 20 and 25 ºC min-1 using thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential thermogravimetric (DTG) analysis techniques in the temperature range from ambient to 780 ºC. Chemical analysis of the avocado seed resulted in: 51.4% cellulose, 42.4% hemicellulose, 20.1% lignin, 2.1% ash, 5.6% extractives. The pyrolysis products were characterized via FTIR, SEM/EDS. The isoconversional methods of Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) have yielded activation energy, Eα, varying from 36-323 kJ mol-1, respectively. The calorific value of biochars produced in the present study in the range of 265 to 475 ºC was 16,17 to 20,24 MJ kg-1, respectively, which are comparable to those reported values in the literature. Analyzing the DTG simultaneously with the addition of thermal energy, it can be seen that low molecular weight compounds represent the first degradation curves, followed by hemicellulose, cellulose and, lignin. The results obtained in the present work indicate that its feasible to prepare biochars with tunable properties from residual avocado seeds using a slow pyrolysis process, adding commercial value and reducing the environmental impact caused by the inadequate disposal of lignocellulosic materials. Persea americana 5 15 2 min1 min 1 min- TGA (TGA (DTG 78 514 51 4 51.4 424 42 42.4 hemicellulose 201 20.1 lignin 21 2.1 ash 56 6 5.6 extractives FTIR SEMEDS SEM EDS SEM/EDS OzawaFlynnWall Ozawa Flynn Wall OFW (OFW KissingerAkahiraSunose Kissinger Akahira Sunose KAS (KAS energy Eα 36323 36 323 36-32 mol1, mol1 mol 1, mol-1 respectively 26 47 1617 16 17 16,1 2024 24 20,2 kg1, kg1 kg kg-1 literature curves process materials 7 51. 42. 20. 2. 5. 3632 3 32 36-3 mol- 161 16, 202 20, kg- 363 36-

ABSTRACT In Colombia, the evidence of rootstock/scion incompatibility in avocado cv. Hass graft union has been increasing, generating concern among farmers. The objective was to evaluate the photosynthetic response of the avocado trees due to rootstock/scion compatibility in three locations. A split plots design with a blocking factor per locality was used. The main plot corresponded to the type of graft union (compatible and incompatible) and the subplots to leaf age during the 2020 and 2021 seasons. Climatic (water balance) and gas exchange variables (photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, and efficiency in instantaneous water use) were measured. The results indicate that the photosynthetic performance was not affected when the water balance was negative. Compatibility did not significantly affect gas exchange variables (A, gs, E, Tl, and WUEi) during the main and secondary harvest period. The leaf age/harvest period interaction shows that during the first months of leaf development, A, gs, E, and Tl are greater and are detrimental over time. It is concluded that the rootstock/scion compatibility does not significantly modify the capacity to assimilate CO2. At the same time, the variation in avocado photosynthetic activity depends on the age of the leaves and the harvest season. Colombia rootstockscion rootstock scion cv increasing farmers locations used compatible incompatible 202 seasons photosynthesis, photosynthesis (photosynthesis transpiration conductance temperature use measured negative (A gs E WUEi ageharvest development time CO2 CO season 20 2

ABSTRACT Systematic analysis of scientific, industrial, and commercial information and the application of data science (DS) are alternatives to learn about trends and advances in value chains such as avocado. The objective of this study was to review current trends in research, technological development, and perception about the avocado subsector under tropical conditions using DS tools. A bibliometric analysis (BA) of scientific articles, technological developments, and patents in different sources of web information was implemented. Additionally, search algorithms and DS were designed to perform an analysis of trends from social media platforms in the avocado value chain. The BA identified patters associated with the avocado chain in Colombia, highlighting the increase in scientific-technical information, the grouping by work networks, the bias associated with departments and commercial varieties such as the high volume of works in Antioquia and cv. Hass, and the few high-value alternatives for the chain such as patents, industrial secrets, etc. Trends in social networks were linked to international markets, added value, and environmental aspects. Likewise, a disconnection was found between the needs of the avocado value chain and the existing offers. This study contributes as a competitive strategy for the local avocado subsector and generates a country-adjusted research agenda. (DS development tools (BA articles developments implemented Additionally Colombia scientifictechnical technical cv Hass highvalue secrets etc markets aspects Likewise offers countryadjusted country adjusted agenda

RESUMEN Los desafíos socioambientales contemporáneos se caracterizan por su elevada complejidad, lo que resulta en una creciente vulnerabilidad socioecológica. Por ello, para comprender estos problemas es necesario analizar los múltiples factores que influyen en su origen y desarrollo. Presentamos, a partir de una revisión de fuentes secundarias, un primer análisis de la avalancha de lodo, residuos y materia orgánica que ocurrió en junio de 2019 en la cabecera del municipio de San Gabriel, en el estado de Jalisco, México. Si bien este desastre ambiental se ha atribuido principalmente a la expansión del cultivo de aguacate, se argumenta que otros factores, incluida la urbanización espontánea, también desempeñan un papel significativo. A través de este análisis, se explora la complejidad socioambiental subyacente que contribuyó a la vulnerabilidad socioecológica y, en última instancia, desencadenó la avalancha en San Gabriel. Se concluye con reflexiones generales, resaltando la importancia de abordar la gestión de políticas ambientales desde una perspectiva colaborativa que involucre a todos los sectores sociales.

ABSTRACT Contemporary socio-environmental challenges are characterized by their high complexity, resulting in increasing socio-ecological vulnerability. Therefore, in order to understand these problems, it is necessary to analyse the multiple factors that influence their origin and development. We present, from a review of secondary sources, a first analysis of the landslide of mud, debris and organic matter that occurred in June 2019 in the head of the municipality of San Gabriel, in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. While this environmental disaster has been attributed primarily to the expansion of avocado cultivation, it is argued that other factors, including spontaneous urbanization, also play a significant role. Through this analysis, the underlying socio-environmental complexity that contributed to the socioecological vulnerability and ultimately triggered the landslide in San Gabriel is explored. To conclude with general reflections, highlighting the importance of approaching environmental policy management from a collaborative perspective involving all social sectors.

ABSTRACT. Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance between the production of oxidant precursors and the capacity of antioxidant defense. Oxygen free radicals play an important role in causing diseases. In this study, the protective effect of ethanolic avocado on apoptosis caused by oxidative damage in the tissue of albino rats was investigated. 24 male albino rats of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Mosul, Iraq, which were kept in standard conditions for at least 10 days before and through the experimental work, were examined. Four groups of rats include the control group (healthy group), the group of male rats with ethanolic avocado consumption; The third group of male rats that were treated with 0.5% of hydrogen peroxide H2O2; and the fourth group of male rats that were treated with both 0.5% H2O2 and avocado ethanolic extract (50 mg kg-1 BW) for four weeks. After fixing the tissues of the liver, kidney, lung, spleen and testis in 10% buffered formalin, they were stained with hematoxylin. TUNEL assay was performed using the TUNEL cell death assay kit to detect apoptotic cells. In this investigation, the histology results in four groups of rats showed that in the rats that were treated with avocado, there were minor tissue changes in their liver, kidney, and intestine, and the tissues of these organs were healthy. In TUNEL staining, it was also shown that there are no apoptotic cells in the liver, kidney and testis cells in avocado-treated rats. The results showed that ethanolic Avocado is useful against oxidative stress damage and it may be used to protect tissues against oxidative stress. ABSTRACT defense diseases study investigated 2 Mosul Iraq 1 work examined healthy group, , group) consumption 05 0 5 0.5 HO H O H2O 50 (5 kg1 kg kg- BW weeks liver lung formalin hematoxylin investigation intestine staining avocadotreated 0. (

Abstract AS inhibition effect on the corrosion behavior of AA in a 3.5% NaCl solution was herein studied using electrochemical, thermodynamic, surface analysis and DFT (B-3LYP, at 6-31G (d, p)) techniques. The obtained results showed that AS inhibited AA corrosion process. Maximum IE(%) of around 85% was reached with AS C of 1 g/L, and it was stable as T increased from 298 to 328 K. Furthermore, AS acted as a mixed-type inhibitor through electrostatic interaction (physical adsorption), which was more dominant than chemical adsorption, between the charged molecules and the AA surface. EIS measurements confirmed these results. SEM coupled with EDX showed that AS were preferentially adsorbed onto the AA surface. AFM results demonstrated that Ra values were reduced from 338 μm to 79 nm. X-RD offered suitable support to PDP and EIS studies. There was an excellent agreement between experimental and computed data. Pc effectiveness was investigated by DFT studies, having followed the order: GA > D-M.

ABSTRACT: Perennial crops such as avocados (Persea americana), guarantee food securitty and improve landproductivity. Sustainability was determined in two types of production systems: an organic farm (FO) and two conventional farms (FC 1 and FC 2 ), located in the Santa Rosalía village in Huaura, Lima. The MESMIS methodology was usedfor characterization and construction offive indicatofs per dimension: environmental, economic and social, based on representative criticalpoints. These were measured on a scale from 1 to 4, considering optimal values for each one, and radial graphs by dimension were elaborated. The organic farm will stand out in environmental sustainability, unlike conventional farms. The three farms reached the sustainable level in the economic and social dimensions. However, there are critical points that, with changes in their management, better results would be achieved.

RESUMEN: Los cultivos perennes como el palto (Persea americana) garantizan la seguridad alimentaria y mejoran la productividad de la tierra. Se determinó la sostenibilidad en tres fundos agrícolas de diferentes sistemas de producción: un fundo orgánico (FO) y dos fundos convencionales (FC1 y FC2) ubicados en el Centro Poblado Santa Rosalía en Huaura, Lima. Se empleó la metodología MESMIS para la caracterización y construcción de cinco indicadores por dimensión ambiental, económica y social con base en puntos críticos representativos. Estos indicadores se midieron mediante una escala del 1 al 4 teniendo en cuenta valores óptimos para cada uno y se elaboraron gráficos radiales por dimensión. El fundo orgánico se destacó en la sostenibilidad ambiental, a diferencia de los fundos convencionales. Los tres fundos alcanzaron un nivel sostenible en las dimensiones económica y social. Existen puntos críticos, sin embargo, con cambios en el manejo de estos, se lograrían mejores resultados.