RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo de caso foi aplicar um método de fixação robusto usando a técnica de placa e pino, que combina pinos intramedulares com placas ósseas para proporcionar estabilização rígida. Essa técnica, embora comumente usada em mamíferos, ainda não foi documentada na medicina aviária. A cirurgia envolveu avaliações pré-operatórias detalhadas e planejamento cirúrgico meticuloso, refletindo padrões utilizados em ortopedia de pequenos animais, para garantir que os implantes fossem bem adaptados às necessidades anatômicas únicas do pássaro. No pós-operatório, o pássaro foi monitorado de perto, com radiografias de acompanhamento que mostravam o sucesso do alinhamento dos implantes e a cura avançada dos ossos sem sinais de infecção. O resultado foi positivo, com o pássaro recuperando a funcionalidade completa da asa e sendo liberado de volta à natureza após a recuperação em um centro de reabilitação de vida selvagem. Este caso destaca a eficácia da técnica de placa e pino no manejo de fraturas complexas em pacientes aviários, enfatizando seu potencial como uma opção valiosa para casos semelhantes, particularmente em aves grandes e selvagens. A aplicação bem-sucedida e o resultado desta abordagem fornecem uma contribuição significativa para a ortopedia veterinária, expandindo as metodologias potenciais para o tratamento de fraturas em espécies aviárias.

ABSTRACT The aim of this case study was to apply a robust fixation method using the plate rod technique, which combines intramedullary pins with bone plates to provide rigid stabilization. Although commonly used in mammals, this technique has not yet been documented in avian medicine. The surgery involved detailed pre-operative evaluations and meticulous surgical planning, reflecting standards used in small animal orthopedics, to ensure that the implants were well-suited to the unique anatomical needs of the bird. In the post-operative phase, the bird was closely monitored, with follow-up radiographs showing successful implant alignment and advanced bone healing without any signs of infection. The outcome was positive, with the bird regaining full wing functionality and being released back into the wild after recovery at a wildlife rehabilitation center. This case highlights the effectiveness of the plate rod technique in managing complex fractures in avian patients, emphasizing its potential as a valuable option for similar cases, particularly in large and wild birds. The successful application and outcome of this approach provide a significant contribution to veterinary orthopedics, expanding potential methodologies for fracture treatment in avian species.

Resumo Espécies de piolho mastigador do gênero Neopsittaconirmus Conci, 1942 são parasitas específicos de papagaios do Velho Mundo e da Australásia (Psittaciformes), infestando aves selvagens e mantidas em cativeiro. Apesar das práticas veterinárias que tentam eliminar parasitas dos hospedeiros em cativeiro, duas espécies, Neopsittaconirmus gracilis Guimarães, 1974 e Neopsittaconirmus vendulae Sychra, 2006, infestam frequentemente aves em cativeiro, não apenas os seus hospedeiros naturais regulares, mas também outras espécies que naturalmente não são parasitadas. Aqui foram relatados e discutidos registros adicionais destas duas espécies de piolhos de psitacídeos em cativeiro no Brasil, Austrália, Inglaterra, Reunião e Estados Unidos da América.

Abstract Species of the chewing louse genus Neopsittaconirmus Conci, 1942 are host-specific parasites on Old World and Australasian parrots (Psittaciformes), infesting both wild and captive birds. Despite veterinarian practices that attempt to eliminate parasites from captive hosts, two species, Neopsittaconirmus gracilis Guimarães, 1974 and Neopsittaconirmus vendulae Sychra, 2006, frequently infest captive birds, not only their regular natural hosts, but also other species that are not naturally parasitized. Here we report and discuss additional records of these two species of lice from captive parrots in Brazil, Australia, England, Réunion and the United States of America.

RESUMO Investigamos os efeitos da forma da ração, da superdosagem de fitase e do ácido cítrico sobre o desempenho do crescimento, a digestibilidade do fósforo e a população microbiana intestinal de frangos de corte. Para isso, 1.000 pintinhos de corte Cobb 500 recém-eclodidos e de crescimento direto foram distribuídos em 8 tratamentos experimentais com cinco baias de réplica cada e 25 frangos de corte por réplica em um arranjo fatorial 2x2x2 com duas formas de ração (pellets ou purê), duas concentrações de fitase (0 ou 2.000 FTU por kg) e dois níveis de ácido cítrico (0 ou 0,4% da dieta) por 42 dias. As aves alimentadas com ração peletizada apresentaram maior ganho de peso e consumo de ração do que aquelas alimentadas com a forma de purê (p<0,05). A adição de ácido cítrico e fitase às dietas peletizadas, em comparação com as dietas à base de purê, resultou em maior ganho de peso corporal dos frangos (p<0,05). Em comparação com as dietas de purê, a adição de fitase à dieta peletizada reduziu a população bacteriana aeróbica cecal (p<0,05). A adição de fitase e ácido cítrico às dietas peletizadas aumentou a digestibilidade do fósforo e do cálcio (p<0,05). Em geral, o uso da forma de pellets com uma mistura de ácido cítrico e fitase foi melhor do que outros tratamentos para melhorar o desempenho e a digestibilidade do fósforo e do cálcio.

ABSTRACT We investigated the effects of feed form, phytase super dosing, and citric acid on growth performance, phosphorus digestibility, and intestinal microbial population of broiler chickens. For this purpose, 1000 newly hatched, straight-run Cobb 500 broiler chicks were assigned to 8 experimental treatments with five replicate pens each and 25 broiler chickens per replicate in a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement with two forms of feed (pellets or mash), two phytase concentrations (0 or 2000 FTU per kg), and two citric acid levels (0 or 0.4% of diet) for 42 days. Birds fed pelleted feed showed higher weight gain and feed intake than those fed mash form (p<0.05). Adding citric acid and phytase to the pelleted diets compared to the mash diets resulted in elevated body weight gain in chickens (p<0.05). Compared to the mash diets, the addition of phytase to the pelleted diet reduced the cecal aerobic bacterial population (p<0.05). The addition of both phytase and citric acid to the pelleted diets enhanced the phosphorus and calcium digestibility (P<0.05). In general, the use of pellet form with a mixture of citric acid and phytase was better than other treatments to improve performance and digestibility of phosphorus and calcium.

RESUMO: O presente estudo avaliou a eficácia do uso de máscaras descartáveis na mitigação da propagação de Staphylococcus aureus durante o processo de corte de frango em um grande abatedouro de aves. Foi realizada a identificação de portadores de S. aureus e influência do tempo de uso de máscaras descartáveis. A contaminação em utensílios e equipamentos por S. aureus e produtos por aeróbios mesófilos foi determinada, com e sem uso de máscaras. A eficiência de diferentes máscaras comerciais foi avaliada contra S. aureus em condições simuladas. Os resultados revelaram que 36% dos trabalhadores das linhas de processamento no frigorífico eram portadores de S. aureus. Foi observado aumento na contagem de S. aureus em máscaras usadas pelos funcionários até 3 horas. A transferência de carga microbiana para utensílios foi potencializada na ausência da máscara e com o passar do tempo. Os filés de peito avaliados não apresentaram diferença na contagem de bactérias mesófilas com e sem o uso de máscaras pelos funcionários, por outro lado, os cortes de coxa e sobrecoxa, filé de coxa e sobrecoxa e asas apresentaram diferença significativa com contagens médias inferiores a 2,96 Log de UFC/g. Testes de condições simuladas demonstraram a eficácia das máscaras comerciais na retenção de microrganismos. A máscara teste utilizada pelo frigorífico mostrou-se ineficiente, permitindo a passagem de pulverizações contendo S. aureus, a 6, 15 e 25 cm, com 2,53, 1,74 e 0,66 Log UFC/placa, respectivamente. Essa máscara saturava, criando um efeito barreira que aumentava a contaminação na área de trabalho dos funcionários. RESUMO aves S determinada 36 horas lado 296 2 96 2,9 UFCg UFC g UFC/g microrganismos mostrouse mostrou se ineficiente 6 1 cm 253 53 2,53 174 74 1,7 066 0 66 0,6 UFCplaca placa UFC/placa respectivamente saturava 29 9 2, 5 2,5 17 7 1, 06 0,

ABSTRACT: The present study evaluated the effectiveness of using disposable masks in mitigating the spread of Staphylococcus aureus during the chicken cutting process in a large poultry abattoir. The identification of carriers of S. aureus and the influence of the time of use of disposable masks was carried out. Contamination of utensils and equipment by S. aureus and products by mesophilic aerobes was determined, with and without the use of masks. The efficiency of different commercial masks was evaluated against S. aureus under simulated conditions. The results revealed that 36% of workers on processing lines at the abattoirs carried S. aureus. An increase in S. aureus counts was observed in masks worn by employees for up to 3 h. The transfer of microbial load to utensils was enhanced in the absence of the mask and over time. The breast fillets evaluated showed no difference in the count of mesophilic bacteria with and without the use of masks by employees, conversely, the cuts of thigh and drumstick, thigh fillet and drumstick and wings showed a significant difference with average counts lower than 2 .96 Log CFU/g. Tests under simulated conditions demonstrated the effectiveness of commercial masks in retaining microorganisms. The test mask used by the abattoirs proved to be inefficient, allowing the passage of sprays containing S. aureus, at 6, 15 and 25 cm, with 2.53, 1.74 and 0.66 Log CFU/plate, respectively. This mask saturated, creating a barrier effect that increased contamination in the employees’ work area. ABSTRACT abattoir S out determined 36 h conversely 96 .9 CFUg CFU g CFU/g microorganisms inefficient 6 1 cm 253 53 2.53 174 74 1.7 066 0 66 0.6 CFUplate plate CFU/plate respectively saturated area 9 . 5 2.5 17 7 1. 06 0. 2.

RESUMO: Foram avaliadas diferentes formas de ração (FA), (farelo ou pellets), sistemas de alimentação (SA) (ad libitum ou controlado) e níveis de energia metabolizável (EM) (2.900 kcal/kg ou 2.750 kcal/kg) nos períodos de criação 1 (7 a 12 semanas) e 2 (13 a 17 semanas). Foram utilizadas 400 frangas poedeiras semipesadas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2x2x2 (oito tratamentos, com cinco repetições). No período 1, o consumo de ração foi semelhante (P > 0,05) entre FA e entre SA, porém frangas alimentadas ad libitum apresentaram consumo 27,5% maior do que as alimentadas com quantidades controladas (P < 0,05). O peso corporal (PC) diferiu (P<0,05) no SA. A conversão alimentar (CA) não foi afetada (P > 0,05) por nenhum dos fatores do estudo. A uniformidade do lote foi afetada (P < 0,05) por FF e por FS, com interação entre os fatores (P < 0,05). As frangas alimentadas com ração farelada ad libitum apresentaram melhor uniformidade (P < 0,05) do que as frangas alimentadas com ração farelada controlada. A ração peletizada causou a pior uniformidade. No período de recria 2, o consumo de ração foi afetado (P < 0,05). As frangas alimentadas com ração farelada ou peletizada ad libitum consumiram 8g a mais (P < 0,05) em média, do que aquelas no FS controlado. No fornecimento ad libitum, o consumo foi maior (P < 0,05) para a ração farelada do que para a ração peletizada. O PC e o FC não foram afetados por nenhum dos fatores (P > 0,05). A uniformidade (%) foi influenciada pelo sistema farelado ou controlado (P < 0,05). Entre 7 e 17 semanas de idade, as frangas poedeiras de ovos vermelhos precisam ser alimentadas com dieta farelada em sistema de alimentação controlado, com 2.750 kcal/kg de energia metabolizável. RESUMO FA, , (FA) farelo pellets, pellets pellets) SA (SA EM (EM 2.900 2900 900 (2.90 kcalkg kcal kg 2750 750 2.75 ( 13 (1 semanas. . 40 xx x 2x2x oito tratamentos repetições. repetições repetições) P 0,05 005 0 05 275 27 5 27,5 0,05. (PC P<0,05 P005 (P<0,05 CA (CA estudo controlada g média % (% idade (FA 2.90 290 90 (2.9 75 2.7 4 0,0 00 27, P<0,0 P00 (P<0,0 2.9 29 9 (2. 2. 0, P<0, P0 (P<0, (2 P<0 (P<0 P< (P<

ABSTRACT: Evaluated different feed forms (FF), (mash or pellets), feeding systems (FS) (ad libitum or controlled) and metabolizable energy levels (ME) (2,900 kcal/kg or 2,750 kcal/kg) in rearing period 1 (7 to 12 weeks) and 2 (13 to 17 weeks). Utilized 400 brown-egg laying pullets a completely randomized design in 2x2x2 factorial arrangement (eight treatments, with five replications). In period 1, feed intake was similar (P > 0,05) between FF and between ME, however pullets fed ad libitum showed 27.5% higher intake than fed with controlled amounts (P < 0,05). Body weight (BW) differed (P < 0.05) in the FS. Feed conversion (FC) was not affected (P > 0.05) by any of the study factors. Flock uniformity was affected (P < 0.05) by FF and by FS, with an interaction between the factors (P < 0.05). The pullets fed the mash feed ad libitum had better uniformity (P < 0.05) than the pullets fed with the controlled mash feed. The pelleted feed caused the worst uniformity. In rearing period 2, feed intake was affected (P < 0.05). That pullets fed mash or pelletized feed ad libitum consumed 8g more (P < 0.05) on average, than those in the controlled FS. In the ad libitum supply, intake was higher (P < 0.05) for the mash feed than for the pelleted feed. BW and FC were not affected by any of the factors (P > 0.05). Uniformity (%) was influenced by the mash or controlled systems (P < 0.05). Between 7 and 17 weeks of age, brown-egg laying pullets need to be fed with a mashed diet in a controlled feeding system, with 2,750 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy. ABSTRACT FF, , (FF) pellets, pellets pellets) FS (FS ME (ME 2,900 2900 900 (2,90 kcalkg kcal kg 2750 750 2,75 ( 13 (1 weeks. . 40 brownegg brown egg xx x 2x2x eight treatments replications. replications replications) P 0,05 005 0 05 275 27 5 27.5 0,05. (BW 0.05 (FC 0.05. g average supply % (% age system (FF 2,90 290 90 (2,9 75 2,7 4 0,0 00 27. 0.0 2,9 29 9 (2, 0, 0. (2

RESUMO: Oitocentas e sessenta frangas Embrapa 051 foram alocadas em três grupos de peso corporal às 19 semanas (pesadas: 1,48 kg ± 0,01 DP, N= 172 aves, médias: 1,32 kg ± 0,039 DP, N= 516 aves, leves: 1,19 kg ± 0,019 DP, N=172 aves) e alojadas em piso com ninhos por 65 semanas. As aves pesadas apresentaram maior produção de ovos nas semanas 24-28, enquanto as médias superaram as pesadas nas semanas 41-46, e as leves superaram as pesadas nas semanas 61-65. Nas semanas 57 a 65, não houve diferenças significativas na produção de ovos entre as aves pesadas e médias. O peso às 19 semanas afetou ovos no chão, ovos trincados e ovos duplos (P < 0,05) nas semanas 22-34. As aves pesadas botaram menos ovos no chão, as médias tiveram menos ovos trincados (0,3%), e as leves produziram menos ovos com duas gemas (1,1%). Não houve impacto significativo do peso inicial no peso dos ovos. Em conclusão, o peso às 19 semanas influencia o ciclo de postura, com aves pesadas, médias e leves exibindo padrões distintos de produção de ovos, uso do ninho e características de qualidade em diferentes fases do ciclo. RESUMO 05 1 (pesadas 148 48 1,4 001 0 01 0,0 DP N 17 132 32 1,3 0039 039 0,03 51 119 1,1 0019 019 N172 N=17 6 2428, 2428 24 28, 28 24-28 4146, 4146 41 46, 46 41-46 6165. 6165 61 65. 61-65 5 chão P 0,05 005 2234. 2234 22 34. 34 22-34 0,3%, 03 0,3% , 3 (0,3%) 1,1%. 11 1,1% . (1,1%) conclusão postura 14 4 1, 00 0, 13 003 N17 N=1 242 2 24-2 414 41-4 616 61-6 223 22-3 0,3 (0,3% (1,1% N1 24- 41- 61- 22- (0,3 (1,1 (0, (1, (0 (1 (

ABSTRACT: A total of 860 Embrapa 051 pullets were allocated into three groups based on their 19-week body weights (heavy: 1.48 kg ± 0.01 SD, N= 172 birds, medium: 1.32 kg ± 0.039 SD, N= 516 birds, light: 1.19 kg ± 0.019 SD, N=172 birds) and housed in floor pens with nests for a 65-week production period. Heavy-weight birds exhibited higher egg production during weeks 24-28, while medium-weight hens surpassed heavy-weight counterparts between weeks 41-46, and light-weight hens outperformed heavy-weight birds in weeks 61-65. From weeks 57-65, no significant egg production differences were noted between heavy and medium-weight hens. Body weight at 19 weeks affected floor eggs, cracked eggs, and double-yolk eggs (P < 0.05) during weeks 22-34. Heavy-weight hens laid fewer floor eggs, medium-weight hens had fewer cracked eggs (0.3%), and light-weight hens produced fewer double-yolk eggs (1.1%). No significant impact of weight grouping on egg weight was observed. Results indicated that body weight at 19 weeks influences the laying cycle, with heavy, medium, and light-weight hens exhibiting distinct egg production patterns, nest use and egg quality traits at different phases of the cycle. ABSTRACT 86 05 19week week (heavy 148 1 48 1.4 001 0 01 0.0 SD N 17 medium 132 32 1.3 0039 039 0.03 51 light 119 1.1 0019 019 N172 N=17 65week 65 period Heavyweight Heavy 2428, 2428 24 28, 28 24-28 mediumweight heavyweight 4146, 4146 41 46, 46 41-46 lightweight 6165. 6165 61 65. 61-65 5765, 5765 57 65, 57-65 doubleyolk double yolk P 0.05 005 2234. 2234 22 34. 34 22-34 0.3%, 03 0.3% , 3 (0.3%) 1.1%. 11 1.1% . (1.1%) observed cycle patterns 8 14 4 1. 00 0. 13 003 5 N17 N=1 6 242 2 24-2 414 41-4 616 61-6 576 57-6 223 22-3 0.3 (0.3% (1.1% N1 24- 41- 61- 57- 22- (0.3 (1.1 (0. (1. (0 (1 (

ABSTRACT The informal agricultural sector is a significant component of the country's economy, as it is within the development axes planted by the new Government in search of its formalization, with the objective of improving competitiveness and achieving quality, sustainable and sustainable production. Consequently, this research aims to identify the best alternative for the sustainable use of productive lands of small farmers and ranchers in the La Virginia area, in the Prado municipality, Tolima, Colombia. To fulfill this purpose, a study was carried out using a quantitative approach, with a descriptive methodology, structured in a three-stage work procedure. From the results obtained, the importance of organizing accounting and financial information as a basis for its development is identified, as well as the subsequent management of productive projects with a view to banking, job security and competitiveness through diversification in the cultivation of endemic products, structured poultry raising and sustainable livestock.

RESUMEN El sector agropecuario informal es un componente significativo de la economía del país, ya que se encuentra dentro de los ejes de desarrollo plantados por el nuevo Gobierno en busca de su formalización, con el objetivo de mejorar la competitividad y lograr una producción de calidad, sostenible y sustentable. En consecuencia, esta investigación tiene como objetivo identificar la mejor alternativa para el aprovechamiento sostenible de terrenos productivos de pequeños agricultores y ganaderos en la vereda La Virginia, del municipio Prado, Tolima, Colombia. Para cumplir este propósito se realizó un estudio bajo un enfoque cuantitativo, con una metodología descriptiva, estructurado en un procedimiento de actuación de tres etapas de trabajo. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se identifica la importancia de organizar la información contable y financiera como base para su desarrollo, y la posterior gestión de proyectos productivos en miras a la bancarización, la seguridad laboral y la competitividad por medio de la diversificación en el cultivo de productos endémicos, levante de aves de corral de manera estructurada y la ganadería sostenible.

Resumen (Objetivo) El objetivo fue analizar la composición de aves asociadas a cultivos orgánicos de cacao (Theobroma cacao) manejado debajo de 3 diferentes tipos de cobertura arbórea. (Metodología) Distribuimos 3 puntos de conteo en cada finca, para registrar todas las aves observadas y escuchadas, en muestreos de 5 minutos. Los conteos fueron realizados por triplicado, tanto en las primeras horas de la mañana como al atardecer. La diferencia en la composición de la avifauna entre las fincas fue analizada con la prueba ANOSIM. Las abundancias se transformaron por medio de la función decostand y el método Hellinger del paquete estadístico R-Vegan. La agrupación de las especies entre las plantaciones se efectuó mediante el escalamiento multidimensional no métrico (nMDS) y el índice de Bray-Curtis. La contribución de las especies a la disimilitud entre grupos fue analizada con el módulo SIMPER. Consideramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas cuando P ≤ 0,05. (Resultados) Observamos 428 individuos, clasificados en 49 especies y 23 familias. La finca donde las plantas de cacao crecen en condiciones más sombreadas, debido al desarrollo del dosel, mostró mayor cantidad de especies (34) y de individuos (146). La composición de aves varió significativamente entre las fincas (F(1,8) = 3,22; P < 0,02). La abundancia media de 19 especies (39,6 %) hizo notar diferencias significativas (P < 0,05), al comparar la finca con mayor sombra y menor sombra. (Conclusión) La composición de aves es más compleja en aquellas fincas de cacao orgánico que conservan un mayor desarrollo estructural de los árboles de dosel y que están cerca de bosque en regeneración.

Resumo (Objetivo) O objetivo foi analisar a composição das aves associadas às plantações de cacau orgânico (Theobroma cacao) manejadas sob três tipos diferentes de cobertura arbórea. (Metodologia) Distribuímos 3 pontos de contagem em cada fazenda, para registrar todas as aves observadas e ouvidas, em amostragens de 5 minutos. As contagens foram realizadas em triplicata, tanto nas primeiras horas da manhã quanto no final da tarde. A diferença na composição da avifauna entre as fazendas foi analisada com o teste ANOSIM. As abundâncias foram transformadas usando a função de costande o método Hellinger do pacote estatístico R-Vegan. O agrupamento de espécies entre as plantações foi feito usando o escalonamento multidimensional não métrico (nMDS) e o índice de Bray-Curtis. A contribuição das espécies para a dissimilaridade entre os grupos foi analisada com o módulo SIMPER. Consideramos as diferenças estatisticamente significativas quando P ≤ 0,05. (Resultados) Observamos 428 indivíduos, classificados em 49 espécies e 23 famílias. A fazenda onde as plantas de cacau crescem em condições mais sombreadas, devido ao desenvolvimento do dossel, apresentou um número maior de espécies (34) e indivíduos (146). A composição das aves variou significativamente entre as fazendas (F(1,8) = 3,2 apresentou diferenças significativas (P < 0,05) n; Paco< 0, mpa 02). A abundância média de 19 espécies (39,6%) ração entre a fazenda mais sombreada e a menos sombreada. (Conclusão) A composição das avesé mais complexa nas fazendas de cacau orgânico que mantêm árvores de dossel mais desenvolvidas estruturalmente e estão próximas à floresta em regeneração.

Abstract (Objective) The objective of this investigation was to analyze the composition of birds associated with organic cocoa (Theobroma cacao) crops managed under 3 different types of tree cover. (Methodology) Three census points were established in each farm to record all birds observed and heard in 5-minute sample periods. Counts were conducted in triplicate, both in the early morning and at dusk. Differences in avifauna composition between farms were analyzed using the ANOSIM test. Abundances were transformed using the Decostand function and the Hellinger method in the R-Vegan statistical package. Analysis of clustering of species among plantations was performed using non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) and the Bray-Curtis index. Contribution of species to the dissimilarity between groups was analyzed with the SIMPER module. Statistically significant differences were considered when P ≤ 0.05. (Results) Four hundred and twenty-eight individuals were observed, and classified into 49 species and 23 families. The farms where cocoa plants grow in shadier conditions due to canopy development showed a higher number of species (34) and individuals (146). Bird comp P < 0.02). The mean abundance of 19 species osit (39.ion 6%) varied significantly between farms (F (1,8) = 3.22; showed significant differences (P < 0.05) when comparing the farms with the most and least shade. (Conclusion) Bird composition is more complex on organic cocoa farms, which have more developed canopies and are near regenerating forests.

Resumen Introducción: Las aves acuáticas (AA) son usualmente relacionadas a los humedales debido a que éstos funcionan como sitios de refugio, alimentación y anidación de diferentes especies residentes y migratorias. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre las aves acuáticas en algunos humedales es nulo. Objetivo: Investigar la composición espacio-temporal de la comunidad de AA en la laguna Juluapan, Colima, en el Pacífico Central Mexicano. Métodos: Entre junio de 2017 y mayo de 2018 se llevaron a cabo conteos mensuales en condiciones de marea baja para registrar el uso de hábitat de las AA. Se obtuvieron valores de riqueza de especies y número de individuos para realizar comparaciones entre zonas de muestreo, así como el promedio del número de especies y número de individuos para comparaciones entre temporadas. Resultados: Se registraron un total de 53 especies y 5 750 individuos. Los valores de riqueza de especies y densidad de individuos fueron más altos durante invierno, en la zona más alejada al ambiente marino, donde la actividad antropogénica es menor. La diversidad tuvo valores más altos en la zona 2 y 3, durante primavera, verano y otoño. El ambiente más explotado por las aves fueron las planicies lodosas; y el descanso fue la actividad más frecuente. Asimismo, la actividad de anidación sólo se registró en el manglar de la zona media durante primavera. Las “aves playeras” y “aves zancudas” fueron los grupos más predominantes en la comunidad de aves de la laguna Juluapan. Conclusiones: Este humedal costero es un sitio de gran importancia biológica para aves acuáticas, por lo que resulta necesario la implementación de medidas de conservación, así como el estudio de los efectos por la presión antropogénica.

Abstract Introduction: Aquatic birds (AB) are usually associated with wetlands, which provide refuge, food, and/or nesting sites for resident and migratory species. Despite their ecological importance, there is little knowledge on AB in some tropical environments, such as those found on the Colima coast. Objective: To investigate the spatial and temporal composition of the AB community in Juluapan Lagoon, Colima, Central Mexican Pacific. Methods: Monthly counts were conducted between June 2017 and May 2018 during low-tide conditions to record habitat use by AB. Species richness and bird counts were obtained to compare sampling areas; mean richness and number of individuals were compared between seasons. Results: We detected 53 species and 5 750 individuals. The highest species richness and relative abundance values were obtained in winter at the lagoon area farthest from the connection with the marine system, where anthropogenic activity is lower. Diversity was greater in zones 2 and 3 in spring, summer, and fall. Muddy flats were the most used environment, and the most frequent activity was resting. Nesting activity was only recorded in the middle of the lagoon at the mangrove during spring. “Shorebirds” and “waders” were the most dominant groups in the bird community of the Juluapan lagoon. Conclusions: This coastal wetland is a site of great biological importance for aquatic birds; thus, conservation measures should be implemented, and there should be a continuous study of the effects of anthropogenic pressure.

Resumen Introducción: A pesar de que el enriquecimiento sensorial es fundamental para garantizar el bienestar de los animales silvestres en cautiverio, los olores no son incluidos de forma rutinaria en los protocolos de enriquecimiento para aves. Además, en el caso de estos animales, la neofobia puede ser un problema a la hora de implementar nuevos dispositivos de enriquecimiento. Objetivo: Explorar cómo varía la participación y la latencia en la interacción con un enriquecimiento olfativo entre grupos taxonómicos de aves (Amazona spp. / Ara spp. / Ramphastos spp.). Métodos: Expusimos a 257 aves a un enriquecimiento olfativo y registramos qué individuos participaron y el tiempo que tardaron en interactuar con él. Resultados: La participación en el enriquecimiento fue mayor en los tucanes en comparación con las amazonas y los guacamayos. Además, el tiempo de latencia para interactuar con el enriquecimiento fue mayor en las amazonas que en las otras especies. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que los tucanes son especies neofílicas que podrían beneficiarse de tasas de exploración más altas. Por otro lado, las amazonas parecen ser particularmente neofóbicas, posiblemente debido a sus hábitos alimenticios menos oportunistas en comparación con los tucanes y a su mayor vulnerabilidad a la depredación en comparación con los guacamayos. Conclusión: Estos resultados señalan que los tucanes serían más proclives a participar en enriquecimientos ambientales, mientras que un diseño que utilice olores dentro de objetos más naturales o familiares podría ser más exitoso para las psitácidas.

Abstract Introduction: Despite sensory enrichment being critical for ensuring the well-being of captive wild animals, smells are not being included in enrichment protocols for birds. For this group, neophobia can be a problem when it comes to implementing new enrichment devices. Objective: To explore how participation in an olfactory enrichment and latency times varies between bird taxonomic groups (Amazona spp. / Ara spp. / Ramphastos spp.). Methods: We exposed 257 birds to a scent enrichment, and we recorded which individuals engaged with it and the time they took to interact with it. Results: We discovered that participation by toucans in the enrichment was higher compared to amazons and macaws. Furthermore, latency time to interact with the enrichment was higher in amazons that in the other species. Our findings could suggest that toucans are neophilic species which could benefit from higher exploration rates. Amazons on the contrary seem to be particularly neophobic, possibly because of their less opportunistic feeding habits compared to toucans and their higher vulnerability to predation compared to macaws. Conclusion: These results point out that toucans would be more inclined to engage in environmental enrichments, while a more natural design using smells inside familiar objects could be a more successful enrichment for psittacids.

Resumen Introducción: El Zorzal del Bosque es un ave migratoria que ha experimentado caídas dramáticas en sus poblaciones en las últimas décadas. Esta especie pasa el invierno en fragmentos de bosque con niveles intermedios de modificación de hábitat en Centroamérica. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios que detallen el uso de los bosques remanentes a lo largo del tiempo para dilucidar las amenazas que enfrenta esta especie en las zonas de invernada. Objetivo: Comprender los efectos de variables ambientales y de estructura del bosque en la ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque en el Norte de Costa Rica. Métodos: El área de estudio fue el Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), ubicada en el Norte de Costa Rica, en diciembre de 2016, y en la temporada migratoria 2018-2019. Estimamos la ocurrencia y la probabilidad de detección del Zorzal del Bosque en cuatro ubicaciones de ACG (bosque seco, bosque nuboso y dos ubicaciones en el bosque húmedo) utilizando modelos de ocurrencia de una sola temporada. También estimamos la ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque y la probabilidad de persistencia en diferentes meses en tres tipos de vegetación (área abierta, bosque secundario y bosque primario) en el bosque húmedo de ACG utilizando un enfoque de modelo de ocurrencia multi-estacional. Resultados: La ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque estuvo mejor descrita por la precipitación en las cuatro localidades del ACG; la probabilidad de ocurrencia aumentó con las precipitaciones. La ocurrencia media de zorzales varió con el tipo de vegetación: área abierta con arbustos y borde de bosque (0.69 ± 0.09), bosque secundario (0.46 ± 0.1) y bosque primario (0.61 ± 0.1). La probabilidad de persistencia del zorzal respondió parcialmente a cambios en la precipitación, con un aumento inesperado en la persistencia cuando las precipitaciones continuaron disminuyendo en la temporada. Conclusión: La ocurrecia del Zorzal del Bosque varió con la precipitación considerando una escala espacial mayor. Su probabilidad de persistencia varió parcialmente con la precipitación. Un aumento en la persistencia más cerca de la migración de primavera podría explicarse por el inicio de la temporada de reproducción de las aves residentes, lo que podría reducir los conflictos territoriales y conservar energía antes de la migración. La protección a largo plazo de los bosques húmedos en el norte de Costa Rica es de suma importancia para la conservación de los Zorzales del Bosque en sus zonas de invernada.

Abstract Introduction: The Wood Thrush is a migratory bird that has experienced dramatic declines in its populations in recent decades. This species overwinters in forest fragments with intermediate levels of habitat modification in Central America. However, more studies detailing the use of remnant forests through time are needed to elucidate the threats this species faces in the wintering grounds. Objective: To understand the effects of environmental and forest structure variables on the occupancy of Wood Thrush in Northern Costa Rica. Methods: The study area was the Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), located in Northern Costa Rica, in December 2016, and during the 2018-2019 migration season. We estimated Wood Thrush occupancy and detection probability in four locations of ACG (dry forest, cloud forest, and two locations in the wet forest) using single-season occupancy models. We also estimated Wood Thrush occupancy and probability of persistence in different months in three vegetation types (open area, secondary forest, and old-growth forest) in the wet forest of ACG using a multi-season occupancy model approach. Results: Wood Thrush occupancy was best described by precipitation in the four locations of the ACG; the probability of occupancy increased with precipitation. The average occupancy of Wood Thrushes varied with vegetation type: open area with shrubs and forest edge (0.69 ± 0.09), secondary forest (0.46 ± 0.1), and old-growth forest (0.61 ± 0.1). Wood Thrush probability of persistence responded partially to changes in precipitation, with an unexpected increase in persistence when the rainfall continued decreasing in the season. Conclusion: Wood Thrush occupancy was best predicted by changes in precipitation considering a larger spatial scale. Its probability of persistence partially varied with precipitation. An increase in persistence closer to Spring migration might be explained by the start of the breeding season of resident birds, potentially reducing territorial conflicts and conserving energy before migration. The long-term protection of wet forests in Northern Costa Rica is of paramount importance for the conservation of Wood Thrushes in their wintering grounds.

Resumen Introducción: Los bosques de albardón exhiben una estratificación vertical que puede contribuir en la complejidad estructural, permitiendo que una gran diversidad de aves prospere en las islas. En ecosistemas deltaicos hay escasos datos que lo demuestren. Objetivos: Evaluar las variaciones en la composición de la comunidad de aves dentro de los bosques de albardón. Método: Se muestrearon durante tres años, dos áreas protegidas de humedales pertenecientes al Delta del Río Paraná, Argentina. Se realizó un análisis comparativo de riqueza, abundancia y diversidad de aves en tres diferentes bosques de albardón, utilizando el método de conteo por puntos. Resultados: Tres distintos tipos de bosque de albardón -abiertos, intermedios y cerrados- fueron identificados con base en la estructura de su vegetación, hospedando un total de 85 especies de aves. La variación en la estructura de la comunidad de aves entre tipos de bosque revela mayor diversidad en bosques abiertos durante el invierno (3.26 ± 0.13, P < 0.01) y la primavera (3.58 ± 0.05, P < 0.01), y mayor riqueza en otoño (35.33 ± 3.01, P < 0.01). Los bosques cerrados exhibieron mayor diversidad en el otoño (3.16 ± 0.13, P < 0.05) y en verano (3.24 ± 0.06, P < 0.05), junto con elevada abundancia en otoño (114 ± 13.70, P < 0.05) y elevada riqueza en primavera (39.17 ± 4.71, P=0.01). Debido a la historia evolutiva entre sitios, se observó variación significativa en el parque nacional de más reciente creación, influyendo en la abundancia del invierno (141 ± 22.06, P < 0.01) y de la primavera (176 ± 12.83, P < 0.01), así como en la diversidad en el invierno (3.25 ± 0.10, P < 0.01) y en la primavera (3.50 ± 0.10, P < 0.01). Conclusiones: El microhábitat en los diferentes bosques de albardón permite a las aves organizarse diferencialmente. Enfocarse en la dinámica microespacial es clave para una comprensión profunda de los procesos biológicos dentro de las islas subtropicales, planificar estrategias de conservación y evidenciar la transición de un bosque ripario en recuperación hacia su estado natural, donde el pulso del río y el efecto de la estacionalidad no dejan de operar.

Abstract Introduction: Levee forests exhibit a vertical stratification that may contribute to structural complexity allowing a great diversity of birds to thrive on the islands. In deltaic ecosystems there is scarce or no data to prove it. Objectives: To assess variations in the composition of the bird community within levee forests. Methods: Two areas of protected wetlands belonging to the Paraná River Delta in Argentina were sampled for three years. A comparative analysis of richness, abundance, and diversity was performed in different levee forests using the point count method. Results: Three distinct types of levee forests -open, intermediate, and closed- were identified based on the structure of their vegetation, hosting a total of 85 bird species. Variation in avian community structure among forest types revealed greater diversity in open forests during winter (3.26 ± 0.13, P < 0.01) and spring (3.58 ± 0.05, P < 0.01), and greater richness in autumn (35.33 ± 3.01, P < 0.01). The closed forests exhibited increased diversity during autumn (3.16 ± 0.13, P < 0.05) and summer (3.24 ± 0.06, P < 0.05), along with elevated abundance in autumn (114 ± 13.70, P < 0.05) and richness in spring (39.17 ± 4.71, P = 0.01). Due to the evolutionary history between sites, significant variation was observed in the most recently created national park, influencing abundance in winter (141 ± 22.06, P < 0.01) and spring (176 ± 12.83, P < 0.01), as well as diversity in winter (3.25 ± 0.10, P < 0.01) and spring (3.50 ± 0.10, P < 0.01). Conclusions: The microhabitat in the different levee forests allows the birds to organize differently. Focusing on microspatial dynamics is key to a deep understanding of the biological processes within subtropical islands and to plan conservation strategies and demonstrate the transition of a recovering riparian forest towards its natural state, where the pulse of the river and the effect of seasonality do not stop operating.

Resumen Introducción: Cada vez son más los estudios que incluyen la diversidad funcional para comprender los patrones de la biodiversidad. Sin embargo, en el departamento del Tolima, se ha investigado poco este aspecto en las comunidades de aves, lo que crea un vacío de conocimiento acerca de esta faceta de la diversidad biológica. Objetivo: Determinar cambios o patrones en la diversidad taxonómica y funcional de la avifauna del Centro Universitario Regional del Norte del Tolima (CURDN) durante un periodo de ocho años. Métodos: Los datos fueron organizados de manera que permitieran determinar cambios en la comunidad de aves a lo largo del tiempo y en diferentes épocas climáticas (alta y baja precipitación). Se emplearon diferentes índices de diversidad taxonómica y funcional (alfa y beta). Para evaluar el efecto de las temporadas climáticas y establecer diferencias entre los años, se utilizó el Escalamiento Multidimensional No Métrico (NMDS) y el Análisis de Similitud no paramétrico (ANOSIM). Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio, se registraron 2 691 individuos. No se encontraron diferencias en la diversidad alfa, tanto taxonómica como funcional. Sin embargo, los resultados de estas dos facetas de la biodiversidad revelaron patrones opuestos que están estructurando la comunidad de aves. El análisis de partición de la diversidad taxonómica beta reveló un proceso de recambio de especies, mientras que la diversidad beta funcional determinó un anidamiento funcional. Conclusión: La diversidad funcional señaló la posibilidad de que las actividades antropogénicas llevadas a cabo en el CURDN actúan como filtros que estructuran la comunidad de aves. Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia de considerar estas dos facetas de la biodiversidad para determinar cambios o patrones de las comunidades de aves durante un amplio periodo de estudio.

Abstract Introduction: More and more studies include functional diversity to understand biodiversity patterns. However, in Tolima department, little research has been conducted on this aspect in bird communities, creating a knowledge gap to this important facet of biodiversity. Objective: To determine changes or patterns in the taxonomic and functional diversity of bird communities at the Centro Universitario Regional del Norte (CURDN) for eight years. Methods: The data were organized to identify changes in the bird community over time and during different climatic periods (high and low precipitation). Several indices of taxonomic and functional diversity (alpha and beta) were used. Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) and Non-Parametric Analysis of Similarity (ANOSIM) were applied to evaluate the impact of climatic periods and temporal variation. Results: During the sampling, 2 691 individuals were recorded. We found that there was no difference in the taxonomic and functional alpha diversity. However, the results of these two facets of biodiversity revealed opposing patterns that are structuring bird communities. The partitioning analysis of taxonomic beta diversity revealed a process of species turnover, while functional beta diversity revealed functional nestedness. Conclusions: Functional diversity suggested that anthropogenic activities in the CURDN act as filters that structure bird communities. These findings highlight the importance of considering these two facets of biodiversity to determine changes or patterns in bird communities over a long period.

In Ecuador, cocoa is the main exportable crop, but yields are low. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of Bioway®on the chemical properties of an Inceptisol soil dedicated to intensive cocoa production. The study was conducted in the greenhouse belonging to the soil laboratory of the Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial in Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas. In a completely randomized block design, with ten replications, five doses of Bioway® (0; 2; 4; 6 and 8 t ha-1) were distributed. Yellow corn (INIAP 542) was used as indicator plant during three consecutive cycles of four weeks per cycle and soil and plant samples were collected and analyzed. The results show that the best indicators of soil fertility and corn plant growth were achieved with the application of 6 and 8 t ha-1 of Bioway®.

RESUMEN En Ecuador, el cacao es el principal rubro exportable, sin embargo, sus rendimientos son bajos. El objetivo del estudio es determinar el efecto del Bioway®, sobre las propiedades químicas de un suelo Inceptisol dedicado a la producción intensiva de cacao. Este fue conducido en el invernadero del laboratorio de suelos de la Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial sede en Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas. En un diseño de bloques completamente al azar, con diez repeticiones, se distribuyeron cinco dosis de Bioway® (0; 2; 4; 6 y 8 t ha-1). Se utilizó el maíz amarillo (INIAP 542) como planta indicadora durante tres ciclos consecutivos de cuatro semanas por ciclo y se colectaron y analizaron muestras de suelo y planta. Los resultados muestran que los mejores indicadores de la fertilidad de suelo y el crecimiento de las plantas de maíz, se lograron con la aplicación 6 y 8 t ha-1 de Bioway®.

Abstract: Incorporating native flora and fauna in Latin American poetry was an arduous process, as they were less valuable as poetic material than European species dignified by tradition. The article analyses the way in which three species of songbirds, very common in the Southern Cone -the house wren, the Chilean mockingbird and the chalk-browed mockingbird- attracted first naturalists and then poets. In contrast to this attraction, which derived in celebrations of the beauty of their song, I examine the silence, the arbitrariness, the mistakes and the negative comments the three birds have received from the Spanish Royal Academy and its dictionaries. The article starts from the premise that seeing, recognising and knowing how to name correctly the species that live with us is an unavoidable starting point for the construction of an ecologically sustainable future.

Resumen: La incorporación de la flora y la fauna autóctonas a la poesía latinoamericana fue un proceso arduo. Les costó a los poetas aceptar que eran una materia tan valiosa poéticamente como las especies europeas dignificadas por una tradición milenaria. En este artículo analizo la manera en que tres especies de pájaro cantor muy comunes en el Cono Sur -el chercán, la tenca y la calandria- despertaron la atención de naturalistas y luego de poetas. En contraposición a esta atención, que derivó en una celebración de la belleza de su canto, examino la omisión, la arbitrariedad, los errores y los comentarios negativos que han sufrido estos tres pájaros por parte de la Real Academia Española y sus diccionarios. El artículo parte de la premisa de que ver, reconocer y saber nombrar correctamente las especies que conviven con nosotros es un punto de partida ineludible para la construcción de un futuro ecológicamente sostenible.