Resumen Introducción. Los hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA) forman asociaciones simbióticas estrechas con el 90 % de las especies vegetales. Entablan un “diálogo” molecular mediante moléculas infoquímicas y de nutrientes para la regulación de esta asociación mutualista. Objetivo. Recopilar información sobre los mecanismos moleculares implicados en la comunicación entre los HMA, su planta hospedera y otros organismos edáficos. Desarrollo. La simbiosis entre los hongos micorrícicos y las plantas depende de moléculas señalizadoras específicas que permiten el reconocimiento, la señalización y la comunicación, además del contacto físico entre ambos organismos. Se describen los mecanismos de comunicación molecular y de las interacciones biológicas entre los HMA y las plantas en los diferentes tiempos de la interacción, con énfasis en la descripción de genes reguladores, proteínas y moléculas diana conocidas. También se describen interacciones moleculares con otros organismos edáficos. Conclusiones. Los mecanismos de comunicación molecular entre hongos micorrícicos y plantas son complejos y aún presentan vacíos de conocimiento que deben ser superados para comprender a cabalidad la importancia ecológica de los HMA y sus interacciones con otros organismos edáficos y así lograr su aprovechamiento.

Abstract Introduction. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form close symbiotic associations with 90 % of plant species. They engage in a molecular dialogue using infochemicals and nutrient molecules to regulate this mutualistic association. Objective. To gather information on the molecular mechanisms involved in the communication between AMF, their host plant and other soil organisms. Development. The symbiosis between mycorrhizal fungi and plants depends on specific signaling molecules that allow recognition, signaling and communication, in addition to physical contact between both organisms. The mechanisms of molecular communication and biological interactions between AMF and plants at different times of interaction are described, with emphasis on the description of currently known regulatory genes, proteins and target molecules. Additionally, molecular interactions with other soil organisms are described. Conclusions. The mechanisms of molecular communication between mycorrhizal fungi and plants are complex and still present gaps in knowledge that must be filled to fully understand the ecological importance of AMF and their interactions with other edaphic organisms, and thus achieve their use.

Abstract Expansion of avocado production areas in Colombia has led to an increased demand for plant propagation material. However, this expansion has exacerbated phytosanitary challenges, particularly root rot disease mainly associated with Phytophthora spp. Therefore, this study aimed to identify Phytophthora species associated with root rot in avocado seedlings within nurseries. Avocado plants exhibiting wilting symptoms were collected from nurseries in the departments of Quindío, Risaralda, and Valle del Cauca (Colombia). Segments of diseased roots were selected, cut, and surface-disinfected, before being planted on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) supplemented with antibiotics and fungicides. Microorganism identification was conducted using taxonomic keys and confirmed by molecular techniques employing the identification based on phylogenetic hypothesis, using ITS1-5.8s-ITS2 region encoding for rRNA. Isolates obtained from necrotic avocado roots were identified as P. cinnamomi and P. heveae. The pathogenicity of the isolates was confirmed in avocado seedlings through inoculation, resulting in symptom reproduction. Consequently, this study identified P. cinnamomi and P. heveae as causal agents of root rot in avocado during the nursery stage.

ABSTRACT Breeding of new cultivars of sugarcane uses several species belonging to the Saccharum complex genus. In this study, a set of 20 genotypes from the Saccharum complex was assessed for their growth promotion during germination using a mixed inoculant containing five selected diazotrophs and their resistance to short heat treatment (52°C / 30 min). The percentage of germination was evaluated, leading to the identification of three response groups. Saccharum officinarum (group I) showed the highest germination percentage, succeeded by Erianthus arundinaceus genotypes (group II) and the other genotypes (group III). The mean germination time (MGT) varied among the genotypes and segregated the growth response into two groups. Saccharum officinarum only required less than 15 days to reach the MGT, whereas the other genera required more than two or three days during the initial growth process. Bacterial counting also differed between the groups, being effective for S. officinarum and other genotypes, improving the colonization of the plants 100–1,000 times higher than the control and heat treatments. Further comparison was made among eight genotypes, including one Saccharum spontaneum(US72-1319), one S. officinarum (IN845), and six E. arundinaceus. This comparison measured biomass accumulation and root parameters. The E. arundinaceus group demonstrated less susceptibility to the heat treatment, resulting in stimulation of the root dry mass of IJ76-381 and root parameters of this genotype, as well as IJ76-364, although not associated to the inoculation treatment. Inoculation applied to US72-1319 and IN845 enhanced only the Shoot/Root ratio.

ABSTRACT Cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) are essential elements with a fundamental role in biological nitrogen fixation in legumes. Vitamins such as thiamine, despite being required in small quantities, influence plant growth. This study aimed to assess the efficiency of different doses of thiamine applied as seed treatment, combined or not with Co and Mo, in enhancing the development of soybean crops. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse according to a randomized block design with a 6 × 2 factorial arrangement, comprising six thiamine doses (0, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg-1) in the presence or absence of Co and Mo at the recommended rate of 100 mL ha-1. At 40 days after sowing, plants were analyzed for root length, root dry weight, shoot length, shoot dry weight, nodule number, and nodule dry weight. Principal component analysis showed that combined application of Co and Mo with thiamine was negatively associated with all variables and that the thiamine doses most positively associated with the analyzed variables were 50 and 200 mg kg-1. In treatments containing thiamine alone, there was a linear direct relationship between thiamine dose and nodule dry weight. Root and shoot lengths and dry weights were highest in plants treated with thiamine only at a dose of 122 mg kg-1. Application of Co and Mo combined with thiamine via seed treatment does not promote the development of soybean crops. Thiamine application is a promising treatment to increase shoot length, root dry weight, and nodule dry weight in soybean. (Co (Mo legumes quantities growth crops arrangement 0, 0 (0 10 25 20 kg1 kg 1 kg-1 ha1. ha1 ha 1. ha-1 4 sowing length number 5 kg1. alone 12 ( kg- ha-

RESUMO A cultura do sorgo é considerada uma das mais importantes do mundo devido a sua versatilidade de utilização. No entanto, o estresse hídrico pode ser considerado uma ameaça significativa para sua produtividade. A busca por produtos mitigadores do estresse hídrico é uma área de pesquisa crucial na agricultura e na gestão de recursos hídricos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade do uso do ácido salicílico como atenuante de estresse hídrico na cultura do sorgo. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente telado, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso com esquema fatorial 4 × 2, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados quatro níveis hídricos (40, 60, 80 e 100% da evapotranspiração) e duas concentrações de ácido salicílico (0 e 2,76 g L-1). Foram analisados a altura das plantas, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, trocas gasosas, pigmentos fotossintéticos e fluorescência da clorofila a. A aplicação de lâminas de irrigação deficitárias reduziu a altura da planta, diâmetro do colmo, número de folhas e clorofila total no sorgo. No entanto, quando essas lâminas foram associadas ao ácido salicílico, foi observado que houve atenuação dos danos, especialmente em relação a clorofila a e b. Além disso, o ácido salicílico quando aplicado isoladamente, contribuiu para redução da temperatura da folha e aumento da eficiência de uso da água. Assim, o ácido salicílico pode ser usado para mitigar os efeitos do estresse salino em plantas de sorgo. utilização entanto produtividade Assim telado 2 repetições 40, 40 (40 60 8 100 evapotranspiração 0 ( 276 76 2,7 L1. L1 L 1 . L-1) caule gasosas planta colmo danos b disso isoladamente água (4 6 10 27 7 L-1 L-

ABSTRACT The sorghum crop is considered one of the most important worldwide due to its versatility. However, water stress can be considered a significant threat to its yield. The search for products that mitigate water stress is a crucial area of research in agriculture and water resources management. Thus, the objective in this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using salicylic acid as a water stress attenuator in sorghum. The experiment was conducted in a screened environment in a randomized block design with a 4 × 2 factorial scheme, with four replicates. Four levels of water (40, 60, 80, and 100% of evapotranspiration) and two concentrations of salicylic acid (0 and 2.76 g L-1) were evaluated. Plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments, and chlorophyll a fluorescence were analyzed. Application of deficit irrigation depths reduced plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and total chlorophyll in sorghum. However, when these depths were associated with salicylic acid, it was observed that the damage was attenuated, especially in chlorophyll a and b. Furthermore, salicylic acid reduced leaf temperature and increased water use efficiency when applied alone. Thus, salicylic acid can be used to mitigate the effects of salt stress on sorghum plants. versatility However yield management Thus scheme replicates 40, 40 (40 60 80 100 evapotranspiration 0 ( 276 76 2.7 L1 L 1 L-1 evaluated height diameter leaves exchange pigments analyzed attenuated b Furthermore alone plants (4 6 8 10 27 7 2. L-

RESUMO: Uma das causas de perda de produtividade em lavouras de cana está associada à espécie Diatraea saccharalis, também conhecida por broca da cana. Portanto, este estudo avaliou a viabilidade do uso de sensores hiperespectrais para obter a resposta espectral foliar da cana-de-açúcar em diferentes períodos de infestações, tanto a nível foliar quanto dossel, a fim de diagnosticar antecipadamente os danos da Diatraea saccharalis. O estudo contou com três variedades de cana-de-açúcar: CTC9003BT, CTC4 e RB966928. Em metade das parcelas foi utilizado o inseticida Altacor® para o controle de pragas. As coletas de dados ocorreram nas fases: brotação, perfilhamento, crescimento de colmos e início da maturação. Para avaliar os efeitos da broca na cana foi coletado os dados referentes ao conteúdo relativo de água (CRA), assinatura espectral foliar em laboratório e dossel, índices de vegetação (NDVI e MCARI), produtividade, pureza e ATR (Açúcar Total Recuperável). O maior CRA encontrado foi para a CTC9003BT (60,15%) sem inseticida e 59,0% com inseticida. As faixas espectrais do visível (400-680 nm) e infravermelho próximo (750-1300 nm) identificaram variações espectrais nas plantas com e sem broca. O percentual de broca apresentou correlações altas e negativas entre a produtividade, NDVI e ATR, com coeficientes de -0,68, -0,76 e -0,76, respectivamente. Os índices NDVI e MCARI foram eficazes na detecção de plantas sob estresse, contudo, sua variação é influenciada por múltiplos fatores, sendo difícil associá-los a um único problema (broca). RESUMO saccharalis Portanto canadeaçúcar açúcar infestações dossel CTCBT CTC BT RB966928 RB Altacor pragas fases brotação perfilhamento maturação CRA, , (CRA) MCARI, MCARI) Açúcar Recuperável. Recuperável . Recuperável) 60,15% 6015 60 15 (60,15% 590 59 0 59,0 400680 400 680 (400-68 nm 7501300 750 1300 (750-130 0,68, 068 68 -0,68 0,76 076 76 -0,7 0,76, respectivamente estresse contudo fatores associálos associá los (broca) RB96692 (CRA 60,15 601 6 1 (60,15 5 59, 40068 40 (400-6 750130 75 130 (750-13 0,68 06 -0,6 0,7 07 7 -0, (broca RB9669 60,1 (60,1 4006 4 (400- 75013 13 (750-1 0,6 0, -0 RB966 60, (60, (400 7501 (750- - RB96 (60 (40 (750 RB9 (6 (4 (75 ( (7

ABSTRACT: One of the causes of productivity loss in sugarcane cultivation has been associated with the species Diatraea saccharalis, also known as the sugarcane borer. Therefore, this study evaluated the feasibility of using hyperspectral sensors to obtain the leaf spectral response of sugarcane in different periods of infestation at leaf and canopy levels to diagnose D. saccharalis damage in advance. The study included three varieties of sugarcane: CTC9003BT, CTC4, and RB966928. The insecticide Altacor® was used to control pestsin half of the plots. Data collection occurred at the following stages: sprouting, tillering, stalke longation, and early maturation. Data regarding relative water content (RWC), leaf spectral signature in the laboratory and canopy, vegetation indices (NDVI and MCARI), productivity, purity, and total recoverable sugar (TRS) were collected to evaluate the borer effects on the sugarcane crop. The highest RWC was observed for CTC9003BT (60.15%) without insecticide and 59.0% with insecticide. The visible (400-680 nm) and near-infrared (750-1300 nm) spectral bands identified spectral variations in plants with and without sugarcane borer. The percentage of sugarcane borer showed high and negative correlations between productivity, NDVI, and TRS, with coefficients of -0.68, -0.76, and -0.76, respectively. The NDVI and MCARI indices effectively detect plants under stress, but their variation is influenced by multiple factors, making it difficult to associate them with a single problem (sugarcane borer). ABSTRACT Therefore D advance CTCBT CTC BT CTC4 RB966928 RB Altacor plots stages sprouting tillering longation maturation RWC, , (RWC) MCARI, MCARI) purity TRS (TRS crop 60.15% 6015 60 15 (60.15% 590 59 0 59.0 400680 400 680 (400-68 nm nearinfrared near infrared 7501300 750 1300 (750-130 0.68, 068 68 -0.68 0.76, 076 76 -0.76 respectively stress factors . borer) RB96692 (RWC 60.15 601 6 1 (60.15 5 59. 40068 40 (400-6 750130 75 130 (750-13 0.68 06 -0.6 0.76 07 7 -0.7 RB9669 60.1 (60.1 4006 4 (400- 75013 13 (750-1 0.6 -0. 0.7 RB966 60. (60. (400 7501 (750- 0. -0 RB96 (60 (40 (750 - RB9 (6 (4 (75 ( (7

RESUMO: Echinacea angustifolia é uma planta perene que vem sendo utilizada para tratar diversas enfermidades de origem microbiana. Neste estudo foram avaliadas propriedades antivirais, in vitro, de um extrato etanólico de E. angustifolia frente ao alphaherpesvírus bovino 1 (BoHV-1). BoHV-1 causa enfermidades que afetam principalmente o trato respiratório e genital de bovinos, e que resultam em grandes perdas econômicas. Quando células foram tratadas com o extrato de E. angustifolia em concentração não citotóxica em diferentes tempos (3, 6, ou 24h) antes da inoculação do BoHV-1, não foi possível detectar o vírus por até 72 horas após, enquanto que nas células não tratadas o vírus alcançou o título de 105.5TCID50/25µl (média). A incubação do extrato com BoHV-1 24 horas antes da inoculação celular não resultou em inativação da infectividade viral. Células infectadas com 103 TCID50 de BoHV-1 não tratadas com E. angustifolia apresentaram em média 45,8% de viabilidade após 48 horas da infecção, enquanto que 91,1% permaneceram viáveis quando tratadas após 6 horas ou 84,1% após 24 horas da infecção, demonstrando uma significativa redução no desenvolvimento de efeito citopático. Além disso, E. angustifolia reduziu significativamente a expressão relativa de mRNA das citocinas antivirais IFNα e IFNβ nas células tratadas, sugerindo que a atividade antiviral não ocorre devido a imunomodulação. E. angustifolia reduziu significativamente a expressão relativa de mRNA das citocinas antivirais IFNα e IFNβ nas células tratadas, indicando que a atividade antiviral não ocorre devido a imunomodulação. Os dados obtidos indicam que o extrato etanólico da E. angustifolia pode interferir com a adsorção, penetração e/ou o egresso viral das células infectadas. Tomados em conjunto, os dados apresentados enfatizam uma promissora atividade antiviral da E. angustifolia contra o BoHV-1. RESUMO microbiana vitro E BoHV1. BoHV1 BoHV . (BoHV-1) BoHV- bovinos econômicas 3, 3 (3 24h h BoHV1, 1, 7 1055TCID5025µl TCIDµl 105 5TCID50 25µl TCID µl média. (média) 2 10 TCID5 458 45 8 45,8 4 infecção 911 91 91,1 841 84 84,1 citopático disso imunomodulação adsorção eou conjunto 1. (BoHV-1 ( 5TCID5 (média 45, 9 91, 84, (BoHV- 5TCID (BoHV

ABSTRACT: Echinacea angustifolia is a perennial plant that has been traditionally used to treat various microbial diseases. This study evaluated the in vitro antiviral properties of an ethanolic extract of E. angustifolia against bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1). BoHV-1 infection is associated with respiratory, reproductive and neurological disease in cattle, resulting in major economic losses. When cells were treated with E. angustifolia extract at a non-cytotoxic concentration at different times (3, 6 or 24 hours) before BoHV-1 inoculation, no viral detection was possible after 72h, while in untreated cells the virus reached a titer of 105.5TCID50 /25µl (median). Incubating the extract with BoHV-1 24 hours before cell inoculation did not result in loss of viral infectivity. Cells infected with 103 TCID50 of BoHV-1 and not treated with E. angustifolia showed an average of 45.8% viability after 48 hours of infection, while 91.1% remained viable when treated 6 hours after or 84.1% 24 hours after infection, demonstrating a significant reduction in the cytopathic effect. In addition, E. angustifolia significantly reduced the relative mRNA expression of the antiviral cytokines IFNα and IFNβ in the treated cells, suggesting that the antiviral activity is not due to immunomodulation. The obtained data indicated that the ethanolic extract of E. angustifolia may directly interfere with virus attachment, entry, and/or egress from infected cells. Taken together, the presented data emphasized the promising antiviral activity of E. angustifolia against BoHV-1. ABSTRACT diseases E BoHV1. BoHV1 BoHV . (BoHV-1) BoHV- respiratory cattle losses noncytotoxic non cytotoxic 3, 3 (3 2 72h h 1055TCID50 TCID 105 5TCID50 105.5TCID5 25µl µl median. median (median) infectivity 10 TCID5 458 45 8 45.8 4 911 91 91.1 841 84 84.1 effect addition immunomodulation attachment entry andor together 1. (BoHV-1 ( 1055TCID5 5TCID5 105.5TCID (median 45. 9 91. 84. (BoHV- 1055TCID 5TCID (BoHV

RESUMO: O tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum) é uma hortaliça importante no mundo e seu cultivo em ambiente protegido tornou-se economicamente relevante. A produção sob sistema de cultivo em vaso e aquapônico associada à técnica de enxertia promove o melhor controle fitossanitário e produtividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a compatibilidade de enxertia (CE), o índice SPAD, índice de área foliar (IAF) e produtividade em genótipos de tomateiro sob sistemas de cultivo em vasos e aquapônico. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Instituto Federal Catarinense,campus Rio do Sul, Santa Catarina, na entressafra, em 2019 e 2021. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial 2 x 3 (dois genótipos, ‘Anjico’ e ‘Santa Clara’, não enxertados ou enxertados em dois porta-enxertos, ‘Guardião’ e ‘Green Power’), sendo cinco blocos e oito plantas por bloco. As avaliações para CE, SPAD e IAF foram realizadas aos 40 e 70 dias após o transplantio (DAT), e produtividade durante o ciclo de cultivo. De forma geral, o porta-enxerto ‘Green Power’ apresentou melhor CE, avaliada aos 40 DAT.Já, oporta-enxerto ‘Guardião’ apresentou processo de cicatrização no ponto de enxertia similar ao resultado do híbrido ‘Green Power’. Plantas enxertadas apresentaram maior índice SPAD em ambos os sistemas de cultivo. As plantas sem enxertia apresentaram IAF maior em relação as plantas enxertadas, porém não resultando em maior produção. A enxertia de tomateiros aumentou a produtividade nos sistemas de cultivo em vasos e aquapônico na entressafra. RESUMO Solanum lycopersicum tornouse tornou se relevante CE , (CE) (IAF Catarinensecampus Catarinense campus Sul Catarina entressafra 201 2021 acaso ‘Anjico Anjico Clara, Clara Clara’ portaenxertos, portaenxertos porta enxertos, enxertos porta-enxertos ‘Guardião Guardião Green Power, Power Power’) bloco 4 7 DAT, DAT (DAT) geral portaenxerto enxerto DATJá Já DAT.Já oportaenxerto oporta Power. . (CE 20 202 (DAT

ABSTRACT: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an important vegetable in the world and its cultivation in a protected environment has become economically relevant. The production under potted and aquaponic cultivation system associated with grafting technique promotes better phytosanitary control and yield. This study evaluated the grafting compatibility (GC), the SPAD index, leaf area index (LAI) and yield in tomato genotypes, under potted and aquaponic cultivation systems. The study was carried out at the Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Rio do Sul, Santa Catarina, in the off-season, in 2019 and 2021. The experiment followed a randomized block design, with factorial arrangement 2 x 3 (two genotypes, ‘Anjico’ and ‘Santa Clara’, non-grafted or grafted on two rootstocks, ‘Guardian’ and ‘Green Power’), with five blocks and eight plants per block. The evaluations for GC, SPAD and LAI were performed at 40 and 70 days after transplantation (DAT), and yield during the cultivation cycle. In general, ‘Green Power’ rootstock showed better GC assessed at 40 DAT. Also, the rootstock ‘Guardian’ showed healing process at the grafting point similar to the result of the hybrid ‘Green Power’. Grafted plants had higher SPAD index in both cultivation systems. The plants without grafting had higher LAI in relation to the grafted plants, but not resulting in higher yield. Grafting increased the yield of tomato plants in potted and aquaponic cultivation systems in the off-season. ABSTRACT Solanum lycopersicum relevant , (GC) (LAI genotypes Catarinense Sul Catarina offseason, offseason off season, season off-season 201 2021 design ‘Anjico Anjico Clara, Clara Clara’ nongrafted non rootstocks ‘Guardian Guardian Green Power, Power Power’) 4 7 DAT, DAT (DAT) cycle general Also Power. . offseason. season. (GC 20 202 (DAT

Resumen (Objetivo) El objetivo fue analizar la composición de aves asociadas a cultivos orgánicos de cacao (Theobroma cacao) manejado debajo de 3 diferentes tipos de cobertura arbórea. (Metodología) Distribuimos 3 puntos de conteo en cada finca, para registrar todas las aves observadas y escuchadas, en muestreos de 5 minutos. Los conteos fueron realizados por triplicado, tanto en las primeras horas de la mañana como al atardecer. La diferencia en la composición de la avifauna entre las fincas fue analizada con la prueba ANOSIM. Las abundancias se transformaron por medio de la función decostand y el método Hellinger del paquete estadístico R-Vegan. La agrupación de las especies entre las plantaciones se efectuó mediante el escalamiento multidimensional no métrico (nMDS) y el índice de Bray-Curtis. La contribución de las especies a la disimilitud entre grupos fue analizada con el módulo SIMPER. Consideramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas cuando P ≤ 0,05. (Resultados) Observamos 428 individuos, clasificados en 49 especies y 23 familias. La finca donde las plantas de cacao crecen en condiciones más sombreadas, debido al desarrollo del dosel, mostró mayor cantidad de especies (34) y de individuos (146). La composición de aves varió significativamente entre las fincas (F(1,8) = 3,22; P < 0,02). La abundancia media de 19 especies (39,6 %) hizo notar diferencias significativas (P < 0,05), al comparar la finca con mayor sombra y menor sombra. (Conclusión) La composición de aves es más compleja en aquellas fincas de cacao orgánico que conservan un mayor desarrollo estructural de los árboles de dosel y que están cerca de bosque en regeneración.

Resumo (Objetivo) O objetivo foi analisar a composição das aves associadas às plantações de cacau orgânico (Theobroma cacao) manejadas sob três tipos diferentes de cobertura arbórea. (Metodologia) Distribuímos 3 pontos de contagem em cada fazenda, para registrar todas as aves observadas e ouvidas, em amostragens de 5 minutos. As contagens foram realizadas em triplicata, tanto nas primeiras horas da manhã quanto no final da tarde. A diferença na composição da avifauna entre as fazendas foi analisada com o teste ANOSIM. As abundâncias foram transformadas usando a função de costande o método Hellinger do pacote estatístico R-Vegan. O agrupamento de espécies entre as plantações foi feito usando o escalonamento multidimensional não métrico (nMDS) e o índice de Bray-Curtis. A contribuição das espécies para a dissimilaridade entre os grupos foi analisada com o módulo SIMPER. Consideramos as diferenças estatisticamente significativas quando P ≤ 0,05. (Resultados) Observamos 428 indivíduos, classificados em 49 espécies e 23 famílias. A fazenda onde as plantas de cacau crescem em condições mais sombreadas, devido ao desenvolvimento do dossel, apresentou um número maior de espécies (34) e indivíduos (146). A composição das aves variou significativamente entre as fazendas (F(1,8) = 3,2 apresentou diferenças significativas (P < 0,05) n; Paco< 0, mpa 02). A abundância média de 19 espécies (39,6%) ração entre a fazenda mais sombreada e a menos sombreada. (Conclusão) A composição das avesé mais complexa nas fazendas de cacau orgânico que mantêm árvores de dossel mais desenvolvidas estruturalmente e estão próximas à floresta em regeneração.

Abstract (Objective) The objective of this investigation was to analyze the composition of birds associated with organic cocoa (Theobroma cacao) crops managed under 3 different types of tree cover. (Methodology) Three census points were established in each farm to record all birds observed and heard in 5-minute sample periods. Counts were conducted in triplicate, both in the early morning and at dusk. Differences in avifauna composition between farms were analyzed using the ANOSIM test. Abundances were transformed using the Decostand function and the Hellinger method in the R-Vegan statistical package. Analysis of clustering of species among plantations was performed using non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) and the Bray-Curtis index. Contribution of species to the dissimilarity between groups was analyzed with the SIMPER module. Statistically significant differences were considered when P ≤ 0.05. (Results) Four hundred and twenty-eight individuals were observed, and classified into 49 species and 23 families. The farms where cocoa plants grow in shadier conditions due to canopy development showed a higher number of species (34) and individuals (146). Bird comp P < 0.02). The mean abundance of 19 species osit (39.ion 6%) varied significantly between farms (F (1,8) = 3.22; showed significant differences (P < 0.05) when comparing the farms with the most and least shade. (Conclusion) Bird composition is more complex on organic cocoa farms, which have more developed canopies and are near regenerating forests.

Resumen Introducción. Los hongos endófitos (HE) de la vid (Vitis vinifera) tienen un gran potencial de aplicación en la agricultura y pueden representar posibles agentes de control biológico de los viñedos. Objetivo. Aislar e identificar los hongos endófitos (HE) de plantas de vid con capacidad de antibiosis hacia Botrytis cinerea. Materiales y métodos. Se colectaron ramas jóvenes y maduras de cuarenta plantas sanas de vid de siete lotes de producción en la provincia de Cañete, Lima, Perú, durante los meses de marzo a mayo 2022. El aislamiento de HE se realizó de 702 secciones de tejidos desinfectados en medio de cultivo papa dextrosa agar (PDA) y la identificación fue a nivel de género. Se extrajeron metabolitos secundarios de veintiocho cepas de HE para determinar la inhibición micelial del patógeno. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) de los parámetros evaluados con el programa estadístico Minitab. Resultados. Se aislaron un total de 129 cepas de HE de hojas y tallos de ramas jóvenes y maduras de vid, que correspondieron a siete géneros (Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Nigrospora y Stemphylium). La mayor frecuencia se presentó en las hojas y rama madura. Trichoderma y Alternaria fueron los géneros más frecuentes en las plantas de vid con 22,48 % y 21,71 %, respectivamente. Los metabolitos obtenidos de las cepas HEVH-01 del género Cladosporium, HEV-99 y HEV-70 del género Alternaria, tuvieron mayor efecto en la inhibición micelial del patógeno. Conclusiones. Cepas de hongos endofitos del género Cladosporium y Alternaria mostraron capacidad de antibiosis hacia Botrytis cinerea a escala de laboratorio, los cuales podrían ser potenciales biocontroladores de patógenos en el cultivo de vid.

Abstract Introduction. Endophytic fungi (EF) in grapevines (Vitis vinifera) have great potential for agricultural applications and may represent possible biological control agents for vineyards. Objective. To isolate and identify endophytic fungi (EF) from grapevine plants with antibiosis capacity against Botrytis cinerea. Materials and methods. Young and mature branches from forty healthy grapevine plants were collected from seven production lots in the Cañete province, Lima, Peru, during March to May 2022. EF isolation was performed on 702 sections of disinfected tissues using potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium, and identification was carried out at the genus level. Secondary metabolites were extracted from twenty-eight EF strains to determine the mycelial inhibition of the pathogen. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted on the evaluated parameters using the Minitab statistical program. Results. A total of 129 EF strains were isolated from leaves and stems of young and mature grapevine branches, encompassing seven genera (Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Nigrospora, and Stemphylium). The highest frequency was found in leaves and mature branches. Trichoderma and Alternaria were the most frecuent genera in grapevine plants, with 22.48 % and 21.71%, respectively. Metabolites obtained from the EFVH-01 strain of the genus Cladosporium, and EF-99 and EF-70 strains of the genus Alternaria, had the greatest effect on mycelial inhibition of the pathogen. Conclusions. Strains of endophytic fungi from the genera Cladosporium and Alternaria showed antibiosis capacity against Botrytis cinerea at the laboratory scale, which could potential biocontrol agents of pathogens in grapevine cultivation.

Resumen Introducción. El mildiu de la quinua es una enfermedad que ocasiona pérdidas económicas y que ha sido poco estudiada, por lo que la investigación de la respuesta de la quinua a la enfermedad y las formas de tratamiento es un tema que debe investigarse con mayor profundidad. Objetivo. Describir cómo afecta la infección del mildiu velloso en la planta de la quinua y los métodos no tradicionales empleados en el control de esta enfermedad. Desarrollo. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática a fin de realizar una recopilación de los resultados asociados al P. variabilis en la quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) en diversas condiciones. El análisis determinó que factores como la incidencia, la severidad y la tolerancia a la enfermedad del mildiu, dependieron en gran medida de la variedad de grano de quinua y la altitud (con sus condiciones climáticas). La altura de la planta y el rendimiento por hectárea estuvieron influenciados por las condiciones del suelo, el tratamiento empleado contra plagas y patógenos, y el día de siembra. Conclusiones. La incidencia y la severidad del mildiu velloso dependió de la variedad de la quinua con la que se trabajó. Otros factores como la altitud o la humedad también influyeron en el progreso de la enfermedad, con una infección cercana al 90 % en ambientes con alta humedad. Los métodos no convencionales para tratar el mildiu fueron infusiones de plantas como la manzanilla y el ajo, con resultados positivos a corto plazo; no obstante, no superaron a los tratamientos convencionales con fungicidas químicos.

Abstract Introduction. Quinoa downy mildew is a disease that causes economic losses and has been poorly studied.Therefore, researching quinoa’s response to the disease and treatment methods is a topic that requires further investigation. Objective. To describe how downy mildew infection affects quinoa plants and the non-traditional methods used to control this disease. Development. A systematic search was conducted to compile the results associated with P. variabilis in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) under various conditions. The analysis determined that factors such as incidence, severity, and disease tolerance depended largely on the quinoa grain variety and altitude (along with its climatic conditions). Plant height and yield per hectare were influenced by soil conditions, pest and disease treatment, and the planting day. Conclusions. The incidence and severity of downy mildew depended on the quinoa variety used. Other factors such as altitude or humidity also influenced disease progression, with infection rates close to 90 % in high humidity environments. Non-conventional methods for treating downy mildew included plant infusions such as chamomile and garlic, showing positive short-term results; however, they did not surpass conventional treatments with chemical fungicides.

Abstract Dry rot represents the most destructive disease of cocoyam (Xanthosoma violaceum). The isolation of Pythium myriotylum requires the use of fresh root samples, so specific isolation techniques and selective growth media must be developed. The objective of this study was to evaluate techniques for the isolation of Pythium myriotylum and to determine the pathogenicity of microorganisms associated with dry rot in cocoyam. The efficacy of three isolation methods was assessed: a) soil dilutions, b) roots exhibiting symptoms of dry rot, and c) cocoyam leaves as baits [HQC]. The isolates were placed in different culture media, namely a) potato dextrose agar, b) water agar + streptomycin sulfate, c) V8 + Pimaricin, Ampicillin, Rifampicin and Benomyl [PARB]; and d) tetrazolium chloride medium, for bacteria. The isolated microorganisms were identified using taxonomic keys. The pathogenicity of the isolates was evaluated in a greenhouse setting using with vitroplants of cocoyam Lila. This was done by inoculating the isolates obtained, alone and in combination, to a sterile substrate and a control treatment without inoculation. The Pythium spp. demonstrated mycelial growth with an abundance of fruiting structures when the HQC method and V8-PARB culture media were employed. The pathogenicity test revealed that the combined treatments with P. myriotylum resulted in the manifestation of symptoms indicative of root damage. The combination of soil isolation with cocoyam leaves, and the V8-PARB culture media was the most effective method for the isolation of Pythium myriotylum. This approach resulted in the growth of abundant mycelium that facilitated morphometric identification. P. myriotylum was observed to indice symptoms consistent with dry rot in vitroplants of cocoyam. Inoculation of plants with F. solani and R. solanacearum, either individually or in combination, did not result in the manifestation of symptoms characteristic of dry rot.

Resumen El mal seco es la enfermedad más destructiva del quequisque (Xanthosoma violaceum). El aislamiento de Pythium myriotylum requiere de muestras de raíces frescas; por lo que se deben desarrollar técnicas de aislamiento específicas y medios selectivos. En este estudio, se evaluaron técnicas para el aislamiento de Pythium myriotylum y se determinó la patogenicidad de microorganismos asociados a mal seco en quequisque. Se evaluaron tres métodos de aislamiento: a) diluciones de suelo, b) raíces con síntomas de mal seco, y c) hojas de quequisque como cebos [HQC]. Se colocaron los aislados en diferentes medios de cultivo a) papa dextrosa agar, b) agar agua + sulfato de estreptomicina, c) V8 + Pimaricina, Ampicilina, Rifampicina y Benomil [PARB]; y d) el medio cloruro de tetrazolio, para bacterias. Se utilizaron claves taxonómicas para la identificación de los microorganismos aislados. La patogenicidad se evaluó en invernadero con vitroplantas de quequisque Lila al inocular los aislados obtenidos, solos y su combinación, al sustrato estéril y un tratamiento testigo sin inoculación. Agentes patógenos como P. myriotylum, F. solani y R. solanacearum, fueron aislados. Pythium spp. tuvo un crecimiento micelial con estructuras fructíferas abundantes con el método HQC en V8-PARB. En la prueba de patogenicidad, los tratamientos combinados con P. myriotylum mostraron síntomas de afectación en las raíces. El método de aislamiento de Pythium myriotylum a partir de suelo, con hojas de quequisque y combinado con el medio de cultivo V8-PARB fue el más efectivo, obteniéndose aislados con micelio abundante que facilitaron su identificación morfométrica. P. myriotylum provocó síntomas característicos de mal seco en las vitroplantas de quequisque lila. Las plantas inoculadas con F. solani y R. solanacearum, solos o combinados, no presentaron síntomas de mal seco.

Abstract: Iodine is not considered an essential nutrient for terrestrial plants like tomato. However, it can increase the concentration of secondary metabolites as a reactive mechanism to oxidative stress in tomato fruit. In humans, iodine is essential for thyroid metabolism and the development of cognitive abilities, being associated with lower risks of certain types of cancer. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of foliar applications of iodine on the yield, commercial and nutraceutical quality, and iodine concentration in tomato fruits. The treatments were five increasing concentrations of potassium iodide (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 pM L-1). The results showed that the foliar application of high doses of iodine improved crop yield, but had no influence on some commercial quality variables, such as soluble solids and firmness. Nutraceutical quality concentrations improved, except for lycopene content, which decreased with foliar applications of iodine. Therefore, iodine biofortification can be a viable alternative to improve the nutritional quality of tomato fruits, being a potential strategy to reduce or prevent iodine deficiency.

Resumen Los escarabajos de ambrosía de la subfamilia Platypodinae están asociados simbióti camente con hongos que les proporcionan alimento y benefician su establecimiento y crecimiento. En el presente trabajo, los principales géneros de interés de Platypodinae son Euplatypus, Megaplatypus y Platypus, y los simbiontes más relevantes son especies de Fusarium, Graphium y Raffaelea. El objetivo del trabajo es ofrecer una síntesis actualizada de la información sobre esas especies de interés, para la comunidad científica, las ONG e insti tuciones financiadoras. Se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva de todos los estudios científicos desde 1900 hasta 2024 con datos sobre coocurrencia o relaciones entre los Platypodinae antes mencionados y hongos, recogiéndose los registros de especies de insectos y hongos, planta hospedante y localización geográfica. Se realizó un análisis bibliométrico para carac terizar el estado global, las tendencias generales y las áreas de investigación con mayor inci dencia sobre hongos asociados a estos escarabajos de ambrosía. El ochenta por ciento de las publicaciones recuperadas exploran la asociación de Platypus spp. con diferentes hongos. Raffaelea fue el género fúngico con mayor número de registros, con distribución mundial. Cinco países, de cuatro continentes, lideran actualmente la investigación de estas asocia ciones. Sin embargo, un mayor conocimiento de estas interacciones ayudaría en la toma de decisiones sobre la gestión de estas plagas.

Abstract Ambrosia beetles of the subfamily Platypodinae are symbiotically associated with fungi, which provide them with food and benefit their establishment and growth. In the present study, our interest centers on the principal genera of Platypodinae: Euplatypus, Megaplatypus and Platypus, the most relevant symbionts being species of Fusarium, Graphium and Raffaelea. The objective of this work is to update the description of fungal associations on those species of interest to the scientific community, ONGs and funding institutions. An exhaustive search was performed to cover all scientific studies from 1900 to 2024 on the co-occurrence or relationship between members of the above-mentioned Platypodinae and fungi. Records of insect and fungal species, host plants and geographic locations were collected. A bibliometric analysis was conducted to characterize the overall status, general trends and current research hotspots of fungi associated with these ambrosia beetles. Eighty percent of the publications retrieved explored the association of Platypus spp. with different fungi. Raffaelea was the fungal genus showing the highest number of records and worldwide distribution. Five countries from four continents currently lead research on these associations. However, greater insights into these interactions would improve decision-making on managing these pests.

Resumen La asociación entre cactáceas y plantas nodriza ha sido revisada por diferentes autores. Sin embargo, estas revisiones fueron cualitativas porque solo evaluaron las especies de cactáceas y plantas nodriza, las probables causas de su asociación y los sitios de estudio. Hasta donde sabemos, no existen revisiones cuantitativas que hayan evaluado la asociación entre cactáceas y plantas nodriza para distintas subfamilias, tribus y formas de crecimiento de cactáceas y plantas nodriza, y distintas comunidades de plantas y propiedades del suelo. Para abordar estos aspectos, realizamos una revisión cuantitativa de los estudios sobre la asociación entre cactáceas y plantas nodriza. Los estudios fueron buscados en el ISI Web of Knowledge de 1986 a 2021. Los datos fueron analizados con la razón de riesgo relativo y la razón de medianas. Los estudios sobre la asociación entre cactáceas y plantas nodriza fueron realizados en México y EUA. Las cactáceas globosas, cilíndricas y columnares de la subfamilia Cactoideae y las tribus Cacteae, Cereeae y Echinocereeae estuvieron asociadas a plantas nodriza de Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae y Fabaceae. Sin embargo, otras subfamilias (Opuntioideae) y tribus (Notocacteae) de cactáceas, y familias (Asparagaceae) de plantas nodriza no estuvieron asociadas. Las plantas nodriza mejoraron la temperatura, humedad y nitrógeno del suelo. La asociación entre cactáceas y plantas nodriza ocurrió en matorral desértico y selva baja caducifolia. Es necesario realizar estudios adicionales sobre la asociación entre cactáceas y plantas nodriza que consideren otras subfamilias y tribus de cactáceas, en países con alta diversidad de cactáceas en Centro y Sudamérica.

Abstract The association between cacti and nurse plants has been reviewed by different authors. These reviews however were qualitative because only evaluated aspects such as species identity of cacti and nurse plants, probable explanatory causes of their association, and location of study sites. To our knowledge, there are no quantitative reviews that have evaluated the association between cacti and nurse plants for different subfamilies, tribes, and growth forms of cacti and nurse plants, and different plant communities and soil properties. To address these issues, we performed a quantitative review of the studies on the association between cacti and nurse plants. The studies were searched in the ISI Web of Knowledge from 1986 to 2021. Data obtained from studies were analyzed with the relative risk ratio and ratio of medians. Most studies on the association between cacti and nurse plants were performed mainly in Mexico and the USA. Globose, cylindrical, and columnar cacti of the subfamily Cactoideae, and tribes Cacteae, Cereeae, and Echinocereeae were associated to nurse plants of Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Fabaceae. However, other subfamilies (Opuntioideae) and tribes (Notocacteae) of cacti, and families (Asparagaceae) of nurse plants were not associated. Nurse plants ameliorated temperature, moisture, and nitrogen of soil. The association between cacti and nurse plants occurred in desert shrubland and tropical dry forest. Further studies are needed on the association between cacti and nurse plants that consider more cactus subfamilies and tribes in countries with high cactus diversity in Central and South America.