RESUMO: A qualidade das sementes é uma característica essencial para a reprodução das espécies. Cenostigma pyramidalis apresenta características importantes para fins de recuperação de áreas degradadas. No entretanto, por ser encontrada na Caatinga, esta espécie tende a ser mais propensa à infecção por fitopatógenos. Portanto, é importante tratar tais sementes para evitar a incidência dos fungos antes e após o plantio. Uma dessas alternativa é o uso do silício que pode contribuir com o aumento do vigor e no controle de doenças. Neste cenário, objetivou-se avaliar diferentes fontes de silício no controle de fungos de ocorrência natural associados às sementes de C. pyramidalis, e sua qualidade fisiológica. O experimento foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Fitopatologia, da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus II, Areia-PB. As sementes, após escarificação para superação de dormência foram tratadas com: T1 - Controle; T2 - Captana, T3 - Agrosilício plus®; T4 - Rocksil®; T5 - Sifol®; T6 - Chelal®; T7 - Bugram®. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As sementes foram submetidas aos testes de sanidade, germinação e emergência. Foram utilizadas 100 sementes por tratamento para os testes de germinação e emergência em quatro repetições cada um com 25 sementes, enquanto para o teste de sanidade foram utilizadas 10 repetições de 10 sementes cada. Todas as fontes de silício foram eficientes no controle dos fungos Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium sp. e Penicillium sp. em sementes de C. pyramidalis. O tratamento com Sifol® é recomendado para controlar a incidência de fungos sem afetar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes.

ABSTRACT Seed quality is an essential characteristic for species reproduction. In this scenario, Cenostigma pyramidalis has important characteristics for the purpose of recovering degraded areas. However, because it is found in the Caatinga, this species tends to be more prone to infection by phytopathogens. Therefore, it is important to treat its seeds to prevent the incidence of fungi before and after planting. One of these alternatives is the use of silicon, which can contribute to increased vigor and disease control. In this scenario, the objective was to evaluate different sources of silicon in the control of naturally occurring fungi associated with C. pyramidalis seeds, and their physiological quality. The experiment was carried out at the Phytopathology Laboratory of the Federal University of Paraíba, Campus II, Areia, PB, Brazil. The seeds, after scarification to overcome dormancy, were treated with: T1 - Control; T2 - Captana, T3 - Agrosilício plus®; T4 - Rocksil®; T5 - Sifol®; T6 - Chelal®; and T7 - Bugram®. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. The seeds were subjected to sanitary, germination, and emergence tests. 100 seeds were used per treatment for the germination and emergence tests in four replicates each with 25 seeds, while for the health test 10 replicates of 10 seeds each were used. All silicon sources were efficient in controlling Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium sp., and Penicillium sp. fungi in C. pyramidalis seeds. The treatment with Sifol® is recommended to control the incidence of fungi without affecting the physiological quality of seeds.

ABSTRACT Delays in soybean harvesting can limit seed viability and vigor. In this study, soybean cultivar seeds’ physiological and sanitary quality was evaluated in response to harvest delay. The experimental design used was completely randomized blocks, arranged in a split-plot scheme, with three replicates. The plots were represented by the cultivation of two soybean cultivars (BMX Bônus IPRO and BMX Olimpo IPRO), while the subplots were represented by three harvest times [0, 7, 14 days after the seed’s full maturity (stage R8)]. The following characteristics of the physiological and sanitary quality of the seeds were measured: water content, plant emergence, total dry matter, germination, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, and seed health. The delay in the soybean harvest affects the seeds’ physiological and sanitary quality. Seeds harvested seven days after full maturity have a higher incidence of Aspergillus flavus and Macrophomina sp. In comparison, seeds harvested 14 days after full maturity have a higher incidence of Phomopsis sp. and Fusarium sp.

Species from Pavonia genus (Malvaceae) are traditionally used as antioxidant, n anti inflammatory and antimicrobial remedies. Previous studies have revealed their diversity of specialized metabolites widely used in the development of new medicines. This is the first study on Pavonia glazioviana Gurke, a Brazilian species known as “Malva da Chapada”. The research led to identify fifteen compounds: 132 (S) hydroxy pheophytin a; and 132(S) hydroxy 173 ethoxyphaeophorbide, n decanol, cycloart 23Z ene 3β,25 diol, cycloart 24S 25 ene 3β,24 diol, sitosterol 3 O β D glucopyranoside, stigmasterol 3 O β D glucopyranoside, quercetin, acacetin, kaempferol, tiliroside, 5 hydroxy 3,7,8,4’ tetramethoxyflavone, 5,7 dihydroxy 3,8,4’ trimethoxyflavone, 5,7 dihydroxy 4’ methoxyflavone, 5,7,4’ trihydroxy 3,8 dimethoxyflavone and 5,7,4’ trihydroxy 3 methoxyflavone. The major flavonoids were tested for their antimicrobial activity, and the compound 5,7 dihydroxy 3,8,4’ trimethoxyflavone showed strong activity against Escherichia coli (MIC = 512 μg mL1), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC = 512 μg mL1), Candida albicans (MIC = 512 μg mL1), Candida tropicalis (MIC = 512 μg mL1), Candida parapsilosis (MIC = 512 μg mL1), Aspergillus flavus (MIC = 512 μg mL1) and A. fumigantus (MIC = 512 μg mL1). The total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and radical scavenging potential were determined showing its great production of phenolics and flavonoids, along with interesting radical scavenging potential (DPPH EC50 = 6.36 ± 0.029 mg mL 1). Our findings contributed to characterize P. glazioviana as a source of methoxylated flavonoids with antimicrobial potential. Malvaceae (Malvaceae antioxidant remedies medicines Gurke Malva Chapada. Chapada . Chapada” compounds 13 S (S 132S 132(S 17 ethoxyphaeophorbide decanol Z 3β25 3β 3β,2 diol 2 3β24 24 glucopyranoside quercetin acacetin kaempferol tiliroside 3,7,8,4 3784 7 8 4 tetramethoxyflavone 57 5, 3,8,4 384 methoxyflavone 5,7,4 574 38 3, MIC 51 mL1, mL1 , A mL1. content DPPH EC EC5 636 6 36 6.3 0029 0 029 0.02 1. 1 1) P 3β2 3β, 3,7,8, 378 3,8, 5,7, 63 6. 002 02 0.0 3,7,8 37 00 0. 3,7, 3,7

Computational predictive approaches present themselves as an attractive alternative in the search for new compounds that may present toxic or growth regulatory activity in Aedes aegypti. Aspergillus species is a producer of secondary metabolites with diverse biological activities. In this study, it was possible to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties in silico, as well as the prediction of the insecticidal biological activities of the juvenile hormone of natural substances produced by the genus Aspergillus. Initially, 187 molecules were cataloged from various species of Aspergillus spp., and only seven molecules of indole alkaloids were found to exhibit a toxic dose 50% (TD50) after conducting toxicity predictions. The molecular dynamic simulation trajectories were utilized to study parameters such as root mean square deviation, root mean square fluctuation, radius of gyration and intermolecular hydrogen bond to understand the behavior and stability of proposed compounds in the binding pocket of the target protein. The N-β-acetyltryptamine molecule showed a binding affinity value of –8.100 ± 0.200 kcal mol-1, which classifies the compound as a potential insecticidal agent against the Aedes aegypti vector. silico Initially 18 spp spp. 50 TD50 TD (TD50 predictions deviation fluctuation protein Nβacetyltryptamine N β acetyltryptamine 8100 8 100 –8.10 0200 0 200 0.20 mol1, mol1 mol 1, 1 mol-1 vector 5 TD5 (TD5 810 10 –8.1 020 20 0.2 mol- (TD 81 –8. 02 2 0. –8 –

This work evaluated the use of corncob as a support for the immobilization of an extracellular fructosyltransferase (E.C. 2.4.1.9) from Aspergillus oryzae IPT-301, aiming at the synthesis of a stable biocatalyst for the production of fructooligosaccharides. The transfructosylation activity of the immobilized enzyme was maximized via experimental design. Additionally, the biochemical properties and stability of the immobilized enzyme, as well as the reaction kinetics, were determined. The enzyme immobilized on alkali-treated corncob showed the highest transfructosylation activity at 50 °C and pH 5.5. It also presented a wide pH stability and a half-life around 1.4 times greater than the soluble enzyme. Furthermore, the immobilized enzyme showed 53% of retention of catalytic activity in a second consecutive reaction cycle, showing the potential for reuse. These results suggest that alkali-treated corncob is a promising support material for the synthesis of heterogeneous biocatalysts aiming at fructooligosaccharide production, which can contribute to the valorization of this abundant agro-waste. E.C. EC E C (E.C 2.4.1.9 2419 2 4 1 9 IPT301, IPT301 IPT 301, 301 IPT-301 fructooligosaccharides design Additionally kinetics determined alkalitreated alkali treated 5 55 5.5 halflife half life 14 1. Furthermore 53 cycle reuse agrowaste. agrowaste agro waste. waste agro-waste E.C 2.4.1. 241 IPT30 30 IPT-30 5. 2.4.1 24 IPT3 3 IPT-3 2.4. IPT- 2.4 2.

Resumen Introducción. El “moho verde” causado por Penicillium digitatum es uno de los problemas fitosanitarios que limita la producción en los cítricos. Para su control se utilizan fungicidas sintéticos, que han perdido eficacia, debido a la resistencia generada por el hongo. Una alternativa, es el uso de hongos endófitos con acción biocontroladora. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de metabolitos secundarios (MS) de hongos endófitos (HE) en la inhibición micelial de Penicillium digitatum y la eficacia de control de la enfermedad, en frutos de mandarina (Citrus reticulata) después de la cosecha. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en 2022, bajo un diseño experimental completo al azar, en el laboratorio de Sanidad Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Cañete (UNDC), Lima, Perú. Para la prueba de antibiosis se extrajeron los metabolitos secundarios de diez cepas de HE de los géneros Trichoderma sp., Fusarium sp. y Aspergillus sp., en donde se evaluó la inhibición micelial del patógeno (%). Se asperjaron MS a una concentración del 15 % (v/v) sobre frutos de mandarina que fueron desinfectados e inoculados con el patógeno por aspersión (1x105 UFC/cc). Adicionalmente, se utilizaron un biocontrol comercial, un aceite vegetal y un fungicida. Después de 6 y 9 días, se evaluaron la incidencia (%) y el índice de severidad (0,1,2,3) de la enfermedad. Resultados. Los metabolitos secundarios de las cepas HEA-111 (Aspergillus), HEA-109 (Fusarium) y HSA-1 (Trichoderma) presentaron la mayor inhibición micelial con 95,05 %, 87,51 % y 47,47 %, respectivamente. En los frutos de mandarina tratados con los MS de las cepas HEA-109 y HSA-1, hubo un control del 80 % y 55 %, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Los MS de HE tuvieron efecto en la inhibición micelial de P. digitatum y redujeron el avance de la enfermedad en frutos de mandarina después de la cosecha.

Abstract Introduction. “Green mold,” caused by Penicillium digitatum is one of the phytosanitary issues that limits citrus production. For its control, synthetic fungicides are used, which have lost effectiveness due to resistance developed by the fungus. An alternative is the use of endophytic fungi with biocontrol action. Objective. To evaluate the effect of secondary metabolites (SM) from endophytic fungi (EF) on the mycelial inhibition of Penicillium digitatum and the effectiveness of disease control in mandarin fruits (Citrus reticulata) post-harvest. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in 2022, using a completely randomized experimental design in the Plant Health Laboratory at the Universidad Nacional de Cañete (UNDC), Lima, Peru. For the antibiosis test, secondary metabolites were extracted from ten strains of EF from the genera Trichoderma sp., Fusarium sp., and Aspergillus sp., where mycelial inhibition of the pathogen (%) was evaluated. SMs were sprayed at 15 % (v/v) concentration on mandarin fruits that were disinfected and inoculated with the pathogen by spraying (1x 105 CFU/cc). Additionally, a commercial biocontrol, a vegetable oil, and a fungicide were used. After 6 and 9 days, disease incidence (%) and severity index (0, 1, 2, 3) were evaluated. Results. Secondary metabolites from strains the HEA-111 (Aspergillus), HEA-109 (Fusarium), and HSA-1 (Trichoderma) showed the highest mycelial inhibition with 95.05 %, 87.51 %, and 47.47 %, respectively. In mandarin fruits treated with SMs from strains HEA-109 and HSA-1, there was a control of 80 % and 55 %, respectively. Conclusions. SMs from EF were effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of P. digitatum and reduces disease progression in mandarin fruits post-harvest.

Resumen Aspergillus niger HPD-2 presenta características particulares de cultivo, crece a una temperatura de 38 ºC y a un pH de 3, además se sabe que produce diversas enzimas de interés comercial como la glucoamilasa, que se encuentra presente en el medio aún bajo condiciones no inducibles y tiene características de actividad interesantes como son, una temperatura óptima de 70 ºC y un pH óptimo de 3-4. Estas características son muy importantes porque ayudarán a minimizar el riesgo de contaminación microbiana en procesos de hidrólisis industrial. Para la caracterización de la glucoamilasa de A. niger HPD-2 se comprobó la presencia y actividad de la enzima en un medio no inductor. Se determinaron los parámetros cinéticos aparentes K m , K i , y V max , 6.66 mM, 0.601 M y 66.5 mM/min respectivamente, así como su temperatura y pH óptimos de actividad (pH 3 y 70 °C). Comparativamente hablando, estos datos son bastante competitivos que aquellos reportados para enzimas similares purificadas. Por otro lado, el análisis de la secuencia de ADN del gen de la glucoamilasa de A. niger HPD-2 mostró que no existen cambios en la región promotora ni en los dominios de unión al almidón. Por lo que la presencia de la enzima en un medio no inductor podría estar relacionada con cambios en una proteína represora CreA.

Abstract Aspergillus niger HPD-2 has interesting growth characteristics, it grows at a temperature of 38 ºC and pH of 3, it is also known to produce various enzymes of commercial interest such as glucoamylase, which is present in the medium even under non-inducible conditions and has important activity characteristics such as an optimum temperature of 70 ºC and an optimum pH of 3-4. These features are very important because they will help to minimize microbial contamination risk in industrial hydrolysis processes. For the characterization of A. niger HPD-2 glucoamylase, the presence and activity of the enzyme were verified in a non-inducing medium. The apparent kinetic parameters K m , K i and V max were determined at 6.66 mM, 0.601 M and 66.5 mM/min, respectively, as well as its optimum pH and temperature activity (pH 3 and 70 °C). Comparatively speaking, these data are competitive against those reported for similar purified enzymes. On the other hand, DNA sequence analysis of A. niger HPD-2 glucoamylase gene showed no changes in the promoter region or starch-binding domains. Therefore, the presence of the enzyme in a non-inducing medium could be related to changes in a repressor protein CreA.

Resumen El objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de especies forestales e identificar hongos fitopatógenos en árboles de CDMX. El arbolado se delimitó en el Parque 18 de marzo a partir de la distribución de parques y jardines con vegetación nativa e introducida. De 2018 - 2020 se muestrearon especies arbóreas y se recolectó tejido vegetal enfermo, la clasificación se realizó mediante el manual de especies botánicas del Valle de México y la identificación de hongos con claves taxonómicas. Se encontraron 25 familias botánicas con diferencias significativas (p ≤ 0.05) en la diversidad de especies nativas (39.51 %) e introducidas (60.49 %). Hojas, brotes y ramas presentaron manchas foliares, clorosis, cancros, muerte de tejido vascular, cenicillas y royas. El grado de afectación con mayor incidencia en sanidad y calidad del arbolado fue Kirramyces epicoccoides, Aspergillus niger, Tubercularia sp. y A. alternata (2.34, 2.58, 5.74, 6.80 %, respectivamente). La incidencia acumulada de casos registrados en arbolado fue del 17.46 %. Ulmus parvifolia expresó mayor aumento epidemiológico. A. alternata tuvo impacto significativo en la dinámica poblacional. La incidencia de hongos fitopatógenos en especies arbóreas evidenció el estatus fitosanitario general que representa el arbolado de CDMX, lo que permitirá establecer medidas de manejo de enfermedades específicas.

Abstract The objective was to determine the prevalence of forest species and identify phytopathogenic fungi in trees in CDMX. The trees were delimited to the Parque 18 de Marzo, based on the distribution of parks and gardens with native and introduced vegetation. From 2018 to 2020, diseased plant tissues were sampled and collected from tree species. The classification was through the manual of botanical species of the Valley of Mexico and the identification of fungi with taxonomic keys. We found 25 botanical families with significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in the diversity of native (39.51 %) and introduced (60.49 %) species. Leaves, shoots and branches presented leaf spots, chlorosis, cankers, death of vascular tissue, powdery mildew and rust. The degree of affectation with the highest impact on health and quality of the trees were by Kirramyces epicoccoides, Aspergillus niger, Tubercularia sp. and Alternaria alternata (2.34, 2.58, 5.74 and 6.80 %, respectively). The cumulative incidence of cases registered in trees was 17.46 %. Ulmus parvifolia expressed greater epidemiological increase. A. alternata had a significant impact on population dynamics. The incidence of phytopathogenic fungi in tree species evidenced the general phytosanitary status that CDMX trees represent, which will allow establishing management measures for specific diseases.

RESUMEN La endocarditis infecciosa es una enfermedad que afecta principalmente la superficie endocárdica del corazón y las válvulas cardíacas (nativas o protésicas). Los principales factores de riesgo para desarrollar endocarditis infecciosa son el sexo masculino, la edad avanzada, cortocircuitos intracardiacos, válvulas protésicas, enfermedades cardíacas reumáticas y congénitas, dispositivos intracardiacos, uso de drogas intravenosas, inmunosupresión y hemodiálisis. Streptococci y Staphylococci spp. han sido los organismos aislados con más frecuencia. Sin embargo, el hongo más común en la endocarditis infecciosa es Candida albicans (24-46%), seguido de Aspergillus spp. (25%) y casos raros de Cryptococcus neoformans, que se asocian a una mayor tasa de mortalidad. Este caso presenta una interesante infección por Cryptococcus neoformans en una válvula nativa en una mujer joven con enfermedad renal crónica estadio IV y desnutrición severa.

ABSTRACT Infective endocarditis is a disease that affects mainly the endocardial surface of the heart and cardiac valves (native or prosthetic). The main risk factors for developing infective endocarditis are male sex, older age, intracardiac shunts, prosthetic valves, rheumatic, and congenital heart disease, intracardiac devices, intravenous drugs use, immunosuppression, and hemodialysis. Streptococci and Staphylococci spp. have been the most frequent isolated organisms. On the other hand, the most common fungal organism in infective endocarditis is Candida albicans (24-46%), followed by Aspergillus spp. (25%), and a few cases by Cryptococcus neoformans, which are associated with higher rate of mortality. This case provides an interesting case of Cryptococcus neoformans native valve infective endocarditis in a young woman with stage IV chronic kidney disease and severe malnutrition.

RESUMEN Introducción. Los datos sobre la prevalencia de coinfecciones o sobreinfecciones fúngicas en pacientes con COVID-19 son limitados. Objetivo. Describir la prevalencia de coinfecciones o sobreinfecciones fúngicas en pacientes con COVID-19, así como los factores de riesgo y las características demográficas, clínicas y microbiológicas. Material y métodos. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19, hospitalizados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y con infección fúngica confirmada entre marzo del 2020 y diciembre del 2021. Del expediente clínico se obtuvieron datos sobre edad, sexo, comorbilidades, días de estancia hospitalaria, resultados de laboratorio (ferritina) y microbiológicos, tratamiento contra COVID-19, terapia antifúngica y desenlace. Resultados. Once de 740 pacientes cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. La tasa de coinfección fue del 0,3 % y la de sobreinfección fue del 1,2 %. La población más afectada fue la de hombres adultos. Las coinfecciones o sobreinfecciones diagnosticadas fueron candiduria y candidemia, causadas por Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. lusitaniae y Kluyveromyces marxianus (C. kefyr). Además, se encontró una traqueobronquitis por Aspergillus fumigatus. Los antifúngicos más administrados fueron fluconazol y caspofungina. La letalidad en pacientes con coinfecciones fue del 50 % y con sobreinfecciones fúngicas, del 22 %. El tiempo de estancia intrahospitalaria fue de 11 a 65 días. Ocho de los pacientes requirieron asistencia respiratoria mecánica y seis recibieron corticoides. La principal comorbilidad fue diabetes mellitus (81,8 %). Conclusiones. La tasa de coinfecciones o sobreinfecciones por hongos en pacientes con COVID-19 fue baja, pero la letalidad de estas requiere, con urgencia, la realización de pruebas de rutina para detectar hongos en pacientes con COVID-19 grave para diagnosticar oportunamente infecciones fúngicas que puedan comprometer aún más la vida del paciente.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Data on the prevalence of fungal coinfections/superinfections in patients with COVID-19 are limited. Objective. To describe the prevalence of fungal coinfections/superinfections in patients with COVID-19, as well as risk factors and demographic, clinical, and microbiological characteristics. Material and methods. We included patients with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis and a confirmed fungal infection hospitalized in the ICU from March 2020 to December 2021. We collected data on age, sex, comorbidities, hospital length of stay (days), laboratory (ferritin) and microbiological results, treatment for COVID-19, antifungal therapy, and outcomes obtained from the clinical records. Results. Only 11 out of 740 patients met the inclusion criteria. The coinfection rate was 0.3% and the superinfection was 1.2%. The most affected population was male adults. The coinfections/superinfections diagnosed were candiduria and candidemia, caused by Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. lusitaniae, and Kluyveromyces marxianus (C. kefyr). In addition, tracheobronchitis due to Aspergillus fumigatus was found. The most used antifungals were fluconazole and caspofungin. The lethality in patients with fungal coinfections was 50% and superinfections, 22%. The length of hospital stay was 11-65 days. Eight patients required mechanical ventilation and six received corticosteroids. The main comorbidity was diabetes mellitus (81.8%). Conclusions. The rate of fungal coinfections/superinfections in COVID-19 patients was low, but the lethality found urges for routine fungal screening in patients with severe COVID-19 to timely detect fungal infections that may further compromise the patient's life.

RESUMEN La paja de trigo es un material de desecho muy abundante que puede servir como fuente de carbono en diversos procesos de fermentación. El estudio tuvo como objetivo generar ácido cítrico a partir de la paja de trigo utilizando Aspergillus niger y evaluar su potencial conservante en muestras de carne fresca de ave. Las muestras de paja de trigo se secaron, pulverizaron y pretrataron químicamente. La suspensión de paja de trigo obtenida (100 g L-1) se sacarificó a 50 °C usando celulasas obtenidas de Trichoderma viride. El sustrato hidrolizado luego se sometió a fermentación por Aspergillus niger a 35 °C, 180 rpm y pH=5 durante 7 días. El ácido cítrico generado se determinó mediante la técnica de HPLC. La carne de ave se obtuvo y se trató mediante remojo en diferentes concentraciones (1, 2 y 3%) de ácido cítrico (n=4). Las muestras tratadas se almacenaron en bolsas de plástico estériles durante 14 días a 4 °C. Se determinaron el recuento total de bacterias (TBC), el recuento Total de Coliformes (TCC), el TVB-N y el TBARS a medida que avanzaba el almacenamiento, y se realizó el pH, el TTA y la evaluación sensorial. El ácido cítrico obtenido fue de 14,15 g L-1, lo que resultó en un rendimiento porcentual del 26,18%. El tratamiento de la carne con un 3% de ácido cítrico presentó los valores más bajos de TBC y TCC de 2,55 y 0,34 Log10 UFC g-1 después de 7 días de almacenamiento, respectivamente. Se observaron diferencias significativas (P<0,05) en el TBC y el TCC dentro de los tratamientos. La reducción de T-VBN y TBARS durante el almacenamiento fue más evidente en las muestras de carne tratadas con ácido cítrico al 3%, conservando una aceptabilidad de 31,22 mg 100 g-1 y 0,74 mg kg-1, respectivamente, en el día 10. El tratamiento con ácido cítrico al 2% tuvo los mejores atributos sensoriales (16) en el día 7. Los resultados de este estudio indican que el tratamiento con ácido cítrico al 2% mostró resultados promisorios en la prolongación de la vida útil de las muestras de carne fresca de ave.

ABSTRACT Wheat straw is a highly abundant waste material that can be utilized as a carbon source in various fermentation processes. This study aimed to generate citric acid using Aspergillus niger from wheat straw and to evaluate its preservative potential in fresh poultry meat samples. Wheat straw samples were dried, pulverized, and chemically pretreated. The obtained wheat straw slurry (100 g L-1) was saccharified at 50 °C using cellulases obtained from Trichoderma viride. The hydrolyzed substrate was then subjected to fermentation by Aspergillus niger at 35 °C, 180 rpm, and pH=5 for 7 days. The citric acid generated was determined via the HPLC technique. Poultry meat was obtained and treated by soaking in different concentrations (1, 2, and 3%) of citric acid (n=4). The treated samples were then stored in sterile plastic bags for 14 days at 4 °C. Total Bacterial Count (TBC), Total Coliform Count (TCC), TVB-N, and TBARS were determined as storage progressed, and pH, TTA, and sensory evaluation were carried out. The highest citric acid obtained was 14.15 g L-1 which resulted in a percent yield of 26.18%. Treatment of meat with 3% citric acid had the lowest TBC and TCC of 2.55 and 0.34 Log10 CFU g-1 after 7 days of storage respectively. There were significant differences in the TBC and TCC observed within the treatments (P<0.05) as observed. T-VBN and TBARS reduction during storage was most evident in meat samples treated with 3% citric acid, retaining acceptability of 31.22 mg 100 g-1 and 0.74 mg kg-1, respectively at day 10. The 2% citric acid treatment had the best sensory attributes (16) on day 7. Findings from this study show that treatment with 2% citric acid and above showed promising results in extending the shelf-life of fresh poultry meat samples.

Resumen Los hongos endófitos son microorganismos simbiontes de plantas, diversos y abundantes en regiones tropicales, con gran potencial como agentes biocontroladores de enfermedades fúngicas agrícolas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la actividad antifúngica in vitro de los hongos endófitos asociados con cultivares criollos de Cucumis sativus y Lagenaria siceraria de Yucatán. Las cepas endófitas fueron aisladas e identificadas de diferentes órganos de las plantas, para posteriormente ser sometidas a enfrentamientos duales y pruebas de antibiosis. Se identificaron 20 especies de hongos endófitos con efectos antifúngicos contra Corynespora cassiicola, Colletotrichum truncatum y Fusarium equiseti, obteniendo rangos de inhibición de 17.72-100%, 16.51-91.55% y 4.64-91.89%, respectivamente. Aspergillus flavus, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae y Trichoderma longibrachiatum exhibieron los mayores porcentajes de inhibición contra los tres fitopatógenos. Así mismo, estas tres especies de endófitos demostraron un efecto antibiótico en sus extractos, al inhibir principalmente el crecimiento de F. equiseti hasta en un 46.46%. La cepa de L. pseudotheobromae tiene características que le confieren un potencial como agente antifúngico, por lo que se deberán seguir explorando sus aplicaciones y condiciones de crecimiento. Este trabajo representa un primer esfuerzo por conocer la diversidad de hogos endófitos en los cultivos criollos de la región.

Abstract Endophytic fungi are plant symbiont microorganisms, diverse and abundant in tropical regions, with great potential as biocontrol agents of agricultural fungal diseases. The objective of the present work was to evaluate in vitro antifunfal activity of endophytic fungi associated with creole cultivars of Cucumis sativus and Lagenaria siceraria from Yucatán. The endophytic strains were isolated and identified from different organs, to be subjected to dual confrontations and antibiotic tests. Twenty species with antifungal effects against Corynespora cassiicola, Colletotrichum truncatum and Fusarium equiseti were identified, obtaining inhibition ranges of 17.72-100%, 16.51-91.55% and 4.64-91.89%, respectively. Aspergillus flavus, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae and Trichoderma longibrachiatum exhibited the highest percentages of inhibition against the three phytopathogens. Likewise, these three species of endophytes demonstrated an antibiotic effect in their extracts, mainly inhibiting the growth of F. equiseti by up to 46.46%. The L. pseudotheobromae strain has characteristics that give it potential as an antifungal agent, so its applications and growth conditions should continue to be explored. This work represents a first effort to understand the diversity of endophytic fungi in native crops in the region.

Resumen Antecedentes: Utricularia jamesoniana es una pequeña planta epífita que se encuentra en bosques tropicales húmedos. Destaca por su hábito carnívoro, su intrincado sistema de trampas y sus pequeñas pero complejas flores. A pesar de su amplia distribución geográfica y sus curiosas adaptaciones, esta especie sigue estando relativamente poco estudiada. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo es dilucidar la composición de las comunidades bacterianas y fúngicas asociadas tanto en los utrículos como en las hojas de Utricularia jamesoniana, facilitando la comprensión de la fisiología y la dinámica ecológica de esta especie carnívora. Métodos: Empleamos la secuenciación de los marcadores 16S ARNr e ITS para comparar las comunidades procariotas y fúngicas dentro de hojas y trampas de U. jamesoniana. Resultados: El análisis de las variantes de secuencia de amplicones (ASVs) reveló notables diferencias en la composición de la comunidad dependiendo del tejido vegetal y del tipo de microorganismo. Las comunidades procariotas estaban compuestas predominantemente por Proteobacteria y Actinobacteriota, incluyendo los géneros Acidocella, Bradyrhizobium, Ferritrophicum y Ferrovum. Las comunidades fúngicas estaban dominadas por Ascomycota y Basidiomycota, con representantes de Dothideomycetes, Sordariomycetes, Eurotiomycetes y Agaricomycetes; así como ASVs relacionados con Mycosphaerellaceae, Colletotrichum, Aspergillus y Thanatephorus. La diversidad procariota es más alta en los utrículos con respecto a las hojas, pero las comunidades fúngicas fueron más diversas en las hojas que en los utrículos Conclusiones: Este estudio arroja luz sobre las comunidades microbianas asociadas a esta epífita carnívora y proporciona valiosos conocimientos sobre las intrincadas relaciones entre la planta y los habitantes microbianos asociados a sus diferentes tejidos.

Abstract Background: Utricularia jamesoniana, a small epiphytic plant found in wet tropical forests, stands out for its carnivorous habit, intricate trap system, and small but beautiful and complex flowers. This species remains relatively understudied despite its wide geographical distribution and curious adaptations. Questions: Our aim is to elucidate the composition of bacterial and fungal communities inhabiting both the bladders and leaves of Utricularia jamesoniana, facilitating the comprehension of the physiology and ecological dynamics of this carnivorous species. Methods: In this study, we employed 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing to compare the prokaryotic and fungal communities within leaves and traps of U. jamesoniana. Results: The analysis of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) unveiled notable differences in community composition depending on the plant tissue and type of microorganism. Prokaryotic communities predominantly comprised Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota, featuring genera such as Acidocella, Bradyrhizobium, Ferritrophicum, and Ferrovum. Fungal communities were dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, encompassing representatives of Dothideomycetes, Sordariomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, and Agaricomycetes, as well as ASVs related to Mycosphaerellaceae, Colletotrichum, Aspergillus, and Thanatephorus. We determined that the prokaryotic diversity was higher in the bladders with respect to the leaves. Fungal communities, in turn, were more diverse in leaves than in bladders. Conclusions: This study sheds light on the microbial communities associated with this carnivorous epiphyte and provides valuable insights into the intricate relationships between the plant and its microbial inhabitants across different tissues.

ABSTRACT Liver transplantation (LT) is a cost-effective therapy for advanced liver disease. Although LT significantly improves long-term survival, it requires strict control of immunosuppressants and their potential complications. Several available immunosuppressive drugs include glucocorticoids, calcineurin inhibitors, mycophenolate, mTOR inhibitors, and anti-CD25 antibodies. These drugs act particularly in T lymphocytes, depleting them, deviating their traffic, or blocking their response pathways. The main complications after LT include renal failure and infectious, immunological, biliary, vascular adverse events, metabolic, cardiovascular, and neoplastic diseases, especially during the first months. Bacteria, viruses, and fungi can cause infections in these patients. Prophylaxis against Herpes simplex virus, Varicella zoster virus, Cytomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Candida spp., and Aspergillus spp. should be considered according to the presence of risk factors. Among immunological complications, acute cellular rejection is common (30% of LT) but usually responds to immunosuppressive escalation. Also, chronic rejection appears in 3-17% of LT, but only half of the recipients respond to increased immunosuppressants. Appropriate treatment of the underlying etiology is essential, especially in autoimmune diseases, hepatitis B and C virus infection. Lifestyle changes must be encouraged in all patients, and alcohol consumption avoided (especially in alcohol use disorder). Due to the increased risk of cancer, neoplasms must be actively monitored, as well as osteoporosis and other metabolic disorders such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

RESUMEN El trasplante hepático (TH) es una terapia costo-efectiva para el tratamiento de las enfermedades hepáticas avanzadas. Aunque el TH mejora significativamente la supervivencia a largo plazo, requiere de un control estricto de la inmunosupresión y de las potenciales complicaciones. Entre los fármacos inmunosupresores destacan los corticoides, inhibidores de calcineurina, micofenolato, inhibidores de mTOR y los anticuerpos anti CD-25. Estos fármacos actúan especialmente sobre los linfocitos T, agotándolos, desviando su tráfico o bloqueando sus vías de respuesta. Las principales complicaciones post TH pueden ser renales, infecciosas, inmunológicas, biliares, vasculares, metabólicas, cardiovasculares y neoplásicas, especialmente los primeros meses post trasplante. Las infecciones son frecuentes y pueden ser causadas por bacterias, virus y hongos. Se debe considerar la profilaxis contra virus Herpes Simple, virus Varicela zoster, Citomegalovirus, Pneumocistys jirovecii, Candida spp. y Aspergillus spp. según la presencia de factores de riesgo. Entre las complicaciones inmunológicas, el rechazo celular agudo es frecuente (30% de los TH), pero habitualmente responde al tratamiento inmunosupresor. Asimismo, el rechazo crónico se presenta en el 3-17% de los TH y solo la mitad responde al incremento de inmunosupresión. El control de las etiologías de base es fundamental, especialmente en enfermedades autoinmunes e infecciones por virus hepatitis B y C. Se deben promover cambios de estilo de vida en todos los pacientes y evitar el consumo de alcohol (especialmente en trastorno por consumo de alcohol). Debido al mayor riesgo de cáncer, se debe vigilar activamente la aparición de neoplasias, así como de osteoporosis y otros trastornos metabólicos, en particular diabetes y enfermedad cardiovascular.