ABSTRACT Water application to cultivated soil is often done without careful consideration in irrigated agriculture, leading to inefficient or suboptimal water usage. In many instances, the intricate relationship between soil, water, and plants, as well as the potential and limitations of irrigation systems, is overlooked. Sustainable irrigated agriculture necessitates the development of a soil moisture monitoring system that curtails water loss and enhances overall efficiency. This study aimed to develop and assess the efficiency of an intelligent system for monitoring soil moisture. The system comprises two stations: the first collects data on apparent soil moisture parameters using sensors, while the second transmits this data to a central processing station. The system precisely determines current soil moisture values, enabling estimation of the required irrigation water volume to meet the crop’s water demand based on field capacity. Results from the calibration curve of the sensors indicate that the system can measure current soil moisture precisely, aiding in irrigation management. For irrigated areas under unsaturated soil conditions, it is recommended to use tensiometers due to their higher reliability between field capacity and permanent wilting point, ensuring more accurate irrigation practices. usage instances plants systems overlooked stations station values crops crop s management conditions point practices

RESUMO Na agricultura irrigada, é comum a aplicação de água no solo cultivado sem critério, resultando em uso ineficiente ou não otimizado da água. Em muitos casos, a relação solo-água-planta, bem como as potencialidades e limitações dos sistemas de irrigação são ignoradas. A agricultura irrigada sustentável requer o desenvolvimento de um sistema de monitoramento da umidade do solo que evite a perda de água e melhore a eficiência do uso. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e avaliar a eficiência de um sistema inteligente de monitoramento da umidade do solo. O sistema é composto por duas estações: a primeira coleta os dados sobre parâmetros de umidade aparente do solo usando sensores, enquanto a segunda transmite esses dados para uma estação de processamento central. O sistema determina precisamente os valores atuais de umidade do solo, permitindo estimar o volume de água de irrigação necessário para atender à demanda hídrica da cultura com base na capacidade de campo. Os resultados da curva de calibração dos sensores indicam que o sistema pode medir com precisão a umidade do solo atual, auxiliando no manejo da irrigação. Para áreas irrigadas em condições de solo não saturado, recomenda-se o uso de tensiômetros devido à sua maior confiabilidade entre a capacidade de campo e o ponto de murcha permanente, garantindo práticas de irrigação mais precisas. critério casos soloáguaplanta, soloáguaplanta planta, planta solo-água-planta ignoradas estações central atual saturado recomendase recomenda se permanente precisas

RESUMEN El propósito de este trabajo fue presentar una Fileteadora-Extrusora capaz de utilizar botellas de plástico PET (Tereftalato de polietileno) como materia prima para convertirlo en filamento para impresión 3D. Este proyecto implicó el ensamblaje del dispositivo, un estudio previo para determinar las condiciones generales de las botellas recolectadas para comprobar si son aptas para ser utilizadas en una impresora 3D luego de ser reciclada por nuestra máquina, determinar la situación actual de la cobertura del reciclaje del plástico y las condiciones generales de las botellas recolectadas. El prototipo fue construido de diversos componentes reciclados conformados por las siguientes partes físicas: Un bloque calentador o hotend, un motor de limpia parabrisas, una pantalla LCD 20x4, sensores y microcontrolador. Este dispositivo emplea un Arduino programado de tal manera a que el sistema tenga la capacidad de controlar la temperatura mediante la cual se calienta el filamento por medio de un control PID. El producto obtenido de PET con la máquina montada ha sido sometido a ensayo de tracción siguiendo la norma ASTM para verificación de la resistencia del material.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this project was to present a Filament Extruder capable of using PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) plastic bottles as raw material to convert them into filament for 3D printing. This project involved assembling the device, conducting a preliminary study to determine the general conditions of the collected bottles to verify if they were suitable for use in a 3D printer after being recycled by our machine, and evaluating the current state of plastic recycling coverage and the conditions of the collected bottles. The prototype was constructed from various recycled components, consisting of the following physical parts: a hotend, a windscreen wiper motor, a 20x4 LCD screen, sensors, and a microcontroller. The device uses a programmed Arduino, enabling the system to control the temperature at which the filament is heated via PID control. The PET product obtained from the machine has undergone a tensile test according to ASTM standards to verify the material's strength.

SUMMARY: The rapid advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed our lives by connecting objects and creating an intelligent environment that drives automation and massive data collection. IoT has overcome challenges through remote monitoring, robotics, and sensors, with powerful wireless technologies opening up possibilities in various fields, including anatomical techniques. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of integrating IoT technology into the body maceration process by developing a low-cost, accessible, automated maceration control device compatible with theArduino IDE programming environment. Using an open-source NodeMCU system based on the ESP-12E chip, which employs the LUA programming language and is compatible with Arduino IDE, we incorporated a microSD card reader module for data storage, a digital temperature sensor (DS18B20), a clock module (DS3231), a magnetic stirrer, and an aquarium heater controlled by a digital thermostat with relay (W1209). To validate the device, we conducted maceration tests on C57BL mice, comparing two groups: Control (n=5; weight=17g) subjected to maceration in 4 liters of water at 10°C without agitation; Experimental (n=5; weight=17g) exposed to maceration in 4 liters of water at 35°C, with agitation at 1500 r/min and water flow renewal at a rate of 900 ml/h. Specimens were evaluated for their degree of maceration, cleaned, weighed, and photographed. The maceration time for the control and experi- mental groups was 730 hours and 60 hours, respectively. In the experimental group, no foul odors, damage, or bone demineralization were detected. The device cost was 60 USD, and programming through the Arduino IDE environment was straightforward. The focus on hardware contributed to accessibility and time savings. The system operated with a conventional power supply and required a water supply, making it adaptable to various configurations with greater capacity. Under this configuration, we effectively controlled the variables (temperature, agitation, and water flow). The NodeMCU-based bone maceration system improved the performance and adaptability of existing systems and increased accessibility by reducing costs, complexity, and foul odors.

RESUMEN: El rápido avance del Internet de las Cosas (IoT) ha transformado nuestras vidas al conectar objetos y crear un entorno inteligente que impulsa la automatización y la recolección masiva de datos. El IoT ha superado desafíos a través del monitoreo remoto, la robótica y los sensores, con tecnologías inalámbricas potentes que abren posibilidades en diversos campos, incluidas la anatomía y las técnicas anatómicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue demostrar la viabilidad y los beneficios de integrar la tecnología IoT en el proceso de maceración cadavérica mediante el desarrollo de un dispositivo de control de maceración automatizado, accesible y de bajo costo, compatible con el entorno de programación Arduino IDE. Usando un sistema NodeMCU de código abierto basado en el chip ESP-12E, que emplea el lenguaje de programación LUA y es compatible con Arduino IDE, incorporamos un módulo lector de tarjetas microSD para el almacenamiento de datos, un sensor de temperatura digital (DS18B20), un módulo de reloj (DS3231), un agitador magnético y un calentador de acuario controlado por un termostato digital con relé (W1209). Para validar el dispositivo, realizamos pruebas de maceración en ratones C57BL, comparando dos grupos: control (n=5; peso=17g) sometido a maceración en 4 litros de agua a 10°C sin agitación; experimental (n=5; peso=17g) expuesto a maceración en 4 litros de agua a 35°C, con agitación a 1500 r/min y renovación del flujo de agua a una velocidad de 900 ml/h. Los especímenes fueron evaluados según su grado de maceración, limpiados, pesados y fotografiados. El tiempo de maceración para los grupos control y experimental fue de 730 horas y 60 horas, respectivamente. En el grupo experimental no se detectaron malos olores, daños ni desmineralización de los huesos. El costo del dispositivo fue de 60 USD y la programación a través del entorno Arduino IDE fue sencilla. El enfoque en el hardware contribuyó a la accesibilidad y al ahorro de tiempo. El sistema operaba con una fuente de alimentación convencional y requería un suministro de agua, lo que lo hace adaptable a diversas configuraciones con mayor capacidad. Bajo esta configuración, controlamos eficazmente las variables (temperatura, agitación y flujo de agua). El sistema de maceración ósea basado en NodeMCU mejoró el rendimiento y la adaptabilidad de los sistemas existentes, y aumentó la accesibilidad al reducir los costos, la complejidad y los malos olores.

Resumen Esta investigación se centra en la calibración de un sistema de monitoreo electrónico para evaluar la distribución de la precipitación en dos especies arbóreas: flujo del dosel, flujo caulinar y humedad en el suelo. El sistema, centrado en la aplicación de la plataforma Arduino, incorpora equipos de recolección de agua, balancines y sensores de humedad; ofrece una metodología precisa y de bajo costo para el análisis detallado de la partición de la lluvia. Dicho tipo de análisis es un aspecto crítico para conocer el impacto de las cubiertas vegetales en los ciclos hidrológicos. La falta de métodos de monitoreo accesibles y eficientes han obstaculizado una mejor comprensión de la partición de la lluvia en los ecosistemas forestales. La calibración de balancines, utilizados para determinar la partición de lluvias, ha tenido un desempeño excepcional bajo condiciones de baja precipitación (R 2 =0.9556 a R 2 =0.9878), al igual que los sensores de humedad del suelo. El análisis de los datos recolectados de los balancines mostró un alto coeficiente de determinación entre flujo caulinar y precipitación directa, flujo de dosel y precipitación directa (R 2 >0.8345 y R 2 >0.7723, respectivamente). Para los sensores de humedad se obtuvo un R 2 >0.5377 en los datos registrados en campo. Los resultados obtenidos ayudan a un mejor análisis del ciclo hidrológico entre diferentes especies arbóreas.

Abstract This research focuses on the calibration of an electronic monitoring system to evaluate the distribution of precipitation in two tree species: stemflow, throughfall and soil moisture. This system, focused on the application of the Arduino platform that incorporates water collection equipment, tipping buckets and humidity sensors, offers an accurate and low-cost methodology for detailed analysis of rain partitioning. This type of analysis is a critical aspect to understand the impact of vegetation covers on hydrological cycles. The lack of accessible and efficient monitoring methods has hindered a better understanding of rainfall partitioning in forest ecosystems. Calibration of tipping buckets, used to determine rainfall partitioning, have shown exceptional performance under low rainfall conditions (R 2 =0.9556 to R 2 =0.9878), as have soil moisture sensors. The analysis of the data collected from the tipping buckets showed a high Coefficient of determination between stemflow and direct precipitation, throughfall and direct precipitation (R 2 >0.8345 and R 2 >0.7723, respectively). For the moisture sensors, R 2 >0.5377 was obtained in the data recorded in the field. The results obtained help a better analysis of the hydrological cycle between different tree species.

RESUMEN Desde la pandemia de COVID-19 se ha impulsado una transición acelerada en el aprendizaje autodirigido en la educación virtual, destacando la necesidad de herramientas educativas prácticas y asequibles. Este estudio aborda la remanufacturación de un agitador recíproco antiguo utilizando un sistema de control PID basado en el método de Ziegler-Nichols y tecnología Arduino. El equipo fue evaluado bajo diversas condiciones de carga y velocidad, logrando un control preciso de la agitación con un error porcentual mínimo del 3%. Los resultados demuestran la efectividad del control PID para estabilizar la velocidad del motor dentro del rango de 150 a 250 RPM, con un tiempo promedio de estabilización de 2 segundos. Además, las mediciones eléctricas validaron la eficiencia del regulador de corriente alterna, mientras que la reutilización de componentes resalta la viabilidad de integrar prácticas de economía circular en la educación. Esta investigación ofrece una solución económica y ambientalmente sostenible para la fabricación de equipos de laboratorio, fomentando la innovación en la enseñanza de ciencias experimentales.

ABSTRACT Since the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an accelerated transition in self-directed learning within virtual education, highlighting the need for practical and affordable educational tools. This study addresses the remanufacturing of an old reciprocating shaker using a PID control system based on the Ziegler-Nichols method and Arduino technology. The¡ equipment was evaluated under various load and speed conditions, achieving precise agitation control with a minimum percentage error of 3%. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of PID control in stabilizing motor speed within the range of 150 to 250 RPM, with an average stabilization time of 2 seconds. Additionally, electrical measurements validated the efficiency of the alternating current regulator, while the reuse of components underscores the viability of integrating circular economy practices into education. This research offers an economically and environmentally sustainable solution for the manufacturing of laboratory equipment, fostering innovation in the teaching of experimental sciences.

Abstract: For years, solar energy has been a subject of study for electricity generation as an alternative power source. The main objective of this project is to carry out a comparative analysis of the production of electrical energy between fixed photovoltaic panels and those with tracking systems on one axis. Three solar modules were designed and built with the same technical characteristics but different solar tracking systems; Single-axis tracking systems will use tracking systems by astronomical programming and light tracking by LDR sensors. Current, voltage and temperature sensors were implemented along with software capable of obtaining the characteristic curves of the production behavior in each prototype. The data processing, as well as the management of I/O signals coming from the different electronic components associated with the operation of each system, are governed by an Arduino mega board linked to an Ethernet module to be able to observe the curves of production from a website, all operating automatically. Therefore, we determined that the PV system by astronomical programming is the most convenient, due to its lower energy consumption when correcting the panel's position.

Resumen: Desde hace años la energía solar viene siendo motivo de estudio para la generación eléctrica como fuente de alimentación alternativa. El objetivo principal de este proyecto es realizar un análisis comparativo de la producción de energía eléctrica entre paneles fotovoltaicos fijos y con sistemas de seguimiento en un eje. Se diseño y construyó tres módulos solares con las mismas características técnicas, pero con diferentes sistemas de seguimiento solar; los sistemas seguidores de un eje utilizaron sistemas de seguimiento por programación astronómica y seguimiento de luz por sensores LDR. Se implementaron sensores de corriente, voltaje y temperatura, así como un software encargado de obtener las curvas características del comportamiento de la producción en cada prototipo. El procesamiento de los datos, así como la gestión de señales de E/S proveniente de los diferentes componentes electrónicos asociados al funcionamiento de cada sistema, son gobernados por una placa Arduino mega unida a un módulo ethernet con la finalidad de poder observar las curvas de producción desde un sitio web, todo esto operando de manera autómata. Por tanto, determinamos que el sistema FV por programación astronómica es el más conveniente, debido a su menor consumo energético al corregir la posición del panel.

Abstract: The use of early budding varieties in regions prone to late frosts may limit production in certain cycles. Since budburst begins in the apical buds, delaying winter pruning can be a management strategy to minimize frost risk. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different pruning dates during the winter/spring transition in ‘Chardonnay’ and ‘Pinot Noir’ (Vitis vinifera L.) on yield components. Plants were trained using the I-trellis system, and pruned at 15-day intervals from July to October, using cordon spur pruning (two-bud spurs). Pruning conducted after the beginning of September, when apical shoots had more than three expanded leaves, significantly reduced (90%) the yield per plant. This reduction was directly associated with necrosis of primary buds in the base of canes, which stimulated sprouting of secondary or tertiary buds, which do not bear clusters. Delaying winter pruning could be an option for ‘Chardonnay’ and ‘Pinot Noir’, but apical shoot development should be limited to 2-3 expanded leaves, in order to avoid production losses. Abstract cycles risk winterspring spring ‘Chardonnay Chardonnay Pinot Noir Vitis L. L components Itrellis I trellis system 15day day 15 October twobud two bud spurs. spurs . spurs) September leaves 90% 90 (90% plant canes clusters Noir, , 23 2 3 2- losses 1 9 (90 (9 (

Resumo: A utilização de variedades de brotação precoce em regiões com ocorrência de geadas tardias pode restringir a produção em alguns ciclos. Como a brotação tem início nas gemas apicais, o atraso da poda hibernal pode ser uma estratégia de manejo para minimizar-se este risco. Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar os efeitos de diferentes datas de poda durante a transição inverno/primavera, em ‘Chardonnay’ e ‘Pinot Noir’ (Vitis vinifera L.) sobre os componentes de rendimento. A condução das plantas foi em espaldeira, com podas em cordão esporonado (esporão com duas gemas), realizadas de julho a outubro, em intervalos de 15 dias. As podas efetuadas após o início de setembro, quando as brotações apicais já apresentavam mais de três folhas expandidas,promoveram uma redução expressiva (90%) na produção por planta. Essa redução foi diretamente associada à necrose dos cones primários nas gemas da base dossarmentos, o que estimulou a brotação de gemas secundárias ou terciárias, que nãoapresentam cachos. O atraso da poda hibernal pode ser uma opção para ‘Chardonnay’ e ‘Pinot Noir’, mas o desenvolvimento das brotações apicais deve ser limitado a 2-3 folhas expandidas, para evitar perdas na produção. Resumo ciclos minimizarse minimizar se risco invernoprimavera inverno primavera inverno/primavera ‘Chardonnay Chardonnay Pinot Noir Vitis L. L rendimento espaldeira esporão gemas, , gemas) outubro 1 dias setembro expandidaspromoveram expandidas promoveram 90% 90 (90% planta dossarmentos terciárias cachos Noir, 23 2 3 2- 9 (90 (9 (

The 2022 quarantine period exposed the need to design laboratory instruments that were accessible to students, allowing them to conduct experiments from home. Although many magnetism studies have developed manually displaced gaussmeters, only a few of them have been automated. Therefore, this study presents the design of a gaussmeter made with construction toy parts and an Arduino UNO development board to quantify the magnetic flux density in permanent magnets. To evaluate its operation, precision and robustness tests were carried out. In this way, the Kruskal-Wallis test showed similarity in the experimental readings with the WSH315 sensor between 1.62–3.54 cm. Meanwhile, the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test showed limitations in terms of accuracy. And the Youden-Steiner test showed robustness to polarity rotation in the magnet at a distance of 1.19 cm with the AD22151 sensor. Finally, the experimental results showed proximity to analytical and numerical methods. Additionally, the results demonstrated the versatility of the gaussimeter to adapt to another sensor (MLX90393). Therefore, this design can be used to perform magnetism experiments at low cost. 202 students home gaussmeters automated Therefore magnets operation out way KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis WSH WSH31 162354 1 62 3 54 1.62–3.5 Meanwhile WilcoxonMannWhitney Wilcoxon Mann Whitney accuracy YoudenSteiner Youden Steiner 119 19 1.1 AD AD2215 Finally methods Additionally MLX90393. MLX90393 MLX . (MLX90393) cost 20 WSH3 16235 6 5 1.62–3. 11 1. AD221 MLX9039 (MLX90393 2 1623 1.62–3 AD22 MLX903 (MLX9039 162 1.62– AD2 MLX90 (MLX903 16 1.62 MLX9 (MLX90 1.6 (MLX9 (MLX

El período de cuarentena de 2022 expuso la necesidad de diseñar instrumentos de laboratorio accesibles para los estudiantes que les permitan realizar experimentos desde casa. Aunque muchos estudios de magnetismo han desarrollado gaussímetros con desplazamiento manual, pocos están automatizados. Por ello, este estudio presenta el diseño de un gaussímetro elaborado con piezas de juguetes de construcción y una placa de desarrollo Arduino UNO para cuantificar la densidad de flujo magnético en imanes permanentes. Para evaluar su funcionamiento se realizaron pruebas de precisión y robustez. De esta manera, la prueba Kruskal-Wallis mostró similitud en las lecturas experimentales con el sensor WSH315 entre 1,62–3,54 cm. Mientras tanto, la prueba de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney mostró limitaciones en términos de precisión. Y la prueba de Youden-Steiner mostró robustez a la rotación de polaridad en el imán a una distancia de 1,19 cm con el sensor AD22151. Finalmente, los resultados experimentales mostraron proximidad con el método analítico y el método numérico. Además, los resultados demostraron la versatilidad del gaussímetro para adaptarse a otro sensor (MLX90393). Por lo tanto, este diseño se puede utilizar para realizar experimentos de magnetismo a bajo costo. 202 casa manual automatizados ello permanentes manera KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis WSH WSH31 162354 1 62 3 54 1,62–3,5 tanto WilcoxonMannWhitney Wilcoxon Mann Whitney YoudenSteiner Youden Steiner 119 19 1,1 AD22151 AD Finalmente numérico Además MLX90393. MLX90393 MLX . (MLX90393) costo 20 WSH3 16235 6 5 1,62–3, 11 1, AD2215 MLX9039 (MLX90393 2 1623 1,62–3 AD221 MLX903 (MLX9039 162 1,62– AD22 MLX90 (MLX903 16 1,62 AD2 MLX9 (MLX90 1,6 (MLX9 (MLX

ABSTRACT Wheel slipping and fuel consumption are variables influenced by tire pressure, speed, ballasting, and soil surface. Once the tractor is present in all agricultural operations, knowledge of these variables is essential to achieving the most operational efficiency. This study aimed to develop an embedded system to collect data and show tractor slipping and fuel consumption in real-time via smartphone. The system was developed using prototyping platforms and validated through randomized field tests under four speeds and two terrain conditions. Three methods for determining slippage under different conditions were compared. The developed embedded system determined an agricultural tractor's slipping and fuel consumption conditions. The slip and fuel consumption rates varied depending on the type of rolling surface (ground preparations) and the tractor's operating speeds. Conventional tillage surface increased fuel demand by 6% and slippage by 17% compared to no-till rates. The proposed embedded system found similar results and could present the slipping values in the developed Android to real-time operation compared to a conventional method. This application shows both slipping and fuel consumption values over time on graphs, which can be very useful during machine operation, helping to define better configuration and reduce environmental impacts. pressure speed ballasting operations efficiency realtime real smartphone tractors s ground preparations 6 17 notill no till method graphs impacts 1

Resumo As florestas urbanas fornecem cobertura vegetal de médio e grande porte em áreas urbanas. O plantio de árvores nativas nas calçadas é uma abordagem viável para reduzir os danos causados pela extensa urbanização. O uso de hidrogéis parece aumentar o sucesso do transplante de mudas em ambientes urbanos. Assim, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a eficácia de Schinus terebinthifolia na arborização urbana, focando na sua adaptação e sobrevivência pós-transplante utilizando hidrogel e sendo monitorado por sistema arduino. As concentrações do hidrogel utilizadas foram 0,75; 1,5; 3,0 e 6,0 g L-1, sendo também estabelecidos dois controles: um tratamento controle sem irrigação e sem hidrogel, e um controle com irrigação diária com água. A avaliação foi contínua durante 14 dias, e os parâmetros analisados foram temperatura e umidade do substrato, teor relativo de água (CR), extravasamento de eletrólitos (EEE), teor de clorofila e compostos bioquímicos. Adotou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, composto por 6 tratamentos com 9 repetições cada. Os resultados indicam que S. terebinthifolia é uma espécie altamente resiliente e adequada para arborização urbana, apresentando notável tolerância ao transplante e à restrição hídrica. Observou-se que o uso de hidrogéis contribui significativamente para a manutenção da umidade do substrato, resultando em maior estabilidade das mudas transplantadas. O sistema Arduino permitiu avaliação contínua e precisa das condições do substrato, otimizando o manejo da arborização urbana e validando a eficiência dos tratamentos aplicados. Respostas positivas foram observadas ao utilizar hidrogéis em termos de conteúdo relativo de água, estabilidade da membrana e atividade antioxidante, mesmo sob restrição hídrica. Destaca-se a viabilidade de Schinus terebinthifolia para arborização urbana, através da aplicação de hidrogéis e utilização do sistema Arduino para monitoramento de parâmetros como temperatura e umidade. urbanização urbanos Assim póstransplante pós arduino 0,75 075 0 75 1,5 15 1 5 30 3 3, 60 6, L1, L1 L 1, L-1 controles dias substrato CR, CR , (CR) EEE, EEE (EEE) bioquímicos Adotouse Adotou se casualizado cada S hídrica Observouse Observou transplantadas aplicados antioxidante Destacase Destaca 0,7 07 7 L- (CR (EEE 0,

Abstract Urban forest provide medium and large vegetation cover in urban areas. Planting native trees on sidewalks is a viable approach to reduce damages caused by extensive urbanization. The use of hydrogels seems to increase the success of seedling transplantation in urban environments. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the efficacy of Schinus terebinthifolia in urban afforestation, focusing on its adaptation and post-transplant survival using hydrogel and being monitored by an arduino system. The concentrations of the commercial hydrogel used were 0.75, 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 g L-1, and two controls were also established: a control treatment without irrigation and without hydrogel, and a control with daily water irrigation. The evaluation was continuous for 14 days, and the parameters analyzed were substrate temperature and moisture, relative water content (RWC), electrolyte extravasation (EEE), chlorophyll content, and biochemical compound. A completely randomized design was adopted, consisting of 6 treatments with 9 replicates each. The results indicate that S. terebinthifolia is a highly resilient species suitable for urban afforestation, showing remarkable tolerance to transplantation and water restriction. It was observed that the use of hydrogels significantly contributes to maintaining substrate moisture, resulting in greater stability of the transplanted seedlings. The Arduino system allowed for continuous and precise evaluation of substrate conditions, optimizing the management of urban afforestation and validating the efficiency of the applied treatments. Positive responses were observed when using hydrogels in terms of relative water content, membrane stability, and antioxidant activity, even under water restriction. The viability of Schinus terebinthifolia for urban afforestation stands out, through the application of hydrogels and the use of the Arduino system to monitor parameters such as temperature and humidity. areas urbanization environments Thus posttransplant post transplant 075 0 75 0.75 15 1 5 1.5 30 3 3.0 60 6. L1, L1 L 1, L-1 established days moisture RWC, RWC , (RWC) EEE, EEE (EEE) compound adopted each S restriction seedlings conditions activity out humidity 07 7 0.7 1. 3. L- (RWC (EEE 0.

A criação de montagens experimentais no âmbito didático, a partir de elementos de baixo custo, reaproveitados e reciclados, é uma realidade deste tempo. O destaque que atividades na abordagem da cultura maker têm tido, evidenciam o potencial de propostas e estímulos no âmbito educacional nesta linha. Este trabalho propõe a construção de um protótipo de um colorímetro de baixo custo, utilizando o sensor de luminosidade de um smartphone. O trabalho descreve a montagem do protótipo, os procedimentos realizados para os testes do equipamento e apresenta os dados obtidos através dos ensaios experimentais. Para os testes foram utilizados materiais de limpeza usuais, obtidos no âmbito doméstico. A partir dos resultados obtidos foi possível observar a diferença da absorção entre as amostras utilizadas em decorrência da cor de cada uma delas, como esperado na teoria. O material de limpeza com perfil de absorção mais bem definido foi adotado para uma diluição em água e o resultado da absorbância relativa versus concentração apresentou coerência com fator de correlação acima de 0,93. O protótipo apresentou excelente repetibilidade nas medições e isso, associado ao seu fácil manuseio, indicam que sua utilização pode ser viável em uma sala de aula típica. didático custo reciclados tempo tido linha smartphone usuais doméstico delas teoria 093 0 93 0,93 isso manuseio típica 09 9 0,9 0,

The creation of experimental setups in an educational context, using low-cost, reused, and recycled materials, is a reality of our time. The prominence of activities within the maker culture approach highlights the potential of educational proposals and stimuli in this direction. This work proposes the construction of a low-cost colorimeter prototype, using the light sensor of a smartphone. The work describes the assembly of the prototype, the procedures performed for testing the equipment, and presents the data obtained from the experimental trials. Common household cleaning materials were used for the tests. From the results obtained, it was possible to observe the difference in absorption between the samples used, due to their color, as expected in theory. The cleaning material with the lightest absorption profile was selected for dilution in water, and the result of the relative absorbance versus concentration showed consistency with a correlation factor above 0.93. The prototype demonstrated excellent repeatability in measurements, and this, coupled with its ease of use, indicates that its application could be feasible in a typical classroom setting. context lowcost, lowcost low cost, cost reused time direction smartphone equipment trials tests color theory water 093 0 93 0.93 measurements use setting 09 9 0.9 0.

Abstract Biorefineries require low-cost production processes, low waste generation and equipment that can be used not only for a single process, but for the manufacture of several products. In this context, in this research a continuous 3D printing microbioreactor coupled to an Arduino-controlled automatic feeding system was developed for the intensification of the ethanol production process from xylose/xylulose (3:1), using a new biocatalyst containing the co-culture of Scheffersomyces stipitis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (50/50). Initially, batch fermentations of monocultures of S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis and co-culture were carried out. Subsequently, the immobilized co-culture was used as a biocatalyst in continuous fermentations using the developed microreactor. Fermentations carried out in the microbioreactor presented a 2-fold increase in the ethanol concentration and a 3-fold increase in productivity when compared to monocultures. The microbioreactor developed proved to be efficient and can be extended for other bioproducts production. This approach proved to be a promising alternative for the use of the hemicellulose fraction of biomasses without the need to use modified strains. lowcost cost processes products context D Arduinocontrolled Arduino controlled xylosexylulose xylose xylulose 31, 31 3 1 , (3:1) coculture co culture 50/50. 5050 50/50 . 50 (50/50) Initially S Subsequently microreactor 2fold fold 2 3fold strains (3:1 505 50/5 5 (50/50 (3: 50/ (50/5 (3 (50/ ( (50 (5

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade de utilizar água residuária do processamento da mandioca (manipueira) como substrato para operação de células a combustível microbianas de câmara dupla (MFCs) equipadas com biocátodos desnitrificantes. Duas configurações relacionadas à membrana de troca iônica utilizada foram avaliadas: uma com uma membrana de troca aniônica (MFC-A) e outra com uma membrana de troca de catiônica (MFC-C). Ambos os biorreatores foram operados em modo de batelada sequencial. Além disso, uma plataforma de baixo custo baseada na tecnologia Arduino foi proposta para permitir a medição e o registro contínuo de dados de potencial elétrico das MFCs. Os valores de potencial elétrico mais altos foram observados nos primeiros dias de operação das MFCs, com leituras atingindo aproximadamente 350 mV (0,41 W·m⁻3) e diminuindo gradualmente após 100 dias de operação para 243 mV (0,20 W·m⁻3) e 125 mV (0,05 W·m⁻3) para a MFC-A e a MFC-C, respectivamente (valores médios para os últimos 20 dias de operação). Em ambas as MFCs, a redução da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e a remoção de nitrogênio foram superiores a 98% após a estabilização do reator, sem acúmulo perceptível de nitrito. Os resultados experimentais indicaram um desempenho superior quando a MFC estava equipada com uma membrana de troca aniônica. Os resultados apresentados aqui demonstram a viabilidade de utilizar água residuária do processamento de mandioca como um substrato para MFCs equipadas com um biocátodo desnitrificante, permitindo um tratamento eficiente de águas residuárias e geração simultânea de eletricidade. manipueira (manipueira (MFCs desnitrificantes avaliadas MFCA A (MFC-A MFCC. MFCC C . (MFC-C) sequencial disso 35 0,41 041 0 41 (0,4 W·m⁻3 Wm3 Wm W m 3 10 24 0,20 020 (0,2 12 0,05 005 05 (0,0 MFCC, C, MFC-C 2 operação. operação) DQO (DQO 98 reator nitrito desnitrificante eletricidade (MFC-C 0,4 04 4 (0, W·m⁻ 1 0,2 02 0,0 00 9 0, (0 W·m (

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of using cassava wastewater as a substrate for dual-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) operating with denitrifying biocathodes. Two configurations related to the ion exchange membrane used were evaluated: one with an anion exchange membrane (MFC-A) and the other with a cation exchange membrane (MFC-C). Both bioreactors were operated in sequential batch mode. Furthermore, a low-cost platform based on Arduino technology was also proposed to enable continuous measurement and recording of voltage data from the MFCs. The highest voltage values were observed in the first days of MFC operation, with readings reaching approximately 350 mV (0.41 W·m 3) and gradually decreasing after 100 days of operation to 243 mV (0.20 W·m 3) and 125 mV (0.05 W·m 3) for the MFC-A and MFC-C, respectively (mean values for the last 20 days of operation). In both MFCs, the chemical oxygen demand reduction and nitrogen removal were over 98% after reactor stabilization, with no noticeable nitrite accumulation. The experimental results indicated superior performance when MFC was equipped with an anion exchange membrane. The results presented here demonstrate the feasibility of using cassava wastewater as a viable substrate for MFCs equipped with a denitrifying biocathode, allowing for efficient wastewater treatment and simultaneous electricity generation. dualchamber dual chamber (MFCs biocathodes evaluated MFCA A (MFC-A MFCC. MFCC C . (MFC-C) mode Furthermore lowcost low cost 35 0.41 041 0 41 (0.4 Wm W m 3 10 24 0.20 020 (0.2 12 0.05 005 05 (0.0 MFCC, C, MFC-C mean 2 operation. operation) 98 stabilization accumulation biocathode generation (MFC-C 0.4 04 4 (0. 1 0.2 02 0.0 00 9 0. (0 (

This work presents a low-cost experiment to investigate heat conduction inside potato cubes, using thermistors as a thermometric instrument and Arduino as a data acquisition platform. In the theoretical framework, a heuristic argument was proposed to switch the 3D heat equation to an equivalent and simpler 1D equation, which is valid only along points on the cube’s symmetry axis. In the experimental domain, an empirical and realistic time-dependent temperature function was used as boundary conditions instead of assuming simple boundary conditions, i.e., the temperature of the cube surface in contact with the air is kept constant. An approximate solution of the one-dimensional heat equation with nonhomogeneous and time-dependent empirical and actual boundary conditions was provided. Adjusting the experimental data to the theoretical solution predicted by the heat equation provides the thermal diffusivity of the potato. The thermal diffusivity obtained agrees with the reference values found in the literature. lowcost low cost cubes platform framework D s axis domain timedependent time dependent ie i e i.e. constant onedimensional one dimensional provided literature i.e

Abstract The polymer transition temperature is a crucial parameter in the industry for knowing raw materials before starting the manufacturing process. The current work reports a novel low-cost prototype instrument to measure the transition temperature with reliable accuracy. The equipment was built using commercial load cells composed of strain gauges in combination with an Arduino® microcontroller. The prototype measurement quality was validated by measuring the transition temperatures of most commercial polymers. The obtained values were compared with values obtained by conventional thermal analysis known as differential scanning calorimetric and thermo-mechanical analysis (DSC and TMA), which results in identical values. process lowcost low cost accuracy Arduino microcontroller polymers thermomechanical thermo mechanical DSC TMA, TMA , TMA)