RESUMO Na agricultura irrigada, é comum a aplicação de água no solo cultivado sem critério, resultando em uso ineficiente ou não otimizado da água. Em muitos casos, a relação solo-água-planta, bem como as potencialidades e limitações dos sistemas de irrigação são ignoradas. A agricultura irrigada sustentável requer o desenvolvimento de um sistema de monitoramento da umidade do solo que evite a perda de água e melhore a eficiência do uso. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e avaliar a eficiência de um sistema inteligente de monitoramento da umidade do solo. O sistema é composto por duas estações: a primeira coleta os dados sobre parâmetros de umidade aparente do solo usando sensores, enquanto a segunda transmite esses dados para uma estação de processamento central. O sistema determina precisamente os valores atuais de umidade do solo, permitindo estimar o volume de água de irrigação necessário para atender à demanda hídrica da cultura com base na capacidade de campo. Os resultados da curva de calibração dos sensores indicam que o sistema pode medir com precisão a umidade do solo atual, auxiliando no manejo da irrigação. Para áreas irrigadas em condições de solo não saturado, recomenda-se o uso de tensiômetros devido à sua maior confiabilidade entre a capacidade de campo e o ponto de murcha permanente, garantindo práticas de irrigação mais precisas. critério casos soloáguaplanta, soloáguaplanta planta, planta solo-água-planta ignoradas estações central atual saturado recomendase recomenda se permanente precisas

ABSTRACT Water application to cultivated soil is often done without careful consideration in irrigated agriculture, leading to inefficient or suboptimal water usage. In many instances, the intricate relationship between soil, water, and plants, as well as the potential and limitations of irrigation systems, is overlooked. Sustainable irrigated agriculture necessitates the development of a soil moisture monitoring system that curtails water loss and enhances overall efficiency. This study aimed to develop and assess the efficiency of an intelligent system for monitoring soil moisture. The system comprises two stations: the first collects data on apparent soil moisture parameters using sensors, while the second transmits this data to a central processing station. The system precisely determines current soil moisture values, enabling estimation of the required irrigation water volume to meet the crop’s water demand based on field capacity. Results from the calibration curve of the sensors indicate that the system can measure current soil moisture precisely, aiding in irrigation management. For irrigated areas under unsaturated soil conditions, it is recommended to use tensiometers due to their higher reliability between field capacity and permanent wilting point, ensuring more accurate irrigation practices. usage instances plants systems overlooked stations station values crops crop s management conditions point practices

SUMMARY: The rapid advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed our lives by connecting objects and creating an intelligent environment that drives automation and massive data collection. IoT has overcome challenges through remote monitoring, robotics, and sensors, with powerful wireless technologies opening up possibilities in various fields, including anatomical techniques. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of integrating IoT technology into the body maceration process by developing a low-cost, accessible, automated maceration control device compatible with theArduino IDE programming environment. Using an open-source NodeMCU system based on the ESP-12E chip, which employs the LUA programming language and is compatible with Arduino IDE, we incorporated a microSD card reader module for data storage, a digital temperature sensor (DS18B20), a clock module (DS3231), a magnetic stirrer, and an aquarium heater controlled by a digital thermostat with relay (W1209). To validate the device, we conducted maceration tests on C57BL mice, comparing two groups: Control (n=5; weight=17g) subjected to maceration in 4 liters of water at 10°C without agitation; Experimental (n=5; weight=17g) exposed to maceration in 4 liters of water at 35°C, with agitation at 1500 r/min and water flow renewal at a rate of 900 ml/h. Specimens were evaluated for their degree of maceration, cleaned, weighed, and photographed. The maceration time for the control and experi- mental groups was 730 hours and 60 hours, respectively. In the experimental group, no foul odors, damage, or bone demineralization were detected. The device cost was 60 USD, and programming through the Arduino IDE environment was straightforward. The focus on hardware contributed to accessibility and time savings. The system operated with a conventional power supply and required a water supply, making it adaptable to various configurations with greater capacity. Under this configuration, we effectively controlled the variables (temperature, agitation, and water flow). The NodeMCU-based bone maceration system improved the performance and adaptability of existing systems and increased accessibility by reducing costs, complexity, and foul odors.

RESUMEN: El rápido avance del Internet de las Cosas (IoT) ha transformado nuestras vidas al conectar objetos y crear un entorno inteligente que impulsa la automatización y la recolección masiva de datos. El IoT ha superado desafíos a través del monitoreo remoto, la robótica y los sensores, con tecnologías inalámbricas potentes que abren posibilidades en diversos campos, incluidas la anatomía y las técnicas anatómicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue demostrar la viabilidad y los beneficios de integrar la tecnología IoT en el proceso de maceración cadavérica mediante el desarrollo de un dispositivo de control de maceración automatizado, accesible y de bajo costo, compatible con el entorno de programación Arduino IDE. Usando un sistema NodeMCU de código abierto basado en el chip ESP-12E, que emplea el lenguaje de programación LUA y es compatible con Arduino IDE, incorporamos un módulo lector de tarjetas microSD para el almacenamiento de datos, un sensor de temperatura digital (DS18B20), un módulo de reloj (DS3231), un agitador magnético y un calentador de acuario controlado por un termostato digital con relé (W1209). Para validar el dispositivo, realizamos pruebas de maceración en ratones C57BL, comparando dos grupos: control (n=5; peso=17g) sometido a maceración en 4 litros de agua a 10°C sin agitación; experimental (n=5; peso=17g) expuesto a maceración en 4 litros de agua a 35°C, con agitación a 1500 r/min y renovación del flujo de agua a una velocidad de 900 ml/h. Los especímenes fueron evaluados según su grado de maceración, limpiados, pesados y fotografiados. El tiempo de maceración para los grupos control y experimental fue de 730 horas y 60 horas, respectivamente. En el grupo experimental no se detectaron malos olores, daños ni desmineralización de los huesos. El costo del dispositivo fue de 60 USD y la programación a través del entorno Arduino IDE fue sencilla. El enfoque en el hardware contribuyó a la accesibilidad y al ahorro de tiempo. El sistema operaba con una fuente de alimentación convencional y requería un suministro de agua, lo que lo hace adaptable a diversas configuraciones con mayor capacidad. Bajo esta configuración, controlamos eficazmente las variables (temperatura, agitación y flujo de agua). El sistema de maceración ósea basado en NodeMCU mejoró el rendimiento y la adaptabilidad de los sistemas existentes, y aumentó la accesibilidad al reducir los costos, la complejidad y los malos olores.

Abstract: For years, solar energy has been a subject of study for electricity generation as an alternative power source. The main objective of this project is to carry out a comparative analysis of the production of electrical energy between fixed photovoltaic panels and those with tracking systems on one axis. Three solar modules were designed and built with the same technical characteristics but different solar tracking systems; Single-axis tracking systems will use tracking systems by astronomical programming and light tracking by LDR sensors. Current, voltage and temperature sensors were implemented along with software capable of obtaining the characteristic curves of the production behavior in each prototype. The data processing, as well as the management of I/O signals coming from the different electronic components associated with the operation of each system, are governed by an Arduino mega board linked to an Ethernet module to be able to observe the curves of production from a website, all operating automatically. Therefore, we determined that the PV system by astronomical programming is the most convenient, due to its lower energy consumption when correcting the panel's position. Abstract years source axis Singleaxis Single Current prototype processing IO I O website automatically Therefore convenient panel s position

Resumen: Desde hace años la energía solar viene siendo motivo de estudio para la generación eléctrica como fuente de alimentación alternativa. El objetivo principal de este proyecto es realizar un análisis comparativo de la producción de energía eléctrica entre paneles fotovoltaicos fijos y con sistemas de seguimiento en un eje. Se diseño y construyó tres módulos solares con las mismas características técnicas, pero con diferentes sistemas de seguimiento solar; los sistemas seguidores de un eje utilizaron sistemas de seguimiento por programación astronómica y seguimiento de luz por sensores LDR. Se implementaron sensores de corriente, voltaje y temperatura, así como un software encargado de obtener las curvas características del comportamiento de la producción en cada prototipo. El procesamiento de los datos, así como la gestión de señales de E/S proveniente de los diferentes componentes electrónicos asociados al funcionamiento de cada sistema, son gobernados por una placa Arduino mega unida a un módulo ethernet con la finalidad de poder observar las curvas de producción desde un sitio web, todo esto operando de manera autómata. Por tanto, determinamos que el sistema FV por programación astronómica es el más conveniente, debido a su menor consumo energético al corregir la posición del panel. Resumen alternativa técnicas LDR corriente temperatura prototipo datos ES E S web autómata tanto conveniente panel

ABSTRACT Hail netting increases natural fruitlet drop. Mixing lower concentrations of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) and spraying on more advanced fruitlets could promote adequate crop load management and improve fruit quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate thinning programs with low concentrations of PGRs sprayed at advanced fruitlet size looking for reducing crop load, enhancing fruit quality, and preserving yield. On 2020/21 and 2021/22, in an orchard covered with hail netting in Bom Jesus-RS, eight programs were tested on vigorous ‘Maxi Gala’: Benzyladenine (BA)+Gibberellic acid4+7 (BA-GA) at full bloom (FB) and BA+Ethephon (ETH) at 15mm; BA-GA at FB and Naphthalene acetic acid+Carbaryl (CB) at 7 mm; BA-GA at FB and BA+CB at 15 mm; ETH+CB at 15 mm and Metamitron (MM)+ETH at 20 mm; BA-GA at FB and BA at 7 mm and MM at 20 mm; MM at 7 mm and MM at 20 mm; Manual Thinning Only; Untreated Control. The treatments containing CB reduced fruit set, although diminished yield unsustainably. All PGR programs improved fruit quality. In conclusion, BA-GA at FB and BA+ETH at 15 mm, and MM at 7 mm and MM at 20 mm reduce crop load, preserve yield and improve fruit quality. drop (PGRs quality 202021 2020 21 2020/2 202122 2021 22 2021/22 JesusRS, JesusRS Jesus RS, RS Jesus-RS Maxi Gala Gala’ BA+Gibberellic BAGibberellic +Gibberellic Gibberellic acid47 acid acid4 acid4+ BAGA GA (BA-GA (FB BAEthephon Ethephon ETH (ETH 15mm acidCarbaryl Carbaryl (CB BACB 1 ETHCB MM+ETH MMETH +ETH 2 Only Control set unsustainably conclusion BAETH 20202 202 2020/ 20212 2021/2 2021/

Abstract The polymer transition temperature is a crucial parameter in the industry for knowing raw materials before starting the manufacturing process. The current work reports a novel low-cost prototype instrument to measure the transition temperature with reliable accuracy. The equipment was built using commercial load cells composed of strain gauges in combination with an Arduino® microcontroller. The prototype measurement quality was validated by measuring the transition temperatures of most commercial polymers. The obtained values were compared with values obtained by conventional thermal analysis known as differential scanning calorimetric and thermo-mechanical analysis (DSC and TMA), which results in identical values. process lowcost low cost accuracy Arduino microcontroller polymers thermomechanical thermo mechanical DSC TMA, TMA , TMA)

Abstract Improving a technical work environment encourages creativity and enhances research efforts. The conception of a modular ventilation laboratory aims at free construction and assembly of the air circuit in different shapes, sizes, and operational variations. The modules allow the development of academic experiences, automatic data acquisition from sensors, data analysis, and verification of concepts related to ventilation in underground mines. The modular ventilation laboratory uses a teaching methodology based on a playful and low-cost way to teach engineering, mainly underground mine ventilation. The aim of this work is essentially to propose the creation of a modular underground mine ventilation laboratory to facilitate engineering teaching and allow the simulation of real situations. The Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) methodology was used to develop a framework for building the modular educational ventilation laboratory. This methodology encompasses project planning and studying, applying the Ventsim® software, and the design of a teaching laboratory with sensors and microcontrollers using the Internet of Things (IoT). The results involve the construction of a physical project with PVC (polyvinyl chloride) pipes and connections and electronic circuits. The project presents the main parameters monitored in underground mines and foresees the simulation of scenarios, aiming to facilitate an understanding of the concepts of fluid mechanics and mining ventilation. The conclusions indicate that using simulation in pedagogical practices develops several activities that contribute to innumerable learning and expands the network of constructive meanings as a learning strategy. efforts shapes sizes variations experiences analysis lowcost low cost situations PlanDoCheckAct Plan Do Check Act PDCA (PDCA studying Ventsim software IoT. IoT . (IoT) polyvinyl chloride circuits scenarios strategy (IoT

El período de cuarentena de 2022 expuso la necesidad de diseñar instrumentos de laboratorio accesibles para los estudiantes que les permitan realizar experimentos desde casa. Aunque muchos estudios de magnetismo han desarrollado gaussímetros con desplazamiento manual, pocos están automatizados. Por ello, este estudio presenta el diseño de un gaussímetro elaborado con piezas de juguetes de construcción y una placa de desarrollo Arduino UNO para cuantificar la densidad de flujo magnético en imanes permanentes. Para evaluar su funcionamiento se realizaron pruebas de precisión y robustez. De esta manera, la prueba Kruskal-Wallis mostró similitud en las lecturas experimentales con el sensor WSH315 entre 1,62–3,54 cm. Mientras tanto, la prueba de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney mostró limitaciones en términos de precisión. Y la prueba de Youden-Steiner mostró robustez a la rotación de polaridad en el imán a una distancia de 1,19 cm con el sensor AD22151. Finalmente, los resultados experimentales mostraron proximidad con el método analítico y el método numérico. Además, los resultados demostraron la versatilidad del gaussímetro para adaptarse a otro sensor (MLX90393). Por lo tanto, este diseño se puede utilizar para realizar experimentos de magnetismo a bajo costo. 202 casa manual automatizados ello permanentes manera KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis WSH WSH31 162354 1 62 3 54 1,62–3,5 tanto WilcoxonMannWhitney Wilcoxon Mann Whitney YoudenSteiner Youden Steiner 119 19 1,1 AD22151 AD Finalmente numérico Además MLX90393. MLX90393 MLX . (MLX90393) costo 20 WSH3 16235 6 5 1,62–3, 11 1, AD2215 MLX9039 (MLX90393 2 1623 1,62–3 AD221 MLX903 (MLX9039 162 1,62– AD22 MLX90 (MLX903 16 1,62 AD2 MLX9 (MLX90 1,6 (MLX9 (MLX

The 2022 quarantine period exposed the need to design laboratory instruments that were accessible to students, allowing them to conduct experiments from home. Although many magnetism studies have developed manually displaced gaussmeters, only a few of them have been automated. Therefore, this study presents the design of a gaussmeter made with construction toy parts and an Arduino UNO development board to quantify the magnetic flux density in permanent magnets. To evaluate its operation, precision and robustness tests were carried out. In this way, the Kruskal-Wallis test showed similarity in the experimental readings with the WSH315 sensor between 1.62–3.54 cm. Meanwhile, the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test showed limitations in terms of accuracy. And the Youden-Steiner test showed robustness to polarity rotation in the magnet at a distance of 1.19 cm with the AD22151 sensor. Finally, the experimental results showed proximity to analytical and numerical methods. Additionally, the results demonstrated the versatility of the gaussimeter to adapt to another sensor (MLX90393). Therefore, this design can be used to perform magnetism experiments at low cost. 202 students home gaussmeters automated Therefore magnets operation out way KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis WSH WSH31 162354 1 62 3 54 1.62–3.5 Meanwhile WilcoxonMannWhitney Wilcoxon Mann Whitney accuracy YoudenSteiner Youden Steiner 119 19 1.1 AD AD2215 Finally methods Additionally MLX90393. MLX90393 MLX . (MLX90393) cost 20 WSH3 16235 6 5 1.62–3. 11 1. AD221 MLX9039 (MLX90393 2 1623 1.62–3 AD22 MLX903 (MLX9039 162 1.62– AD2 MLX90 (MLX903 16 1.62 MLX9 (MLX90 1.6 (MLX9 (MLX

Abstract Biorefineries require low-cost production processes, low waste generation and equipment that can be used not only for a single process, but for the manufacture of several products. In this context, in this research a continuous 3D printing microbioreactor coupled to an Arduino-controlled automatic feeding system was developed for the intensification of the ethanol production process from xylose/xylulose (3:1), using a new biocatalyst containing the co-culture of Scheffersomyces stipitis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (50/50). Initially, batch fermentations of monocultures of S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis and co-culture were carried out. Subsequently, the immobilized co-culture was used as a biocatalyst in continuous fermentations using the developed microreactor. Fermentations carried out in the microbioreactor presented a 2-fold increase in the ethanol concentration and a 3-fold increase in productivity when compared to monocultures. The microbioreactor developed proved to be efficient and can be extended for other bioproducts production. This approach proved to be a promising alternative for the use of the hemicellulose fraction of biomasses without the need to use modified strains. lowcost cost processes products context D Arduinocontrolled Arduino controlled xylosexylulose xylose xylulose 31, 31 3 1 , (3:1) coculture co culture 50/50. 5050 50/50 . 50 (50/50) Initially S Subsequently microreactor 2fold fold 2 3fold strains (3:1 505 50/5 5 (50/50 (3: 50/ (50/5 (3 (50/ ( (50 (5

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of using cassava wastewater as a substrate for dual-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) operating with denitrifying biocathodes. Two configurations related to the ion exchange membrane used were evaluated: one with an anion exchange membrane (MFC-A) and the other with a cation exchange membrane (MFC-C). Both bioreactors were operated in sequential batch mode. Furthermore, a low-cost platform based on Arduino technology was also proposed to enable continuous measurement and recording of voltage data from the MFCs. The highest voltage values were observed in the first days of MFC operation, with readings reaching approximately 350 mV (0.41 W·m 3) and gradually decreasing after 100 days of operation to 243 mV (0.20 W·m 3) and 125 mV (0.05 W·m 3) for the MFC-A and MFC-C, respectively (mean values for the last 20 days of operation). In both MFCs, the chemical oxygen demand reduction and nitrogen removal were over 98% after reactor stabilization, with no noticeable nitrite accumulation. The experimental results indicated superior performance when MFC was equipped with an anion exchange membrane. The results presented here demonstrate the feasibility of using cassava wastewater as a viable substrate for MFCs equipped with a denitrifying biocathode, allowing for efficient wastewater treatment and simultaneous electricity generation. dualchamber dual chamber (MFCs biocathodes evaluated MFCA A (MFC-A MFCC. MFCC C . (MFC-C) mode Furthermore lowcost low cost 35 0.41 041 0 41 (0.4 Wm W m 3 10 24 0.20 020 (0.2 12 0.05 005 05 (0.0 MFCC, C, MFC-C mean 2 operation. operation) 98 stabilization accumulation biocathode generation (MFC-C 0.4 04 4 (0. 1 0.2 02 0.0 00 9 0. (0 (

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade de utilizar água residuária do processamento da mandioca (manipueira) como substrato para operação de células a combustível microbianas de câmara dupla (MFCs) equipadas com biocátodos desnitrificantes. Duas configurações relacionadas à membrana de troca iônica utilizada foram avaliadas: uma com uma membrana de troca aniônica (MFC-A) e outra com uma membrana de troca de catiônica (MFC-C). Ambos os biorreatores foram operados em modo de batelada sequencial. Além disso, uma plataforma de baixo custo baseada na tecnologia Arduino foi proposta para permitir a medição e o registro contínuo de dados de potencial elétrico das MFCs. Os valores de potencial elétrico mais altos foram observados nos primeiros dias de operação das MFCs, com leituras atingindo aproximadamente 350 mV (0,41 W·m⁻3) e diminuindo gradualmente após 100 dias de operação para 243 mV (0,20 W·m⁻3) e 125 mV (0,05 W·m⁻3) para a MFC-A e a MFC-C, respectivamente (valores médios para os últimos 20 dias de operação). Em ambas as MFCs, a redução da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e a remoção de nitrogênio foram superiores a 98% após a estabilização do reator, sem acúmulo perceptível de nitrito. Os resultados experimentais indicaram um desempenho superior quando a MFC estava equipada com uma membrana de troca aniônica. Os resultados apresentados aqui demonstram a viabilidade de utilizar água residuária do processamento de mandioca como um substrato para MFCs equipadas com um biocátodo desnitrificante, permitindo um tratamento eficiente de águas residuárias e geração simultânea de eletricidade. manipueira (manipueira (MFCs desnitrificantes avaliadas MFCA A (MFC-A MFCC. MFCC C . (MFC-C) sequencial disso 35 0,41 041 0 41 (0,4 W·m⁻3 Wm3 Wm W m 3 10 24 0,20 020 (0,2 12 0,05 005 05 (0,0 MFCC, C, MFC-C 2 operação. operação) DQO (DQO 98 reator nitrito desnitrificante eletricidade (MFC-C 0,4 04 4 (0, W·m⁻ 1 0,2 02 0,0 00 9 0, (0 W·m (

ABSTRACT Wheel slipping and fuel consumption are variables influenced by tire pressure, speed, ballasting, and soil surface. Once the tractor is present in all agricultural operations, knowledge of these variables is essential to achieving the most operational efficiency. This study aimed to develop an embedded system to collect data and show tractor slipping and fuel consumption in real-time via smartphone. The system was developed using prototyping platforms and validated through randomized field tests under four speeds and two terrain conditions. Three methods for determining slippage under different conditions were compared. The developed embedded system determined an agricultural tractor's slipping and fuel consumption conditions. The slip and fuel consumption rates varied depending on the type of rolling surface (ground preparations) and the tractor's operating speeds. Conventional tillage surface increased fuel demand by 6% and slippage by 17% compared to no-till rates. The proposed embedded system found similar results and could present the slipping values in the developed Android to real-time operation compared to a conventional method. This application shows both slipping and fuel consumption values over time on graphs, which can be very useful during machine operation, helping to define better configuration and reduce environmental impacts. pressure speed ballasting operations efficiency realtime real smartphone tractors s ground preparations 6 17 notill no till method graphs impacts 1

Resumo As florestas urbanas fornecem cobertura vegetal de médio e grande porte em áreas urbanas. O plantio de árvores nativas nas calçadas é uma abordagem viável para reduzir os danos causados pela extensa urbanização. O uso de hidrogéis parece aumentar o sucesso do transplante de mudas em ambientes urbanos. Assim, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a eficácia de Schinus terebinthifolia na arborização urbana, focando na sua adaptação e sobrevivência pós-transplante utilizando hidrogel e sendo monitorado por sistema arduino. As concentrações do hidrogel utilizadas foram 0,75; 1,5; 3,0 e 6,0 g L-1, sendo também estabelecidos dois controles: um tratamento controle sem irrigação e sem hidrogel, e um controle com irrigação diária com água. A avaliação foi contínua durante 14 dias, e os parâmetros analisados foram temperatura e umidade do substrato, teor relativo de água (CR), extravasamento de eletrólitos (EEE), teor de clorofila e compostos bioquímicos. Adotou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, composto por 6 tratamentos com 9 repetições cada. Os resultados indicam que S. terebinthifolia é uma espécie altamente resiliente e adequada para arborização urbana, apresentando notável tolerância ao transplante e à restrição hídrica. Observou-se que o uso de hidrogéis contribui significativamente para a manutenção da umidade do substrato, resultando em maior estabilidade das mudas transplantadas. O sistema Arduino permitiu avaliação contínua e precisa das condições do substrato, otimizando o manejo da arborização urbana e validando a eficiência dos tratamentos aplicados. Respostas positivas foram observadas ao utilizar hidrogéis em termos de conteúdo relativo de água, estabilidade da membrana e atividade antioxidante, mesmo sob restrição hídrica. Destaca-se a viabilidade de Schinus terebinthifolia para arborização urbana, através da aplicação de hidrogéis e utilização do sistema Arduino para monitoramento de parâmetros como temperatura e umidade. urbanização urbanos Assim póstransplante pós arduino 0,75 075 0 75 1,5 15 1 5 30 3 3, 60 6, L1, L1 L 1, L-1 controles dias substrato CR, CR , (CR) EEE, EEE (EEE) bioquímicos Adotouse Adotou se casualizado cada S hídrica Observouse Observou transplantadas aplicados antioxidante Destacase Destaca 0,7 07 7 L- (CR (EEE 0,

Abstract Urban forest provide medium and large vegetation cover in urban areas. Planting native trees on sidewalks is a viable approach to reduce damages caused by extensive urbanization. The use of hydrogels seems to increase the success of seedling transplantation in urban environments. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the efficacy of Schinus terebinthifolia in urban afforestation, focusing on its adaptation and post-transplant survival using hydrogel and being monitored by an arduino system. The concentrations of the commercial hydrogel used were 0.75, 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 g L-1, and two controls were also established: a control treatment without irrigation and without hydrogel, and a control with daily water irrigation. The evaluation was continuous for 14 days, and the parameters analyzed were substrate temperature and moisture, relative water content (RWC), electrolyte extravasation (EEE), chlorophyll content, and biochemical compound. A completely randomized design was adopted, consisting of 6 treatments with 9 replicates each. The results indicate that S. terebinthifolia is a highly resilient species suitable for urban afforestation, showing remarkable tolerance to transplantation and water restriction. It was observed that the use of hydrogels significantly contributes to maintaining substrate moisture, resulting in greater stability of the transplanted seedlings. The Arduino system allowed for continuous and precise evaluation of substrate conditions, optimizing the management of urban afforestation and validating the efficiency of the applied treatments. Positive responses were observed when using hydrogels in terms of relative water content, membrane stability, and antioxidant activity, even under water restriction. The viability of Schinus terebinthifolia for urban afforestation stands out, through the application of hydrogels and the use of the Arduino system to monitor parameters such as temperature and humidity. areas urbanization environments Thus posttransplant post transplant 075 0 75 0.75 15 1 5 1.5 30 3 3.0 60 6. L1, L1 L 1, L-1 established days moisture RWC, RWC , (RWC) EEE, EEE (EEE) compound adopted each S restriction seedlings conditions activity out humidity 07 7 0.7 1. 3. L- (RWC (EEE 0.

A criação de montagens experimentais no âmbito didático, a partir de elementos de baixo custo, reaproveitados e reciclados, é uma realidade deste tempo. O destaque que atividades na abordagem da cultura maker têm tido, evidenciam o potencial de propostas e estímulos no âmbito educacional nesta linha. Este trabalho propõe a construção de um protótipo de um colorímetro de baixo custo, utilizando o sensor de luminosidade de um smartphone. O trabalho descreve a montagem do protótipo, os procedimentos realizados para os testes do equipamento e apresenta os dados obtidos através dos ensaios experimentais. Para os testes foram utilizados materiais de limpeza usuais, obtidos no âmbito doméstico. A partir dos resultados obtidos foi possível observar a diferença da absorção entre as amostras utilizadas em decorrência da cor de cada uma delas, como esperado na teoria. O material de limpeza com perfil de absorção mais bem definido foi adotado para uma diluição em água e o resultado da absorbância relativa versus concentração apresentou coerência com fator de correlação acima de 0,93. O protótipo apresentou excelente repetibilidade nas medições e isso, associado ao seu fácil manuseio, indicam que sua utilização pode ser viável em uma sala de aula típica. didático custo reciclados tempo tido linha smartphone usuais doméstico delas teoria 093 0 93 0,93 isso manuseio típica 09 9 0,9 0,

The creation of experimental setups in an educational context, using low-cost, reused, and recycled materials, is a reality of our time. The prominence of activities within the maker culture approach highlights the potential of educational proposals and stimuli in this direction. This work proposes the construction of a low-cost colorimeter prototype, using the light sensor of a smartphone. The work describes the assembly of the prototype, the procedures performed for testing the equipment, and presents the data obtained from the experimental trials. Common household cleaning materials were used for the tests. From the results obtained, it was possible to observe the difference in absorption between the samples used, due to their color, as expected in theory. The cleaning material with the lightest absorption profile was selected for dilution in water, and the result of the relative absorbance versus concentration showed consistency with a correlation factor above 0.93. The prototype demonstrated excellent repeatability in measurements, and this, coupled with its ease of use, indicates that its application could be feasible in a typical classroom setting. context lowcost, lowcost low cost, cost reused time direction smartphone equipment trials tests color theory water 093 0 93 0.93 measurements use setting 09 9 0.9 0.

ABSTRACT In hydrological modeling and for the development of projects related to soil and water conservation and civil engineering, determination of water infiltration variables into the soil plays a key role. However, measuring infiltration with manual infiltrometers is work-intensive and requires several people, which casts doubts on the consistency of the process description. Our objective was to develop automated and compact systems for data acquisition by double-concentric-ring and Cornell infiltrometers. The systems are based on air differential pressure sensors and microcontrollers using open-source software and a simple construction. We developed ten sets of automatic infiltrometers for each method that were properly calibrated. The equipment was validated in the field, and the alignment of the automatically measured with the hand-measured infiltration data was considered satisfactory. The proposed systems make data records of infiltration and associated variables possible, with less operator dependence than manual measurement strategies. In addition, the enhanced resolution resulting from infiltrometer automation makes the infiltration curve more representative, especially in the initial infiltration stage. engineering role However workintensive work intensive people description doubleconcentricring double concentric ring opensource open source construction calibrated field handmeasured hand satisfactory possible strategies addition representative stage

Resumen: El presente trabajo de implementación práctica muestra el diseño y la construcción de un prototipo de medidor de energía eléctrica domiciliar en el cual se puede visualizar las distintas variables en tiempo real como la tensión de la red, la corriente eléctrica, la potencia promedio, la energía consumida por la vivienda en kWh y el costo asociado de facturación mensual. El diseño del prototipo está dividido en tres etapas, la primera tiene que ver con el sistema de carga y alimentación del dispositivo, la segunda muestra el sistema de adquisición y acondicionamiento de las variables de entrada, y la tercera tiene relación con el microcontrolador Arduino Mega 2560 encargado de la etapa de procesamiento, registro y almacenamiento de la información. La construcción del prototipo se la realiza en varias fases, en primer lugar el diseño práctico en el software Proteus 8 Professional para luego implementarlo en el protoboard y más adelante montarlo en la placa PCB, finalmente se acoplan estos módulos en una caja plástica con IP-65 la cual muestra en su vista frontal la pantalla de cristal líquido acoplada para mostrar las variables de salida del dispositivo terminado. El funcionamiento del prototipo está validado mediante comparación a través de varias pruebas de aplicación práctica en un caso de estudio real versus un medidor de energía convencional. Por último el prototipo resulta idóneo para sistemas de medición de energía domiciliar ya que se adapta a las necesidades del consumidor.

Abstract: The present practical implementation work shows the design and construction of a home power energy meter that allows the real-time visualization of various variables such as grid voltage, electric current, average power, energy consumed by the household in kWh, and associated monthly billing cost. The prototype design is divided into three stages: the first one deals with the device's charging and power supply system, the second stage demonstrates the acquisition and conditioning system of the input variables, and the third stage is related to the Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller, responsible for the processing, logging, and storage of information. The construction of the prototype is carried out in several phases: first, the practical design is implemented in the Proteus 8 Professional software, then it is implemented on the breadboard, and later mounted on the PCB board. Finally, these modules are enclosed in an IP-65 plastic case, which features a front-facing LCD screen to display the output variables of the finished device. The prototype functionality is validated through comparison with several practical application tests, comparing it to a conventional energy meter in a real case study. Ultimately, the prototype proves to be ideal for residential energy measurement systems as it can be tailored to the needs of consumer.

ABSTRACT Soil erosion studies using rainfall simulators are generally expensive and time consuming. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a prototype of an automatic runoff collector, capable of real-time quantifying runoff volume and soil loss in field trials using a rainfall simulator. The used sensors were chosen based on the type A uncertainty computed from different volumes of water and concentrations of sediment. Through specific programming, the runoff volume, sediment concentrations and the time of occurrence of the collections corresponding to each 200 cm³ of runoff were recorded on a micro-SD card. The robustness of the calibration and the programming developed were also evaluated in the Arduino Mega® 2560 microcontroller. The pressure (PSI.420) and turbidity (ST100) sensors were selected for developing the prototype, which was evaluated in the field with the InfiAsper rainfall simulator. Then, the data collected automatically by the sensors were compared to those obtained by manual measurement. The automatic runoff collector equipped with the PSI.420 and ST100 sensors has potential to obtain and store runoff data, and it was effective in evaluating the erosion process, generating mean errors of 12.25 and 13.16% for runoff volume and soil loss, respectively. The proposed prototype has a low cost of manufacture, in addition to optimizing the collection of erosion data in studies with rainfall simulators. consuming Thus realtime real simulator 20 cm microSD micro SD card Mega 256 microcontroller PSI420 PSI 420 (PSI.420 ST (ST100 Then measurement PSI.42 ST10 process 1225 12 25 12.2 1316 13 16 13.16 respectively manufacture 2 PSI42 42 (PSI.42 (ST10 PSI.4 ST1 122 1 12. 131 13.1 PSI4 4 (PSI.4 (ST1 PSI. 13. (PSI. (ST (PSI

RESUMO Estudos relacionados à erosão do solo usando simuladores de chuva são geralmente onerosos e demorados. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um protótipo de coletor automático de escoamento superficial, capaz de quantificar em tempo real o volume de escoamento superficial e a perda de solo em ensaios de campo utilizando um simulador de chuva. Os sensores utilizados foram escolhidos com base na incerteza tipo A calculada a partir de diferentes volumes de água e concentrações de sedimentos. Por meio de programação específica, o volume da enxurrada, as concentrações de sedimentos e o tempo de ocorrência das coletas correspondentes a cada 200 cm³ de enxurrada foram registrados em um cartão micro-SD. A robustez da calibração e a programação desenvolvida também foram avaliadas no microcontrolador Arduino Mega® 2560. Os sensores de pressão (PSI.420) e de turbidez (ST100) foram selecionados para o desenvolvimento do protótipo, o qual foi avaliado em campo com o simulador de chuva InfiAsper. Em seguida, os dados coletados automaticamente pelos sensores foram comparados com os obtidos por medição manual. O coletor automático equipado com os sensores PSI.420 e ST100 tem potencial para obter e armazenar dados de escoamento, e foi eficiente na avaliação do processo erosivo, gerando erros médios de 12,25 e 13,16% para volume de escoamento e perda de solo, respectivamente. O protótipo proposto possui baixo custo de fabricação, além de otimizar a obtenção de dados de erosão em estudos com simuladores de chuva. demorados Assim específica 20 cm microSD. microSD micro SD. SD micro-SD Mega 2560 PSI420 PSI 420 (PSI.420 ST (ST100 InfiAsper seguida manual PSI.42 ST10 erosivo 1225 12 25 12,2 1316 13 16 13,16 respectivamente fabricação 2 256 PSI42 42 (PSI.42 (ST10 PSI.4 ST1 122 1 12, 131 13,1 PSI4 4 (PSI.4 (ST1 PSI. 13, (PSI. (ST (PSI