Abstract The Diario Literario de México (1768) by José Antonio de Alzate y Ramírez was suspended after only eight issues. This article puts forth a new interpretation of the events that led to the revocation of the printing license, and of the publication of the Diario Literario as a whole. Based on a careful reading of the eight issues of the Diario as well as archival documents that have been seldomly used, the article argues that Alzate’s first publication was an enlightened project, which combined religion with modern science. Alzate sought to impose himself in the Mexican publishing market through varied strategies such as the inclusion of letters penned by his supposed readers and the use of satire. Throughout the Diario’s brief life, Alzate succeeded in fleshing out the figure of the Public that he invoked in his prologue. The authorities tolerated this experiment, but eventually the scandal was such that they proceeded to its suspension and confiscation. Nevertheless, during the eight issues that did come out, Alzate explored the frontiers of the politically acceptable as far as he could.

Resumen El Diario Literario de México (1768) de José Antonio de Alzate y Ramírez fue suspendido al cabo de ocho números. Este artículo propone una nueva interpretación de los acontecimientos que llevaron a la revocación de la licencia para imprimirlo y de la publicación en su conjunto. A partir de una lectura minuciosa de los ocho números del Diario y de documentos de archivos, poco utilizados hasta ahora, se argumenta que la primera obra literaria de Alzate fue un proyecto ilustrado, el cual aliaba la religión con la ciencia moderna. Alzate buscó imponerse en el mercado editorial novohispano con estrategias variadas como la inclusión de escritos de sus supuestos lectores y el uso de la sátira. Su breve vida logró dar cuerpo a la figura del público que invocó en su Prólogo. Este experimento fue tolerado en un principio, pero eventualmente suscitó un escándalo suficientemente importante como para provocar su suspensión y confiscación. Sin embargo, durante los ocho números que salieron a la luz, Alzate exploró hasta donde le fue posible las fronteras de lo aceptable políticamente.

Abstract Alfonso X was, while he was crown prince, politically active. It is known that he carried out important activities alongside his father. This article analyses his use of diplomacy in these activities. Using the available chronicles and archival sources, his diplomacy is shown both in its characteristics as well as in its relationship with the politics of Ferdinand III of León and Castile.

Resumen Es conocido que, durante su período como infante heredero, Alfonso X desarrolló una cierta actividad política junto a su padre. Aquí se analiza el uso que hizo de la diplomacia dentro de esa actividad política, revisando las causas para su utilización, los momentos, así como las formas en que se sirvió de ella mientras era heredero del reino y en vida de su padre. Para ello se releen las crónicas y las fuentes de archivo disponibles que nos transmiten una actividad ciertamente relevante y con características interesantes: tanto por sus formas, como por su relación con la política de su padre Fernando III de León y Castilla.

Resumo Em 26 de dezembro de 1929, Sylvia Serafim assassinou Roberto Rodrigues. Desde então, passou a ser tratada como assassina, tendo sua produção literária, jornalística e política abandonada. A proposta deste artigo é formular um esboço inédito de crítica sobre seu trabalho intelectual, mesclando com alguns elementos de relato pessoal. Para isso, por meio de uma pesquisa em arquivo, foram selecionados materiais que discutem pautas de gênero. Ao final, comprova-se a importância de resgate não somente de Serafim, mas também de outras autoras apagadas pelo cânone. 2 1929 Rodrigues então assassina literária abandonada intelectual pessoal isso arquivo gênero final comprovase comprova se cânone 192 19 1

Abstract On December 26, 1929, Sylvia Serafim murdered Roberto Rodrigues. Since then, Serafim has been treated as a murderer, with her literary, journalistic and political production abandoned and forgotten. The purpose of this paper is to formulate an unprecedented critique of her works, blending with some elements of personal narrative. Among her many materials, and through archival research, we selected articles that discussed gender issues. This paper concludes highlighting the importance of reviving not only Serafim but also other authors erased by the canon. 26 1929 Rodrigues then murderer literary forgotten works narrative materials research issues canon 2 192 19 1

Abstract In this text, an analysis of the agricultural structure that was formed in the Yurirapúndaro area (Yuriria, Guanajuato) at the end of the 16th century is carried out, based on research made in recent years. To do this, a detailed study of the Map of Yurirapúndaro and its Subjects (1580) was carried out, belonging to the corpus of the Geographical Relations of 1577, as well as other archival documentation that provides information at a more local level. Through Environmental History and the reconstruction of the landscape, the aim is to interpret what is represented on the map, contextualizing it in the general process of hierarchization and exploitation of space in the north of the viceroyalty of New Spain. This work offers a map with all the information collected and organized from a historical GIS, the identification of plant and animal taxa, as well as the identification and contextualization of the human activities represented in the document.

Resumen En este texto se lleva a cabo un análisis de la estructura agropecuaria que se conformó en la zona de Yurirapúndaro (Yuriria, Guanajuato) a finales del siglo XVI, a partir de las investigaciones elaboradas en los últimos años. Para ello, se realizó un estudio pormenorizado del Mapa de Yurirapúndaro y sus Sujetos (1580), perteneciente al corpus de las Relaciones Geográficas de 1577, así como de otra documentación de archivo que da información a un nivel más local. A través de la Historia Ambiental y la reconstrucción del paisaje, se pretende interpretar lo representado en el mapa, contextualizándolo en el proceso general de jerarquización y explotación del espacio en el norte del virreinato de Nueva España. Con este trabajo se ofrece un mapa con toda la información recabada y ordenada a partir de un SIG-histórico, la identificación de los taxones vegetales y animales, así como la identificación y contextualización de las actividades humanas representadas en el documento.

Abstract: This article compares the cases of Brazil, Chile and Argentina -countries that experienced military coups, dictatorships, armed insurgencies and state terror in the sixties and seventies- with that of Mexico, where similar phenomena occurred, despite the country’s revolution that did away with military coups. The aspects emphasized in this comparative analysis are the political system, armed underground organizations, counterinsurgency and its death toll, the struggle for human rights and memory. It also includes a description of the Mexican Operation Condor -focused on the elimination of drug cultivation- in order to emphasize its similarities with its South American counterpart in spite of their lack of an organic connection. The general argument is that a comparative perspective offers a new angle from which to understand the causes and escalation of political violence in cases that have not been considered to be analogous by examining the juxtaposition of local, transnational and global contexts. This article is based on archival research, the contemporary press, interviews, official reports and secondary sources.

Resumen: En este artículo se comparan los casos de Brasil, Chile y Argentina, países que experimentaron golpes de Estado, dictaduras, insurgencia armada y terror estatal en las décadas de los sesenta y los setenta, con el de México, donde ocurrieron fenómenos similares a pesar de que el país tuvo una revolución que eliminó de escena los golpes militares. Los aspectos que se destacan en el análisis comparativo son el sistema político, las organizaciones armadas clandestinas, la contrainsurgencia y sus saldos, la lucha por los derechos humanos y la memoria. Asimismo, se incluye una descripción de la Operación Cóndor mexicana -enfocada en la eliminación de cultivos de droga- para enfatizar sus similitudes con su contraparte sudamericana, a pesar de que no había ninguna conexión orgánica entre ambas. El planteamiento general es que la perspectiva comparativa ofrece un nuevo ángulo para entender las causas y el escalamiento de la violencia política en casos que no se consideraban equiparables, al examinarse la yuxtaposición de los contextos local, transnacional y global. El artículo se basa en investigación de archivo y hemerográfica, entrevistas, informes oficiales y fuentes secundarias.

Resumen Los efectos de la democratización disparada con la reforma electoral de 1912 y las características de los gobiernos radicales han sido explorados en el caso de Mendoza a partir del triunfo de José N. Lencinas frente al líder del partido conservador Emilio Civit en 1918. En general, la literatura enfatizó las dotes personalistas del líder radical como acicate del éxito y posterior derrumbe del movimiento. No obstante, mediante un arduo trabajo de archivo que articuló la prensa y los diarios de sesiones, se restituyó la gravitación de las dirigencias políticas en la construcción del proyecto lencinista. Concretamente, la reconstrucción del itinerario del abogado lencinista Manuel Zuloaga permitió advertir la importancia del papel de estos cuadros intermedios y expertos en la configuración de este movimiento político y discutir sobre la supuesta incapacidad de los dirigentes lencinistas. Asimismo, el estudio de los elencos políticos arroja luz sobre las características especiales de las políticas públicas del lencinismo vinculadas a las fortalezas y debilidades de la gestión estatal y a su nuevo rol en lo social. Justamente, las los aportes de Zuloaga relacionados con el reformismo social fueron primordiales para el impulso de la legislación social que caracterizó al lencinismo.

Abstract The effects of the democratization triggered by the electoral reform of 1912 and the characteristics of the radical governments have been explored in the case of Mendoza since the triumph of José N. Lencinas over the conservative party leader Emilio Civit in 1918. In general, literature emphasized the personalistic qualities of the radical leader as the driving force behind the success and subsequent collapse of the movement. However, by means of arduous archival work that articulated the press and the session diaries, the gravitation of the political leadership in the construction of the lencinist project was restored. Specifically, by the reconstruction of the itinerary of the lencinist lawyer Manuel Zuloaga it was possible to highlight the importance of the role played by these intermediate cadres and experts in the shaping of this political movement and to discuss the supposed incapacity of the lencinists leaders. Likewise, the study of the political casts sheds light on the special characteristics of lencinist public policies linked to the strengths and weaknesses of state management and its new social role. It is precisely Zuloaga's contributions related to social reformism that were essential for the promotion of the social legislation that characterized lencinism.

Resumen El objetivo del presente artículo es presentar un material de archivo inédito que da cuenta de las relaciones incipientes entre la Monarquía Hispánica y el Imperio Ming en los albores del siglo XVII. Se trata de tres cartas de Diego de Pantoja, el pionero de habla hispana en China, en las que se despliegan concepciones religioso-políticas alternativas a otros testimonios iberoamericanos de la época en las Indias Orientales. Este estudio emplea un método basado en tres pasos: la transcripción de las cartas, su contextualización historiográfica y la explicación de sus elementos geopolíticamente relevantes. El estudio tiene como resultado destacar la importancia de la figura de Pantoja para las relaciones internacionales en el ámbito del Pacífico, tanto en el pasado como en la actualidad. El aporte principal es traer a la luz un testimonio perteneciente a los orígenes del intercambio cultural acontecido entre el mundo chino y el hispanohablante que sirve como base para el entendimiento diplomático, el diálogo político y el desarrollo económico del presente.

Abstract The objective of this paper is to offer unpublished archival material with an account of the nascent relations between the Hispanic Monarchy and the Ming Empire at the dawn of the 17th century. These are three letters from Diego de Pantoja, the Spanish-speaking pioneer in China, with a series of religious-political conceptions whose character is alternative to other Ibero-American testimonies of the time in the East Indies. This study uses a method based on three steps: the transcription of the letters, their historiographical contextualization, and the explanation of their geopolitically relevant elements. As a result of this process, this study highlights the importance of the figure of Pantoja for international relations in the Pacific area, both in the past and the present. The main contribution is to bring to light a testimony from the origins of the cultural exchange between the Chinese and Spanish-speaking world that serves as a basis for diplomatic understanding, political dialogue, and economic development of the present.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the graphics created within the Mapuche movement during the 1980s and 1990s. The objective is to propose a reflection on the composition of visualities and their technical reproduction in order to discuss visual imaginaries and aesthetics of decolonization. We seek to understand how graphic creations respond to the energy of different historical moments and how they are linked to the reflective action of the Mapuche movement. Methodologically, the research is based on extensive archival work and digitization of visual material found in various personal and family repositories, in addition to a review of texts, bulletins, magazines, and books primarily located at the National Library of Santiago.

RESUMEN Este artículo analiza las gráficas creadas en el seno del movimiento mapuche durante los años ochenta y noventa del siglo pasado. El objetivo es proponer una reflexión desde la composición de visualidades y su reproducción técnica para discutir sobre imaginarios visuales y estéticas de la descolonización. Buscamos comprender cómo las creaciones gráficas responden a la energía de diferentes momentos históricos y cómo se enlazaron con la acción reflexiva del movimiento mapuche. Metodológicamente, la investigación se ha basado en un extenso trabajo de archivo y digitalización de material visual, encontrado en diversos repositorios personales y familiares, además de una revisión de textos, boletines, revistas y libros ubicados, en su mayoría, en la Biblioteca Nacional de Santiago.

RESUMEN El artículo propone una reflexión teórica -apoyada en antecedentes empíricos- que busca pensar las tensiones reconocibles en torno al trabajo con objetos y archivos digitales en la actualidad. Se parte de dos interrogantes: en primer término, ¿cómo dar cuenta del impacto de la digitalización en las prácticas de archivo que involucran formas específicas de clasificación, conservación, acceso y desecho de los objetos culturales? En segundo lugar, ¿cómo pensar la naturaleza de los objetos y archivos que nacen digitales y para circular en red? A partir de dichos interrogantes, el artículo aborda dos dimensiones de análisis: por un lado, el recorrido de investigación atravesado en torno a la producción de artistas, escritores e intelectuales; por el otro, las mutaciones que funden el problema posmoderno del archivo con el campo de la comunicación, los medios y las redes de información. La reflexión, entre teoría y prácticas, lleva a indagar la naturaleza de los objetos digitales en red, las formas actuales de producir y hacer circular conocimientos, y los cambios en los modos de registro e intervención documental.

ABSTRACT The article proposes a theoretical reflection -supported by empirical background- that seeks to think about the recognisable tensions around working with digital objects and archives today. Is based on two questions: firstly, how to account for the impact of digitisation on archival practices that involve specific forms of classification, preservation, access and disposal of cultural objects? Secondly, how to think about the nature of objects and archives that are born digital and networked? On the basis of these questions, the article addresses two dimensions of analysis: on the one hand, the research route traversed around the production of artists, writers and intellectuals; on the other hand, the mutations that merge the postmodern problem of the archive with the field of communication, the media and information networks. The reflection, between theory and practice, leads to an investigation of the nature of networked digital objects, the current forms of producing and circulating knowledge, and the changes in the modes of recording and documentary intervention.

RESUMO O artigo propõe uma reflexão teórica -apoiada em fundamentação empírica- que busca pensar sobre as tensões reconhecíveis acerca do trabalho com objetos e arquivos digitais hoje. Parte de duas questões: em primeiro lugar, como explicar o impacto da digitalização nas práticas de arquivo que envolvem formas específicas de classificação, conservação, acesso e descarte de objetos culturais? Em segundo lugar, como pensar a natureza dos objetos e arquivos que nascem digitais e circulam na rede? A partir dessas questões, o artigo aborda duas dimensões de análise: 1. O percurso de pesquisa atravessado acerca da produção de artistas, escritores e intelectuais; 2. As mutações que fundem o problema pós-moderno do arquivo com o campo da comunicação, os meios de comunicação e as redes de informação. A reflexão, entre teoria e práticas, leva a investigar a natureza dos objetos digitais em rede, as formas atuais de produção e circulação de conhecimento e as mudanças nos modos de registro e intervenção documental.

Tolstoy'sfiction is part of the cultural background of the South African intelligentsia. Moreover, generations of South Africans have been introduced to Tolstoy through screen adaptations of hisfiction, including Hollywood blockbusters and acclaimed TV series such as Anna Karenina (1935, 1948 and 2012) and War and Peace (1956 and 2016). Such exposure may well be the reason why, in the late 1990s, a survey among South African students of their perceptions of Russia showed that Tolstoy was the best-known Russian writer. During his lifetime, Tolstoy's work and personality were discussed extensively in Russia and abroad, including South Africa. He was one of the most influential and authoritative writers in the world and remained the best-known Russian author in South Africa. Tolstoy was the only writer of Imperial Russia who, for decades, received letters and guests from South Africa. His statements on the Anglo-Boer War of1899-1902 (also known as the South African War) attracted international attention which none of his Russian colleagues could match. Tolstoy wrote on South Africa, and his work was widely read there. Thanks to his erudition, ability to discern global trends, and interest in world culture and philosophy, Tolstoy had a profound understanding of political events in countries that he never visited and inspired leaders of liberation movements that he never met. His influence on South African realist literature can be traced throughout the twentieth century. This study of Tolstoy's and South Africans' views of each other focuses on Afrikaners, because in the last ten years of his life the Russian author often wrote and spoke about them, as is evident from his published works, correspondence and the archival material in the Tolstoy museums in Moscow and Yasnaya Polyana in Russia that were used for this paper. Furthermore, Afrikaner authors seem to have referred to Tolstoy's work remarkably often. By exploring these references, one can ascertain why Tolstoy's writing remained relevant to Afrikaners and other South Africans for more than a century. In the 1890s and 1900s, Tolstoy continued to develop his doctrine of not resisting evil with violence. He used information on the Anglo-Boer War to test his radical pacifist ideas. His protest against British imperialism in Africa echoed that of other world-famous humanist writers, such as Bjornstjerne Bjornson, Theodore Dreiser, Anatole France, Romain Rolland, Bernard Shaw, Bertha von Suttner and Mark Twain. But, unlike most of them, Tolstoy refused to support the Boers unconditionally. He sympathised with the defenders of the Boer republics, but as a principled opponent ofviolence he condemned those Christian people for engaging in armed struggle and killing, which he regarded as a mortal sin. During the transitional and guerrilla phases of the war, Tolstoy came to regard the continued Boer resistance to British invasion as a triumph of moral strength over immorality. He viewed the South African military conflict in a global context, as a typical war of a new era. Reflecting on the news from South Africa, he concluded that such wars were characterised by immoral goals and methods of warfare, and by non-participation in hostilities by those who directly benefitted from the hostilities (big entrepreneurs manipulating the government). Tolstoy argued that European governments were not interested in eradicating militarism, but nonviolent protest by ordinary people could well put an end to war. However, Tolstoy believed Russians, unlike participants in mass pro-Boer campaigns, were not to concern themselves with such protest because instead their main tasks were moral self-improvement and tackling injustice in their homeland. His concern with affairs in South Africa was limited to the Anglo-Boer War and the Indian civil rights campaign of the 1900s led by Gandhi, whose doctrine of satyagraha was partly based on Tolstoy's ethical teachings. Still, Tolstoy's influence on Afrikaner culture has been evident for over a century. Apartfrom direct contact, such as visits and letters to the Russian writer, Afrikaner cultural figures promoted his work, translated his fiction into Afrikaans and published their translations in almost every decade up to the 1990s. Along with other distinguished novelists of the late Imperial Russia, Tolstoy was viewed by Afrikaans authors as an exemplary realist writer who set standards that they aspired to but often regarded as unattainable. It only applied to his fiction, because Tolstoy's confessional writings and philosophical treatises did not seem to be recognised by Afrikaans authors, especially not after the Second World War. For these authors, Tolstoy was primarily a fiction writer. Tolstoy's work featured in South African literary debates with regard to resistance to abusive state authority and grappled with censorship. His fiction reminded South Africans of the humanist ideals that were meant to guide those who wanted to bring about positive change in an unjust, deeply divided society. Tolstoy's work stimulated introspection and reflection on literary mastery, the ethical standards of a writer and one's purpose in life.

Tolstoi was die enigste skrywer in Imperiale Rusland wat oor dekades briewe en gaste uit Suid-Afrika ontvang het. Sy stellings oor die Anglo-Boereoorlog van 1899-1902 het internasionaal aandag getrek op 'n wyse wat geeneen van sy Russiese kollegas kon ewenaar nie. Tolstoi het oor Suid-Afrika geskryf, waar sy werk wyd gelees is. Tolstoi se invloed op Suid-Afrikaanse realistiese¹ letterkunde is deur die hele twintigste eeu merkbaar. Hierdie studie van Tolstoi en Suid-Afrikaanse skrywers se sieninge van mekaar fokus op Afrikaners, want Tolstoi het in die laaste tien jaar van sy lewe dikwels oor hulle geskryf en gepraat. Afgesien van regstreekse kontak, soos besoeke en briewe aan die Russiese skrywer, het Afrikaner-kultuurfigure sy werk bevorder, sy fiksie in Afrikaans vertaal en hul vertalings in feitlik elke dekade tot die 1990's gepubliseer. Tolstoi, soos ook ander vooraanstaande romansiers in laat Imperiale Rusland, is deur Afrikaanse skrywers beskou as 'n toonbeeld van 'n realistiese skrywer wat standaarde gestel het waarna hulle gestreef het maar wat hulle dikwels ook as onhaalbaar beskou het. Tolstoi se werk het in Suid-Afrikaanse literêre debatte oor weerstand teen onregmatige staatsgesag en sensuur gefigureer. Sy fiksie het Suid-Afrikaners herinner aan die humanistiese ideale wat as rigsnoere moes dien vir diegene wat positiewe verandering in 'n onregverdige en diep verdeelde samelewing teweeg wou bring. Tolstoi se werk het introspeksie en nadenke oor literêre uitnemendheid, die etiese standaarde van 'n skrywer en 'n mens se lewensdoel gestimuleer.

Abstract Objective: This article analyzes the adoption and implementation challenges the Lancasterian method faced in the nascent Colombia of 1821, which at the time consisted of present-day Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela. Originality/contributions: The aim is to explain the implementation difficulties of the method in light of its historical context and in a comparative relationship with other countries’ experiences. Method: The Lancasterian method, promulgated in the Constitution of Villa del Rosario de Cucuta and considered the most significant milestone of compulsory schooling in Latin America, is analyzed within the context of the Enlightenment and its republican political interpretation on the continent. This analysis is conducted through the review of edited and documentary sources. Data collection strategies: Information was gathered through a docu mentary review of online sources, press materials, archival research, and a bibliographic search of published works on the subject. Conclusions: When considering the intentions of the legislators to enact an educating state and the difficulties in the implementation of the Lancasterian method in Colombia in 1821, with respect to other experiences such as those of Mexico and Peru, it is evident that the failure is related to the weakness of the Colombian state itself, which was born in constant wars and political instability.

Resumo Objetivo: Este artigo analisa a adoção e as dificuldades de implementação do método lancasteriano na nascente Colômbia de 1821, então constituída pela atual Colômbia, Equador e Venezuela. Originalidade/suporte: Procura explicar as dificuldades de implementação do método à luz do seu contexto e numa relação comparativa com a experiência de outros países. Método: O método lancasteriano promulgado na Constituição de Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta, que nasceu como o marco mais importante da escolaridade obrigatória na América Latina, é analisado à luz do contexto do Iluminismo e de sua interpretação política republicana no continente, por meio de uma revisão de fontes publicadas e documentais. Estratégias/ coleta de datos: A recolha de informação foi efectuada através da revisão documental de fontes online, da imprensa e da revisão de arquivos, a par de uma pesquisa bibliográfica do que foi publicado sobre o tema. Conclusões: Ao considerar as intenções dos legisladores de promulgar um Estado educador e as dificuldades na implementação do método lancasteriano na Colômbia em 1821, em relação a outras experiencias de implementação no México e no Peru, o fracasso foi evidente devido à fragilidade do próprio Estado colombiano nascente e às constantes guerras e instabilidade política.

Resumen Objetivo: Este artículo analiza la adopción y las dificultades de implementación del método lancasteriano en la naciente Colombia de 1821, conformada en su momento por las actuales Colombia, Ecuador y Venezuela. Originalidad/aportes: Se busca explicar las dificultades de implementa- ción del método a la luz de su contexto y en una relación comparada con la experiencia en otros países. Método: El método lancasteriano promulgado en la Constitución de Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta y que nació como el hito más importante de escolarización obligatoria en América Latina, es analizado a la luz del contexto de la Ilustración y su interpretación política republicana en el continente, por medio de la revisión de fuente edita y documental. Estrategias/recolección de información: La recolección de información se realizó a través de revisión documental de fuentes en línea, prensa y revisión de archivo, junto a una búsqueda bibliográfica de lo publicado sobre el tema. Conclusiones: Al considerarse las intenciones de los legisladores por promulgar un Estado educador y las dificultades en la implementación del método lancasteriano en la Colombia de 1821, a propósito de otras expe riencias de implementación en México y Perú, fue evidente el fracaso por la debilidad del propio Estado colombiano naciente y las constantes guerras e inestabilidad política.

Resumo Este artigo busca reconhecer as Guardas Camponesas como uma instituição comunitária com impacto na autoproteção e na gestão de conflitos rurais em contextos particulares de guerra e implementação do Acordo Final de Paz. Argumenta-se que as Guardas Camponesas estão liderando iniciativas na construção de um modelo de segurança comunitária para um território camponês, o que pode fortalecer a construção de um modelo de segurança comunitária no âmbito da construção do Estado na Colômbia, especialmente em um contexto de construção da paz territorial. O artigo apresenta um estudo de caso da experiência da Guardia Campesina de Pradera (Valle del Cauca), com base em entrevistas, revisão de documentos secundários e um diário de campo. Esta pesquisa destaca a necessidade de reconhecimento institucional das Guardas Camponesas como um mecanismo de autoproteção e cuidado do território camponês, problematizando e repensando o modelo de segurança existente nos territórios rurais como uma contribuição fundamental para a construção da Paz Territorial.

Resumen Este artículo busca reconocer las Guardias Campesinas como una institución comunal con incidencia en la autoprotección y el manejo de los conflictos rurales en contextos particulares de guerra e implementación del Acuerdo Final de Paz. Se argumenta que las Guardias Campesinas son iniciativas protagónicas en la construcción de un modelo de seguridad comunitaria para un territorio campesino, las cuales pueden fortalecer la construcción de un modelo de seguridad comunitaria en el marco de la construcción de Estado (statebuilding) existente en Colombia, máxime en un contexto de construcción de Paz Territorial. El articulo presenta un estudio de caso de la experiencia de la Guardia Campesina de Pradera (Valle del Cauca), a partir de entrevistas, revisión de documentos secundarios y diario de campo. Esta investigación destaca la necesidad de un reconocimiento institucional de las Guardias Campesinas como un mecanismo de autoprotección y cuidado del territorio campesino, problematizando y replanteando el modelo de seguridad existente en los territorios rurales como aporte fundamental a la construcción de Paz Territorial.

Abstract This article seeks to recognize Peasant Guards (Guardias Campesinas) as a communal institution with an impact on self-protection and the management of rural conflicts in the context of war and amidst the implementation of the Final Peace Agreement in Colombia. I argue that Peasant Guards are protagonists in initiatives to build a model of comunal security for peasant territories. Peasant guards can strengthen the construction of a comunal security model within the framework of current state building efforts in Colombia, especially in the context of the construction of Territorial Peace. I present a case study of the experience of the Peasant Guards of Pradera (Valle del Cauca), based on interviews, archival research and fieldwork. The article underscores the need for institutional recognition of the Peasant Guards as a mechanism for self-protection and care of the peasant territory. Rethinking the existing security model in rural territories is a fundamental contribution to the construction of Territorial Peace.

Resumen En este artículo reflexionamos sobre los conflictos territoriales y el proceso de etnogénesis por los que atraviesa una población rural de Santiago del Estero. A partir de un trabajo colaborativo con la comunidad Yaku Muchuna, perteneciente al pueblo Tonokoté, nos proponemos interpretar el proceso de autorreconocimiento indígena, que implicó una reconfiguración de la campesinidad con base en un trabajo de memoria y resignificación de automarcaciones de aboriginalidad. Nuestra principal fuente resulta de un informe socioantropológico trabajado conjuntamente para respaldar el uso histórico del territorio de la comunidad a través del armado de genealogías familiares y una cartografía social, en complemento con entrevistas y trabajo de archivo. Concluimos que la reetnización, más allá de presentarse como una estrategia para defender el territorio, pone a jugar memorias al igual que usos y apropiaciones locales del espacio reivindicadas como argumento de su indianidad.

Abstract In this article we reflect on the territorial conflicts and the process of ethnogenesis that a rural population of Santiago del Estero is going through. Based on a collaborative work with the Yaku Muchuna community belonging to the Tonokoté people, we propose to interpret the process of indigenous self-knowledge that involved a reconfiguration of identity based on a work of memory and resignification of (self) marks of aboriginality. Our main source is a socio-anthropological report worked together to support the historical use of the community’s territory through the construction of family genealogies and a social cartography complemented by interviews and archival work. We conclude that re-ethnicisation, beyond being presented as a strategy to defend the territory, brings into play memories as well as local uses and appropriations of the space claimed as an argument of its Indianness.

Resumo Neste artigo refletimos sobre os conflitos territoriais e o processo de etnogénese que uma população rural de Santiago del Estero está a atravessar. A partir de um trabalho colaborativo com a comunidade Yaku Muchuna pertencente ao povo Tonokoté, propomos interpretar o processo de autoconhecimento indígena que implicou uma reconfiguração identitária a partir de um trabalho de memória e ressignificação da auto marcação da aboriginalidade. Nossa principal fonte é um relatório sócio-antropológico trabalhado em conjunto para fundamentar o uso histórico do território da comunidade através da construção de genealogias familiares e de uma cartografia social complementada por entrevistas e trabalho de arquivo. Concluímos que a reetnização, além de se apresentar como uma estratégia de defesa do território, coloca em jogo memórias, usos e apropriações locais do espaço reivindicado como argumento de sua indianidade.

Abstract: In his proposal for the zoning of American Spanish from 1921, Pedro Henríquez Ureña does not mention Panama at any time, although, in a later work, he associates the Panamanian modality with Colombia, a fact motivated by political reasons. To delimit the five large dialectal zones, the author uses, above all, phonetic-phonological data, aspects also brought up in more recent works, which relate the Panamanian variety with the Caribbean macrozone. Despite these works and the evidence of this linguistic affiliation, reconstructing the phoneticphonological component of Panamanian Spanish in the past requires facing an almost total research vacuum. For this reason, the present work aims to study some phonetic-phonological phenomena, relevant for the Panamanian linguistic characterization, in the documentation of the 16th century in order to establish the historical basis of these features in Panamanian territory. Our data show that the presence of traits ascribed to the southern peninsular modalities in the Panamanian variety, from its origins, is undeniable, although other factors must be taken into account in its conformation.

Resumen: En su propuesta de zonificación del español americano de 1921, Pedro Henríquez Ureña no menciona en ningún momento Panamá, si bien, en un trabajo más tardío, vincula la modalidad panameña con Colombia, motivado por razones políticas. Para delimitar las cinco grandes zonas dialectales, el autor se sirve, sobre todo, de datos fonético-fonológicos, que se sacan a colación también en investigaciones más recientes, al relacionar la variedad panameña con la macrozona caribeña. A pesar de estos trabajos y de la evidencia de esta filiación lingüística, tratar de reconstruir el componente fonético-fonológico del español panameño en el pasado exige enfrentarse a un vacío investigador casi total. Por ello, el presente artículo se plantea como objetivo estudiar algunos fenómenos fonético-fonológicos, relevantes para la caracterización lingüística panameña, en la documentación del siglo XVI a fin de poder asentar la base histórica de estos rasgos en territorio panameño. Nuestros datos muestran que la presencia de rasgos adscritos a las modalidades peninsulares meridionales en la variedad panameña, desde sus orígenes, es innegable, aunque hay que tener en cuenta otros factores en su conformación.

Abstract The research focuses on describing the types of authorities within the Spanish Archives Portal, providing their quantification and relational ratio to outline the initial graph of this sector in PARES. To achieve this, web scraping methods have been employed, allowing for the compilation of all authority records for processing and analysis. The collected data demonstrates the greater relevance of personal authorities and families, followed by institutions and concepts. This approach reflects the importance of individuals and family relationships in the historical and archival context. Additionally, associative relationships between individuals and institutions are highlighted, suggesting the complexity of social and organizational interactions in the past. Furthermore, a strong interconnection between places and individuals is observed, as well as between places and other entities such as institutions and norms. This underscores the importance of geolocation and geographic context in understanding the historical and cultural heritage represented in PARES. Moreover, an equitable proportion of family relationships is identified, indicating a rich representation of social and family life. Conversely, there is a low proportion of associative relationships with information sources, suggesting the need to expand the documentation and references used in descriptive records.

Resumen La investigación se centra en describir los tipos de autoridades del Portal de Archivos Españoles, aportando su cuantificación, y ratio relacional, con el fin de delinear el grafo inicial de este sector en PARES. Para lograrlo se emplean métodos de webscraping que han permitido la compilación de todos los registros de autoridad, para su procesamiento y análisis. Los datos recopilados muestran mayor relevancia de las autoridades personales y familias, seguidas de instituciones y conceptos. Este enfoque refleja la importancia de los individuos y las relaciones familiares en el contexto histórico y archivístico. Además, se destacan las relaciones asociativas entre personas e instituciones, lo que sugiere la complejidad de las interacciones sociales y organizacionales en el pasado. También se comprueba una fuerte interconexión entre lugares y personas, así como entre lugares y otras entidades como instituciones y normas. Esto subraya la importancia de la geolocalización y el contexto geográfico en la comprensión del patrimonio histórico y cultural representado en PARES. Además, se identifica una proporción equitativa entre relaciones familiares, lo que indica una representación rica de la vida social y familiar. Por otro lado, se observa una baja proporción de relaciones asociativas con fuentes de información, lo que sugiere la necesidad de ampliar la documentación y las referencias utilizadas en las fichas descriptivas.