ABSTRACT Moringa oleifera Lam. is an arboreal forest species of great economic potential, adapted to the climatic conditions of the Brazilian semi-arid region, whose multiplication is mainly by seeds. Rapid viability and vigor tests help in the choice of lots. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of the pH of exudate and primary root protrusion tests in the evaluation of viability and vigor, respectively. Two seed lots were initially evaluated for moisture content, germination, first count, germination speed index, seedling length, seedling dry mass and electrical conductivity. For the pH of exudate test, phenolphthalein (1%) and sodium carbonate (2 and 4 g L-1) solutions were prepared, with three soaking periods (1, 3 and 5 h) and three temperatures (25, 30 and 35 °C). Exudate solution in strong to light pink color indicated viable seeds, whereas very light pink color to colorless indicated non-viable seeds. The primary root protrusion test was performed under 25, 30 and 35 °C, evaluating the primary root protrusion of at least 2 mm, every 12 h until 196 h. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replicates. pH of exudate test with 1 h of soaking at 25 or 30 °C with 2 g L-1 sodium carbonate solution was promising, but further studies are needed before it is indicated as routine use for the species. Primary root protrusion test is efficient and can be conducted at 35 °C with evaluation after 48 h. Lam potential semiarid semi arid region seeds Thus respectively content count index length conductivity 1% (1% ( L1 L prepared 1, (1 (25 °C. C . °C) nonviable non mm 19 randomized replicates L- promising

RESUMO Há vários compostos para aumentar a resistência natural da madeira, porém eles podem ser nocivos a humanos, animais domésticos e ao meio ambiente. Assim, produtos naturais estão sendo pesquisados, para garantir a sustentabilidade do meio ambiente, a saúde humana, e diminuir a utilização de produtos tradicionais. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a eficiência dos óleos de andiroba (Carapa guianenses), copaíba (Copaifera spp.) e pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) na resistência biológica da madeira de Pinus elliottii a térmitas arborícolas (Nasutitermes corniger). Os óleos de andiroba e copaíba foram oriundos de comunidades do município de Santarém, Pará, e o óleo de pinhão-manso da Fazenda Tamanduá, município de Santa Terezinha, Paraíba. Eles foram utilizados puros e enriquecidos com iodo sublimado (1, 3, e 5% de concentração). Foram avaliados os efeitos da volatilização e lixiviação na eficiência das soluções contra Nasutitermes corniger. As menores perdas de massa e desgaste foram para a madeira impregnada com o óleo de copaíba, tanto puro, como enriquecido com Iodo. Os maiores desgastes foram para as amostras submetidas à lixiviação (nota = 9,33). A mortalidade das térmitas foi 100% ao término do ensaio para todos os tratamentos testados. O óleo de copaíba pode ser uma alternativa ambientalmente amigável proteger a madeira, em especial aquelas a terem contato direto com humanos e animais domésticos, e quando expostas a ambientes com probabilidade de ataques por Nasutitermes corniger, por terem as menores perdas de massa (7.51-6.14%). Porém não exposta a situações quem possam causar lixiviação. ambiente Assim pesquisados humana tradicionais Carapa guianenses, guianenses , guianenses) Copaifera spp. spp Jatropha curcas corniger . corniger) Santarém Pará pinhãomanso Tamanduá Terezinha Paraíba 1, 1 (1 3 5 concentração. concentração concentração) puro Iodo nota 9,33. 933 9,33 9 33 9,33) 100 testados 7.516.14%. 751614 7.51 6.14% 7 51 6 14 (7.51-6.14%) ( 93 9,3 10 516 7.516.14% 75161 751 7.5 614 6.14 (7.51-6.14% 9, 7.516.14 7516 75 7. 61 6.1 (7.51-6.14 7.516.1 6. (7.51-6.1 7.516. (7.51-6. 7.516 (7.51-6 (7.51- (7.51 (7.5 (7. (7

ABSTRACT There are various compounds to increase the natural resistance of wood, but they can be harmful to humans, domestic animals and the environment. Natural products are therefore being researched to ensure the sustainability of the environment, human health and reduce the use of traditional products. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of andiroba (Carapa guianenses), copaiba (Copaifera spp.) and jatropha (Jatropha curcas) oils in the biological resistance of Pinus elliottii wood to arboreal termites (Nasutitermes corniger). The andiroba and copaiba oils came from communities in the municipality of Santarém, Pará, and the jatropha oil from Fazenda Tamanduá, in the municipality of Santa Terezinha, Paraíba. They were used pure and enriched with sublimated iodine (1, 3, and 5% concentration). The effects of volatilization and leaching on the efficiency of the solutions against Nasutitermes corniger were evaluated. The lowest mass losses and damages were for wood impregnated with copaiba oil, both pure and enriched with iodine. The samples subjected to leaching showed the greatest damage (score = 9.33). Termite mortality was 100% at the end of the assay for all the treatments tested. Copaiba oil can be an environmentally friendly alternative to protect wood, especially wood in direct contact with humans and domestic animals and exposed to environments where Nasutitermes corniger is likely to attack, as it has the lowest mass losses (7.51-6.14%). However, it is not exposed to situations that could cause leaching. environment Carapa guianenses, guianenses , guianenses) Copaifera spp. spp Jatropha curcas corniger. . corniger) Santarém Pará Tamanduá Terezinha Paraíba 1, 1 (1 3 5 concentration. concentration concentration) evaluated score 9.33. 933 9.33 9 33 9.33) 100 tested attack 7.516.14%. 751614 7.51 6.14% 7 51 6 14 (7.51-6.14%) However ( 93 9.3 10 516 7.516.14% 75161 751 7.5 614 6.14 (7.51-6.14% 9. 7.516.14 7516 75 7. 61 6.1 (7.51-6.14 7.516.1 6. (7.51-6.1 7.516. (7.51-6. 7.516 (7.51-6 (7.51- (7.51 (7.5 (7. (7

Resumen La determinación de la dieta de herbívoros a través de las estructuras epidérmicas presentes en sus excretas permite identificar las plantas consumidas y estimar las variaciones entre épocas del año. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la composición botánica de la dieta del venado temazate rojo (Mazama temama) en el Parque Nacional Cañón del Río Blanco (PNCRB), Veracruz, México. La vegetación donde se realizó el estudio es un bosque tropical perennifolio con presencia de vegetación inducida. Los muestreos se realizaron en la época de secas y de lluvias del 2021. Las especies vegetales consumidas se identificaron con análisis microhistológico de residuos epidérmicos en muestras fecales. La dieta estuvo conformada por 18 especies de plantas de 14 familias botánicas. El mayor porcentaje de consumo lo tuvo la familia Solanaceae (16.6%), enseguida Arecaceae, Asteraceae, Cucurbitacea y Malvaceae (11.1% cada una). El 66% de las plantas fueron consumidas en la época de secas, y aumentó un 34% de consumo durante lluvias, mostrando un 100% del porcentaje de consumo en lluvias. Las plantas consumidas fueron 10 de porte herbáceo (55.5%), seis de porte arbóreo (33.5%), una arbustiva y un pasto (5.5% cada una); plantas de borde de bosque (BB = 44%), de interior de bosque (IB = 33%) y cultivadas (PC = 23%), constituyeron la dieta. M. temama adaptó su dieta a la disponibilidad y distribución temporal y espacial de las plantas en el hábitat y con base en las condiciones climáticas (secas vs lluvias).

Abstract Determining the diet of herbivores through the epidermal structures present in their excreta makes it possible to identify the plants consumed and estimate the variations at different times of the year. The objective of the study was to determine the botanical composition of the diet of the deer Central American Red Brocket (Mazama temama), in the Parque Nacional Cañón del Río Blanco (PNCRB), Veracruz, Mexico. The vegetation where the study was carried out is an evergreen tropical forest with the presence of induced vegetation. Sampling was carried out during the dry and rainy season of 2021. The plant species consumed were identified with the microhistological analysis of epidermal residues in fecal samples. The diet consisted of 18 species of plants belonging to 14 botanical families. The highest percentage of consumption was for the Solanaceae family (16.6%), followed by Arecaceae, Asteraceae, Cucurbitacea and Malvaceae (11.1% each). 66% of the plants were consumed in the dry season, and consumption increased by 34% during the rainy season, showing 100% of the plant species in the rainy season, showing 100% consumption in the rainy season.. The plants consumed were 10 herbaceous plants (55.5%), six arboreal plants (33.5%), one shrub and one grass (5.5% each); forest edge plants (BB = 44%), forest interior plants (IB = 33%) and cultured plants (CP = 23%), constituted the diet. M. temama adapted its diet to the availability and temporal and spatial distribution of plants in the habitat and based on climatic conditions (dry vs. rainy).

RESUMEN El estudio de la estructura y diversidad de los ecosistemas forestales es fundamental para comprender el funcionamiento y dinámica de los bosques. Se describió la estructura y diversidad de especies leñosas en diferentes tipos de curso de agua a lo largo del río Santa Catarina en Nuevo León, México. Se identificaron tres condiciones hidrológicas: permanente (I), semipermanente (II) y temporal (III). En cada condición se establecieron 14 sitios rectangulares de 1 000 m2, todas las especies de cada sitio fueron identificadas. Se midió el diámetro de la copa de cada individuo, el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI) de condición. La riqueza y diversidad de especies fue calculada con los índices de Margalef (D Mg ) y Shannon-Wiener (H'). Además, se determinó la similitud entre condiciones con el índice de Sorensen (Is). Se identificaron 32 especies, 29 géneros y 16 familias. La condición I registró mayor riqueza específica y diversidad con 28 especies y un valor de diversidad H' = 2.41 ± 0.710, en donde Salix nigra presentó el mayor IVI. La condición II presentó la mayor riqueza de Margalef con un valor D Mg de 1.77 ± 0.22. En la condición III Leucaena leucocephala fue la especie más importante. La similitud entre condiciones fue mayor al 50%. Los resultados demuestran la variación estructural de la vegetación en diferentes regímenes hidrológicos, lo cual constituye una base sólida para futuras investigaciones sobre el desarrollo de la vegetación asociada al río Santa Catarina, y otras áreas riparias del norte de México.

ABSTRACT The study of the structure and diversity of forest ecosystems is essential to understand the functioning and dynamics of forests. The structure and diversity of woody species in different types of watercourses along the Santa Catarina river in Nuevo Leon, Mexico were described. Three conditions were identified: permanent (I), semi-permanent (II) and temporary (III). In each condition, 14 rectangular sites of 1 000 m2 were established. All species were identified. The crown diameter of each individual was measured. The Importance Value Index (IVI) was determined for each condition. Species richness and diversity was calculated with the Margalef (D Mg ) and Shannon-Wiener (H') indices. In addition, the similarity between conditions was determined using the Sorensen index (Is). 32 species, 29 genus and 16 families were identified. Condition I recorded greater specific richness and greater diversity with 28 species and a diversity value H' = 2.41 ± 0.710, where Salix nigra presented the highest IVI. Condition II presented the highest Margalef richness with a D Mg value = 1.77 ± 0.22. In condition III Leucaena leucocephala turned out to be the most important species. The similarity between conditions was greater than 50%. The results demonstrate the structural variation of the vegetation in different hydrological regimes, which constitutes a solid base for future investigations on the development of the vegetation associated with the Santa Catarina river, and other riparian areas of north of Mexico.

Abstract: After forest suppression in mining areas, deterioration of stocked tropical hardwoods occurs at different rates and levels. Prioritizing logs to avoid wastage is challenging because the wide interspecific variability of wood traits makes natural resistance unpredictable. This work aimed to compare the biodeterioration of four Amazonian hardwoods from a mining stockyard to arboreal termite attacks over six weeks under laboratory conditions. The woods' chemical composition, anatomy, basic density, and crystallinity were determined. Mass loss and visual diagnosis of the specimens supported the biodegradability analyses. The species showed a wide range of mass loss after six weeks: Jacaranda copaia (pará-pará) - 15,2 %; Pseudopiptadenia suaveolens (timborana) - 0,8 %; Aegiphila integrifolia (tamanqueira) - 5,2 %; and Euxylophora paraensis (pau amarelo) - 0,5 %. Biodegradation did not stabilize over time for the lowest-density species. The crystallinity indicated the initial degradation of amorphous wood components, followed by a non-selective feeding mechanism. Gathering all species, increased extractive and lignin levels, fiber wall thickness, and basic density favored the natural wood resistance, oppositely to large vessel elements. The much lower basic density of J. copaia explains its lowest natural resistance. Wall thickness, pore diameter, and density overcame chemical composition on wood biodegradability. Low-density hardwoods stocked in mining yards are a priority for proper destinations.

RESUMEN Los bosques montanos se encuentran en un rango altitudinal entre 800 y 3500 m snm, conservan una importante diversidad de especies arbóreas y altos niveles de endemismos. Muchos de estos bosques están siendo convertidos a otros usos de tierra y en algunos casos ocurren procesos sucesionales que permiten el establecimiento de bosques secundarios. Con el fin de evaluar la contribución florística de estos bosques montanos secundarios a la flora arbórea de la región de la Selva Central del Perú, se analizó la composición florística y la diversidad arbórea en dos bosques secundarios ubicados en la provincia de Chanchamayo. Para ello, se instalaron dos parcelas per- manentes de monitoreo de vegetación, siendo estas la Parcela Puyu Sacha Bosque Secundario (P-PS) de 1 ha ubicada en un bosque montano a 2060 m snm, donde se registraron 638 individuos, 52 especies, 37 géneros y 28 familias botánicas, y la Parce- la Génova Bosque Secundario 2 (P-GS2) de 0,6 ha ubicada en un bosque premontano a 1040 m snm, donde se registraron 242 individuos, 34 especies, 32 géneros y 21 familias botánicas. En P-PS (estrato montano entre 1500 y 3500 m snm) las familias más abundantes fueron Urticaceae, Actinidiaceae, Melastomataceae, Cordiaceae y Rubiaceae; y las especies más abundantes fueron Cordia cylindristachya (Ruiz & Pav.) Roem. & Schult., Miconia aff. crassistigma Cogn., Saurauia biserrata (Ruiz & Pav.) Spreng., Cecropia angustifolia Trécul, Cecropia sp.2 y Saurauia glabra (Ruiz & Pav.) Soejarto. En P-GS2 (estrato premontano entre 800 y 1500 m snm) las familias más abundantes fueron Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Cannabaceae, Piperaceae y Urticaceae; y las especies más abundantes fueron Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong, Trema mi- crantha (L.) Blume, Cecropia polystachya Trécul, Erythrina ulei Harms y Piper aduncum L. Ambas parcelas presentaron bajos niveles de diversidad debido a que se ubican sobre bosques secundarios que en el pasado tuvieron intervenciones antrópicas.

ABSTRACT Montane forests are found in an altitudinal range between 800 and 3500 m asl and conserve an important diversity of tree species and high levels of endemism. Many of these forests are being converted to other land uses and, in some cases, successional processes are occurring that allow the establishment of secondary forests. In order to evaluate the floristic contribution of these secondary montane forests to the arboreal flora of the Selva Central region of Peru, we analyzed the floristic composition and tree diversity in two secondary forests located in the province of Chanchamayo. For this purpose, two permanent vegetation monitoring plots were installed, the Puyu Sacha Secondary Forest Plot (P-PS) of 1 ha located in a montane forest at 2060 m asl, where 638 individuals, 52 species, 37 genera and 28 botanical families were recorded, and the Genova Secondary Forest 2 Plot (P-GS2) of 0.6 ha located in a premontane forest at 1040 m asl, where 242 individuals, 34 species, 32 genera and 21 botanical families were recorded. In P-PS (montane stratum between 1500 and 3500 m asl) the most abundant families were Urticaceae, Actinidiaceae, Melastomataceae, Cordiace- ae and Rubiaceae; and the most abundant species were Cordia cylindristachya (Ruiz & Pav.) Roem. & Schult., Miconia aff. crassistigma Cogn., Saurauia biserrata (Ruiz & Pav.) Spreng., Cecropia angustifolia Trécul, Cecropia sp.2 and Saurauia glabra (Ruiz & Pav.) Soejarto. In P-GS2 (premontane stratum between 800 and 1500 m asl) the most abundant families were Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Cannabaceae, Piperaceae and Urticaceae; and the most abundant species were Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong, Trema micrantha (L.) Blume, Cecropia polystachya Trécul, Erythrina ulei Harms and Piper aduncum L. Both plots showed low levels of diversity because they are located in secondary forests that in the past had anthropic interventions.

Resumen La humedad del suelo es un factor ambiental importante que afecta la composición, diversidad y estructura de las comunidades vegetales. Considerando lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los cambios de diversidad vegetal que ocurren entre la fuente de humedad del Oasis San Ignacio y el desierto circundante de Baja California Sur. El área de estudio se dividió en nueve franjas de 100 m de ancho, sobre las cuales se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 140 sitios de 500, 20 y 1 m2 para registrar las especies vegetales de los estratos arbóreos, arbustivos y herbáceos, respectivamente. Se estimaron los índices de riqueza, diversidad de Shannon-Weiner, dominancia de Simpson, equidad de Pielou y valor verdadero de especies y se evaluaron los cambios entre las franjas establecidas. A su vez, se estimó el índice cualitativo de similitud de especies de Sörensen, generándose dendrogramas para agrupar comunidades vegetales similares establecidas sobre el gradiente estudiado. La riqueza y diversidad de las especies del estrato herbáceo y arbústivo decrecen abruptamente a los 520 y 720 m del cuerpo de agua, respectivamente. La riqueza y diversidad de la vegetación del estrato arbóreo no presenta una tendencia definida. El índice de similitud permitió concentrar las especies del estrato herbáceo, arbustivo y arbóreo en 4, 5 y 3 grupos, respectivamente. Los análisis de diversidad, sugieren que las especies herbáceas y arbustivas son más sensibles a los cambios de humedad que las arbóreas.

Abstract Soil humidity is an important environmental factor that affect composition, diversity and structure of the vegetal communities. The objective of the present study was to determine the diversity changes that occur over an environmental gradient limited by the source of water of the oasis San Ignacio and the adjoining desert of Baja California Sur, Mexico. The study area was divided in nine strips of 100 m width. Over them, there were randomly selected 140 plots of 500, 20 and 1 m2 to register the vegetal species present in the tree, shrub and herbaceous layers, respectively. Species richness, Shannon-Weiner diversity, Simpson dominance, Pielou equity and true species value indexes were estimated and compared between established strips. The qualitative index of Sörensen was estimated to evaluate species similitude and similar communities were grouped applying dendrograms. The species richness of the herbaceous and shrub layers falls abruptly at 520 and 720 m far away from the source of water. Species richness and diversity in the tree layer presented an undefined tendency. The similitude index allowed to concentrate the herbaceous, shrub and tree vegetation layers in 4, 5 and 3 clusters. This diversity analysis suggests to determine that herbaceous and shrub species are more sensitive to humidity changes than arboreal species.

Abstract: This work presents a new sedimentological and palynological record that reconstructs the environmental history during the mid to late Holocene transition in south central Chile (34°-38°S). The study site corresponds to a small wetland called Laguna Verde (36º47’S, 73º09’W; 22 m a.s.l.; ~4 ha), which is in a micro-basin (136 ha) surrounded by native vegetation (i.e. sclerophyllous forest). Sediment cores obtained from the wetland, allowed us to reconstruct its evolution during the post-glacial period, showing that site formation take place around 6800 cal years BP, because of a damming process by dunes. Subsequently, a significant increase in the concentration of lithic materials mobilized by wind and precipitation is recorded, resulting in the formation of a permanent body of water around 4000 cal years BP. The palynological record shows a predominance of arboreal and aquatic taxa during this period, indicating the development of forest ecosystems into the basin, in response to increased rainfall. Finally, an abrupt change in the sedimentological and palynological record is observed around 1850AD, related to a transformation in the vegetal landscape and the sedimentary regime due to anthropogenic activity. In summary, this study provides new and relevant information to understand the paleoenvironmental history of the coastal ecosystems of south central Chile.

Resumen: Este trabajo presenta nuevo registro sedimentológico y palinológico que reconstruye la historia ambiental durante la transición del Holoceno medio a tardío en el centro sur de Chile (34°-38°S). El sitio de estudio corresponde a un pequeño humedal llamado Laguna Verde (36º47’S, 73º09’W; 22 m s.n.m.; ~4 ha), el cual se emplaza en una micro-cuenca (136 ha) rodeada de vegetación nativa (i.e. bosque esclerófilo). Testigos de sedimentos obtenidos desde el humedal, permitieron reconstruir la evolución de este durante el Holoceno, dando cuenta que la formación del sitio ocurre alrededor de los 6.800 años cal AP, como resultado de un proceso de represamiento por parte de dunas. Posteriormente, se registra un aumento importante en la concentración de materiales líticos movilizados por el viento y la precipitación, dando como resultado la formación de un cuerpo de agua permanente en torno a los 4000 años cal AP. El registro palinológico muestra un predominio de taxa arbóreos y acuáticos durante este periodo, indicando el desarrollo ecosistemas de bosque en la cuenca en respuesta al incremento en las precipitaciones durante este periodo. Finalmente, se observa un cambio abrupto en el registro sedimentológico y palinológico hacia el año 1850AD, relacionado con una transformación en el paisaje vegetal y el régimen sedimentario debido a la actividad antropogénica. En resumen, este estudio proporciona información nueva y relevante para comprender la historia paleoambiental de los ecosistemas costeros del centro sur de Chile.

Abstract: Thermal modification of wood is an environmentally friendly method to improve wood durability, mainly against microorganisms. By employing a process similar to the ThermoWood®, various Gmelina arborea (gamhar) wood specimens were thermally modified at 180 °C, 200 °C, and 220 °C for 3 hours. The effects of the thermal modification process on the resistance to decay by rot-fungi, and attack by subterranean, arboreal, and dry-wood termites were determined. Generally, the thermal modification improved the resistance of Gmelina arborea (gamhar) to decay by Trametes versicolor with increasing process temperature. However, the effect of the process was null on the resistance to biodeterioration by the brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana and the dry-wood termites Cryptotermes brevis. Even so, the visual damage caused by Cryptotermes brevis was slight. Untreated and thermally modified woods recorded higher resistance to Coniophora puteana than Trametes versicolor. Mass loss caused by Nasutitermes corniger also decreased with increasing thermal modification temperature. According to the visual damage rating values, the attack by Nasutitermes corniger was slight. However, the thermal modification inversely impacted Gmelina arborea (gamhar) attack by Macrotermes sp., as its resistance in the field to the termites decreased with increasing modification temperature. Thus, the thermal modification process contributed to improving the decay resistance of the modified wood to white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor and attack by the arboreal termites Nasutitermes corniger exposed indoors. On the other hand, thermally modified Gmelina arborea (gamhar) wood was very susceptible to Macrotermes sp. in the field. This work would provide a reliable reference document to guide wood industry stakeholders in assessing the performance of untreated and thermally modified Gmelina arborea (gamhar) wood in situations exposed to fungi and termite species adopted.

RESUMO As mudanças de uso da terra e as diferentes formas de manejo promovem alterações na matéria orgânica do solo (MOS), que implicam na produtividade e sustentabilidade dos sistemas agrários. A MOS é provedora de elementos essenciais às plantas como o Nitrogênio (N), um dos seus principais constituintes, sendo também um indicador da qualidade dos solos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a dinâmica dos teores e estoques de N no solo em um Plintossolo no estado do Tocantins, Brasil, sob diferentes usos (Eucalipto, Lavoura- Milho, Pastagem) tendo como referência um ecossistema natural de Cerrado sensu stricto. Para tanto, foram abertas seis trincheiras em cada área de estudo para coleta de amostras de solo nas camadas de 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 cm, determinando- se os teores e estoques (0-50 cm) de N total no solo por combustão a seco, sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade de erro. Os teores e estoques de N-S dos sistemas avaliados não diferiram daqueles da área de referência, com exceção da área de Eucalipto, que teve o maior teor médio, especificamente na camada de 0-10 cm e maior estoque médio, considerando toda a camada avaliada (0-50 cm). Os estoques de N-S decresceram na seguinte ordem nas diferentes coberturas: Eucalipto > Lavoura de Milho = Pastagem = Cerrado, possivelmente indicando a eficácia do componente arbóreo na incorporação de N-S, bem como a importância de adoção de práticas conservacionistas de manejo que favoreçam maior aporte e estabilização de matéria orgânica no solo. MOS, , (MOS) agrários N, (N) constituintes solos Tocantins Brasil (Eucalipto stricto tanto 010, 010 0 10, 10 1020, 1020 20, 20 10-20 2030, 2030 30, 30 20-30 3040, 3040 40, 40 30-40 4050 50 40-5 determinando 050 (0-5 seco 5 erro NS S médio 0-1 cm. . coberturas NS, S, (MOS (N 01 1 102 2 10-2 203 3 20-3 304 4 30-4 405 40- 05 (0- 0- 10- 20- 30- (0 (

ABSTRACT The land use changes and different management forms promote modifications in soil organic matter (SOM), which imply the yield and sustainability of agricultural systems. SOM provides essential elements for plants, such as Nitrogen (N), one of its main constituents, and is also an indicator of soil quality. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamics of N levels and stocks in the soil of Plinthosol in the state of Tocantins, Brazil, under different uses (eucalyptus, corn, and pasture) compared to a natural ecosystem of Cerrado sensu stricto. Therefore, six trenches were opened in each study area to collect soil samples at 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, and 40-50 cm soil layers, determining the contents and stocks (0-50 cm) of total N in the soil by dry combustion. The means were compared by the Tukey test at a 5% error probability level. N-S contents and stocks of the evaluated systems did not differ statistically from the reference area, except the eucalyptus area, which presented a higher average content, specifically in the 0-10 cm layer, and a higher average stock, considering the entire layer evaluated (0- 50cm). N-S stocks decreased in the following order across different land uses: eucalyptus > corn = pasture = Cerrado, probably indicating the effectiveness of the arboreal component in incorporating N-S as well as the importance of adopting conservation management practices that prioritize greater input and stabilization of organic matter in the soil. SOM, , (SOM) plants N, (N) constituents quality Tocantins Brazil eucalyptus, (eucalyptus stricto Therefore 010, 010 0 10, 10 1020, 1020 20, 20 10-20 2030, 2030 30, 30 20-30 3040, 3040 40, 40 30-40 4050 50 40-5 layers 050 (0-5 combustion 5 level NS S content 0-1 stock (0 50cm. 50cm . 50cm) (SOM (N 01 1 102 2 10-2 203 3 20-3 304 4 30-4 405 40- 05 0- ( 10- 20- 30-

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade ambiental da restinga da costa atlântica, no sul do Brasil, utilizando imagens de drones nos espectros de vermelho, verde e azul (RGB) obtidas em setembro de 2020 e 2021. A ortoimagem gerada foi classificada em diferentes classes de vegetação como a herbácea, a arbustiva e a arbórea, além de outras feições como áreas degradadas e construídas. A classificação foi realizada utilizando o algoritmo Random Forest, disponível no plugin Dzetsaka para Quantum GIS. Do total de área da restinga avaliada (289,17 ha), em 2020, 61,54% encontrava-se conservada e 36,72% estava degradada. Em 2021 houve diminuição das áreas conservadas para 59,56% e aumento das áreas degradadas para 38,85%. Em relação aos setores avaliados nos dois anos, o setor 6 teve a menor área conservada de restinga (5,40 ha e 8,14 ha em 2020 e 2021, respetivamente), e o setor 2 teve a maior área de preservação, com 44,07 ha em 2020 e 43,55 ha em 2021. Os setores 1, 2, 4 e 5 apresentaram redução nas áreas de restinga conservadas (em média, 6,75%). Aumento nas áreas conservadas foi observado nos setores 6 e 7 (20,4%) e no setor 8 (2%). Esses resultados mostram o potencial do uso de imagens obtidas por drones em análises multitemporais de áreas frágeis como as restingas, auxiliando nas medidas de proteção e conservação desses ecossistemas. atlântica Brasil vermelho RGB (RGB 202 herbácea arbórea construídas Forest GIS 289,17 28917 289 17 (289,1 ha, , ha) 6154 61 54 61,54 encontravase encontrava se 3672 36 72 36,72 degradada 5956 59 56 59,56 3885 38 85 38,85% anos 5,40 540 40 (5,4 814 14 8,1 respetivamente, respetivamente respetivamente) preservação 4407 44 07 44,0 4355 43 55 43,5 1 média 6,75%. 675 6,75% . 75 6,75%) 20,4% 204 20 (20,4% 2%. 2% (2%) restingas ecossistemas 289,1 2891 28 (289, 615 61,5 367 3 36,7 595 59,5 388 38,85 5,4 (5, 81 8, 440 0 44, 435 43, 67 6,75 20,4 (20,4 (2% 289, (289 61, 36, 59, 38,8 5, (5 6,7 20, (20, (2 (28 38, ( 6, (20

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental quality of the Atlantic coast restinga, in south Brazil, using red, green and blue (RGB) drone images obtained in September of 2020 and 2021. The generated orthoimage was classified into different vegetation classes like herbaceous, shrubs and arboreal as well as other classes such as degraded and constructed areas. Classification was performed using the Random Forest algorithm, available from the Dzetsaka plugin for Quantum GIS. Of the total assessed area of restinga (289.17 ha), in 2020, 61.54% were conserved and 36.72% were degraded. In 2021 there was a decrease in conserved areas to 59.56%, and an increase in degraded areas to 38.85%. Regarding the sectors (1–8) evaluated in the two different years, sector 6 had the smallest preserved area of restinga (5.40 and 8.14 ha in 2020 and 2021, respectively), and sector 2 had the largest preservation area, with 44.07 ha in 2020 and 43.55 ha in 2021. Sectors 1,2,4, and 5 showed a reduction in conserved restinga areas (on average, 6.75%). An increase in conserved areas was observed in sectors 6 and 7 (on average, 20.4%) and in sector 8 (2%). These results show the potential of using images obtained by drone, in multi-temporal analyses of fragile areas such as restingas, helping with protection and conservation measures for these ecosystems. Brazil red RGB (RGB 202 herbaceous algorithm GIS 289.17 28917 289 17 (289.1 ha, , ha) 6154 61 54 61.54 3672 36 72 36.72 5956 59 56 59.56% 3885 38 85 38.85% 1–8 18 1 (1–8 years 5.40 540 40 (5.4 814 14 8.1 respectively, respectively respectively) 4407 44 07 44.0 4355 43 55 43.5 124 4 1,2,4 on average 6.75%. 675 6.75% . 75 6.75%) 20.4% 204 20 2%. 2% (2%) multitemporal multi temporal restingas ecosystems 289.1 2891 28 (289. 615 61.5 367 3 36.7 595 59.56 388 38.85 1– (1– 5.4 (5. 81 8. 440 0 44. 435 43. 12 1,2, 67 6.75 20.4 (2% 289. (289 61. 36. 59.5 38.8 (1 5. (5 1,2 6.7 20. (2 (28 59. 38. ( 1, 6.

Resumo O presente estudo compreende o levantamento florístico das angiospermas da Reserva Ecológica Olho d’Água das Onças (REODO), Picuí, semiárido da Paraíba, Brasil, objetivando fornecer a base para projetos conservacionistas na área. Foram realizadas 15 incursões durante o período de agosto de 2022 e abril de 2024, seguindo os métodos usuais de coleta e herborização de material botânico. A coleção obtida foi incorporada ao Herbário Manuel de Arruda Câmara (HACAM), pertencente à Universidade Estadual da Paraíba (UEPB), Campus I. Verificaram-se as conexões da flora da área estudada com outras áreas do semiárido paraibano por meio de uma análise de similaridade com base no índice de Jaccard, considerando outros 15 estudos florísticos. Nós encontramos 250 espécies distribuídas em 168 gêneros e 50 famílias de angiospermas pertencentes aos hábitos: herbáceo (74 spp.), subarbustivo (60 spp.), arbustivo (48 spp.), trepador (45 spp.), arbóreo (17 spp.), epifítico (3 spp.) e parasita (3 spp.). As famílias mais representativas foram: Fabaceae (38 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (24 spp.), Convolvulaceae (19 spp.), Malvaceae (18 spp.), Asteraceae (11 spp.) e Poaceae (11 spp.), e dentre os gêneros, Ipomoea L. (8 spp.), Croton L. (7 spp.), Sida L. (7 spp.), Chamaecrista (L.) Moench (6 spp.) e Mimosa L. (5 spp.) foram os mais numerosos. Heteropterys arcuata C. Pessoa & Amorim (Malpighiaceae) e Solanum fernandesii V.S. Samp. & R. Moura (Solanaceae) são registradas pela primeira vez para o Estado da Paraíba, e Urvillea stipitata Radlk (Sapindaceae) é um novo registro para a Caatinga. A análise de similaridade evidenciou que a flora da REODO é mais similar às das áreas protegidas no Estado da Paraíba, demonstrando a importância do seu reconhecimento como área prioritária para a conservação. Em suma, evidenciamos que a área de estudo apresenta uma expressiva riqueza florística especialmente no contexto da Caatinga, contando com 30 espécies endêmicas deste domínio. dÁgua d Água REODO, , (REODO) Picuí Brasil 1 202 2024 botânico HACAM, HACAM (HACAM) UEPB, UEPB (UEPB) I Verificaramse Verificaram se Jaccard florísticos 25 16 5 hábitos 74 spp., spp spp. 60 48 (4 45 17 (1 3 ( spp.. . 38 24 (2 19 18 11 L 8 7 (L. 6 numerosos C Malpighiaceae (Malpighiaceae VS V S V.S Samp R Solanaceae (Solanaceae Sapindaceae (Sapindaceae Caatinga conservação suma domínio (REODO 20 (HACAM (UEPB 2 4 (L

Abstract We present here a floristic survey of the angiosperms found in the Reserva Ecológica Olho d’Água das Onças (REODO) in the semiarid region of Paraíba State, Brazil, to provide a basis for proactive conservation projects there. Fifteen excursions were carried out between August/2022 and April/2024 employing traditional methods of collecting and herborization of botanical material. The collections obtained were incorporated into the Manuel de Arruda Câmara Herbarium (HACAM) at the State University of Paraíba (UEPB), Campus I. We examined the floristic relationships between the study area and 15 other floristic surveys throughout the semiarid region of Paraíba State using a similarity analysis based on the Jaccard index. Two hundred and fifty species distributed among 168 genera and 50 families of angiosperms were identified with the following growth forms: herbaceous (74 spp.), subshrub (60 spp.), shrub (48 spp.), climber (45 spp.), arboreal (17 spp.), epiphytic (3 spp.), and parasitic (3 spp.). The most representative families were Fabaceae (38 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (24 spp.), Convolvulaceae (19 spp.), Malvaceae (18 spp.), Asteraceae (11 spp.), and Poaceae (11 spp.). The most representative genera were Ipomoea L. (8 spp.), Croton L. (7 spp.), Sida L. (7 spp.), Chamaecrista (L.) Moench (6 spp.), and Mimosa L. (5 spp.). Heteropterys arcuata C. Pessoa & Amorim (Malpighiaceae) and Solanum fernandesii V.S. Samp. & R. Moura (Solanaceae) were recorded for the first time in Paraíba State; Urvillea stipitata Radlk (Sapindaceae) represents a new record for the Caatinga. Similarity analysis revealed that the flora of REODO is more closely related to that of protected areas throughout the semiarid region of Paraíba State, underscoring its conservation priority. The study area was therefore found to contain significant floristic richness, especially within the context of the Caatinga, with 30 species endemics to this domain. dÁgua d Água (REODO Brazil there August2022 August 2022 August/202 April2024 April 2024 April/202 material HACAM (HACAM UEPB, UEPB , (UEPB) I 1 index 16 5 forms 74 spp., spp spp. spp.) 60 48 (4 45 17 (1 3 ( spp.. . 38 24 (2 19 18 11 L 8 7 (L. 6 C Malpighiaceae (Malpighiaceae VS V S V.S Samp R Solanaceae (Solanaceae Sapindaceae (Sapindaceae Caatinga priority richness domain August202 202 August/20 April202 April/20 (UEPB 4 2 (L August20 20 August/2 April20 April/2 August2 August/ April2 April/

Resumo Spondias mombin é uma espécie arbórea cujos frutos possuem sabor e aroma únicos e contêm compostos nutritivos e bioativos. Considerando que o conhecimento sobre a variabilidade genética em S. mombin é importante para o estabelecimento deum programa de melhoramento genético, objetivou-se caracterizar acessos de S. mombincoletados nos Estados do Maranhão e Piauí, Nordeste do Brasil, utilizando análisemolecular com repetições simples de sequência: marcadores (ISSR). Foram avaliados 26 acessos mantidos no banco de germoplasma da Embrapa Meio-Norte (Teresina-PI, Brasil) e dois acessos anões coletados em propriedade privada, em Teresina-PI. Os 12 marcadores ISSR empregadosapresentaram forte poder discriminatório demonstrado pelo alto percentual de polimorfismo(88,75%) e conteúdo médio de informação polimórfica (0,641). A altadiversidade genética entre os acessos foi demonstrada pelos índices de diversidade de Nei (H=0,37)e Shannon(I=0,55), enquanto o fluxo gênico entre populações foi considerado moderado(Nm=0,6268 migrantes por geração). A diversidade genética pode ser explicada,principalmente, pela variabilidade dentro das populações (88,71%) e não entre populações (11,29%), embora ocoeficiente de diferenciação genética entre populações tenha sido moderado (GST = 0,11) e estatisticamente significativo (P <0,01). O método de grupos de pares nãoponderados com agrupamento de média aritmética (UPGMA) e a análise de estrutura populacional mostraram grupos geneticamente distintos. Os acessos anões foram os mais divergentes edeveriam ser incorporados ao banco de germoplasma. Nosso estudo verificou a existência de diferenciação genética entre os acessos testados de S. mombine confirmou quetal variabilidade poderia ser explorada através de programas de melhoramento genético. bioativos S genético objetivouse objetivou se Piauí Brasil sequência ISSR. . (ISSR) 2 MeioNorte Meio Norte TeresinaPI, TeresinaPI Teresina PI, PI (Teresina-PI privada TeresinaPI. PI. Teresina-PI 1 polimorfismo88,75% polimorfismo8875 polimorfismo 88,75% 88 75 polimorfismo(88,75% 0,641. 0641 0,641 0 641 (0,641) H=0,37e H037e He H=0,37 H 37 ShannonI=0,55, ShannonI055 ShannonI Shannon I=0,55 , I 55 Shannon(I=0,55) moderadoNm=0,6268 moderadoNm06268 moderadoNm Nm=0,6268 Nm 6268 moderado(Nm=0,626 geração. geração geração) explicadaprincipalmente explicada principalmente explicada,principalmente 88,71% 8871 71 (88,71% 11,29%, 1129 11,29% 11 29 (11,29%) GST 0,11 011 P <0,01. 001 <0,01 01 <0,01) UPGMA (UPGMA distintos (ISSR polimorfismo88 polimorfismo88,75 polimorfismo887 8875 88,75 8 7 polimorfismo(88,75 064 0,64 64 (0,641 37e H037 H=0,3 3 ShannonI=0,55 ShannonI05 I055 I=0,5 5 Shannon(I=0,55 moderadoNm=0,626 moderadoNm0626 Nm06268 Nm=0,626 626 moderado(Nm=0,62 88,71 887 (88,71 112 11,29 (11,29% 0,1 00 <0,0 polimorfismo8 polimorfismo88,7 88,7 polimorfismo(88,7 06 0,6 6 (0,64 H03 H=0, ShannonI=0,5 ShannonI0 I05 I=0, Shannon(I=0,5 moderadoNm=0,62 moderadoNm062 Nm0626 Nm=0,62 62 moderado(Nm=0,6 (88,7 11,2 (11,29 0, <0, polimorfismo88, 88, polimorfismo(88, (0,6 H0 H=0 ShannonI=0, I0 I=0 Shannon(I=0, moderadoNm=0,6 moderadoNm06 Nm062 Nm=0,6 moderado(Nm=0, (88, 11, (11,2 <0 polimorfismo(88 (0, H= ShannonI=0 I= Shannon(I=0 moderadoNm=0, moderadoNm0 Nm06 Nm=0, moderado(Nm=0 (88 (11, < polimorfismo(8 (0 ShannonI= Shannon(I= moderadoNm=0 Nm0 Nm=0 moderado(Nm= (8 (11 polimorfismo( ( Shannon(I moderadoNm= Nm= moderado(Nm (1

Abstract: Spondias mombin is an arboreal species, the fruits of which possess a unique flavor and aroma and contain both nutritive and bioactive compounds. Considering that knowledge regarding the genetic variability in S. mombin is important for the establishment of a genetic improvement program, the aim was to characterize S. mombin accessions collected in the states of Maranhão and Piauí, northeastern Brazil, using molecular analysis with simple sequence repeats markers (ISSR). Twenty-six accessions maintained in the Embrapa Meio-Norte germplasm bank (Teresina, PI, Brazil) and two dwarf accessions collected from a private property in Teresina-PI were evaluated. The 12 ISSR markers employed presented strong discriminatory power as demonstrated by the high percentage of polymorphism (88.75%) and mean polymorphic information content (0.641). High genetic diversity among the accessions was demonstrated by the diversity indices of Nei (H=0.37) and Shannon (I=0.55), while gene flow between populations was considered moderate (Nm=0.6268 migrants per generation). The genetic diversity could be explained mainly by variability within-populations (88.71%) rather than between-populations (11.29%), although the genetic differentiation coefficient between-populations was moderate (GST=0.11) and statistically significant (P < 0.01). Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering and Population Structure analysis showed genetically distinct groups. The dwarf accessions were the most divergent and should be incorporated into the germplasm bank. Our study verified the existence of genetic differentiation between the tested S. mombin accessions and confirmed that such variability could be exploited through genetic improvement programs. Abstract species compounds S program Piauí Brazil ISSR. . (ISSR) Twentysix Twenty six MeioNorte Meio Norte Teresina, Teresina (Teresina PI TeresinaPI evaluated 1 88.75% 8875 88 75 (88.75% 0.641. 0641 0.641 0 641 (0.641) H=0.37 H037 H 37 (H=0.37 I=0.55, I055 I I=0.55 , 55 (I=0.55) Nm=0.6268 Nm06268 Nm 6268 (Nm=0.626 generation. generation generation) withinpopulations within 88.71% 8871 71 (88.71% betweenpopulations 11.29%, 1129 11.29% 11 29 (11.29%) GST=0.11 GST011 GST (GST=0.11 P 0.01. 001 0.01 01 0.01) UPGMA (UPGMA groups programs (ISSR 88.75 887 8 7 (88.75 064 0.64 64 (0.641 H=0.3 H03 3 (H=0.3 I05 I=0.5 5 (I=0.55 Nm=0.626 Nm0626 626 (Nm=0.62 88.71 (88.71 112 11.29 2 (11.29% GST=0.1 GST01 (GST=0.1 00 0.0 88.7 (88.7 06 0.6 6 (0.64 H=0. H0 (H=0. I0 I=0. (I=0.5 Nm=0.62 Nm062 62 (Nm=0.6 11.2 (11.29 GST=0. GST0 (GST=0. 0. 88. (88. (0.6 H=0 (H=0 I=0 (I=0. Nm=0.6 Nm06 (Nm=0. 11. (11.2 GST=0 (GST=0 (88 (0. H= (H= I= (I=0 Nm=0. Nm0 (Nm=0 (11. GST= (GST= (8 (0 (H (I= Nm=0 (Nm= (11 (GST ( (I Nm= (Nm (1

RESUMO Florestas tropicais deciduais sobre afloramento calcário possuem grande relevância ecológica e encontram-se ameaçadas, tornando necessários estudos para sua conservação e restauração. Objetivouse aqui avaliar a variação na composição e estrutura do componente arbustivo-arbóreo de uma floresta decidual em três áreas de um gradiente topográfico na Serra da Bodoquena. Foram amostradas 102 parcelas contíguas de 10 x 10 m (100 m2), sendo 34 parcelas por faixa de relevo, e área total de 1,02 ha. Foram incluídos todos os indivíduos arbustivo-arbóreos com PAP ≥ 10 cm e estimadas as alturas. Calcularam-se os estimadores de riqueza, os parâmetros fitossociológicos usuais e a diversidade. Os dados das variáveis foram ordenados em NMDS pelo coeficiente de Bray-Curtis. Como resultado, na área total obteveram-se 2.385 indivíduos pertencentes a 70 espécies, 49 gêneros e 29 famílias botânicas, com área basal de 25,44 m2/ha. A densidade foi crescente do topo para a encosta baixa. A diversidade e a equabilidade foram maiores no topo. Os diâmetros se concentraram na primeira classe, até 13,1 cm, e a média de alturas foi de 5,25 m, com predomínio de sub-bosque. Cinco espécies amostradas ainda não possuíam registro para a região. A análise de ordenação revelou maior distância das parcelas e espécies do topo do morro em relação às duas áreas de encosta. A composição e a estrutura indicaram a topografia como fator gerador das variações florístico-estruturais. encontramse encontram ameaçadas restauração arbustivoarbóreo arbustivo arbóreo Bodoquena 1 100 (10 m2, m2 , m2) 3 relevo 02 1,0 ha arbustivoarbóreos arbóreos Calcularamse Calcularam riqueza BrayCurtis. BrayCurtis Bray Curtis. Curtis Bray-Curtis resultado obteveramse obteveram 2385 2 385 2.38 7 4 botânicas 2544 25 44 25,4 m2ha mha m2/ha baixa classe 131 13 13, 525 5 5,2 subbosque. subbosque sub bosque. bosque sub-bosque região florísticoestruturais. florísticoestruturais florístico estruturais. estruturais florístico-estruturais (1 0 1, 238 38 2.3 254 25, 52 5, ( 23 2.

ABSTRACT Tropical deciduous forests on limestone outcroppings have great ecological relevance and are threatened, making studies for their conservation and restoration necessary. The objective of this study was evaluate the variation in composition and structure of the shrub and tree component of a deciduous forest in three areas of a topographic gradient in the Serra da Bodoquena. A total of 102 contiguous 10 x 10 m (100 m2) plots were sampled, with 34 plots per relief strip, and a total area of 1.02 ha. All shrubby-arboreal individuals with PAP ≥ 10 cm were included and heights were estimated. Richness estimators, usual phytosociological parameters, and diversity were calculated. The data of the variables were ordered in NMDS by the Bray-Curtis coefficient. As a result, in the total area we obtained 2,385 individuals belonging to 70 species, 49 genera and 29 botanical families, with a basal area of 25.44 m2/ha. The density was increasing from the top to the lower slope. Diversity and equability were higher at the top. Diameters were concentrated in the first class, up to 13.1 cm, and the average height was 5.25 m, with a predominance of understory. Five species sampled had not yet been recorded for the region. Ordination analysis revealed greater distance of plots and species from the hilltop compared to the two hillside areas. Composition and structure indicated topography as a factor generating floristicstructural variations. threatened necessary Bodoquena 1 100 (10 m2 3 strip 02 1.0 ha shrubbyarboreal shrubby arboreal estimated estimators parameters calculated BrayCurtis Bray Curtis coefficient result 2385 2 385 2,38 7 4 families 2544 25 44 25.4 m2ha mha m2/ha slope class 131 13 13. 525 5 5.2 understory region variations (1 0 1. 238 38 2,3 254 25. 52 5. ( 23 2,

Abstract Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae) is an arboreal and allogamous fruit tree native from southern Mexico to southeastern Brazil, with great potential for economic exploitation. This study aimed to evaluate the structure and genomic diversity of yellow mombin accessions collected in nine locations in Brazil using Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) markers. Significant genetic structure was observed in the discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and dendrogram construction, in accordance with our hypotheses. The Mantel test identified a highly positive and significant correlation between geographic and genetic distances. The locations from the Amazon biome presented higher genetic diversity values when compared to those from the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, which is expected considering the higher vulnerability of these biomes. However, although presenting greater genetic diversity, the Amazon biome showed positive inbreeding coefficients (F IS ) in three of the four locations, ranging from 0.0855 to 0.2421, indicating a potential risk of genetic erosion, possibly related to the increased degradation of this biome in recent decades. The results obtained contribute to the understanding of the distribution of genetic variation and conservation status of yellow mombin in Brazil. They could also be used as a subsidy for developing conservation strategies and the genetic improvement of this species. L Anacardiaceae (Anacardiaceae exploitation SNP (SNP markers DAPC (DAPC construction hypotheses distances Cerrado biomes However F 00855 0 0855 0.085 02421 2421 0.2421 erosion decades species 0085 085 0.08 0242 242 0.242 008 08 0.0 024 24 0.24 00 0. 02 2 0.2