ABSTRACT Moringa oleifera Lam. is an arboreal forest species of great economic potential, adapted to the climatic conditions of the Brazilian semi-arid region, whose multiplication is mainly by seeds. Rapid viability and vigor tests help in the choice of lots. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of the pH of exudate and primary root protrusion tests in the evaluation of viability and vigor, respectively. Two seed lots were initially evaluated for moisture content, germination, first count, germination speed index, seedling length, seedling dry mass and electrical conductivity. For the pH of exudate test, phenolphthalein (1%) and sodium carbonate (2 and 4 g L-1) solutions were prepared, with three soaking periods (1, 3 and 5 h) and three temperatures (25, 30 and 35 °C). Exudate solution in strong to light pink color indicated viable seeds, whereas very light pink color to colorless indicated non-viable seeds. The primary root protrusion test was performed under 25, 30 and 35 °C, evaluating the primary root protrusion of at least 2 mm, every 12 h until 196 h. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replicates. pH of exudate test with 1 h of soaking at 25 or 30 °C with 2 g L-1 sodium carbonate solution was promising, but further studies are needed before it is indicated as routine use for the species. Primary root protrusion test is efficient and can be conducted at 35 °C with evaluation after 48 h. Lam potential semiarid semi arid region seeds Thus respectively content count index length conductivity 1% (1% ( L1 L prepared 1, (1 (25 °C. C . °C) nonviable non mm 19 randomized replicates L- promising

Abstract Determining the diet of herbivores through the epidermal structures present in their excreta makes it possible to identify the plants consumed and estimate the variations at different times of the year. The objective of the study was to determine the botanical composition of the diet of the deer Central American Red Brocket (Mazama temama), in the Parque Nacional Cañón del Río Blanco (PNCRB), Veracruz, Mexico. The vegetation where the study was carried out is an evergreen tropical forest with the presence of induced vegetation. Sampling was carried out during the dry and rainy season of 2021. The plant species consumed were identified with the microhistological analysis of epidermal residues in fecal samples. The diet consisted of 18 species of plants belonging to 14 botanical families. The highest percentage of consumption was for the Solanaceae family (16.6%), followed by Arecaceae, Asteraceae, Cucurbitacea and Malvaceae (11.1% each). 66% of the plants were consumed in the dry season, and consumption increased by 34% during the rainy season, showing 100% of the plant species in the rainy season, showing 100% consumption in the rainy season.. The plants consumed were 10 herbaceous plants (55.5%), six arboreal plants (33.5%), one shrub and one grass (5.5% each); forest edge plants (BB = 44%), forest interior plants (IB = 33%) and cultured plants (CP = 23%), constituted the diet. M. temama adapted its diet to the availability and temporal and spatial distribution of plants in the habitat and based on climatic conditions (dry vs. rainy).

Resumen La determinación de la dieta de herbívoros a través de las estructuras epidérmicas presentes en sus excretas permite identificar las plantas consumidas y estimar las variaciones entre épocas del año. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la composición botánica de la dieta del venado temazate rojo (Mazama temama) en el Parque Nacional Cañón del Río Blanco (PNCRB), Veracruz, México. La vegetación donde se realizó el estudio es un bosque tropical perennifolio con presencia de vegetación inducida. Los muestreos se realizaron en la época de secas y de lluvias del 2021. Las especies vegetales consumidas se identificaron con análisis microhistológico de residuos epidérmicos en muestras fecales. La dieta estuvo conformada por 18 especies de plantas de 14 familias botánicas. El mayor porcentaje de consumo lo tuvo la familia Solanaceae (16.6%), enseguida Arecaceae, Asteraceae, Cucurbitacea y Malvaceae (11.1% cada una). El 66% de las plantas fueron consumidas en la época de secas, y aumentó un 34% de consumo durante lluvias, mostrando un 100% del porcentaje de consumo en lluvias. Las plantas consumidas fueron 10 de porte herbáceo (55.5%), seis de porte arbóreo (33.5%), una arbustiva y un pasto (5.5% cada una); plantas de borde de bosque (BB = 44%), de interior de bosque (IB = 33%) y cultivadas (PC = 23%), constituyeron la dieta. M. temama adaptó su dieta a la disponibilidad y distribución temporal y espacial de las plantas en el hábitat y con base en las condiciones climáticas (secas vs lluvias).

ABSTRACT The study of the structure and diversity of forest ecosystems is essential to understand the functioning and dynamics of forests. The structure and diversity of woody species in different types of watercourses along the Santa Catarina river in Nuevo Leon, Mexico were described. Three conditions were identified: permanent (I), semi-permanent (II) and temporary (III). In each condition, 14 rectangular sites of 1 000 m2 were established. All species were identified. The crown diameter of each individual was measured. The Importance Value Index (IVI) was determined for each condition. Species richness and diversity was calculated with the Margalef (D Mg ) and Shannon-Wiener (H') indices. In addition, the similarity between conditions was determined using the Sorensen index (Is). 32 species, 29 genus and 16 families were identified. Condition I recorded greater specific richness and greater diversity with 28 species and a diversity value H' = 2.41 ± 0.710, where Salix nigra presented the highest IVI. Condition II presented the highest Margalef richness with a D Mg value = 1.77 ± 0.22. In condition III Leucaena leucocephala turned out to be the most important species. The similarity between conditions was greater than 50%. The results demonstrate the structural variation of the vegetation in different hydrological regimes, which constitutes a solid base for future investigations on the development of the vegetation associated with the Santa Catarina river, and other riparian areas of north of Mexico.

RESUMEN El estudio de la estructura y diversidad de los ecosistemas forestales es fundamental para comprender el funcionamiento y dinámica de los bosques. Se describió la estructura y diversidad de especies leñosas en diferentes tipos de curso de agua a lo largo del río Santa Catarina en Nuevo León, México. Se identificaron tres condiciones hidrológicas: permanente (I), semipermanente (II) y temporal (III). En cada condición se establecieron 14 sitios rectangulares de 1 000 m2, todas las especies de cada sitio fueron identificadas. Se midió el diámetro de la copa de cada individuo, el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI) de condición. La riqueza y diversidad de especies fue calculada con los índices de Margalef (D Mg ) y Shannon-Wiener (H'). Además, se determinó la similitud entre condiciones con el índice de Sorensen (Is). Se identificaron 32 especies, 29 géneros y 16 familias. La condición I registró mayor riqueza específica y diversidad con 28 especies y un valor de diversidad H' = 2.41 ± 0.710, en donde Salix nigra presentó el mayor IVI. La condición II presentó la mayor riqueza de Margalef con un valor D Mg de 1.77 ± 0.22. En la condición III Leucaena leucocephala fue la especie más importante. La similitud entre condiciones fue mayor al 50%. Los resultados demuestran la variación estructural de la vegetación en diferentes regímenes hidrológicos, lo cual constituye una base sólida para futuras investigaciones sobre el desarrollo de la vegetación asociada al río Santa Catarina, y otras áreas riparias del norte de México.

Abstract Here we studied the entire Atlantic Forest hotspot to investigate whether the effect of different environmental predictors depends on the phylogenetic extension and the biogeographical history of different Atlantic Forest sectors. We used occurrence data of 3,183 plant species with arboreal or arborescent habits. We reconstructed climatic stability across 120,000 years using the Random Forest method. Then, we compared the effect of biogeographical history, topographic, and climatic variables on species richness and phylogenetic diversity using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models. Niche conservatism drives the strength and direction of environmental correlates with tree diversity, interacting with the biogeographical and phylogenetic extension considered. Low current climate seasonalities were the main drivers of species richness and phylogenetic diversity variation across the Atlantic Forest. Whereas in higher phylogenetic extension, topographic heterogeneity increased the number of tree species independent of the sector, deep-past climate stability favored phylogenetic diversity by increasing relict lineages of distant clades in all forests, but with anomalies in the southern sector. This investigation yields substantial evidence that the response of the northern and southern sectors of the Atlantic Forest to identical environmental conditions diverges significantly, providing compelling support for the imprint of phylogenetic heritage in generating non-linear diversity patterns. 3183 3 183 3,18 habits 120000 120 000 120,00 method Then GWR (GWR models considered sector deeppast deep past forests significantly nonlinear non linear patterns 318 18 3,1 12000 12 00 120,0 31 1 3, 1200 0 120,

Abstract Drones have proven to be versatile tools for scientific studies aimed at assessing the environmental quality of various ecosystems. This study diagnosed the restinga vegetation in the coastal municipality of Pontal do Paraná, in the state of Paraná, Southern Brazil. This vegetation, which extends over 21.72 km of the coastline of the municipality, was grouped into eight sectors to optimize 27 drone flight plans. The images obtained were transformed into orthomosaics and classified into eight classes, following the random forest classifier: herbaceous, shrubby, arboreal, sand, degraded area, irregular construction, water, and other. We observed 289.11 ha of restinga, of which 183.66 ha (63.5%) corresponded to conserved areas and 105.45 ha (36.5%), to a total degraded area with irregular constructions, vegetation suppression, and introduction of exotic species. Sectors 1 and 5 showed the lowest (8.19 ha) and highest (21.00 ha) values of degraded areas, respectively. Sectors 6 and 8 were the most critical: their degraded areas exceeded the conserved areas of restinga by 4.15 and 3.95 ha, respectively. The main causes of the degradation n in this study refer to irregular occupation. Drone images are a valuable tool for environmental management and vegetation analysis of difficult-to-access sites. ecosystems Paraná Brazil 2172 21 72 21.7 2 plans classes classifier herbaceous shrubby arboreal sand construction water other 28911 289 11 289.1 18366 183 66 183.6 63.5% 635 63 (63.5% 10545 105 45 105.4 36.5%, 365 36.5% , 36 (36.5%) constructions suppression species 8.19 819 19 (8.1 21.00 2100 00 (21.0 respectively critical 415 4 15 4.1 395 3 95 3.9 occupation difficulttoaccess difficult access sites 217 7 21. 2891 28 289. 1836 18 183. 63.5 (63.5 1054 10 105. 36.5 (36.5% 8.1 81 (8. 21.0 210 0 (21. 41 4. 39 9 3. 63. (63. 36. (36.5 8. (8 (21 (63 (36. ( (2 (6 (36 (3

Abstract Frugivore bats are important seed dispersers in forests and their abundance are associated with the presence of zoochoric plants. In this context, the aim of our study was to investigate the association of the frugivore bat S. lilium with the diaspores of the zoochoric plant S. mauritianum, a common arboreal species present in forest fragments of southern Brazil. We also investigated the diet of the species based on seed content present in feces of individuals. Bats were mist-netted from November 2017 to April 2018 in a fragment of Atlantic Forest. The proportion of immature and mature diaspores of S. mauritianum was estimated in the same area where bats were sampled, and feces were sampled from captured individuals. In total, 61 individuals of S. lilium were captured, and 795 seeds were sampled from their feces. The abundance of S. lilium was significantly associated with the proportion of immature diaspores of S. mauritianum. We identified seeds of two botanical families: Solanaceae (89%) and Moraceae (11%) in the fecal samples. Our findings support the view that S. lilium is a legitimate disperser of S. mauritianum, and that its ecological function is probably a result of co-adaptation. plants context S Brazil mistnetted mist netted 201 Forest total 6 79 families 89% 89 (89% 11% 11 (11% samples coadaptation. coadaptation co adaptation. adaptation co-adaptation 20 7 8 (89 1 (11 2 (8 (1 (

Abstract The oligochaete Dero lutzi follows a life strategy that alternates between free-living periods in aquatic environments and endoparasitic phases. Most occurrences of D. lutzi in anurans are reported in species with arboreal habits, with studies limited to the recording of the oligochaete’s presence in the host. Our study recovered specimens of D. lutzi from the tree frogs Scinax fuscovarius and Scinax. nasicus. We performed a morphological assessment of the parasite using light microscopy, for the first time, scanning electron microscopy. Molecular characterization of D. lutzi was carried out using the mitochondrial gene 16S rRNA and the nuclear gene 28S rRNA. Additionally, a phylogenetic tree was constructed to assess the species´position in relation to other group members. In our results, we confirmed the phenotypic morphological characteristics of the endoparasitic phase of D. lutzi. We also presented its phylogenetic position with other oligochaetes in the group, demonstrating the proximity between the endoparasite D. lutzi and the free-living oligochaete D. superterrenus. freeliving free living phases D habits s host nasicus microscopy time S Additionally speciesposition members results superterrenus

Resumo O oligoqueta Dero lutzi possui uma estratégia de vida que alterna entre períodos de vida livre em ambientes aquáticos e fases endoparasitárias. A maioria das ocorrências de D. lutzi em anfíbios anuros é relatada em espécies com hábitos arborícolas, com estudos que se restringem a registros da presença do oligoqueta no hospedeiro. Este estudo recuperou espécimes de D. lutzi das pererecas Scinax fuscovarius e Scinax nasicus. Foi realizada uma avaliação morfológica do parasito por microscopia de luz e, pela primeira vez, por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A caracterização molecular de D. lutzi foi realizada com o gene mitocondrial 16S rRNA e o gene nuclear 28S rRNA. Além disso, uma árvore filogenética foi construída para avaliar a posição da espécie em relação a outros membros do grupo. Os resultados deste estudo confirmaram as características morfológicas fenotípicas da fase endoparasitária de D. lutzi. Também foi apresentada sua posição filogenética com outros oligoquetas do grupo, o que permitiu demonstrar a proximidade entre o endoparasito D. lutzi e o oligoqueta de vida livre D. superterrenus. endoparasitárias D arborícolas hospedeiro nasicus vez varredura S disso grupo superterrenus

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of using particle film associated with two water regimes on the ecophysiological parameters of young plants of two species native to the Brazilian semiarid region (Tabebuia aurea and Ziziphus joazeiro). The experiments were conducted in randomized blocks in a 2 × 2 factorial design, with nine replications. The treatments used were the application of particle film (Surround® WP) at a concentration of 5% and without film or 0%, and two irrigation water regimes based on reference evapotranspiration (ETo), irrigated with 100% of ETo and not irrigated or 0% of ETo. Gas exchange determinations were performed at 0, 15, 30, and 45 days after treatments imposition, while the analyses of photosynthetic pigments were carried out only at the end of the experiment. The species Tabebuia aurea and Ziziphus joazeiro showed tolerance to water stress, demonstrated by their high water use efficiency. On the other hand, the application of particle film caused an increase in stomatal conductance, transpiration, and intrinsic water use efficiency and reductions in leaf temperature and instantaneous water use efficiency in plants of both species studied. The particle film was efficient in providing photoprotective properties verified by the increase in the content of photosynthetic pigments. However, the use of this film requires more in-depth investigations, which could allow a better understanding of its management in tree species in the Brazilian semiarid region. joazeiro. . joazeiro) design replications Surround® Surround (Surround WP 5 0 ETo, , (ETo) 100 15 30 4 imposition experiment stress hand conductance transpiration studied However indepth depth investigations (ETo 10 1 3

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do uso do filme de partículas associado a dois regimes hídricos sobre os parâmetros ecofisiológicos de plantas jovens de duas espécies nativas do semiárido brasileiro (Tabebuia aurea e Ziziphus joazeiro). Os experimentos foram conduzidos em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 × 2, com nove repetições. Os tratamentos utilizados foram aplicação de filme de partículas (Surround® WP) na concentração de 5% e sem filme ou 0%, e dois regimes hídricos de irrigação baseados na evapotranspiração de referência (ETo), irrigado com 100% da ETo e não irrigado ou 0% da ETo. As determinações das trocas gasosas foram realizadas aos 0, 15, 30 e 45 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos, enquanto as análises dos pigmentos fotossintéticos foram realizadas apenas ao final do experimento. As espécies Tabebuia aurea e Ziziphus joazeiro apresentaram tolerância ao estresse hídrico, demonstrada pela elevada eficiência no uso da água. Por outro lado, a aplicação de filme de partícula causou aumento na condutância estomática, transpiração e na eficiência intrínseca do uso da água e reduções na temperatura foliar e na eficiência instantânea do uso da água pelas plantas de ambas as espécies estudas. O filme de partículas foi eficiente em conferir propriedades fotoprotetoras verificadas pelo aumento no teor de pigmentos fotossintéticos. No entanto, a utilização desse filme requer investigações mais aprofundadas, que possam permitir um melhor entendimento de seu manejo em espécies arbóreas do semiárido brasileiro. joazeiro. . joazeiro) repetições Surround® Surround (Surround WP 5 0 ETo, , (ETo) 100 15 3 4 experimento hídrico lado estomática estudas entanto aprofundadas (ETo 10 1

Abstract: Thermal modification of wood is an environmentally friendly method to improve wood durability, mainly against microorganisms. By employing a process similar to the ThermoWood®, various Gmelina arborea (gamhar) wood specimens were thermally modified at 180 °C, 200 °C, and 220 °C for 3 hours. The effects of the thermal modification process on the resistance to decay by rot-fungi, and attack by subterranean, arboreal, and dry-wood termites were determined. Generally, the thermal modification improved the resistance of Gmelina arborea (gamhar) to decay by Trametes versicolor with increasing process temperature. However, the effect of the process was null on the resistance to biodeterioration by the brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana and the dry-wood termites Cryptotermes brevis. Even so, the visual damage caused by Cryptotermes brevis was slight. Untreated and thermally modified woods recorded higher resistance to Coniophora puteana than Trametes versicolor. Mass loss caused by Nasutitermes corniger also decreased with increasing thermal modification temperature. According to the visual damage rating values, the attack by Nasutitermes corniger was slight. However, the thermal modification inversely impacted Gmelina arborea (gamhar) attack by Macrotermes sp., as its resistance in the field to the termites decreased with increasing modification temperature. Thus, the thermal modification process contributed to improving the decay resistance of the modified wood to white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor and attack by the arboreal termites Nasutitermes corniger exposed indoors. On the other hand, thermally modified Gmelina arborea (gamhar) wood was very susceptible to Macrotermes sp. in the field. This work would provide a reliable reference document to guide wood industry stakeholders in assessing the performance of untreated and thermally modified Gmelina arborea (gamhar) wood in situations exposed to fungi and termite species adopted.

RESUMO Insetos da ordem Ephemeroptera tem sido utilizado como bioindicadores de qualidade de água por responderem a inúmeros impactos antrópicos. Neste estudo avaliamos o uso dos Ephemeroptera como bioindicadores de riachos influenciados por atividades agrícolas. Coletamos ninfas de Ephemeroptera em seis riachos com diferentes usos e cobertura do solo em sua área de drenagem localizados na região norte do Rio Grande do Sul. A partir da análise do uso e cobertura do solo, categorizamos os riachos em ‘naturais’ (área de drenagem com >42% de vegetação arbórea nativa) e ‘agrícolas’ (área de drenagem com >72% de uso agrícola na área de drenagem). Coletamos um total de 2767 organismos, distribuídos em quatro famílias e 11 gêneros. Observamos maior abundância (68%) e riqueza taxonômica (11 gêneros) de Ephemeroptera nos riachos agrícolas. Os riachos naturais perfazem um total de 32% da fauna coletada com oito gêneros. Este padrão foi determinado, especialmente, pelas famílias Baetidae e Leptohyphidae. Os gêneros Cloeodes e Tricorytopsis foram abundantes nos riachos agrícolas. Neste estudo, observamos que gêneros de Ephemeroptera são tolerantes a alterações ambientais, sobretudo aquelas causadas por atividades agrícolas. Assim, o uso da ordem em estudos de avaliação da qualidade da água deve ser considerado com cautela. antrópicos agrícolas Sul ‘naturais 42 >42 nativa ‘agrícolas 72 >72 drenagem. . drenagem) 276 organismos 1 68% 68 (68% (1 32 determinado especialmente Leptohyphidae ambientais Assim cautela 4 >4 7 >7 27 6 (68 ( 3 > 2 (6

ABSTRACT Insects of the Ephemeroptera order have been used as bioindicators of water quality as they respond to countless anthropic impacts. In this study, we assessed the use of Ephemeroptera as bioindicators of streams impacted by agricultural activities. We collected Ephemeroptera nymphs in six streams with different uses and soil cover in their drainage areas located in the northern region of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. Based on soil use and cover analysis, we categorized the streams as ‘natural’ (drainage area with >42% native arboreal vegetation) and ‘agricultural’ (drainage area with >72% agricultural use). We collected a total of 2,767 organisms, distributed into four families and eleven genera. We observed greater abundance (68%) and taxonomic richness (11 genera) of Ephemeroptera in the agricultural streams. The natural streams comprise 32% of the fauna collected, with eight genera. That pattern was especially determined by the Baetidae and Leptohyphidae families. The genera Caenis, Cloeodes, and Tricorythopsis were abundant in the agricultural streams. In this study, we observed that genera of Ephemeroptera are tolerant to environmental changes, particularly those caused by agricultural activities. Therefore, the use of the order in studies to assess water quality must be carried out with caution. impacts study activities Sul analysis ‘natural 42 >42 vegetation ‘agricultural 72 >72 use. . use) 2767 2 767 2,76 organisms 68% 68 (68% 11 (1 32 Caenis Cloeodes changes Therefore caution 4 >4 7 >7 276 76 2,7 6 (68 1 ( 3 > 27 2, (6

RESUMEN Los bosques montanos se encuentran en un rango altitudinal entre 800 y 3500 m snm, conservan una importante diversidad de especies arbóreas y altos niveles de endemismos. Muchos de estos bosques están siendo convertidos a otros usos de tierra y en algunos casos ocurren procesos sucesionales que permiten el establecimiento de bosques secundarios. Con el fin de evaluar la contribución florística de estos bosques montanos secundarios a la flora arbórea de la región de la Selva Central del Perú, se analizó la composición florística y la diversidad arbórea en dos bosques secundarios ubicados en la provincia de Chanchamayo. Para ello, se instalaron dos parcelas per- manentes de monitoreo de vegetación, siendo estas la Parcela Puyu Sacha Bosque Secundario (P-PS) de 1 ha ubicada en un bosque montano a 2060 m snm, donde se registraron 638 individuos, 52 especies, 37 géneros y 28 familias botánicas, y la Parce- la Génova Bosque Secundario 2 (P-GS2) de 0,6 ha ubicada en un bosque premontano a 1040 m snm, donde se registraron 242 individuos, 34 especies, 32 géneros y 21 familias botánicas. En P-PS (estrato montano entre 1500 y 3500 m snm) las familias más abundantes fueron Urticaceae, Actinidiaceae, Melastomataceae, Cordiaceae y Rubiaceae; y las especies más abundantes fueron Cordia cylindristachya (Ruiz & Pav.) Roem. & Schult., Miconia aff. crassistigma Cogn., Saurauia biserrata (Ruiz & Pav.) Spreng., Cecropia angustifolia Trécul, Cecropia sp.2 y Saurauia glabra (Ruiz & Pav.) Soejarto. En P-GS2 (estrato premontano entre 800 y 1500 m snm) las familias más abundantes fueron Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Cannabaceae, Piperaceae y Urticaceae; y las especies más abundantes fueron Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong, Trema mi- crantha (L.) Blume, Cecropia polystachya Trécul, Erythrina ulei Harms y Piper aduncum L. Ambas parcelas presentaron bajos niveles de diversidad debido a que se ubican sobre bosques secundarios que en el pasado tuvieron intervenciones antrópicas.

ABSTRACT Montane forests are found in an altitudinal range between 800 and 3500 m asl and conserve an important diversity of tree species and high levels of endemism. Many of these forests are being converted to other land uses and, in some cases, successional processes are occurring that allow the establishment of secondary forests. In order to evaluate the floristic contribution of these secondary montane forests to the arboreal flora of the Selva Central region of Peru, we analyzed the floristic composition and tree diversity in two secondary forests located in the province of Chanchamayo. For this purpose, two permanent vegetation monitoring plots were installed, the Puyu Sacha Secondary Forest Plot (P-PS) of 1 ha located in a montane forest at 2060 m asl, where 638 individuals, 52 species, 37 genera and 28 botanical families were recorded, and the Genova Secondary Forest 2 Plot (P-GS2) of 0.6 ha located in a premontane forest at 1040 m asl, where 242 individuals, 34 species, 32 genera and 21 botanical families were recorded. In P-PS (montane stratum between 1500 and 3500 m asl) the most abundant families were Urticaceae, Actinidiaceae, Melastomataceae, Cordiace- ae and Rubiaceae; and the most abundant species were Cordia cylindristachya (Ruiz & Pav.) Roem. & Schult., Miconia aff. crassistigma Cogn., Saurauia biserrata (Ruiz & Pav.) Spreng., Cecropia angustifolia Trécul, Cecropia sp.2 and Saurauia glabra (Ruiz & Pav.) Soejarto. In P-GS2 (premontane stratum between 800 and 1500 m asl) the most abundant families were Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Cannabaceae, Piperaceae and Urticaceae; and the most abundant species were Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong, Trema micrantha (L.) Blume, Cecropia polystachya Trécul, Erythrina ulei Harms and Piper aduncum L. Both plots showed low levels of diversity because they are located in secondary forests that in the past had anthropic interventions.

Resumo Um professor convida dois amigos, que foram seus orientadores de mestrado e doutorado, para uma atividade incomum: compor uma banca com a finalidade de ajudá-lo a compreender como as duas pesquisas desenvolvidas sob a orientação de cada um deles, de campos diferentes da Educação Matemática, poderiam se aproximar teórico e metodologicamente. Apesar de improvável, os amigos topam o encontro e os três realizam a banca à beira mar. Conversam sobre pesquisa em Etnomatemática, Cartografia, etnografia, conceitos freireanos, tais como opressor-oprimido, educação libertadora; Educação Inclusiva, diversidade e diferença; rizomas, sistemas arborescentes, máquinas de guerra nômade, aparelhos de estado, poder disciplinar, normalização, ética foucaultiana, dentre outras coisas. doutorado incomum ajudálo ajudá lo deles Matemática metodologicamente improvável mar Etnomatemática Cartografia etnografia freireanos opressoroprimido, opressoroprimido opressor oprimido, oprimido opressor-oprimido libertadora Inclusiva diferença rizomas arborescentes nômade estado disciplinar normalização foucaultiana coisas

Abstract A professor invites two friends, who were his master's and doctoral advisors, to an unusual activity: to form a committee with the purpose of helping him understand how the two research projects developed under their guidance, which are from different fields of Mathematics Education, could approach each other theoretically and methodologically. Despite being unlikely, the friends agreed, and the three of them held the committee by the seaside. They discussed research in Ethnomathematics, Cartography, ethnography, Freirean concepts such as oppressor-oppressed, liberating education; Inclusive Education, diversity and difference, rhizomes, arboreal systems, nomadic war machines, apparatuses of the state, disciplinary power, normalization, Foucauldian ethics, among other things. masters master s advisors activity guidance Education methodologically unlikely agreed seaside Ethnomathematics Cartography ethnography oppressoroppressed, oppressoroppressed oppressor oppressed, oppressed oppressor-oppressed education difference rhizomes systems machines state power normalization ethics things

RESUMO As mudanças de uso da terra e as diferentes formas de manejo promovem alterações na matéria orgânica do solo (MOS), que implicam na produtividade e sustentabilidade dos sistemas agrários. A MOS é provedora de elementos essenciais às plantas como o Nitrogênio (N), um dos seus principais constituintes, sendo também um indicador da qualidade dos solos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a dinâmica dos teores e estoques de N no solo em um Plintossolo no estado do Tocantins, Brasil, sob diferentes usos (Eucalipto, Lavoura- Milho, Pastagem) tendo como referência um ecossistema natural de Cerrado sensu stricto. Para tanto, foram abertas seis trincheiras em cada área de estudo para coleta de amostras de solo nas camadas de 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 cm, determinando- se os teores e estoques (0-50 cm) de N total no solo por combustão a seco, sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade de erro. Os teores e estoques de N-S dos sistemas avaliados não diferiram daqueles da área de referência, com exceção da área de Eucalipto, que teve o maior teor médio, especificamente na camada de 0-10 cm e maior estoque médio, considerando toda a camada avaliada (0-50 cm). Os estoques de N-S decresceram na seguinte ordem nas diferentes coberturas: Eucalipto > Lavoura de Milho = Pastagem = Cerrado, possivelmente indicando a eficácia do componente arbóreo na incorporação de N-S, bem como a importância de adoção de práticas conservacionistas de manejo que favoreçam maior aporte e estabilização de matéria orgânica no solo. MOS, , (MOS) agrários N, (N) constituintes solos Tocantins Brasil (Eucalipto stricto tanto 010, 010 0 10, 10 1020, 1020 20, 20 10-20 2030, 2030 30, 30 20-30 3040, 3040 40, 40 30-40 4050 50 40-5 determinando 050 (0-5 seco 5 erro NS S médio 0-1 cm. . coberturas NS, S, (MOS (N 01 1 102 2 10-2 203 3 20-3 304 4 30-4 405 40- 05 (0- 0- 10- 20- 30- (0 (

ABSTRACT The land use changes and different management forms promote modifications in soil organic matter (SOM), which imply the yield and sustainability of agricultural systems. SOM provides essential elements for plants, such as Nitrogen (N), one of its main constituents, and is also an indicator of soil quality. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamics of N levels and stocks in the soil of Plinthosol in the state of Tocantins, Brazil, under different uses (eucalyptus, corn, and pasture) compared to a natural ecosystem of Cerrado sensu stricto. Therefore, six trenches were opened in each study area to collect soil samples at 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, and 40-50 cm soil layers, determining the contents and stocks (0-50 cm) of total N in the soil by dry combustion. The means were compared by the Tukey test at a 5% error probability level. N-S contents and stocks of the evaluated systems did not differ statistically from the reference area, except the eucalyptus area, which presented a higher average content, specifically in the 0-10 cm layer, and a higher average stock, considering the entire layer evaluated (0- 50cm). N-S stocks decreased in the following order across different land uses: eucalyptus > corn = pasture = Cerrado, probably indicating the effectiveness of the arboreal component in incorporating N-S as well as the importance of adopting conservation management practices that prioritize greater input and stabilization of organic matter in the soil. SOM, , (SOM) plants N, (N) constituents quality Tocantins Brazil eucalyptus, (eucalyptus stricto Therefore 010, 010 0 10, 10 1020, 1020 20, 20 10-20 2030, 2030 30, 30 20-30 3040, 3040 40, 40 30-40 4050 50 40-5 layers 050 (0-5 combustion 5 level NS S content 0-1 stock (0 50cm. 50cm . 50cm) (SOM (N 01 1 102 2 10-2 203 3 20-3 304 4 30-4 405 40- 05 0- ( 10- 20- 30-

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental quality of the Atlantic coast restinga, in south Brazil, using red, green and blue (RGB) drone images obtained in September of 2020 and 2021. The generated orthoimage was classified into different vegetation classes like herbaceous, shrubs and arboreal as well as other classes such as degraded and constructed areas. Classification was performed using the Random Forest algorithm, available from the Dzetsaka plugin for Quantum GIS. Of the total assessed area of restinga (289.17 ha), in 2020, 61.54% were conserved and 36.72% were degraded. In 2021 there was a decrease in conserved areas to 59.56%, and an increase in degraded areas to 38.85%. Regarding the sectors (1–8) evaluated in the two different years, sector 6 had the smallest preserved area of restinga (5.40 and 8.14 ha in 2020 and 2021, respectively), and sector 2 had the largest preservation area, with 44.07 ha in 2020 and 43.55 ha in 2021. Sectors 1,2,4, and 5 showed a reduction in conserved restinga areas (on average, 6.75%). An increase in conserved areas was observed in sectors 6 and 7 (on average, 20.4%) and in sector 8 (2%). These results show the potential of using images obtained by drone, in multi-temporal analyses of fragile areas such as restingas, helping with protection and conservation measures for these ecosystems. Brazil red RGB (RGB 202 herbaceous algorithm GIS 289.17 28917 289 17 (289.1 ha, , ha) 6154 61 54 61.54 3672 36 72 36.72 5956 59 56 59.56% 3885 38 85 38.85% 1–8 18 1 (1–8 years 5.40 540 40 (5.4 814 14 8.1 respectively, respectively respectively) 4407 44 07 44.0 4355 43 55 43.5 124 4 1,2,4 on average 6.75%. 675 6.75% . 75 6.75%) 20.4% 204 20 2%. 2% (2%) multitemporal multi temporal restingas ecosystems 289.1 2891 28 (289. 615 61.5 367 3 36.7 595 59.56 388 38.85 1– (1– 5.4 (5. 81 8. 440 0 44. 435 43. 12 1,2, 67 6.75 20.4 (2% 289. (289 61. 36. 59.5 38.8 (1 5. (5 1,2 6.7 20. (2 (28 59. 38. ( 1, 6.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade ambiental da restinga da costa atlântica, no sul do Brasil, utilizando imagens de drones nos espectros de vermelho, verde e azul (RGB) obtidas em setembro de 2020 e 2021. A ortoimagem gerada foi classificada em diferentes classes de vegetação como a herbácea, a arbustiva e a arbórea, além de outras feições como áreas degradadas e construídas. A classificação foi realizada utilizando o algoritmo Random Forest, disponível no plugin Dzetsaka para Quantum GIS. Do total de área da restinga avaliada (289,17 ha), em 2020, 61,54% encontrava-se conservada e 36,72% estava degradada. Em 2021 houve diminuição das áreas conservadas para 59,56% e aumento das áreas degradadas para 38,85%. Em relação aos setores avaliados nos dois anos, o setor 6 teve a menor área conservada de restinga (5,40 ha e 8,14 ha em 2020 e 2021, respetivamente), e o setor 2 teve a maior área de preservação, com 44,07 ha em 2020 e 43,55 ha em 2021. Os setores 1, 2, 4 e 5 apresentaram redução nas áreas de restinga conservadas (em média, 6,75%). Aumento nas áreas conservadas foi observado nos setores 6 e 7 (20,4%) e no setor 8 (2%). Esses resultados mostram o potencial do uso de imagens obtidas por drones em análises multitemporais de áreas frágeis como as restingas, auxiliando nas medidas de proteção e conservação desses ecossistemas. atlântica Brasil vermelho RGB (RGB 202 herbácea arbórea construídas Forest GIS 289,17 28917 289 17 (289,1 ha, , ha) 6154 61 54 61,54 encontravase encontrava se 3672 36 72 36,72 degradada 5956 59 56 59,56 3885 38 85 38,85% anos 5,40 540 40 (5,4 814 14 8,1 respetivamente, respetivamente respetivamente) preservação 4407 44 07 44,0 4355 43 55 43,5 1 média 6,75%. 675 6,75% . 75 6,75%) 20,4% 204 20 (20,4% 2%. 2% (2%) restingas ecossistemas 289,1 2891 28 (289, 615 61,5 367 3 36,7 595 59,5 388 38,85 5,4 (5, 81 8, 440 0 44, 435 43, 67 6,75 20,4 (20,4 (2% 289, (289 61, 36, 59, 38,8 5, (5 6,7 20, (20, (2 (28 38, ( 6, (20

Abstract: Spondias mombin is an arboreal species, the fruits of which possess a unique flavor and aroma and contain both nutritive and bioactive compounds. Considering that knowledge regarding the genetic variability in S. mombin is important for the establishment of a genetic improvement program, the aim was to characterize S. mombin accessions collected in the states of Maranhão and Piauí, northeastern Brazil, using molecular analysis with simple sequence repeats markers (ISSR). Twenty-six accessions maintained in the Embrapa Meio-Norte germplasm bank (Teresina, PI, Brazil) and two dwarf accessions collected from a private property in Teresina-PI were evaluated. The 12 ISSR markers employed presented strong discriminatory power as demonstrated by the high percentage of polymorphism (88.75%) and mean polymorphic information content (0.641). High genetic diversity among the accessions was demonstrated by the diversity indices of Nei (H=0.37) and Shannon (I=0.55), while gene flow between populations was considered moderate (Nm=0.6268 migrants per generation). The genetic diversity could be explained mainly by variability within-populations (88.71%) rather than between-populations (11.29%), although the genetic differentiation coefficient between-populations was moderate (GST=0.11) and statistically significant (P < 0.01). Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering and Population Structure analysis showed genetically distinct groups. The dwarf accessions were the most divergent and should be incorporated into the germplasm bank. Our study verified the existence of genetic differentiation between the tested S. mombin accessions and confirmed that such variability could be exploited through genetic improvement programs. Abstract species compounds S program Piauí Brazil ISSR. . (ISSR) Twentysix Twenty six MeioNorte Meio Norte Teresina, Teresina (Teresina PI TeresinaPI evaluated 1 88.75% 8875 88 75 (88.75% 0.641. 0641 0.641 0 641 (0.641) H=0.37 H037 H 37 (H=0.37 I=0.55, I055 I I=0.55 , 55 (I=0.55) Nm=0.6268 Nm06268 Nm 6268 (Nm=0.626 generation. generation generation) withinpopulations within 88.71% 8871 71 (88.71% betweenpopulations 11.29%, 1129 11.29% 11 29 (11.29%) GST=0.11 GST011 GST (GST=0.11 P 0.01. 001 0.01 01 0.01) UPGMA (UPGMA groups programs (ISSR 88.75 887 8 7 (88.75 064 0.64 64 (0.641 H=0.3 H03 3 (H=0.3 I05 I=0.5 5 (I=0.55 Nm=0.626 Nm0626 626 (Nm=0.62 88.71 (88.71 112 11.29 2 (11.29% GST=0.1 GST01 (GST=0.1 00 0.0 88.7 (88.7 06 0.6 6 (0.64 H=0. H0 (H=0. I0 I=0. (I=0.5 Nm=0.62 Nm062 62 (Nm=0.6 11.2 (11.29 GST=0. GST0 (GST=0. 0. 88. (88. (0.6 H=0 (H=0 I=0 (I=0. Nm=0.6 Nm06 (Nm=0. 11. (11.2 GST=0 (GST=0 (88 (0. H= (H= I= (I=0 Nm=0. Nm0 (Nm=0 (11. GST= (GST= (8 (0 (H (I= Nm=0 (Nm= (11 (GST ( (I Nm= (Nm (1

Resumo Spondias mombin é uma espécie arbórea cujos frutos possuem sabor e aroma únicos e contêm compostos nutritivos e bioativos. Considerando que o conhecimento sobre a variabilidade genética em S. mombin é importante para o estabelecimento deum programa de melhoramento genético, objetivou-se caracterizar acessos de S. mombincoletados nos Estados do Maranhão e Piauí, Nordeste do Brasil, utilizando análisemolecular com repetições simples de sequência: marcadores (ISSR). Foram avaliados 26 acessos mantidos no banco de germoplasma da Embrapa Meio-Norte (Teresina-PI, Brasil) e dois acessos anões coletados em propriedade privada, em Teresina-PI. Os 12 marcadores ISSR empregadosapresentaram forte poder discriminatório demonstrado pelo alto percentual de polimorfismo(88,75%) e conteúdo médio de informação polimórfica (0,641). A altadiversidade genética entre os acessos foi demonstrada pelos índices de diversidade de Nei (H=0,37)e Shannon(I=0,55), enquanto o fluxo gênico entre populações foi considerado moderado(Nm=0,6268 migrantes por geração). A diversidade genética pode ser explicada,principalmente, pela variabilidade dentro das populações (88,71%) e não entre populações (11,29%), embora ocoeficiente de diferenciação genética entre populações tenha sido moderado (GST = 0,11) e estatisticamente significativo (P <0,01). O método de grupos de pares nãoponderados com agrupamento de média aritmética (UPGMA) e a análise de estrutura populacional mostraram grupos geneticamente distintos. Os acessos anões foram os mais divergentes edeveriam ser incorporados ao banco de germoplasma. Nosso estudo verificou a existência de diferenciação genética entre os acessos testados de S. mombine confirmou quetal variabilidade poderia ser explorada através de programas de melhoramento genético. bioativos S genético objetivouse objetivou se Piauí Brasil sequência ISSR. . (ISSR) 2 MeioNorte Meio Norte TeresinaPI, TeresinaPI Teresina PI, PI (Teresina-PI privada TeresinaPI. PI. Teresina-PI 1 polimorfismo88,75% polimorfismo8875 polimorfismo 88,75% 88 75 polimorfismo(88,75% 0,641. 0641 0,641 0 641 (0,641) H=0,37e H037e He H=0,37 H 37 ShannonI=0,55, ShannonI055 ShannonI Shannon I=0,55 , I 55 Shannon(I=0,55) moderadoNm=0,6268 moderadoNm06268 moderadoNm Nm=0,6268 Nm 6268 moderado(Nm=0,626 geração. geração geração) explicadaprincipalmente explicada principalmente explicada,principalmente 88,71% 8871 71 (88,71% 11,29%, 1129 11,29% 11 29 (11,29%) GST 0,11 011 P <0,01. 001 <0,01 01 <0,01) UPGMA (UPGMA distintos (ISSR polimorfismo88 polimorfismo88,75 polimorfismo887 8875 88,75 8 7 polimorfismo(88,75 064 0,64 64 (0,641 37e H037 H=0,3 3 ShannonI=0,55 ShannonI05 I055 I=0,5 5 Shannon(I=0,55 moderadoNm=0,626 moderadoNm0626 Nm06268 Nm=0,626 626 moderado(Nm=0,62 88,71 887 (88,71 112 11,29 (11,29% 0,1 00 <0,0 polimorfismo8 polimorfismo88,7 88,7 polimorfismo(88,7 06 0,6 6 (0,64 H03 H=0, ShannonI=0,5 ShannonI0 I05 I=0, Shannon(I=0,5 moderadoNm=0,62 moderadoNm062 Nm0626 Nm=0,62 62 moderado(Nm=0,6 (88,7 11,2 (11,29 0, <0, polimorfismo88, 88, polimorfismo(88, (0,6 H0 H=0 ShannonI=0, I0 I=0 Shannon(I=0, moderadoNm=0,6 moderadoNm06 Nm062 Nm=0,6 moderado(Nm=0, (88, 11, (11,2 <0 polimorfismo(88 (0, H= ShannonI=0 I= Shannon(I=0 moderadoNm=0, moderadoNm0 Nm06 Nm=0, moderado(Nm=0 (88 (11, < polimorfismo(8 (0 ShannonI= Shannon(I= moderadoNm=0 Nm0 Nm=0 moderado(Nm= (8 (11 polimorfismo( ( Shannon(I moderadoNm= Nm= moderado(Nm (1