Resumen En el contexto de la economía política internacional, el régimen de protección de derechos humanos y el régimen de inversores extranjeros atraviesan tensiones como resultado de una arquitectura jurídica que privilegia la libertad de capitales. Un análisis de contenido del Acuerdo de Escazú revelaría, respecto al acceso a la justicia en temas ambientales, que las personas y la sociedad civil acceden a instancias judiciales y administrativas contempladas en la legislación nacional de cada país, mientras que los inversores extranjeros, bajo la figura de los tratados bilaterales de inversión (TBI) y libre comercio (TLC), recurren a la justicia mediante tribunales de arbitraje internacional que no siempre son independientes, imparciales y que privilegian los intereses del mercado. Esta arquitectura jurídica condiciona el accionar de los Estados frente a la sociedad civil y sus derechos. El Acuerdo de Escazú atraviesa desafíos jurídicos frente al régimen de protección a los inversores, en el cual las garantías económicas limitan las acciones concretas para abordar la crisis climática, proteger el medioambiente o hacer efectivos los derechos humanos.

Abstract In the context of the international political economy, the human rights protection regime and the foreign investor regime are in tension because of a legal architecture that privileges freedom of capital. A content analysis of the Escazú Agreement would reveal, with respect to access to justice in environmental matters, that individuals and civil society have access to judicial and administrative instances contemplated in national legislation, while foreign investors under bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and free trade agreements (FTAs) have access to justice through international arbitration tribunals that are not always independent, impartial and that privilege the interests of the market. This legal architecture conditions the actions of States in relation to society and its rights. The conclusions point out that the Escazú Agreement faces legal challenges in terms of the investor protection regime, where economic guarantees limit concrete actions to address the climate crisis, protect the environment or enforce human rights.

RESUMEN Introducción: el arbitraje científico enfocado en su dimensión educativa podría contribuir a la formación de nuevos investigadores. Objetivo: analizar el rol educativo del arbitraje científico en la formación de nuevos investigadores. Métodos: se realizó una revisión documental. Se localizaron y seleccionaron estudios relevantes en Medline, Biblioteca Virtual de Salud y SciELO. Para la búsqueda se emplearon los vocablos: árbitro, revisor científico, arbitraje a revistas científicas y formación de investigadores. Se hallaron 201 trabajos publicados en los últimos 15 años. De ellos se escogieron 24, que conformaron la muestra porque abordaban la temática. Desarrollo: en Cuba el mayor número de investigadores se concentran en cuatro organismos centrales y cinco provincias. Desarrollar competencias científicas requiere trabajar en líneas investigativas, constituyendo la publicación en revistas arbitradas la principal fuente de divulgación de resultados. Los árbitros juegan un papel fundamental en el proceso a través de su herramienta fundamental: el informe de investigación. Conclusiones: el desarrollo de competencias investigativas durante el proceso de formación científica precisa de publicaciones en revistas arbitradas. Es en esta etapa donde los árbitros juegan su rol a través del informe de investigación mediante una crítica constructiva hacia el investigador, convenciéndolo con argumentos lógicos y educativos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: scientific arbitration focused on its educational dimension could contribute to the training of new researchers. Objective: to analyze the educational role of scientific arbitration in the training of new researchers. Methods: a documentary review was conducted. Relevant studies were located and selected in Medline, Virtual Health Library and SciELO. For the search, the following words were used: referee, scientific reviewer, arbitration to scientific journals and training of researchers. We found 201 papers published in the last 15 years. Of these, 24 were chosen, which made up the sample because they addressed the theme. Development: in Cuba, the largest number of researchers are concentrated in four central agencies and five provinces. Developing scientific competences requires working in research lines, constituting the publication in refereed journals the main source of dissemination of results. Referees play a fundamental role in the process through their fundamental tool: the research report. Conclusions: The development of research skills during the scientific training process requires the publication in refereed journals. It is at this stage where the referees play their role through the research report through constructive criticism towards the researcher, convincing him with logical and educational arguments.

ABSTRACT Artificial intelligence is a general-purpose technology (GPT), term given to technologies that shape an entire era and reorient innovations by reconfiguring the economy’s logic and functioning and bringing in new business models. AI offers unprecedented opportunities and risks. The benefits of AI are extraordinary, as are its potential harms. Potential damage does not have the same degree of problematization, since the intensity and extent of the damage varies according to the domain and the object of application. To address the scale of this challenge, regulation is necessary but not sufficient. Standards, unwritten codes of compliance and arbitration procedures, supervision and auditability, AI governance, international agreements, compliance with current local and global standards and laws. All of this needs to be integrated. Society seems to have no alternative to facing the challenges of at least mitigating the damage already identified and trying to predict future damage in advance. The purpose of this article is to encourage reflection regarding the main initiatives that are available to society to protect its citizens and organizations from the potential harm caused by AI models, vis-à-vis the technology’s own limits to act in ethical and legal compliance. generalpurpose general GPT, GPT , (GPT) economys economy s models risks extraordinary harms problematization application challenge sufficient Standards procedures auditability governance agreements laws integrated advance visàvis vis à technologys (GPT

RESUMO A inteligência artificial é uma tecnologia de uso geral (GPT), termo dado a tecnologias que moldam toda uma era e reorientam as inovações, reconfigurando a lógica e o funcionamento da economia e trazendo novos modelos de negócios. A IA oferece oportunidades e riscos sem precedentes. Os benefícios da IA são extraordinários, assim como os seus potenciais danos. O dano potencial não possui o mesmo grau de problematização, pois a intensidade e a extensão do dano variam conforme o domínio e o objeto de aplicação. Para enfrentar a escala deste desafio, a regulamentação é necessária, mas não suficiente. Padrões, códigos não escritos de conformidade e procedimentos de arbitragem, supervisão e auditabilidade, governança de IA, acordos internacionais, conformidade com padrões e leis locais e globais atuais. Tudo isso precisa ser integrado. A sociedade parece não ter alternativa senão enfrentar os desafios de, pelo menos, mitigar os danos já identificados e tentar prever antecipadamente os danos futuros. O objetivo deste artigo é estimular a reflexão sobre as principais iniciativas que estão à disposição da sociedade para proteger seus cidadãos e organizações dos potenciais danos causados pelos modelos de IA, vis-à-vis os próprios limites da tecnologia para atuar em conformidade ética e legal. GPT, GPT , (GPT) inovações negócios precedentes extraordinários problematização aplicação desafio necessária suficiente Padrões arbitragem auditabilidade internacionais atuais integrado menos futuros visàvis vis legal (GPT

RESUMEN Introducción: La capacidad de resistencia física es uno de los indicadores del rendimiento profesional en el fútbol, no estando exceptos los profesionales del arbitraje, los cuales requieren entrenamientos especializados en función de sus aptitudes físicas; por lo cual, es útil conocer sus desempeños. Objetivo: determinar los parámetros reales de aptitud cardiorrespiratoria al esfuerzo máximo progresivo, de árbitros de fútbol de Pichincha. Métodos: se estudia a 25 árbitros hombres seleccionados intencionalmente, de la asociación de árbitros de fútbol profesional de Pichincha. Luego de un reconocimiento de salud previo, de realizó una prueba de esfuerzo progresivo sobre una banda sinfín, con un lector de consumo de oxígeno. Los árbitros tienen una experiencia media de 11 años, entrenan 3-4 días a la semana, y arbitran partidos oficiales 1-2 veces por semana. Resultados: el valor medio global de consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx.) relativo de los árbitros evaluados en el presente estudio es: (= 52.00 ml·kg-1·min-1, similar al obtenido en otros estudios internacionales sobre la valoración de la capacidad física en árbitros, que describen unos valores relativos de vo2máx de 46-51 ml·kg-1·min-1 para hombres. Conclusiones: las competencias profesionales del arbitraje ecuatoriano son similares en la capacidad de resistencia que sus homólogos extranjeros. Se sugiere una implementación de contenidos del entrenamiento basados en mejorar la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria en el arbitraje, así como su control sistemático.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical endurance capacity is one of the indicators of professional performance in soccer, not excepting referee professionals, who require specialized training based on their physical capabilities; Therefore, it is useful to know their performances. Objective: Determine the real parameters of cardiorespiratory fitness at maximum progressive effort, of soccer referees from Pichincha. Methods: 25 male referees intentionally selected from the Pichincha professional soccer referee association are studied. After a previous health examination, a progressive stress test was performed on a treadmill, with an oxygen consumption reader. Referees have an average experience of 11 years, train 3-4 days a week, and referee official matches 1-2 times a week. Results: The overall average value of relative maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) of the referees evaluated in the present study is: (= 52.00 ml·kg-1·min-1, similar to that obtained in other international studies on the capacity physics assessment in referees, who describe relative vo2max values of 46-51 ml·kg-1·min-1 for men. Conclusions: the professional skills of Ecuadorian arbitration are similar in resistance capacity to their foreign counterparts. An implementation of training content based on improving cardiorespiratory fitness in refereeing, as well as its systematic control, is suggested.

The international investment-law regime continues to be mired in a legitimacy crisis that has given rise to important multilateral reform efforts through the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law. A key reform proposal is centred on the introduction of an exhaustion-of-local-remedies requirement. This article critically evaluates the exhaustion-of-local-remedies rule in the context of international investment law, and challenges its interpretation where such clauses already exist in contemporary investment law. The article concludes that investment tribunals have subverted these clauses in various ways, and considers the legal challenges states would need to address to best prevent the subversion of these clauses by investment tribunals in future.

Abstract Restorative justice programs originally began in criminal matters, serving the needs of perpetrators, victims, and the community. In appearance, these issues do not concern the business environment, however, with regard to family businesses where members and managers are familiar, conflicts occur and even situations of violence between spouses or siblings, between parents and children and other family members, violating the stability of family dynamics and business. The use of restorative practices in family businesses is a means to take responsibility among partners, which implies repairing the reworkable, respecting commitments, provides the opportunity to restore interpersonal relationships and reintegrate Socially to the members in the business and family dynamics. Restorative practices involve processes other than an alternative dispute resolution mechanism, such as mediation, conciliation or arbitration.

Resumen Las practicas restaurativas inicialmente fueron aplicadas en la materia penal, atendían a los victimarios según sus necesidades al igual que el de las víctimas y la comunidad. A simple vista estás prácticas están fuera del ámbito empresarial, no obstante, en lo que refiere a las empresas familiares en donde los socios y directivos son familiares, se presentan conflictos e inclusive situaciones de violencia entre cónyuges o entre hermanos, entre padres e hijos y otros familiares, vulneran la estabilidad del negocio y dinámica familiar. El empleo de estas llamadas prácticas restaurativas, en compañías familiares es un medio para asumir responsabilidades entre los socios, lo que implica reparar lo reparable, respetar los compromisos, brinda la oportunidad de restaurar las relaciones interpersonales y reintegrar socialmente a los miembros en la dinámica empresarial y familiar. Las prácticas restaurativas implican procesos distintos a un mecanismo alternativo de solución de conflictos como la mediación, conciliación o arbitraje

South African law under the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (LRA), as amended, confers on the Labour Court the power to adjudicate on issues relating to strikes and to grant an interdict and/or order the payment of just and equitable compensation for any loss attributable to the strike or lockout. At least 48 hours before the strike, workers or their trade unions must give written notice of their intention to strike to the employer, the applicable negotiating council, and the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation, and Arbitration. If a strike follows the law, workers who take part in it are shielded from being fired for no other reason than that they are striking. Employees on strike and their trade unions are shielded from lawsuits for any losses or harm sustained while on the protected strike. During an unprotected strike, workers lose the legal protections afforded by labour laws, leaving them open to legal action and possible termination. In the case under review - Massmart Holdings and Others v South African Commercial Catering and Allied Workers Union [2022] ZALCJHB 119 - the trade union, from whom the employer sought compensation for damages caused during a protected strike, objected to the Labour Court's jurisdiction as derived from the LRA. This article provides a critical review of the Labour Court's jurisdiction, particularly in the light of section 68 of the LRA, to order compensation. The analysis revisits previous judgments to test the correctness of the judgment given in the Massmart case.

Most known investor-state disputes are referred to a form of international arbitration known as investor-state arbitration (ISA) or investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS). The rest are referred to domestic arbitration or litigation before the courts of host states. The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) is the largest ISDS institution, having handled 829 out of 1190 cases by December 2021. However, in recent years the ISDS regime has faced challenges that have reached crisis proportions. States have responded to these challenges in different ways. For example, during 2014 the European Union (EU) intended to provide for ISDS in its anticipated trade agreements with the United States of America and Canada. In preparation the EU held public consultations wherein the public was invited to comment on whether ISDS could be used in these agreements. Over 90 per cent of the voters rejected the inclusion of ISDS therein. In response the EU abandoned ISDS and created a bilateral Investment Court System (ICS). The final death knell for ISDS in the EU came in 2018 and 2021 when the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) ruled that ISDS among EU states is unlawful and incompatible with its legal order. This paper aims to assess the legal nature of the ICS, as well as whether the ICS can resolve the challenges that face ISDS worldwide. The paper concludes that firstly, the ICS is a hybrid of a court and a tribunal; secondly, that the ICS fails to fully address all the challenges faced by ISDS. It is a work in progress that must be interrogated further and be improved upon over time.

The Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (hereafter the 1995 LRA) is a product of criticism of the Labour Relations Act 28 of 1956 (hereafter the 1956 LRA). While there were also other points of criticism of the 1956 LRA, those of particular importance for the current discussion included that it allowed for too much legal intervention in collective bargaining (after the fact) and that the system provided too great a scope for third-party discretion in the resolution of collective bargaining disputes. Aiming to address these weaknesses, the 1995 LRA promised "to achieve certainty and to leave as little as possible to the discretion of administrators and adjudicators." It is against this background that this article focusses on advisory arbitration in the public interest as provided for in section 150 and 150A-D of the 1995 LRA. It considers the extent to which the collective bargaining model under the 1995 LRA - as a product of criticism of the 1956 model - continues to be grounded on the legislative policy consideration of voluntarism when viewed against the extent to which the legislature by way of reactive amendments to the 1995 LRA over the three decades since its enactment has once again increased the scope provided for third-party intervention and third-party discretion in collective bargaining.

Resumo O presente artigo vai tratar da situação em que se alega o não cabimento da homologação da sentença arbitral estrangeira com fundamento na ausência de imparcialidade do árbitro. Buscar-se-á primeiro entender o que a doutrina e a jurisprudência consideram como ausência de imparcialidade do árbitro. Em seguida, verificar-se-á se a falta de imparcialidade do árbitro é capaz de resultar na denegação de homologação da sentença arbitral estrangeira. Será discutido qual seria o fundamento para denegação, partindo-se da análise da Convenção de Nova Iorque de 1958. A apresentação do posicionamento da jurisprudência estrangeira e especialmente da jurisprudência brasileira sobre o tema será importante para se chegar a conclusões a respeito da possibilidade ou não da denegação e para tentar identificar os parâmetros utilizados nas decisões denegatórias.

Abstract This article will deal with the situation in which it is alleged that the recognition and enforcement of the foreign arbitral award should be denied on the basis of the arbitrator’s lack of impartiality. The first step will be understanding what scholars and case law consider to be the lack of impartiality of the arbitrator. Next, it will be verified whether the arbitrator’s lack of impartiality leads to the denial of recognition and enforcement of the foreign arbitral award. The ground for denial will be discussed, based on the analysis of the New York Convention of 1958. The presentation of the position of foreign and especially Brazilian case law on the subject will be important to reach conclusions regarding the possibility, if that is the case, to deny and to try to identify the parameters used in denial decisions.

Résumé Cet article traitera de la situation dans laquelle il est allégué que la ratification de la sentence arbitrale étrangère n’est pas valable en raison du manque d’impartialité de l’arbitre. Elle cherchera d’abord à comprendre ce que la doctrine et la jurisprudence considèrent comme l’absence d’impartialité de l’arbitre. Ensuite, il sera vérifié si le manque d’impartialité de l’arbitre est susceptible d’entraîner le refus de ratification de la sentence arbitrale étrangère. On discutera de ce qui serait la base du refus, à partir de l’analyse de la Convention de New York de 1958. La présentation de la position de la jurisprudence étrangère et en particulier de la jurisprudence brésilienne sur le sujet sera importante pour tirer des conclusions quant à la possibilité ou pas de refus et d’essayer d’identifier les paramètres utilisés dans les décisions de refus.

Abstract This study describes and discusses the results of research into publicly divulged cases of disputes in international courts in which companies have sued states for implementing laws and standards relating to public health, environmental protection, the right to water, and Indigenous peoples’ rights. We seek to identify patterns and trends in the opening of proceedings and in the taken decisions to ascertain whether and how these proceedings have restricted state attempts to safeguard individual or collective rights. We conclude that, in most cases, the controversy has in fact restricted the state ability to legislate toward the public interest. health protection water peoples rights that interest

Resumo O presente artigo apresenta e discute os resultados de pesquisa sobre controvérsias em tribunais internacionais de arbitragem nos quais empresas acionaram Estados por implementação de leis e normas relativas à saúde pública, à proteção ambiental, ao direito à água e a direitos de povos indígenas. Buscamos identificar padrões e tendências na abertura de processos e nas decisões tomadas, a fim de verificar se e de que forma esses processos restringiram tentativas de Estados de salvaguardar direitos individuais ou coletivos. Concluímos que, na maior parte dos casos, as controvérsias de fato restringiram a capacidade do Estado de legislar a favor do interesse público. pública ambiental indígenas tomadas coletivos casos público

ABSTRACT: This study shows the results obtained through two surveys on arbitration as a mechanism for solving consumer conflicts in Chile, designed with the purpose of knowing the degree of knowledge and opinion currently held by the different groups consulted, entrepreneurs/suppliers and lawyers. Each survey has been designed with a view to the future regulation of this matter, taking into account the mandate given in this regard by article 3, letter g), of the Consumer Rights Protection Law, No. 19,496, incorporated by the Law No. 21,398, which establishes arbitration as a mechanism for resolving individual consumer disputes. The results and conclusions that are disclosed in this work aim to define the characteristics and essential elements that such regulatory regulations must include.

RESUMEN: En este estudio se muestran los resultados obtenidos mediante dos encuestas acerca del arbitraje como mecanismo de solución de los conflictos de consumo en Chile, diseñadas con el propósito de conocer el grado de conocimiento y la opinión que manejan en la actualidad los distintos grupos consultados a nivel nacional, empresarios/proveedores y abogados. Cada encuesta ha sido diseñada con miras a la futura reglamentación de esta materia, teniendo en cuenta el mandato dado en tal sentido por el artículo 3, letra g), de la Ley de Protección de Derechos del Consumidor, Nº19.496, incorporado por la Ley Nº 21.398, que establece el arbitraje como mecanismo de solución de los conflictos individuales de consumo. Los resultados y conclusiones que se dan a conocer en este trabajo apuntan a definir las características y los elementos esenciales que debe recoger dicha normativa reglamentaria.

Resumen La presente investigación hace un análisis con respecto al uso de métodos alternativos de solución de conflictos aplicados en las sucesiones testadas. En principio, hay una introducción con respecto al conflicto en la sucesión y como este puede surgir dentro de un testamento. Posteriormente, hay una descripción sobre los sujetos que intervendrán dentro del conflicto, los cuales no se limitan solo a las personas inmersas dentro de este. Después, se expone brevemente sobre el testamento y su contenido para luego puntualizar en todo lo concerniente a la cláusula testamentaria y cómo debe ser establecida en el testamento. Finalmente, el artículo presenta un análisis comparativo del uso de la mediación y el arbitraje en los conflictos sucesorios testamentarios en varios países para luego establecer la posibilidad de aplicarlos en Ecuador.

Abstract The present investigation makes an analysis on the use of alternative dispute resolution, applied in testated successions. In principle, it has an introduction regarding the conflict in inheritance and how it can arise within the will. Subsequently, there is a description of the subjects that will intervene in the conflict, which are not limited only to the people immersed in it. Afterwards, it is briefly explained about the will and its content to then point out everything related to the testamentary clause and how it should be established in the will. Finally, the article presents a comparative analysis of the use of mediation and arbitration in testamentary succession disputes in various countries, and then establishes the possibility of applying them in Ecuador.

Abstract Based on two ergonomic studies, one in the horticulture sector and the other in the maintenance of green spaces, the authors analyse the role of experience to reflect on sustainable development, linking environmental preservation, working conditions and occupational health prevention. Production or service sustainability issues are also included. In both cases, issues of sustainability of changes and prevention led to the use of experience as a major resource at different levels - consideration, action and decision-making - to help organisational arbitration and strategic orientations with regard to sectoral developments. In conclusion, the two studies show how experience can be a resource in contexts of change, in particular to anticipate feared configurations, or to think about the future of work by articulating labor and environmental issues.

Résumé A partir de deux recherches ergonomiques, l’une dans le secteur de l’horticulture et l’autre dans l’entretien des espaces verts, les auteurs analysent le rôle de l’expérience pour penser un développement durable, articulant conditions de travail, prévention des risques et préservation de l’environnement, en y intégrant des enjeux de durabilité de la production ou du service. Dans les deux cas, des enjeux de durabilité des changements et de la prévention ont amené à aborder l’expérience en tant que ressource majeure à différents niveaux de réflexion, d’action et de décision, pour aider les arbitrages organisationnels et les orientations stratégiques au regard des évolutions sectorielles. En conclusion, les deux recherches montrent en quoi l’expérience peut être une ressource dans des contextes de changement, notamment pour anticiper des configurations redoutées, ou pour penser le travail futur, en articulant enjeux du travail et enjeux environnementaux.

Resumen A partir de dos investigaciones ergonómicas, una en el sector de la horticultura y la otra en el campo del mantenimiento de espacios verdes, los autores analizan el rol de la experiencia para pensar un desarrollo sostenible, articulando condiciones de trabajo, prevención de riesgos y preservación del medioambiente, incorporando asimismo las problemáticas de sostenibilidad de la producción o del servicio. En ambos casos, los retos relativos a la sostenibilidad de los cambios y la prevención llevaron a abordar la experiencia como recurso privilegiado en distintos niveles de reflexión, acción y decisión, para ayudar en el arbitraje organizacional y en las orientaciones estratégicas de cara a las evoluciones sectoriales. En conclusión, ambos estudios muestran en qué medida la experiencia puede constituir un valor en contextos de cambio, especialmente para anticipar configuraciones temidas, o para pensar el trabajo futuro, conjugando los desafíos laborales con los desafíos ambientales.

Resumo A partir de duas pesquisas ergonómicas, uma no sector da horticultura e outra na manutenção de espaços verdes, os autores analisam o papel da experiência para pensar o desenvolvimento sustentável, articulando as condições de trabalho, a prevenção dos riscos e a proteção do ambiente, integrando as questões de sustentabilidade da produção ou dos serviços. Em ambos os casos, as questões da sustentabilidade da mudança e da prevenção levaram a que a experiência fosse abordada como um recurso essencial em diferentes níveis de reflexão, de ação e de tomada de decisão, para ajudar as arbitragens organizacionais e as orientações estratégicas face às evoluções sectoriais. Em conclusão, as duas pesquisas mostram como a experiência pode constituir um recurso em contextos de mudança, nomeadamente para antecipar as configurações receadas ou para refletir o trabalho futuro, articulando questões relativas ao trabalho e a desafios ambientais.

ABSTRACT Based on a study of the law and case law concerning collective labor relations, this document describes the types of collective bargaining at the centralized and decentralized levels in the public sector, analyzing arbitration as an alternative to settle economic labor disputes. After describing the structure of the arbitration award and its execution, it is concluded that it is a mistake to grant executory force to an arbitration award derived from a public collective bargaining, since it does not recognize a certain and enforceable obligation in favor of a worker, but general obligations in favor of a group of workers.

RESUMEN A partir de un estudio legal y jurisprudencial de las relaciones colectivas del trabajo se describen las clases de negociación colectiva de nivel centralizado y descentralizado en el sector estatal, analizando el arbitraje como alternativa para la resolución de conflictos laborales económicos. Luego de describir la estructura del laudo arbitral y su forma de ejecución, se concluye que es un error otorgar mérito de título ejecutivo al laudo arbitral derivado de una negociación colectiva estatal, pues este no reconoce una obligación cierta y exigible a favor de un trabajador, sino obligaciones de carácter general a favor de una colectividad de trabajadores.

RESUMO Com base em um estudo jurídico e jurisprudencial das relações coletivas de trabalho, descrevem-se os tipos de negociação coletiva centralizada e descentralizada no setor estatal, analisando a arbitragem como uma alternativa para a resolução de conflitos trabalhistas de natureza econômica. Após descrever a estrutura do laudo arbitral e sua forma de execução, conclui-se em que é um equívoco conceder o mérito como título executivo ao laudo arbitral derivado de uma negociação coletiva estatal, uma vez que não se reconhece uma obrigação certa e exigível em favor de um trabalhador, mas sim obrigações de natureza geral em favor de uma coletividade de trabalhadores.