Abstract Conservation soil management systems can promote beneficial changes in the edaphic fauna, which is important in improving and maintaining soil quality. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the edaphic fauna in two areas with soils managed under no-till with and without terraces for four years. The edaphic fauna was evaluated by installing 32 pitfall trapsin each experimental plot. After seven days, the traps were removed, and the sampled individuals were classified at the level of major taxonomic groups. Collembola, Acari, Formicidae, Coleoptera, and Araneae were the most abundant in both study areas. The mean abundance of the order Coleoptera stood out in the no-till system with terraces in 2021, while the orders Collembola and Acari were more abundant without terraces in 2019 and 2021, and 2021 and 2022, respectively. There was a greater abundance of organisms for both areas in 2021, with significant equitability in the no-till system with terraces. Thus, the results showed that only some groups are positively affected by mechanical erosion control. quality Hence notill no till years 3 plot days removed Formicidae 201 202 2022 respectively Thus control 20 2

ABSTRACT Despite their large size and intimidating appearance, most mygalomorph spiders do not cause severe envenomation in Brazil. “Programa Estadual de Vigilância de Acidentes por Animais Peçonhentos da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Paraná”, through the “Sistema de Notificação de Animais Peçonhentos” (SINAP), documents the occurrence of synanthropic species captured by the public and reported to municipal health services. In this study, we present a list of the mygalomorph species received by Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Paraná (SESA) and their distribution across the state of Paraná, based on the SINAP reports. A total of 575 mygalomorph specimens were identified, originating from all 22 Regional Health Centers (RS) of SESA-PR. We identified species of four families: Actinopodidae (on species: Actinopus itapitocai); Dipluridae (1 species: Diplura catharinensis; Pycnothelidae (two species: Psalistopoides emanueli, and P. fulvimanus); and Theraphosidae (10 species in four genera: Acanthoscurria paulensis, Eupalaestrus campestratus, Grammostola actaeon, Pterinopelma longisternale, Tekoapora wacketi, Vitalius dubius, V. lucasae, V. paranaensis, V. sorocabae and V. vellutinus). Of the aforementioned species, Vitalius paranaensis has the widest distribution, occurring in all Regional Centers of Health except Paranaguá. The other most frequently collected species were Pterinopelma longisternale, Vitalius sorocabae, and Psalistopoides emanueli. In total, the 575 records resulted in only 12 accidents. The results highlight the broad distribution of some species; contributes to the identification of the main species encountered by the population and reported to SINAP in Paraná; and helps to bring attention to the low number of accidents caused by these large-sized spiders. appearance Brazil Programa , Paraná” Sistema SINAP, (SINAP) services study SESA (SESA reports 57 2 RS (RS SESAPR. SESAPR PR. PR SESA-PR families itapitocai itapitocai) 1 ( catharinensis two emanueli P fulvimanus fulvimanus) 10 genera paulensis campestratus actaeon longisternale wacketi dubius V lucasae vellutinus. vellutinus . vellutinus) Paranaguá largesized sized (SINAP 5

Abstract The abundance of spiders in most terrestrial ecosystems makes them good indicators of habitat changes because they are common animals in most terrestrial ecosystems. Due to the importance of knowing the diversity of spiders for conservation efforts and the lack of studies on the spider fauna in urban parks, this work aimed to collect and identify the diversity of spiders present in an isolated fragment of native Atlantic Rainforest vegetation, in an urban area on Diadema, São Paulo. We used pitfall traps over 28 days and active nocturnal search for two hours per night over 6 nights as collection methods. We found a total of 328 individuals, of which 118 adult spiders were assigned to 13 families and 37 morphospecies. Species of families Nemesiidae, Theraphosidae and Deinopidae were found, which are not expected in urban areas. The highest values of abundance were found for the Theridiidae family, with 59 individuals and Araneidae with 28, totaling 73.7% of the total sampled, with Nephilingis cruentata and Parasteatoda tepidariorum being the most abundant morphospecies, with 15 and 11 adult individuals collected, respectively. The richness found in this work was 37 morphospecies and according to the diversity estimators Chao 1 and 2 and Jacknife 1 and 2, it was estimated that the richness of the Diadema Botanical Garden is between 44 and 54 species, a result close to the number of species collected, which indicates that the sampling effort of this work was satisfactory. This work is one of the few inventories of spider fauna in urban fragments of the Atlantic Rainforest and the first study in the Diadema city, one of the cities with the highest population density in the country. It is important to empathize that the results showed a rich and diverse araneofauna when compared with other similar studies, even in an extremely isolated fragment in one of the cities with the highest population density in the state. Public policies specifically aimed at the conservation of these areas should be encouraged so that their preservation is secured. parks vegetation Paulo methods 32 3 Nemesiidae family 5 737 73 7 73.7 sampled collected respectively 4 satisfactory city country state secured 73.

Resumo As aranhas são um dos predadores generalistas mais abundantes na maioria dos ecossistemas terrestres, tornando-as bons indicadores de mudanças de habitat, uma vez que são animais comuns na maioria dos ecossistemas terrestres. Devido à importância do conhecimento da diversidade de aranhas para os esforços de conservação e à falta de estudos sobre a aracnídeos em parques urbanos, este trabalho teve como objetivo coletar e identificar a diversidade de aranhas presentes em um fragmento isolado de vegetação nativa da Mata Atlântica, em um ambiente área urbana de Diadema, São Paulo. Utilizamos armadilhas de queda ao longo de 28 dias e busca noturna ativa durante duas horas por noite, ao longo de 6 noites como métodos de coleta. Encontramos um total de 328 indivíduos, dos quais 118 aranhas adultas foram distribuídas em 13 famílias e 37 morfoespécies. Foram encontradas espécies das famílias Nemesiidae, Theraphosidae e Deinopidae, que não são esperadas em áreas urbanas. Os maiores valores de abundância foram encontrados para a família Theridiidae, com 59 indivíduos e Araneidae com 28, totalizando 73,7% do total amostrado, sendo Nephiliengis cruentata e Parasteatoda tepidariorum as morfoespécies mais abundantes, com 15 e 11 indivíduos adultos coletados, respectivamente. A riqueza encontrada neste trabalho foi de 37 morfoespécies e de acordo com os estimadores de diversidade Chao 1 e 2 e Jacknife 1 e 2, estimou-se que a riqueza do Jardim Botânico de Diadema está entre 44 e 54 espécies, resultado próximo ao número de espécies coletadas, o que indica que o esforço amostral deste trabalho foi satisfatório. Este trabalho é um dos poucos inventários da aracnídeos em fragmentos urbanos de Mata Atlântica e o primeiro estudo na cidade de Diadema, uma das cidades com maior densidade populacional do pais. É importante ressaltar que os resultados mostraram uma araneofauna rica e diversa quando comparado com outros estudos similares, mesmo em um fragmento extremamente isolado em uma das cidades com maior densidade populacional do estado. Políticas públicas voltadas especificamente à conservação dessas áreas devem ser incentivadas para que sua preservação seja garantida. terrestres tornandoas tornando habitat Paulo noite coleta 32 3 Nemesiidae Deinopidae urbanas Theridiidae 5 737 73 7 73,7 amostrado coletados respectivamente estimouse estimou se 4 coletadas satisfatório pais similares estado garantida 73,

The Table Mountain National Park (TMNP) is an iconic protected area in South Africa, renowned for the high levels of plant and animal species richness and endemism. An annotated species list of spiders presently known from the TMNP is provided. The checklist was compiled from data collected from the South African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA) database. A total of 261 species from 50 families and 167 genera are presently protected in the park. The most species-rich families are the Salticidae (31 spp.), Thomisidae (26 spp.) and Araneidae (20 spp.), while 13 families are represented by singletons. The global distribution, endemicity and International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List status of each species is provided. CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS: Seventy-seven per cent of the species have a wide distribution range and are of Least Concern (200 spp.), while 31 species are Data Deficient, four species were not evaluated, and 26 species of special concern are identified. Of these, 13 spp. are Rare, three each are Critically Rare and Endangered, six are Vulnerable and one is near threatened. The TMNP protects approximately 11.4% of the total South African spider fauna and it is the type locality for 31 species. Although the TMNP and Cape Peninsula more broadly is a hotspot of endemic species for various plant and animal taxa: a proportionally small proportion of the spider species are of significant conservation concern.

Abstract Corallorhiza is a genus of mycoheterotrophic orchids that includes 12 species, most of them restricted to North and Central America. In Mexico, there are seven taxa, distributed throughout the country, except for seven of the 32 Mexican states; in Estado de México all of them are present. The Orchidaceae is known for its diversity of pollination syndromes; however, for the more than 200 species of mycoheterotrophic orchids, little has been studied about their floral visitors and pollinators, and for the Mexican species of Corallorhiza nothing is known to date. Our goal was to document photographically and identify all the floral visitors of three sympatric species of the genus in Monte Tláloc, municipality of Texcoco, Estado de México. We observed individuals of Araneae, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera visiting flowers of Corallorhiza macrantha, C. macrantha × C. maculata, C. maculata, and C. striata. Only Ocyptamus coeruleus and Platycheirus sp. (Diptera: Syrphidae) were found carrying pollinaria on their thorax. These are the first records of potential pollinators for the genus Corallorhiza in Mexico.

Resumen Corallorhiza es un género de orquídeas micoheterótrofas que comprende 12 especies, la mayoría de ellas restringidas a Norte América y Centroamérica. En México habitan siete de ellas que se distribuyen en todo el país, excepto en siete de los 32 estados; en el Estado de México están todas presentes. Orchidaceae es conocida por su diversidad en síndromes de polinización; sin embargo, para las más de 200 especies de orquídeas micoheterótrofas poco se ha estudiado sobre sus visitantes florales y polinizadores, y para el caso de las especies de Corallorhiza mexicanas nada se conoce. Nuestro objetivo fue documentar fotográficamente e identificar a todos los visitantes florales de tres especies simpátricas del género en el Monte Tláloc, municipio de Texcoco, Estado de México. Observamos individuos de Araneae, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera e Hymenoptera en las flores de Corallorhiza macrantha, C. macrantha × C. maculata, C. maculata y C. striata. Únicamente Ocyptamus coeruleus y Platycheirus sp. (Diptera: Syrphidae) fueron encontrados transportando polinias en el tórax. Éstos son los primeros registros de polinizadores potenciales para el género Corallorhiza en México.

ABSTRACT The almond (Prunus dulcis) is an economically important crop in Portugal and is in the process of expansion. The assessment of the diversity of arthropods existing in the almond tree canopy becomes essential to know the trophic relationships that are established within it. The aim of this work was to identify the main arthropods present in the almond tree canopy in different soil management systems and water conditions. The trial was carried out in two almond groves, in Corujas, Macedo de Cavaleiros: rainfed and irrigated. They were subdivided into two treatments: 1) mobilized soil and 2) spontaneous vegetation, each with 3 blocks and 5 replications. Modalities 1 and 2 were installed in May 2022. Samples were collected fortnightly, between July and September 2022, performing 6 taps/tree/modality, using the tapping technique, to assess the auxiliary fauna and 20 leaves/ tree to monitor Monosteira unicostata (Hemiptera: Tingidae), Panonychus ulmi (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Posteriorly, the individuals were counted and their identification was made at order and family level, for the auxiliary fauna and at species level for the pests. The most frequent orders were Hymenoptera (30%) and Araneae (18%). There were no significant differences in the number of arthropods between treatments in the two almond groves. With regard to pests, T. urticae and M. unicostata predominated in both orchards, with greater abundance in the irrigated grove.

RESUMO A amendoeira (Prunus dulcis) é uma cultura economicamente importante em Portugal e atualmente encontra-se em fase de expansão. A avaliação da diversidade de artrópodes existente na copa da amendoeira torna-se essencial para conhecer as relações tróficas que se estabelecem no seu interior. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os principais artrópodes presentes na copa das amendoeiras em diferentes sistemas de gestão do solo e condições hídricas. O ensaio foi conduzido em dois amendoais, em Corujas, Macedo de Cavaleiros: sequeiro e regadio. Eles foram subdivididos em dois tratamentos: 1) solo mobilizado e 2) vegetação espontânea, cada um com 3 blocos e 5 repetições. As modalidades 1 e 2 foram instaladas em maio de 2022. As amostras foram recolhidas quinzenalmente, entre julho e setembro de 2022, realizando-se 6 batidas/árvore/modalidade, na técnica das pancadas, para avaliar a fauna auxiliar e colhidas 20 folhas/árvore para monitorizar Monosteira unicostata (Hemiptera: Tingidae), Panonychus ulmi (Acari: Tetranychidae) e Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Posteriormente, contaram-se os indivíduos e a sua identificação foi feita ao nível de ordem e família para a fauna auxiliar e de espécie para as pragas. As ordens mais frequentes foram Hymenoptera (30%) e Araneae (18%). Não se verificaram diferenças significativas no número de artrópodes entre os tratamentos, nos dois amendoais. Quanto às pragas, predominaram T. urticae e M. unicostata nos dois amendoais, verificando-se maior abundância no amendoal de regadio.

Abstract The study of some museum collections with materials collected in India resulted in the descriptions of a new species of the genus Paramolotra Tong & Li from West Bengal (the genus was previously known only from China), as well as a new species of Aprusia Simon, and also the female of Aprusia kerala Grismado & Deeleman, from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot. A. kerala had been described based on of two male specimens, it shows a remarkably genital configuration for the genus and for the whole family.

Resumen El estudio de algunas colecciones de museos con materiales recolectados en India dio como resultado las descripciones de una nueva especie del género Paramolotra de Bengala Occidental (género conocido anterior mente solo de China), así como una nueva especie de Aprusia Simon y también la hembra de Aprusia kerala, de la region crítica de biodiversidad de los Ghats Occidentales. Aprusia kerala había sido descrito sobre la base de dos especímenes machos ymuestra una sorprendente configuración genital para el género y para la familia.

Resumen En este trabajo se proporciona nueva información sobre la distribución geográfica de cinco especies de arañas de las familias Corinnidae, Filistatidae, Gnaphosidae y Salticidae. Específicamente, se registran por primera vez a Attinella dorsata (Banks, 1895) (Salticidae), Filistatinellahermosa Magalhaes & Ramírez, 2017 (Filistatidae) y Micariajeanae Gertsch, 1942 (Gnaphosidae) para Baja California, mientras que Creugas gulosus Thorell, 1878 (Corinnidae) y Micaria pasadena Platnick & Shadab, 1988 (Gnaphosidae) son registrados para Baja California Sur. Cabe resaltar que los registros de A. dorsata y F. hermosa son también los primeros para México.

Abstract In this work, we provide novel geographic information about five species of spiders belonging to the families Corinnidae, Filistatidae, Gnaphosidae, and Salticidae We record for the first time Attinelladorsata (Banks, 1895) (Salticidae), Filistatinella hermosa Magalhaes & Ramírez, 2017 (Filistatidae), and Micariajeanae Gertsch, 1942 (Gnaphosidae) in the state of Baja California. Furthermore, Creugas gulosus Thorell, 1878 (Corinnidae), and Micaria pasadena Platnick & Shadab, 1988 (Gnaphosidae) are recorded in Baja California Sur. Both, A. dorsata y F. hermosawere not previously known from Mexico.

Resumen Se proporciona el registro formal de la especie de importancia médica Loxosceles laeta (Nicolet, 1849) y nuevos registros de Loxosceles hirsuta Mello-Leitão, 1931 (Araneae: Sicariidae) para la provincia de La Pampa, Argentina, correspondiendo a su registro más austral. Los especímenes de L. hirsuta de este trabajo fueron encontrados habitando estructuras humanas y recolectados en diferentes localidades, entre largos períodos de tiempo, lo que sugiere que L. hirsuta, al igual que L. laeta, es altamente sinantrópica y está establecida en La Pampa.

Abstract A formal record of the medically important species Loxosceles laeta (Nicolet, 1849) and new records of Loxosceles hirsuta Mello-Leitão, 1931 (Araneae: Sicariidae) are provided for La Pampa province, Argentina, comprising its southernmost record. The specimens of L. hirsuta in this work were found inhabiting human structures and were collected in different localities, between long time lapses, which suggests that L. hirsuta much like L. laeta is highly synanthropic and established in La Pampa.

ABSTRACT Salticidae is the most diverse family of Araneae and in Brazil, there are 667 species. Among these species, five are synanthropic exotics: Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1826), Hasarius adansoni (Audouin, 1826), Menemerus bivittatus (Dufour, 1831), M. nigli Wesołowska & Freudenschuss, 2012 and Thyene coccineovittata (Simon, 1886). To understand the current distribution of these species in Brazil, seven collections of 643 lots were examined from seven Brazilian zoological collections. The synanthropic exotic species with the highest records were Plexippus paykulli, Menemerus bivittatus, and Hasarius adansoni, generally collected and associated with human dwellings and buildings. They are present in all regions (North, Northeast, Midwest, and South macro-regions), with the largest region, in all regions of the country in 22 states and 98 municipalities, followed by Hasarius adansoni in 17 states and 88 municipalities, Menemerus bivittatus in 19 states and 68 municipalities. Menemerus nigli and Thyene coccineovittata are from recent introductions that occurred in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Brazil 66 exotics Audouin, Audouin (Audouin 1826, 1826 , 1826) Dufour, Dufour (Dufour 1831, 1831 1831) M Freudenschuss 201 Simon, Simon (Simon 1886. 1886 . 1886) 64 buildings North, North (North Northeast Midwest macroregions, macroregions macro macro-regions) region 2 9 municipalities 1 8 6 Janeiro 182 183 20 188 macro-regions 18

RESUMO Salticidae é a família mais diversa de Araneae e no Brasil ocorrem 667 espécies, dentre elas cinco são exóticas sinantrópicas: Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1826), Menemerus bivittatus (Dufour, 1831), Hasarius adansoni (Audouin, 1826), Menemerus nigli Wesołowska & Freudenschuss, 2012 e Thyene coccineovittata (Simon, 1886). Foram examinados 643 lotes destas cinco espécies no Brasil, depositados em sete coleções zoológicas brasileiras. As espécies exóticas sinantrópicas com maior número de registros foram Plexippus paykulli, Hasarius adansoni e Menemerus bivittatus, na maioria dos casos coletadas associadas a habitações e edificações humanas. Elas estão presentes em todas as macrorregiões do país (Norte, Nordeste, Centro-Oeste, Sudeste e Sul), sendo P. paykulli a que possui a maior distribuição, ocorrendo em 22 estados e 98 municípios, seguido de H. adansoni em 17 estados e 88 municípios e M. bivittatus em 19 estados e 68 municípios. Menemerus nigli e Thyene coccineovittata, são introduções recentes, ocorrendo apenas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. 66 Audouin, Audouin (Audouin 1826, 1826 , 1826) Dufour, Dufour (Dufour 1831, 1831 1831) Freudenschuss 201 Simon, Simon (Simon 1886. 1886 . 1886) 64 brasileiras humanas Norte, Norte (Norte Nordeste CentroOeste, CentroOeste Centro Oeste, Oeste Centro-Oeste Sul, Sul Sul) P distribuição 2 9 H 1 8 M 6 recentes Janeiro 182 183 20 188 18

Abstract Acacia mangium (Willd.) (Fabales: Fabaceae) tree shows applicability in programs to recover degraded areas due to its fast-growing, rustic, pioneer species, with the potential to fix nitrogen. However, this plant is attacked by pests. It is important to know, among them, the most important. This study aims to evaluate the herbivorous insects (loss sources) and their natural enemies (solution sources) on 48 A. mangium saplings. They were classified according to their ability to damage or reduce the source of damage on these saplings using the percentage of the Importance Index-Production Unknown (% I.I.-P.U.). The loss sources Trigona spinipes Fabr. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera), Phenacoccus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Aethalion reticulatum L. (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae), and Tropidacris collaris Stoll. (Orthoptera: Romaleidae), showed the highest % I.I.-P.U. on leaves of A. mangium saplings. The solution sources Oxyopidae (Araneae), Pseudomyrmex termitarius (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and Brachymyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), showed the highest % I.I.-P.U. on leaves of A. mangium saplings. The number of Lordops sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was reduced per number of Brachymyrmex sp.; that of T. collaris those of Oxyopidae and Brachymyrmex sp.; and that of Tettigoniidae that of P. termitarius, totaling 8.93% of reduction of these herbivorous insects (numbers) on A. mangium saplings. These herbivorous insects turn into problems in commercial plantations of this plant since to are related to pests in some crops. These tending ants and Oxyopidae can be important on A. mangium commercial crops because they can reduce the number of these herbivorous insects. Willd. Willd (Willd. Fabales (Fabales Fabaceae fastgrowing, fastgrowing fast growing, growing fast-growing rustic species nitrogen However know them 4 A IndexProduction Index Production ( I.I.P.U.. IIPU I.I. P.U. . I P U I.I.-P.U.) Fabr Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Apidae, Apidae , Apidae) Hemiptera, Hemiptera (Hemiptera) sp (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae, Pseudococcidae Pseudococcidae) L Aethalionidae, Aethalionidae Aethalionidae) Stoll Orthoptera (Orthoptera Romaleidae, Romaleidae Romaleidae) I.I.P.U. I.I.-P.U Araneae, Araneae (Araneae) Smith (Smith Formicidae, Formicidae Formicidae) Coleoptera (Coleoptera Curculionidae T 893 8 93 8.93 numbers (numbers (Willd II I.I PU P.U I.I.P.U (Araneae 89 9 8.9 8.

Resumo A Acacia mangium (Willd.) (Fabales: Fabaceae) apresenta aplicabilidade em programas de recuperação de áreas degradadas devido ao seu rápido crescimento, espécie rústica, pioneira, com potencial de fixação de nitrogênio. No entanto, esta planta é atacada por pragas. É importante saber, entre eles, o mais importante. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os insetos herbívoros (fontes de perda) e seus inimigos naturais (fontes de solução) em 48 mudas A. mangium. Eles foram classificados de acordo com sua capacidade de danificar ou reduzir a fonte de dano nessas mudas usando o percentual do Índice de Importância-Produção Desconhecido (% I.I.-P.U.). As fontes de perda Trigona spinipes Fabr. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera), Phenacoccus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Aethalion reticulatum L. (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae) e Tropidacris Collaris Stoll. (Orthoptera: Romaleidae), apresentaram os maiores % I.I.-P.U. em folhas de mudas de A. mangium. As fontes de solução Oxyopidae (Araneae), Pseudomyrmex termitarius (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) e Brachymyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) apresentaram os maiores % I.I.-P.U. nas folhas de mudas de A. mangium. O número de Lordops sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) foi reduzido pelo número de Brachymyrmex sp.; a de T. collaris pelos de Oxyopidae e Brachymyrmex sp.; e a de Tettigoniidae pelo de P. termitarius, totalizando 8,93% de redução destes insetos herbívoros (números) em mudas de A. mangium. Esses insetos herbívoros podem se tornar problemas em plantações comerciais desta planta, pois estes estão relacionados como pragas em algumas culturas. Essas formigas e Oxyopidae podem ser importantes em cultivos comerciais de A. mangium, pois podem reduzir o número desses insetos herbívoros. Willd. Willd (Willd. Fabales (Fabales Fabaceae crescimento rústica pioneira nitrogênio entanto saber eles 4 ImportânciaProdução Importância Produção ( I.I.P.U.. IIPU I.I. P.U. . I P U I.I.-P.U.) Fabr Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Apidae, Apidae , Apidae) Hemiptera, Hemiptera (Hemiptera) sp (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae, Pseudococcidae Pseudococcidae) L Aethalionidae Stoll Orthoptera (Orthoptera Romaleidae, Romaleidae Romaleidae) I.I.P.U. I.I.-P.U Araneae, Araneae (Araneae) Smith (Smith Formicidae Coleoptera (Coleoptera Curculionidae T 893 8 93 8,93 números (números culturas (Willd II I.I PU P.U I.I.P.U (Araneae 89 9 8,9 8,

Abstract Background: Phonotimpus pennimani (Araneae, Phrurolithidae) is a small-sized (3-5 mm) spider endemic to the Tacaná volcano in Chiapas, Mexico, where it is found in soil litter of cloud forests and coffee plantations. Its venom composition has so far not been investigated, partly because it is not a species of medical significance. However, it does have an important impact on the arthropod populations of its natural habitat. Methods: Specimens were collected in Southeastern Mexico (Chiapas) and identified taxonomically by morphological characteristics. A partial sequence from the mitochondrial gene coxI was amplified. Sequencing on the Illumina platform of a transcriptome library constructed from 12 adult specimens revealed 25 toxin or toxin-like genes. Transcripts were validated (RT-qPCR) by assessing the differential expression of the toxin-like PpenTox1 transcript and normalising with housekeeping genes. Results: Analysis of the coxI-gene revealed a similarity to other species of the family Phrurolithidae. Transcriptome analysis also revealed similarity with venom components of species from the families Ctenidae, Lycosidae, and Sicariidae. Expression of the toxin-like PpenTox1 gene was different for each developmental stage (juvenile or adult) and also for both sexes (female or male). Additionally, a partial sequence was obtained for the toxin-like PpenTox1 from DNA. Conclusion: Data from the amplification of the mitochondrial coxI gene confirmed that P. pennimani belongs to the family Phrurolithidae. New genes and transcripts coding for venom components were identified. Background Araneae, Araneae (Araneae Phrurolithidae smallsized small sized 35 3 5 (3- mm Chiapas plantations investigated significance However habitat Methods (Chiapas characteristics amplified 1 2 toxinlike like RTqPCR RT qPCR (RT-qPCR PpenTox Results coxIgene Ctenidae Lycosidae Sicariidae juvenile female male. male . male) Additionally DNA Conclusion P (3 (

ABSTRACT In this paper a new species of Diphya Nicolet, 1849, D. napo sp. nov. is described based on males and females from Ecuador. The female of Diphya bicolor Vellard, 1926 is described and illustrated for the first time and new records are presented. Oarces ornatus Mello-Leitão, 1935 and Azilia eximia (Mello-Leitão, 1940) are synonymized with D. bicolor, being A. eximia removed from the synonym of Azilia Keyserling, 1881 and being Cardimia Mello-Leitão, 1940 considered synonym of Diphya. Nicolet 1849 D sp nov Ecuador Vellard 192 presented MelloLeitão, MelloLeitão Mello Leitão, Leitão Mello-Leitão 193 (Mello-Leitão A Keyserling 188 194 184 19 18 1

RESUMO Neste artigo uma nova espécie de Diphya Nicolet, 1849, D. napo sp. nov. é descrita com base em machos e fêmeas do Equador. A fêmea de Diphya bicolor Vellard, 1926 é descrita e ilustrada pela primeira vez e registros novos são apresentados. Oarces ornatus Mello-Leitão, 1935 e Azilia eximia (Mello-Leitão, 1940) são sinonimizadas com D. bicolor, sendo A. eximia retirada da sinonímia de Azilia Keyserling, 1881 e Cardimia Mello-Leitão, 1940 é considerado sinônimo de Diphya. Nicolet 1849 D sp nov Equador Vellard 192 apresentados MelloLeitão, MelloLeitão Mello Leitão, Leitão Mello-Leitão 193 (Mello-Leitão Keyserling 188 194 184 19 18 1

BACKGROUND: The Eastern Cape province of South Africa has a rich floral diversity, with seven of the country's eight floral biomes represented in the province. The non-acarine arachnid fauna of the province is largely understudied and considerable gaps exist in our knowledge of the distribution, diversity and levels of endemism of the arachnid fauna. OBJECTIVES: To address this, non-acarine arachnids were sampled intensively in the Afromontane forests and surrounding biotopes in the Amathole Mountains over the course of a decade. METHODS: In the present contribution, comprehensive checklists of the non-acarine arachnids (specifically, the orders Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseu-doscorpiones and Scorpiones) of the region are presented, based on a combination of field sampling, provenance data from museum specimen databases, and a review of the historical literature. RESULTS: In total, 398 species of non-acarine arachnids have been recorded from the Amathole Mountains, with spiders (Araneae; 324 species from 51 families) and harvestmen (Opiliones; 41 species from four families) the richest groups. The region is exceptionally rich in harvestmen and pseudoscorpions (Pseudoscorpio-nes; 24 species from 11 families), and might be considered a hotspot of biodiversity and endemism for these taxa. CONCLUSION: As the sampling was concentrated around Hogsback, and most other areas remain undersampled, further efforts should be made to sample all representative biotopes more comprehensively in the mountain range. This will improve understanding of the distribution and endemism of the arachnid fauna and assess the conservation significance of the region from a national perspective.

ABSTRACT Brazil is the country with the most diverse tarantula (Theraphosidae) fauna, having 215 described species. Vitalius Lucas, Silva Júnior & Bertani, 1993 is one of the most diverse and common genera in Southern, Southeastern and Central-West regions of Brazil with ten described species. Individuals of Vitalius species are large and widespread in areas of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. A single species is known to occur in areas of Cerrado vegetation. Herein, two new species are described from areas of restinga, coastal areas typically with low vegetation and sandy soil, in the coast of the states of Rio de Janeiro (Vitalius restinga sp. nov.), Bahia and Sergipe (Vitalius sapiranga sp. nov.). Males and females of these two new species have a much longer than wide sternum. Males have a short apical keel in the male palpal bulb. The two species can be distinguished by embolus width, slender in V. restinga sp. nov. and thicker in V. sapiranga sp. nov. Females can be distinguished by the spermathecae shape, slender in V. restinga sp. nov. and broader in V. sapiranga sp. nov. These are the first known theraphosids endemic to Brazilian Atlantic Coast restingas. Biological data indicate V. sapiranga sp. nov. and maybe V. restinga sp. nov. commonly use bromeliads as retreats. It is herein hypothesized they are sister species occupying similar habitats in Brazilian coast, but separated by ca. 1,000 kilometers. Theraphosidae (Theraphosidae fauna 21 Lucas Bertani 199 Southern CentralWest Central West Forest Herein soil sp nov., nov , nov.) nov.. . sternum bulb width V shape restingas retreats ca 1000 1 000 1,00 kilometers 2 19 100 00 1,0 10 0 1,