ABSTRACT: This study identified and monitored the population fluctuations of insect vectors of Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) in experimental orchards in the North and Northwest Regions of the State of Paraná. The experiments were conducted in the cities of Londrina and Paranavaí at the Experimental Research Stations of the Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural do Paraná-IAPAR-EMATER (IDR-Paraná), Brazil. The study period was from September 2019 to March 2021. In the experiments conducted in Londrina and in Paranavaí, yellow passion fruit plants were grown in trellis systems. Moericke traps were used to capture insects, and collections were performed weekly. Aphids were identified using a taxonomic identification key. The numbers of aphids present in each region were compared, and the populations were correlated with the climate and local precipitation. A total of 1522 and 1340 winged aphids were observed in the experiments in Londrina and Paranavaí, respectively. In Londrina, moderate positive correlations were observed between the number of insects and the maximum and average temperatures, while negative correlations were observed between the number of insects and the minimum temperature and precipitation. In contrast, in Paranavaí, the correlation between aphids and abiotic factors was negative, where maximum temperature was strongly correlated. In both regions, the following seven species of aphid vectors of CABMV were detected: Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Toxoptera citricida, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Brevicoryne brassicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Uroleucon ambrosiae. The population fluctuations of these species were influenced by variations in temperature and precipitation. ABSTRACT aphidborne borne (CABMV Paraná ParanáIAPAREMATER IAPAR EMATER IDRParaná, IDRParaná IDR , (IDR-Paraná) Brazil 201 2021 systems weekly key compared precipitation 152 134 respectively temperatures contrast regions detected fabae gossypii citricida pisum brassicae ambrosiae (IDR-Paraná 20 202 15 13 2 1

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e monitorar as flutuações populacionais de insetos vetores do Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) em pomares experimentais nas Regiões Norte e Noroeste do Estado do Paraná. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nas cidades de Londrina e Paranavaí nas Estações de Pesquisa Experimental do Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural do Paraná-IAPAR-EMATER (IDR-Paraná), Brasil. O período de estudo foi de setembro de 2019 a março de 2021. Nos experimentos realizados em Londrina e em Paranavaí, plantas de maracujá amarelo foram cultivadas em sistema de latada. Foram utilizadas armadilhas Moericke para captura dos insetos e as coletas foram realizadas semanalmente. Os pulgões foram identificados por meio de uma chave de identificação taxonômica. Os números de pulgões presentes em cada região foram comparados e as populações correlacionadas com o clima e a precipitação local. Foram observados 1.522 e 1.340 pulgões alados nos experimentos de Londrina e Paranavaí, respectivamente. Em Londrina, foram observadas correlações positivas moderadas entre o número de insetos e as temperaturas máxima e média, enquanto correlações negativas foram observadas entre o número de insetos e a temperatura mínima e precipitação. Em contrapartida, em Paranavaí, a correlação entre pulgões e fatores abióticos foi negativa, onde a temperatura máxima estava fortemente correlacionada. Em ambas as regiões foram detectadas as seguintes sete espécies de pulgões vetores do CABMV: Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Toxoptera citricida, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Brevicoryne brassicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae e Uroleucon ambrosiae. As flutuações populacionais dessas espécies foram influenciadas pelas variações de temperatura e precipitação. RESUMO aphidborne aphid borne CABMV (CABMV Paraná ParanáIAPAREMATER IAPAR EMATER IDRParaná, IDRParaná IDR , (IDR-Paraná) Brasil 201 2021 latada semanalmente taxonômica local 1522 1 522 1.52 1340 340 1.34 respectivamente média contrapartida negativa correlacionada fabae gossypii citricida pisum brassicae ambrosiae (IDR-Paraná 20 202 152 52 1.5 134 34 1.3 2 15 5 1. 13 3

Resumo Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) é amplamente distribuído por todo o ecossistema de cerrado. Os frutos de C. brasiliense são utilizados na alimentação humana e constitui uma importante fonte de renda para muitas comunidades. A perda de habitat provocada pelas mudanças de uso da terra coloca em risco a conservação de C. brasiliense. Insetos sugadores constituem um importante fator ecológico que, potencialmente, afeta o fitness de C. brasiliense em ambientes degradados. Além disso, as metodologias de amostragem de insetos para aplicação em estudos relacionados à conservação de C. brasiliense são pouco desenvolvidas. Neste estudo, o número de insetos sugadores (Hemiptera) e seus predadores foram avaliados em três estratos verticais do dossel de C. brasiliense. A distribuição das espécies sugadoras apresentou estratificação vertical ao longo da estrutura do dossel. O estrato basal do dossel apresentou o maior número de insetos sugadores Aphis gossypii (Glover 1877) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) e Bemisia tabaci (Genn. 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), e seus predadores Chrysoperla sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), aranhas (Araneae) e Zelus armillatus (Lep. & Servi., 1825) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Os predadores distribuíram-se de acordo com a disponibilidade de recursos, ocorrendo em maior número nas partes do dossel com maior abundância de suas presas.

Abstract Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) trees are widely distributed throughout the Cerrado ecosystem. The fruits of C. brasiliense trees are used by humans for food and as the main income source in many communities. C. brasiliense conservation is seriously threatened due to habitat loss caused by the land-use change. Sucking insects constitute an important ecological driver that potentially impact C. brasiliense survival in degraded environments. In addition, insects sampling methodologies for application in studies related to the conservation of C. brasiliense are poorly developed. In this study, sucking insects (Hemiptera) and their predators were recorded in three vertical strata of Caryocar brasiliense canopies. The distribution of sucking species showed vertical stratification along the canopy structure of C. brasiliense. The basal part of the canopy had the highest numbers of sucking insects Aphis gossypii (Glover 1877) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Bemisia tabaci (Genn. 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and their predators Chrysoperla sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), spiders (Araneae), and Zelus armillatus (Lep. & Servi., 1825) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Predators' distribution follows the resource availability and preferred C. brasiliense tree parts with a higher abundance of prey.

ABSTRACT Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), also known as the cotton aphid, is a notable pest of several crops. Its damage can be direct and indirect. The direct damage is due to its feeding, which causes leaf shriveling, deformation of shoots, and loss of plant vigor. The pest’s indirect damage is through virus transmission to cotton. In Brazil, A. gossypii is considered as a pest to several crops, but there are no references to infestations of this aphid in soybeans. The objectives of this manuscript were to report the presence of A. gossypii infesting and colonizing soybean crops in São Paulo state, Brazil, and to alert the scientific community and farmers about this possible new pest in Brazilian soybean fields. Hemiptera (Hemiptera Aphididae, Aphididae , Aphididae) feeding shriveling shoots vigor pests s Brazil A soybeans state fields

Abstract The process of producing eucalyptus seedlings hosts a complex of arthropods, which can highlight sucking insects, such as aphids. The aim was to study aphids on seedlings and mini-stumps in a clonal mini-garden of eucalyptus in Brazil, through their identification, studies of population growth and host preference of these insects in different species of eucalyptus. In this study, it is registered, for the first time in Eucalyptus spp. in Brazil, the species Aphis gossypii Glover 1887 and Aphis spiraecola Patch 1914 (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Aphid colonies were observed in April and March 2018 infesting Eucalyptus pellita and Eucalyptus brassiana seedlings in the greenhouse of the Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), in Teresina, Piauí; and in a clonal mini-garden of Eucalyptus spp. from the PlantBem seedling production nursery in Monsenhor Gil, Piauí. The population growth of Aphis spiraecola was evaluated using the instantaneous growth rate (ri) in six species of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus pellita, Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus brassiana, Eucalyptus urophylla, Eucalyptus tereticornis e Corymbia citriodora), as well as the aphid host preference for these species was tested through a choice test. Only in Corymbia citriodora there was no population growth of Aphis spiraecola. Aphis spiraecola showed less host preference for Corymbia citriodora, while Eucalyptus pellita and Eucalyptus urophylla were the preferred species. This is the first record of Aphis gossypii in a clonal mini-garden of eucalyptus and of Aphis spiraecola in seedlings of Eucalyptus spp. in Brazil. arthropods ministumps mini stumps minigarden garden Brazil identification registered spp 188 191 Hemiptera (Hemiptera Aphididae. Aphididae . Aphididae) 201 UFPI, UFPI , (UFPI) Teresina Gil ri (ri grandis citriodora) test 18 19 20 (UFPI 1 2

Resumo No processo de produção de mudas de eucalipto ocorre um complexo de artrópodes, podendo destacar os insetos sugadores, como pulgões. Objetivou-se estudar pulgões em mudas e minicepas em minijardim clonal de eucalipto no Brasil, através de sua identificação, estudos de crescimento populacional e preferência hospedeira desses insetos em diferentes espécies de eucalipto. Neste estudo registra-se, pela primeira vez em Eucalyptus spp. no Brasil, as espécies Aphis gossypii Glover, 1887 e Aphis spiraecola Patch, 1914 (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Colônias de pulgões foram observadas em abril e março de 2018 infestando mudas de Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell e Eucalyptus brassiana S.T. Blake na casa de vegetação da Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), em Teresina, Piauí; e em minijardim clonal de Eucalyptus spp. do viveiro de produção de mudas PlantBem, em Monsenhor Gil, Piauí. O crescimento populacional de Aphis spiraecola foi avaliado através da utilização da taxa instantânea de crescimento (ri) em seis espécies de eucalipto (Eucalyptus pellita, Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Maiden, Eucalyptus brassiana, Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake, Eucalyptus tereticornis Smith e Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson), assim como foi testada a preferência hospedeira do pulgão por essas espécies através de teste com chance de escolha. Apenas em Corymbia citriodora não houve crescimento populacional de A. spiraecola. Aphis spiraecola demonstrou menor preferência hospedeira por Corymbia citriodora, enquanto as espécies Eucalyptus pellita e Eucalyptus urophylla foram as preferidas. Este é o primeiro registro de Aphis gossypii em minijardim clonal de eucalipto e de Aphis spiraecola em mudas de Eucalyptus spp. no Brasil. artrópodes sugadores Objetivouse Objetivou se Brasil identificação registrase, registrase registra se, registra-se spp Glover 188 Patch 191 Hemiptera (Hemiptera Aphididae. Aphididae . Aphididae) 201 F ST S T S.T UFPI, UFPI , (UFPI) Teresina PlantBem Gil ri (ri WHill W Maiden Hook. Hook (Hook. KD K D K.D LAS L A L.A.S Johnson, Johnson Johnson) escolha preferidas 18 19 20 (UFPI (Hook 1 2

ABSTRACT Survival and insect pests of forest and fruit species in Puerto Almendra, Loreto, Peru were evaluated. Seedlings and cuttings of 15 forest species and 04 fruit species were obtained from natural populations and home gardens; these were installed in plots of 25 x 25 m, 25 individuals per species. Spondias purpurea cuttings had the highest survival (84%), Spondias mombin and Spondias dulcis reached 36% and 24% respectively. Plants from botanical seeds with Very good survival (80‑100%) were Copaifera paupera, Dipteryx odorata, Carapa guianensis, Swietenia macrophylla, Hura crepitans, Chorisia integrifolia, S. mombin, Guazuma ulmifolia, Pleurothyrium parviflorum and Amburana cearensis. With Good survival (60‑79%) are Cedrelinga cateniformis, Cedrela odorata, Genipa americana. In the category Regular (40‑59%) are Caryodendron orinocense y Calycophyllum spruceanum. In the category Bad (< 40%) are Calophyllum brasiliense and Aniba rosaeodora. Insect damage on plants was thoroughly checked, 04 pests were recorded: Hypsipyla grandella on S. macrophylla, C. odorata and G. ulmifolia with incidences between 100 and 84%; Parasaissetia nigra had incidence (88%) on G. ulmifolia; Apioscelis bulbosa was found on G. ulmifolia, C. integrifolia, S. purpurea and S. dulcis with incidences of 80, 56, 8 and 4%, respectively and Aphis gossypii was recorded on S. purpurea with 20% incidence. This research provides information oriented to the propagation, management and conservation of forest and fruit species in the Peruvian Amazon.

RESUMEN Se evaluó la supervivencia e insectos plaga de especies forestales y frutales en Puerto Almendra, Loreto, Perú. Se obtuvieron plántulas y estacas de 15 especies forestales y de 04 especies frutales, a partir de poblaciones naturales y huertos familiares; estas fueron instaladas en parcelas de 25 x 25 m, 25 individuos por especie. Las estacas de Spondias purpurea tuvieron mayor supervivencia (84%), Spondias mombin y Spondias dulcis alcanzaron 36% y 24% respectivamente. Las plantas provenientes de semillas botánicas con muy buena supervivencia (80‑100%) fueron Copaifera paupera, Dipteryx odorata, Carapa guianensis, Swietenia macrophylla, Hura crepitans, Chorisia integrifolia, Spondias mombin, Guazuma ulmifolia, Pleurothyrium parviflorum, Amburana cearensis. Con buena supervivencia (60‑79%) se encuentran Cedrelinga cateniformis, Cedrela odorata y Genipa americana. En la categorı́a regular (40‑59%) están Caryodendron orinocense y Calycophyllum spruceanum. En la categoría malo (<40%) Calophyllum brasiliense y Aniba rosaeodora. Se revisaron minuciosamente los daños de los insectos en las plantas, 04 plagas fueron registradas: Hypsipyla grandella en S. macrophylla, C. odorata y G. ulmifolia con incidencia de entre 100% y 84%; Parasaissetia nigra tuvo una incidencia de 88% en G. ulmifolia; Apioscelis bulbosa fue encontrada en G. ulmifolia, C. integrifolia, S. purpurea y S. dulcis con incidencias del 80, 56, 8 y 4% respectivamente y Aphis gossypii fue registrada en S. purpurea con 20% de incidencia. Esta investigación proporciona información orientada a la propagación, manejo y conservación de especies forestales y frutales de la Amazonia peruana.

ABSTRACT Three parasitoid species Aphidius colemani, Aphidius matricariae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Aphelinus abdominalis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) were evaluated concerning their parasitism potential in two aphid species, Aphis glycines and Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The feeding of these two aphid species, even at low sums, can significantly damage photosynthesis and is found to transmit many kinds of plant viruses, which impact potential adverse effects on the plants. The overall parasitization on all nymphal ages in As. glycines was accomplished by Ad. colemani (60.50%), Ad. matricariae (49.16%) and Al. abdominalis (40%), while in As. gossypii parasitism exhibited by Ad. colemani (79.48%), Ad. matricariae (65.33%) and Al. abdominalis (58.83%). Aphelinus abdominalis exhibited the lowest parasitism in both given species as hosts. Significant differences in parasitism of different parasitoids and host species were observed. Concerning the preference of nymphal instars, we found that parasitoids species prefer to parasitize 1st- 4th instars in As. gossypii while in As. glycines 2nd, 1st, 3rd and 4th. Our results showed that the parasitism increases with the increase of parasitoid numbers and hosts densities.

Resumen Introducción: La adecuada identificación biológica es fundamental para establecer programas de manejo integrado de plagas e identificar las relaciones tróficas y mutualistas que pueden afectar la dinámica poblacional de insectos plaga. Los áfidos son las principales plagas del ají Capsicum spp. (Solanaceae) en el suroccidente colombiano, debido a su rol como vectores de virus. Sin embargo, su identificación es compleja, y limita las investigaciones que intentan revelar sus interacciones con otros organismos. Las hormigas y los áfidos presentan una relación mutualista facultativa, que promueve el crecimiento de las colonias de los hemípteros, por esta razón, el estudio de la asociación ecológica y mutualista entre áfidos y hormigas es importante. Objetivo: El principal objetivo de esta investigación fue discriminar las especies de áfidos presentes en cultivos comerciales de Capsicum spp., e identificar la comunidad de hormigas que atiende las colonias de áfidos y su efecto en el tamaño de las colonias de áfidos. Métodos: Los áfidos, y las hormigas mutualistas de estos áfidos, se recolectaron de Capsicum annuum y Capsicum frutescens, en el valle del rio Cauca, en el suroccidente colombiano. Se empleó el Código de barras del ADN para identificar las especies de áfidos, y las hormigas se identificaron empleando taxonomía basada en morfología. Para evaluar el efecto que tiene el cuidado de las hormigas sobre el tamaño de las colonias de áfidos, se empleó un modelo lineal generalizado, utilizando como variables de respuesta el número total de áfidos por cada colonia y la proporción de ninfas por colonia. Resultados: Las especies de áfidos que atacan los cultivos de ají, son: Aphis gossypii y Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), siendo A. gossypii la especie que interactúa con hormigas (19 especies). Las colonias de A. gossypii atendidas por hormigas presentan mayor tamaño y número de ninfas, que aquellas desatendidas. Conclusiones: Aunque la interacción áfido-hormiga no es especie específica, es necesario considerar su rol en la propagación de enfermedades virales en plantas cultivadas y determinar cómo esta interacción puede afectar la implementación de estrategias de control biológico.

Abstract Introduction: Adequate biological identification is fundamental for establishing integrated pest management programs and identifying the trophic and mutualist relationships that can affect pest population dynamics. Aphids are the main pest of pepper Capsicum spp. (Solanaceae) crops in Southwestern Colombia, due to their role as vectors of viruses. However, the identification of aphid species is complex, limiting the investigations performed to address their interactions with other organisms. Ants and aphids present a facultative mutualistic relationship, that promotes the growth of hemipteran colonies, for this reason, the study of the ecological mutualistic association between aphids and ants is important. Objective: The main objective was to discriminate the aphid species present in commercial crops of Capsicum spp., and to identify the ant community that attends the aphid colonies and its effects on the size of the aphid colonies. Methods: Aphid species, and their ant mutualist, were collected from Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutescens, in the Cauca valley, Southwestern Colombia. We used the DNA barcoding approach to identify aphid species, and the ants were identified by morphology-based taxonomy. To evaluate the effect of ant care on the size and structure of aphid colonies, generalized linear models were calculated using as the response variables the total number of aphids for each colony and the proportion of nymphs. Results: The aphid species that attack pepper crops, are: Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), with A. gossypii being the species that interacts with ants (19 ant species). A. gossypii colonies attended by ants had larger sizes and more nymphs per colony, than those not attended. Conclusions: Although the aphid-ant interaction is not species-specific, it is necessary to consider its role in the propagation of viral diseases in peppers and to determine how this interaction may affect regional biological control strategies.

RESUMEN Los pulgones del duraznero Myzus persicae y del algodonero Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera; Aphidiae) son plagas claves en el cultivo de pimiento protegido en Argentina debido a su frecuente aparición y la magnitud de los daños ocasionados por la alimentación y la transmisión de virus. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la eficacia de productos botánicos para controlar esta plaga y sus efectos secundarios en parasitoides en este cultivo. Para ello, fueron evaluados tres formulados de origen botánico para control de plagas derivados de aceites esenciales (AEs) y extractos vegetales (Es), a saber: (i) aceite esencial (AE) de neem, AE canela, AE clavo de olor y combinaciones: AE orégano y AE de copete (formulado 1); (ii) AE de ajo y AE de canela (formulado 2); (iii) extracto (E) de ajo y E de ruda (formulado 3); una coadyuvante lecitina de soja (lecitina) y, una pulverización con agua (control). Para este estudio se efectuó un diseño totalmente aleatorizado con tres repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron aplicados directamente sobre el follaje con mochila manual semanalmente hasta concluir el estudio. Posteriormente, se evaluó el número de pulgones sanos y parasitados (momias) por hoja en campo y laboratorio mediante un Análisis de Varianza (ANOVA) de medidas repetidas y test LSD Fischer. Estos resultados mostraron que los formulados 1 y 3 registraron un menor número de pulgones y momias comparados con los restantes tratamientos. Esta evidencia indicaría que estos formulados repelen pulgones y parasitoides, sin generar la letalidad que producen los insecticidas de amplio espectro.

ABSTRACT The peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and cotton aphid Aphis gossypii (Clover) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are considered to be key pests affecting greenhouse pepper crops in Argentina as a result of their frequent occurrence and the seriousness of the damage caused by their feeding behavior and the transmission of virus. The goal of this research was to determine the efficiency of botanical products to control aphids and their side effects on parasitoids in this crop. Thus, three biorational pest control formulations derived from essential oils (EO) and plant extracts (Es) were tested, namely (i) neem EO, cinnamon EO, clove EO, oregano EO and American marigold EO (formulation 1); (ii) garlic EO and cinnamon EO (formulation 2); (iii) garlic E and rue E (formulation 3); and a soy lecithin adjuvant (lecithin), and finally, a control (water spray method). For this research, a completely randomized design was replicated 3 times. These treatments were applied directly to the foliage by means of a backpack sprayer on a weekly basis until the end of this trial. Subsequently, the total number of healthy aphids and parasitized aphids (mummies) on every leaf was recorded in the field and the laboratory through repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and LSD Fisher method. The results showed that formulation 1 and formulation 3 recorded a lower number of aphids and mummies compared to the other treatments. This evidence would demonstrate that these formulations repel aphids and parasitoids without the lethal effects caused by the use of broad spectrum insecticides.

ABSTRACT The study of arthropod communities foraging on monocultures of native plants (e.g. Caryocar brasiliense) in biodiversity hotspots (e.g. Brazilian Cerrado) is important to understand the processes driving their performance. This study evaluated the possible interactions between galling herbivores, free-feeding arthropods, and of their natural enemies on C. brasiliense trees, in an orchard (monoculture). The possible competition observed were: i) between galling insects with defoliators and phytophagous mites, ii) between sucking insects, iii) between phytophagous mites and, iv) between Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) with Histiostoma sp. (Acari: Histiostomidae) on C. brasiliense trees. Numbers of predators and prey, parasitoids and hosts, and predators and parasitoids were directly related among them. The competitive interactions between herbivorous predator and parasitoid may reduce Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) populations, a potential pest of C. brasiliense. The predator Zelus armillatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and the parasitoids Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) and Ablerus magistretti (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) are important to determine the numbers of Eurytoma sp. and of its galls. These natural enemies may be important to control this galling insect on C. brasiliense trees. The arthropod competition affected their guild associated to C. brasiliense trees.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the population fluctuation of aphids on common bean in Santa Clara, Cuba. Aphis craccivora Koch reached the population peak at fourth trifoliate leave with 47,30 % of aphids whereas Aphis gossypii Glover reached the maximum population level at pre-flowering and flowering with 42,80 % of aphids in each growth stage. Minimum temperature was negative correlated with A. gossypii while maximum temperature, relative humidity and precipitations did not influence the number of aphids.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la fluctuación poblacional de áfidos sobre frijol común en Santa Clara, Cuba. Aphis craccivora Koch alcanzó el pico poblacional en la fase de cuarto trifolio con el 47,30 % de los áfidos mientras que Aphis gossypii Glover alcanzó el máximo nivel poblacional en prefloración y floración con un 42,80 % de áfidos en cada una de las fases. La temperatura mínima se correlacionó negativamente con A. gossypii mientras que la temperatura máxima, la humedad relativa y las precipitaciones no influyeron en el número de áfidos.

RESUMO A pimenta-de-cheiro, Capsicum chinense é uma cultura importante na Bacia Amazônica, cultivada principalmente por pequenos produtores. Plantas de C. chinense em um campo experimental localizado no norte do estado brasileiro do Amazonas, foram encontradas apresentando sintomas característicos de infecção viral. Extratos de amostras de folhas sintomáticas examinados ao microscópio eletrônico de transmissão revelaram a presença de partículas alongadas e flexuosas e de partículas isométricas. Análises moleculares permitiram identificar a presença do pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV) e do cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Pulgões, identificados como Aphis gossypii foram encontrados colonizando pimenteiras-de-cheiro neste campo experimental e podem representar o provável vetor de PepYMV e CMV. Este trabalho relata a primeira ocorrência desses vírus infectando C. chinense no estado do Amazonas.

ABSTRACT The habanero chilli pepper, Capsicum chinense is an important crop in the Amazon Basin, mainly grown by small-scale producers. Capsicum chinense plants in an experimental field in the northern Brazilian state of Amazonas were found exhibiting characteristic symptoms of viral infection. Leaf sap from symptomatic plants examined under a transmission electron microscope revealed the presence of elongated flexuous particles and isometric particles. Using molecular assays, the viruses were identified as pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Aphids, identified as Aphis gossypii, were found colonizing the C. chinense plants in the field and may be the vector for both PepYMV and CMV. We report the first occurrence of these viruses infecting C. chinense in the state of Amazonas.

RESUMO Nesta pesquisa objetivou-se avaliar os aspectos biológicos e o comportamento alimentar de Aphis gossypii em cultivares de melancia submetidas à aplicação de silício. O experimento foi conduzido no Instituto de Educação, Agricultura e Ambiente da Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Humaitá, Brasil. Utilizaram-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso e o esquema fatorial 2×3 (sem silício e com silício; cultivares Crimson Sweet, Fairfax e Charleston), com dez repetições. A aplicação do ácido silícico (1%) foi realizada diretamente no substrato, com dose equivalente a 1 ton SiO2·ha-1, 25 dias após a semeadura. Os pulgões da criação foram mantidos em plantas de pepino, cultivar Caipira. Foram conduzidos ensaios de biologia do inseto para avaliação da duração dos períodos pré-reprodutivo, reprodutivo e pós-reprodutivo, longevidade, número de ninfas e comportamento alimentar por meio da técnica de secreção de honeydew. Realizou-se a análise de variância dos dados utilizando-se o programa estatístico SISVAR e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de F e Scott–Knott (p ≤ 0,05). A aplicação de silício em plantas de melancia afeta a reprodução e a alimentação de A. gossypii. Plantas de melancia do cultivar Crimson Sweet tratadas com silício apresentam alta resistência à alimentação por A. gossypii.

ABSTRACT This research aimed to evaluate the biological aspects and the feeding behavior of Aphis gossypii in watermelon cultivars submitted to silicon application. The experiment was conducted at the Institute of Education, Agriculture and Environment of the Federal University of Amazonas, Humaitá, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2×3 factorial (with and without silicon; cultivars Crimson Sweet, Fairfax and Charleston), with ten replications. The application of silicic acid (1%) was carried out directly on the substrate using dose equivalent to 1 ton SiO2·ha-1, 25 days after sowing. The rearing of aphids was kept in cucumber plants, cultivar Caipira. Insect biology tests were conducted to evaluate the duration of the prereproductive, reproductive and postreproductive periods, longevity, number of nymphs, and feeding behavior using the honeydew secretion technique. Analysis of variance was performed using the statistical program SISVAR and the means were compared by the F and Scott–Knott test (p ≤ 0.05). The silicon application to watermelon plants affects the reproduction and feeding of A. gossypii. The watermelon plants cultivar Crimson Sweet treated with silicon has high resistance to feeding by A. gossypii.

Objetivou-se avaliar a resistência de cultivares de algodão colorido por meio de indutores químicos. Diferentes cultivares de algodão foram plantados em vasos e mantidas em sala climatizada (temperatura diurna de 28±2ºC e noturna de 25±2ºC; 70±10 % de U.R. e 12 horas de fotofase). Ácido silícico ou acibenzolar-S-methyl foram aplicados nas plantas e estas foram ofertadas para o afídeo Aphis gossypii. O delineamento experimental foi em esquema fatorial envolvendo três cultivares de algodão e dois indutores de resistência com 10 repetições por tratamento. Os parâmetros biológicos observados foram mortalidade ninfal, duração do estado ninfal, períodos pré-reprodutivo, reprodutivo e pós-reprodutivo, longevidade e número total de ninfas produzidas. Os teores de fenóis e lenhina presentes nas folhas foram quantificados. Observou-se maior duração do período ninfal, menor número médio de ninfas produzidas e maior mortalidade ninfal no tratamento com ASM. O silício e ASM promoveram aumento no teor de lenhina na cv. BRS Verde. Contudo, no que se refere aos fenóis apenas o silício proporcionou aumento, na cv. BRS Verde. Assim, a aplicação de ASM afetou negativamente parâmetros biológicos de A. gossypii, por meio do aumento de lenhina nas plantas e a cv. BRS Verde se apresentou como uma melhor cultivar a ser utilizada, acumulando maiores teores de lenhina e fenóis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance induced by chemical inducers on cultivars of colored cotton. The cotton was planted in pots and kept in a climate-controlled room (28±2ºC daytime temperature, 25±2ºC night temperature, 70±10 % R.H.; and 12 hours of photoperiod). Silicon and acibenzolar-S-methyl were applied to the plants that were offered to Aphis gossypii afterwards. The bioassays were conducted in a randomized design in a factorial arrangement, with three cultivars of cotton and two resistance inducers, with ten repetitions. The biological parameters observed were: ninfal mortality, duration of nymphal stage, and pre-reproductive, reproductive and post-reproductive periods, longevity and total number of nymphs produced. The lignin and phenol content in the leaves were quantified. The longest duration of the nymphal period, the lower number of nymphs produced, and the major mortality were observed in the ASM treatment. Silicon and ASM promoted an increase in lignin content in the cv. BRS Verde. Thus, the ASM application affected negatively biological parameters of A. gossypii, by increasing the lignin content in plants. The cv. BRS Verde is a better cutivar to be used, because it accumulated higher lignina and phenol contents.

Abstract Laboratory trials were performed to determine the impact of three Neotropical predatory coccinellids (Cycloneda sanguinea, Eriopis connexa and Coleomegilla quadrifasciata) and a minute pirate bug (Orius insidiosus) on Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, an important strawberry aphid pest. The predation on C. fragaefolii nymphs and adults, as well as the time to the first attack of all predators were compared with predation on Aphis gossypii. Predator preferences for prey and aphid defensive behavior were also evaluated. Moreover, the effect of coccinellids on C. fragaefolii population growth was assessed in experimental greenhouse conditions. The predation rate varied among predators, being significantly lower for O. insidiosus than for the coccinellids. Consumption was higher on A. gossypii than on C. fragaefolii, regardless of the aphids developmental stage. The time to the first attack of all predators was longer in the presence of C. fragaefolii. Walking away and cornicle secretion were the most common antipredator behaviors of aphid against coccinellids and O. insidiosus, respectively. Coccinellids preferred A. gossypii over C. fragaefolii, while O. insidiosus showed indifference. Cycloneda sanguinea and E. connexa exhibited the highest suppression effect on the growth rate of C. fragaefolii. Thus, the four predators evaluated could contribute to reduce strawberry aphid populations, especially C. sanguinea and E. connexa.

RESUMEN Una gran variedad de artrópodos plaga causan, a nivel mundial, perjuicios en cultivos hortícolas. Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) son las principales plagas de artrópodos que afectan a cultivos de pimiento bajo cubierta. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la efectividad de cuatro productos botánicos diferentes como una alternativa ecológica para el control de pulgones en cultivo protegido de pimiento en Concordia, Argentina. Se probaron formulaciones de extractos/aceites vegetales a base de: aceite esencial de canela Cinnamomun verum (J. Presl.) [AE canela]; aceite esencial de cuasia Quassia amara (L.) [AE cuasia], aceite de neem Azadarichta indica (A. Juss.) [M neem] y extracto de ajo Allium sativum (L.) [M ajo]. Cabe aclarar que éstos dos últimos contienen a su vez otros extractos/aceites esenciales que fueron comparados con un testigo absoluto (agua). Se realizó una distribución de acuerdo con un diseño totalmente aleatorio con tres repeticiones. Los tratamientos se aplicaron directamente sobre el follaje con mochila manual iniciándose 1 semana después del trasplante y luego, semanalmente, hasta finalizar el ensayo. Posteriormente, se evaluó el número promedio total de pulgones por hoja. Estos resultados mostraron que el tratamiento con aceite de neem (en mezcla M neem) registró un número de pulgones menor comparado con el resto de los tratamientos y testigo absoluto. Sin embargo, el mayor número de pulgones parasitados (momias) fue observado en las hojas tratadas con el aceite esencial de cuasia (AE cuasia).

ABSTRACT A wide variety of arthropod pests that cause damage in agricultural crops can be found worldwide. The cotton aphids Aphis gossypii (Glover) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are the most significant arthropod pests, which affect greenhouse pepper crops. This research was carried out to determine the effectiveness of three distinct plant products used as an alternative biological aphid pest control in a greenhouse pepper crop in Concordia, Argentina. The effectiveness was determined by testing three formulas of essential plant oils or extracts, derived from cinnamon essential oil Cinnamomun verum (J. Presl.) [Cinnamon EO], Quassia essential oil Quassia amara (L.) [Quassia EO], neem oil Azadarichta indica (A. Juss.) [M neem] and garlic Allium sativum (L.) [M garlic]. It has to be noted that the latter two formulas contained other extracts/essential oils, which were compared to the absolute control (water). For that purpose, this research was carried out with a completely randomized design and replicated three times. The applications were made by means of a backpack sprayer, straight onto the foliage. The first application was made 1 week after the plant transplanting and afterward on a weekly basis until the end of the study. Subsequently, the total average number of aphids (adults and nymphs) on every leaf was recorded. The results showed that the treatment with neem oil (with M neem) recorded a lower number of aphids, as compared to the other treatments, including the absolute control. However, a significant number of parasitized aphids (mummies) were found on leaves treated with Quassia essential oil (Quassia EO).