Abstract Was evaluated the development time, life tables and predation capacity of Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) on the corn aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus), vector of the barley dwarf virus (BYDV). The life time of C. sexmaculata egg was 3.8±0.28 days, while the larva and pupa life time were 9.2±0.38 and 5.02±0.38 days respectively. The specific mortality rate (q ) remained low in the four larval instars and pupa, but during the egg stage its q increased. The instar IV (77.6±2.96 consumed aphids) followed by the instar III (31.1±2.22 consumed aphids) are exerting greater predation. The nymphs of R. padi are the more consumed compared to the adults. The results obtained establish for the first time the development time of C. sexmaculata fed with R. padi was 18,02±0,55 days under controlled conditions.

Resumen Se evaluó el tiempo de desarrollo, tablas de vida y capacidad de consumo de Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) sobre el áfido del maíz Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus), vector del virus del enanismo de la cebada (BYDV). El tiempo de vida del huevo de C. sexmaculata fue de 3,8±0,28 días, mientras que el tiempo de vida de la larva y pupa fue de 9,2±0,38 y 5,02±0,38 días respectivamente. La tasa de mortalidad específica (q ) permaneció baja en los cuatro instares larvales y pupa, pero durante el estado de huevo la q se incrementó. El instar IV (77,6±2,96 áfidos consumidos) seguido por el instar III (31,1±2,22 áfidos consumidos) ejercieron una mayor depredación. Las ninfas de R. padi son más consumidas en comparación con los adultos. Los resultados obtenidos establecen que por vez primera el tiempo de desarrollo de C. sexmaculata alimentado con R. padi fue de 18,02±0,55 días bajo condiciones controladas.

Abstract The use of fungi and bacteria with pathogenic capacity towards insects is considered a sustainable agroecological alternative for efficient pest control, as they are microorganisms of easy production in industrial scale, formulation and use. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate four entomopathogenic formulations in the control of Brevicoryne brassicae L., a key pest of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), in a randomized complete block design with 4 treatments, plus an absolute control and 4 replicates. The variables evaluated were the number of dead and live aphids per plant and the number of infested plants. The commercial formulations Biosafe, BesT-K, Metarrizo and Yurak containing strains of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki (Btk), Metarhizium anisopliae and Bauveria bassiana respectively, are the ones that were used by spray application to the crop in two seasons: planting, season August-December 2019 and August-December 2021. Among the results, M. anisopliae was recorded with up to 91.11 % efficiency, followed by B. bassiana with 89.50 % and Bs with 79.38 % in the reduction of populations under field conditions. In the laboratory, Btk and M. anisopliae reached 100 % mortality in a period of seven days, so it is concluded that in the medium term, entomopathogenic fungi in the field are more efficient in aphid control; however, in controlled conditions Btk is also efficient.

Resumen El uso de hongos y bacterias con capacidad patogénica hacia los insectos se considera una alternativa agroecológica sostenible de lucha eficiente contra las plagas por ser microorganismos de fácil producción en escala industrial, formulación y uso; entonces, el objetivo ha sido evaluar cuatro formulados entomopatógenos en el control de Brevicoryne brassicae L, plaga clave de la col (Brassica oleracea L.), en diseño de bloques completos al azar de 4 tratamientos, sumado un testigo absoluto y 4 réplicas, siendo las variables evaluadas la cantidad de pulgones muertos y vivos por planta y cantidad de plantas infestadas. Los formulados comerciales Biosafe, BesT-K, Metarrizo y Yurak que contenían cepas de Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki (Btk), Metarhizium anisopliae y Bauveria bassiana, respectivamente, son los que fueron utilizados mediante la aplicación por aspersión al cultivo en dos épocas de siembra, temporada agosto-diciembre 2019 y agosto-diciembre 2021. Entre los resultados se registró al M. anisopliae con hasta 91,11 % de eficiencia, seguida por B. bassiana con 89,50 % y Bs con 79,38 % en la reducción de las poblaciones en condiciones de campo; en laboratorio el Btk y M. anisopliae alcanzaron el 100 % de mortalidad en un lapso de siete días, por lo que se concluye que a mediano plazo los hongos entomopatógenos en campo resultan ser más eficientes en el control del pulgón, sin embargo, en condiciones controladas el Btk también es eficiente.

Resumen El pulgón de la caña de azúcar, Melanaphis sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (PCA) afecta la producción de sorgo granífero, Sorghum bicolor (Poaceae). Se evaluó la respuesta de híbridos de sorgo a PCA durante 2017 en Guanajuato, México. Los experimentos se establecieron bajo diseños de parcelas en franjas con dos factores (híbridos, tratamientos de manejo químico basado en umbral -MQBU) y bajo condiciones de riego o secano. Los experimentos se establecieron en dos fechas de siembra en Celaya y Valle de Santiago (con riego) utilizando los híbridos tolerantes a PCA APACHE, BRS-70, MEZQUITE, SCAP-618 y UPM-219, susceptible a PCA. Los experimentos de secano se establecieron en Celaya, Valle de Santiago y Pénjamo utilizando MEZQUITE y SCAP-618 (tolerantes) y las líneas UPM-219, SHORTER y MAJESTIC-355 (susceptibles). Las estrategias de MQBU fueron a) con MQBU (tratamiento de semillas con tiametoxam; flupiradifurona o sulfoxaflor aplicado al follaje), y b) sin MQBU (control). Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p < 0,05) entre los tratamientos bajo riego y secano para el número de pulgones por hoja y rendimiento de grano. APACHE, BRS-70 y MEZQUITE tuvieron los mayores rendimientos de grano con MQBU y sin MQBU. UPM-219 fue competitivo en condiciones de MQBU, pero sin MQBU mostró pérdidas totales de rendimiento. Las regresiones lineales rendimiento-densidad acumulada de áfidos fueron negativamente significativas (p ≤ 0,05) para el sorgo cultivado sin MQBU. El riego aumentó el rendimiento de grano en 64 % en comparación con los experimentos en secano; el MQBU aumentó el rendimiento de grano (50 % en condiciones de riego y 100 % en secano). El MQBU aumentó los rendimientos de grano y redujo las poblaciones acumuladas de PCA en condiciones de riego o secano, principalmente para el sorgo susceptible. El germoplasma resistente y el MQBU podrían controlar al PCA en sorgo cultivado en Guanajuato, principalmente en siembras tardías frecuentemente realizadas en condiciones de secano.

Abstract The sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (SCA) affects grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (Poaceae) production. The response of sorghum hybrids to SCA was evaluated during 2017 in Guanajuato, Mexico. Experiments were established under strip-plot designs with two factors (hybrids, threshold-based chemical management -TBCM- treatments) and under irrigated or dryland conditions. Experiments were established on two sowing dates at Celaya and Valle de Santiago (irrigated) using the SCA-tolerant hybrids APACHE, BRS-70, MEZQUITE, SCAP-618, and SCA-susceptible UPM-219. Dryland experiments were established at Celaya, Valle de Santiago, and Pénjamo using MEZQUITE, and SCAP-618 (tolerant), and lines UPM-219, SHORTER, and MAJESTIC-355 (susceptible). The TBCMstrategies were a) with TBCM (seed treatment with thiamethoxam; flupyradifurone or sulfoxaflor applied to foliage), and b) without TBCM (control). Significant differences (p < 0.05) between treatments under irrigated and dryland conditions for the number of aphids per leaf and grain yield were found. APACHE, BRS-70, and MEZQUITE had the highest grain yields under both TBCM and no-TBCM. UPM-219 was competitive under TBCM conditions, but without TBCM showed total yield losses. The yield-aphid cumulative density linear regressions were negatively significant (p ≤ 0.05) to sorghum cultivated without TBCM. Irrigation increased 64 % grain yields compared with dryland experiments. TBCM increased grain yield (50 % in irrigated and 100 % in dryland conditions). TBCM increased grain yields and reduced cumulative SCA populations under irrigated or rainfed conditions, mainly for susceptible sorghum. Resistant germplasm and TBCM could control SCA in sorghum cultivated in Guanajuato, mainly at late sowings frequently carried out under dryland conditions.

ABSTRACT Plant extracts are a great source of molecules with insecticidal activity and are used to control pests in various crop production systems. In this study, we evaluated the aphidicidal properties in vitro of the n-hexane extract of leaves of castor-bean (Ricinus communis L.; Euphorbiaceae) at different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 kg m-3) against apterous adults of corn leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch) and the yellow sugarcane aphid (Sipha flava Forbes). The observed effects were dose-dependent, and the highest concentration evaluated (10 kg m-3) caused 82% mortality in R. maidis and 79% in S. flava. To identify chemical compounds, present in the extract we used mass gas chromatography, identifying 16 compounds. Palmitic acid was the major compound, with 45.34% abundance. The data obtained indicate the existence of insecticidal compounds in the castor-bean n-hexane extract, which could be used as an alternative bioinsecticide in the integrated management of these two aphid species.

ABSTRACT Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), also known as the cotton aphid, is a notable pest of several crops. Its damage can be direct and indirect. The direct damage is due to its feeding, which causes leaf shriveling, deformation of shoots, and loss of plant vigor. The pest’s indirect damage is through virus transmission to cotton. In Brazil, A. gossypii is considered as a pest to several crops, but there are no references to infestations of this aphid in soybeans. The objectives of this manuscript were to report the presence of A. gossypii infesting and colonizing soybean crops in São Paulo state, Brazil, and to alert the scientific community and farmers about this possible new pest in Brazilian soybean fields.

Abstract The black aphid Aphis craccivora Koch is one of the main pests of the caupi-bean crop Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Due to the need to find effective and safe methods of control, there has been an increase in research seeking natural alternatives. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of essential oils from jatoba Hymenaea courbaril, copaiba Copaifera langsdorffii and aroeira Schinus terebinthifolius to control nymphs and adults of A. craccivora. The oils were extracted from the leaves by the hydrodistillation method, diluted to 0.1% in distilled water with 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Each treatment had four repetitions, plus a control with distilled water + 2% DMSO. The biotests were conducted in two stages: the first was conducted in the laboratory, under controlled conditions of temperature, relative humidity and photophase, and the second was conducted in the greenhouse, using only the treatment with the best laboratory test results. After 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours of exposure, the insect mortalities were checked. In the first phase of the experiment, the aroeira oil showed 83.33% and 75.75% efficiency of mortality in nymphs and adults, respectively. In the greenhouse tests, this same oil showed 73.52% in nymphs and 62.85% in adults, opening new perspectives regarding its use as a natural insecticide for the control of the black aphid of the bean.

Resumo O pulgão preto Aphis craccivora Koch é uma das principais pragas da cultura do feijão-caupi Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Em virtude da necessidade de encontrar métodos eficazes e seguros de controle, tem-se aumentado as pesquisas buscando alternativas naturais. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial dos óleos essenciais de jatobá Hymenaea courbaril, copaíba Copaifera langsdorffii e aroeira Schinus terebinthifolius para controlar ninfas e adultos de A. craccivora. Os óleos foram extraídos das folhas pelo método de hidrodestilação, diluídos a 0,1% em água destilada com Dimetilsufóxido a 2% (DMSO). Cada tratamento possuiu quatro repetições, além da testemunha com água destilada + DMSO 2%. Os biotestes foram conduzidos em duas etapas: a primeira foi realizada em laboratório, sob condições controladas de temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e fotofase e a segunda foi realizada em casa de vegetação, utilizando apenas o tratamento com melhor resultado do teste em laboratório. Depois de transcorridos 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas de exposição, foram verificadas as mortalidades dos insetos. Na primeira fase do experimento, o óleo de aroeira apresentou 83,33% e 75,75% de eficiência de mortalidade em ninfas e adultos, respectivamente. Nos testes em casa de vegetação, esse mesmo óleo apresentou 73,52% em ninfas e 62,85% e em adultos, abrindo novas perspectivas quanto à sua utilização como inseticida natural para o controle do pulgão preto do feijoeiro.

Resumo No processo de produção de mudas de eucalipto ocorre um complexo de artrópodes, podendo destacar os insetos sugadores, como pulgões. Objetivou-se estudar pulgões em mudas e minicepas em minijardim clonal de eucalipto no Brasil, através de sua identificação, estudos de crescimento populacional e preferência hospedeira desses insetos em diferentes espécies de eucalipto. Neste estudo registra-se, pela primeira vez em Eucalyptus spp. no Brasil, as espécies Aphis gossypii Glover, 1887 e Aphis spiraecola Patch, 1914 (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Colônias de pulgões foram observadas em abril e março de 2018 infestando mudas de Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell e Eucalyptus brassiana S.T. Blake na casa de vegetação da Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), em Teresina, Piauí; e em minijardim clonal de Eucalyptus spp. do viveiro de produção de mudas PlantBem, em Monsenhor Gil, Piauí. O crescimento populacional de Aphis spiraecola foi avaliado através da utilização da taxa instantânea de crescimento (ri) em seis espécies de eucalipto (Eucalyptus pellita, Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Maiden, Eucalyptus brassiana, Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake, Eucalyptus tereticornis Smith e Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson), assim como foi testada a preferência hospedeira do pulgão por essas espécies através de teste com chance de escolha. Apenas em Corymbia citriodora não houve crescimento populacional de A. spiraecola. Aphis spiraecola demonstrou menor preferência hospedeira por Corymbia citriodora, enquanto as espécies Eucalyptus pellita e Eucalyptus urophylla foram as preferidas. Este é o primeiro registro de Aphis gossypii em minijardim clonal de eucalipto e de Aphis spiraecola em mudas de Eucalyptus spp. no Brasil. artrópodes sugadores Objetivouse Objetivou se Brasil identificação registrase, registrase registra se, registra-se spp Glover 188 Patch 191 Hemiptera (Hemiptera Aphididae. Aphididae . Aphididae) 201 F ST S T S.T UFPI, UFPI , (UFPI) Teresina PlantBem Gil ri (ri WHill W Maiden Hook. Hook (Hook. KD K D K.D LAS L A L.A.S Johnson, Johnson Johnson) escolha preferidas 18 19 20 (UFPI (Hook 1 2

Abstract The process of producing eucalyptus seedlings hosts a complex of arthropods, which can highlight sucking insects, such as aphids. The aim was to study aphids on seedlings and mini-stumps in a clonal mini-garden of eucalyptus in Brazil, through their identification, studies of population growth and host preference of these insects in different species of eucalyptus. In this study, it is registered, for the first time in Eucalyptus spp. in Brazil, the species Aphis gossypii Glover 1887 and Aphis spiraecola Patch 1914 (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Aphid colonies were observed in April and March 2018 infesting Eucalyptus pellita and Eucalyptus brassiana seedlings in the greenhouse of the Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), in Teresina, Piauí; and in a clonal mini-garden of Eucalyptus spp. from the PlantBem seedling production nursery in Monsenhor Gil, Piauí. The population growth of Aphis spiraecola was evaluated using the instantaneous growth rate (ri) in six species of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus pellita, Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus brassiana, Eucalyptus urophylla, Eucalyptus tereticornis e Corymbia citriodora), as well as the aphid host preference for these species was tested through a choice test. Only in Corymbia citriodora there was no population growth of Aphis spiraecola. Aphis spiraecola showed less host preference for Corymbia citriodora, while Eucalyptus pellita and Eucalyptus urophylla were the preferred species. This is the first record of Aphis gossypii in a clonal mini-garden of eucalyptus and of Aphis spiraecola in seedlings of Eucalyptus spp. in Brazil. arthropods ministumps mini stumps minigarden garden Brazil identification registered spp 188 191 Hemiptera (Hemiptera Aphididae. Aphididae . Aphididae) 201 UFPI, UFPI , (UFPI) Teresina Gil ri (ri grandis citriodora) test 18 19 20 (UFPI 1 2

Resumen: Los extractos botánicos son ampliamente usados para el control de plagas en la agricultura, sin embargo, muy poco se conoce sobre su efecto en el control del pulgón verde (Myzus persicae) y mosca blanca (Bemisia tabaci). M. persicae y B. tabaci son especies altamente perjudiciales para el cultivo de pimiento debido al hábito chupador que poseen y por ser vectores de enfermedades. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto insecticida de extractos de ruda (Ruta graveolens), cebolla (Allium cepa), flor de muerto (Tagetes sp.) y menta (Mentha pulegium) como alternativa ecológica para el control del pulgón verde y mosca blanca en el cultivo de pimiento. Plántulas de pimiento fueron trasplantadas en campo y distribuidas utilizando el diseño de bloques al azar con cinco tratamientos (T1: extracto de ruda; T2: extracto de cebolla; T3: extracto de flor de muerto; T4: extracto de menta; T5: testigo (Imidacloprid) y tres repeticiones. Los parámetros evaluados fueron: porcentaje de incidencia, densidad y fluctuación poblacional de M. persicae y B. tabaci en el cultivo de pimiento, así como, su efecto en las variables agronómicas y productivas. El uso de extractos botánicos de ruda, cebolla, flor de muerto y menta redujeron la incidencia y densidad poblacional de M. persicae y B. tabaci en el cultivo de pimiento, sin embargo, la acción insecticida de ruda y flor de muerto fueron significativamente más evidentes para B. tabaci (P < 0.05). La fluctuación poblacional de M. persicae y B. tabaci fue alterada al utilizar extractos botánicos. La aplicación de extractos de ruda, cebolla, flor de muerto y menta no influyó en el peso y diámetro del fruto o en el rendimiento del cultivo (P > 0.05); por lo que su uso debe ser considerado en los programas de manejo y control agroecológico de estas plagas.

Summary: Botanical extracts are widely used for the control and management of pests in agriculture. However, very little is known about their effect on the control of green aphid (Myzus persicae) and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). M. persicae and B. tabaci are species that are highly detrimental to the pepper crop due to their sucking habit and because they are disease vectors. This study aimed to evaluate the insecticidal effect of extracts of rue (Ruta graveolens), onion (Allium cepa), marigold (Tagetes sp.), and mint (Mentha pulegium) as an ecological alternative for the control of green aphids and whiteflies in pepper crop. Pepper seedlings were transplanted in the field and distributed using a randomized block design with five treatments (T1: rue extract; T2: onion extract; T3: marigold extract; T4: mint extract; T5: control (Imidacloprid) and three replications. The parameters evaluated were the percentage of incidence, density, and population fluctuation of M. persicae and B. tabaci in the pepper crop, as well as its effect on the agronomic and productive variables. The use of botanical extracts of rue, onion, marigold, and mint reduced the incidence and population density of M. persicae and B. tabaci in pepper crops. However, the insecticidal action of rue and marigold were significantly evident for B. tabaci (P < 0.05). The population fluctuation of M. persicae and B. tabaci was altered by using botanical extracts. The application of extracts of rue, onion, marigold, and mint did not influence the weight and diameter of the fruit, nor affect the pepper crop (P > 0.05). Therefore, its use should be considered in management programs and agroecological control of these pests.

ABSTRACT The international movement of fresh fruits and vegetables that is carried out with the purpose of supplying the nutritional needs of the population is one of the main causes of exotic species introduction in different countries. Insects are one of the groups of organisms that are most frequently intercepted in port terminals in all types of merchandise' particularly in imported fresh vegetables. One of the groups of relevant economic importance present in imported fresh vegetables are aphids. Taking this into consideration, the objectives of this research were: to identify the species of the Aphididae family that arrive in fresh vegetables at two ports in the Panamanian Caribbean coast, to determine if there are identified species of quarantine importance, and to determine in which vegetables the greatest abundance of aphids are intercepted. Following the FAO ISPM 31 methodology, 728 containers were sampled at the Manzanillo International Terminal (MIT) and Panama Port Company (PPC) ports between 2006 and 2012. Eleven aphid taxa were identified: Myzus persicae, Aulacorthum solani, Aphis helianthi, Nasonovia ribisnigri, Rhopalosiphum padi, Metopolophium sp., Brevicoryne brassicae Dysaphis sp., Acyrthosiphon lactucae, Lipaphis erysimi and Hyalopterus sp. None of the species identified are of quarantine interest; among them Myzus persicae was the most frequent species; and Roman lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. longifolia) was the fresh vegetable which presented the greatest diversity and abundance of aphids.

RESUMEN El movimiento internacional de frutas y vegetales frescos que se realiza con el propósito de abastecer las necesidades alimentarias de la población es una de las principales causas de introducción de especies exóticas. Uno de los grupos de organismos que se interceptan con más frecuencia en las terminales portuarias en todo tipo de mercancía y particularmente en los vegetales frescos importados son los insectos y entre ellos la presencia de pulgones cobra una importancia económica relevante. Por lo que los objetivos de esta investigación fueron: identificar las especies de la familia Aphididae que llegan en los vegetales frescos a dos puertos en la costa caribe panameña, determinar si algunas de las especies identificadas son de importancia cuarentenaria y determinar en qué vegetales se interceptan la mayor abundancia de áfidos. Siguiendo la metodología NIMF 31 de la FAO, se muestrearon 728 contenedores en los puertos Manzanillo International Terminal (M.I.T.) y Panamá Port Company (P.P.C.) entre los años 2006 y 2012. Once taxones de áfidos fueron identificados: Myzuspersicae, Aulacorthum solani, Aphis helianthi, Nasonovia ribisnigri, Rhopalosiphumpadi, Metopolophium sp., Brevicoryne brassicae Dysaphis sp., Acyrthosiphon lactucae, Lipaphis erysimi y Hyalopterus sp.Ninguna de ellas es especie de interés cuarentenario y de ellas Myzus persicae fue la especie más frecuente y la lechuga Romana (Lactuca sativa var. longifolia) el vegetal fresco que presenta mayor diversidad y abundancia de áfidos.

Abstract The corn leaf aphid is considered an important pest associated with maize. This study aimed to discover the trophic associations around Rhopalosiphum maidis in Manabí, Ecuador. Maize leaves were sampled to determine the numbers of parasitized aphids, and the identities of predators and parasitoids. Nine taxa of natural enemies were detected: the primary parasitoid was Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson, 1880 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae); the hyperparasitoid Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Mayr, 1876) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae); the predatory hoverfly Ocyptamus dimidiatus (Fabricius, 1781) (Diptera: Syrphidae), four species of coccinellids, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1781), Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763), Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, 1842 and Paraneda pallidula guticollis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and an assassin bug, Zelus sp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). A parasitoid, Pachyneuron formosum Walker, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) emerged from hoverfly pupae. This study reports the presence of the parasitoids S. aphidivorus and P. formosum in Ecuador for the first time. These results increase the knowledge of a four-trophic level relationship (host plant - pest - parasitoids, predators - hyperparasitoids) in a maize agroecosystem as a fundamental basis for biological control programs.

Resumen Los pulgones y las hormigas están relativamente bien estudiados faunísticamente en Serbia. Sin embargo, es necesario presentar las asociaciones mutualistas entre estos dos grupos de insectos, ya que no existe suficiente información sobre este tema para el territorio investigado. En total, se incluyeron en este estudio 220 muestras de asociaciones planta-áfido-hormiga. En 59 localidades de todas las partes de Serbia, se registraron 32 taxones de hormigas y se relacionaron con 74 taxones de áfidos identificados. Las especies de hormigas recogidas con mayor frecuencia que asistían a varias especies de áfidos fueron Lasius niger (L.), L. alienus (Foerster) y Prenolepis nitens (Mayr). La especie de pulgón más común fue Aphis fabae Scopoli, recogida en 27 especies de plantas. Las asociaciones tróficas se presentan como una lista de taxones de hormigas seguida de los áfidos y sus plantas hospedadoras.

Abstract Aphids and ants are relatively well faunistically studied in Serbia. However, there is a need to present the mutualistic associations between these two groups of insects, since there is not sufficient information on this topic for the territory under investigation. In total, 220 samples of plant-aphid-ant associations were included in this study. In 59 localities from all parts of Serbia, 32 ant taxa were registered and connected with 74 identified aphid taxa. The most frequently collected ant species found attending various aphid species were Lasius niger (L.), L. alienus (Foerster) andPrenolepis nitens (Mayr). The most common aphid species was Aphis fabae Scopoli collected on 27 plant species. The trophic associations are presented as a list of ant taxa followed with aphids and their host plants.

SUMMARY: In this study, the insecticide activity of Copaifera langsdorffii oil in the control of Aphis craccivora was evaluated under laboratory conditions. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with five concentrations of 2 %, 4 %, 6 %, 8 % and 10 %, blank test treatment (distilled water + Tween®) and control (Orthene®). In the evaluation, adults of Aphis craccivora and Gliricidia sepium were exposed to the application of 1 mL of the water mixture with different concentrations of oil. Mortality (%) was the variable used for the analysis, being evaluated at 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours after application of the treatments through the analysis of variance and determination of the median lethal concentration (LC50). It was observed that with the increase in concentrations there was increase in the mortality of Aphis craccivora, with higher mortality in the concentration of 10 % in the periods of 4 and 24 hours (88 % and 90 %) and from 6 %, with mortality ranging from 80 to 94 % (after 48 hours) and 92 to 98 % (after 72 hours). The LC50 calculated at times of 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours was: 6.16 %, 4.65 %, 4.22 % and 2.99 %, respectively. Copaiba oil has insecticidal activity and concentration of 6 % can be indicated for the control of Aphis craccivora.

RESUMEN: En este trabajo se evaluó la actividad insecticida del aceite de Copaifera langsdorffii en el control de Aphis craccivora, en condiciones de laboratorio. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado, con cinco concentraciones 2 %, 4 %, 6 %, 8 % y 10 %, tratamiento control (agua destilada + Tween®) y control (Orthene®). En la evaluación, se recolectaron adultos de Aphis craccivora en Gliricidia sepium, y se expusieron a la aplicación de 1 mL de la mezcla de agua con las diferentes concentraciones del aceite. La mortalidad (%) fue la variable utilizada para el análisis, realizado a las 4, 24, 48 y 72 horas después de la aplicación de los tratamientos, mediante análisis de varianza y determinación de la concentración letal mediana (CL50). Se observó que con el aumento de las concentraciones se produjo un incremento en la mortalidad de Aphis craccivora, presentándose una mayor mortalidad (88 % y 90 %) en la concentración del 10 % en los períodos de 4 y 24 horas y del 6 % con una mortalidad que varió de 80 a 94 % (después de 48 horas) y 92 a 98 % (después de 72 horas). La CL50 calculada a las 4, 24, 48 y 72 horas fue del 6,16 %, 4,65 %, 4,22 % y 2,99 %, respectivamente. El aceite de copaiba tiene actividad insecticida y una concentración del 6 % está indicado para el control de Aphis craccivora.

ABSTRACT The predator Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is a polyphagous species that has, among its wide range of acceptable prey, the aphid Macrosiphum rosae (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), an important pest of rose plants. We assessed the consumption of nymphs and adults of M. rosae by C. externa larvae, the predatory efficiency, and larval survival under different predator:prey ratios, densities of aphids, and ages of aphids. The bioassays were performed at 25 ± 1°C and 70 ± 10% RH under a 12-hour photoperiod, with aphids taken from roses of the cultivar Avalanche. Consumption was assessed by making young aphids (2nd and 3rd instars) and more developed aphids (4th instar and adult) available throughout the larval stage of the predator. The predatory efficiency and survival were studied for second-instar larvae offered M. rosae nymphs at densities of 20, 40, 80, 120, and 160 using predator:prey ratios of 1:5, 1:10, and 1:20. The assessments were performed 24, 48, and 72 hours after putting the species together. All of the C. externa instars consumed younger than older aphids. Larvae in the third instar consumed 80% of the young aphids and 77% of the older aphids. The higher the predator:prey ratio and larval density, the higher the predatory efficiency and the lower the larval survival. The ratios 1:5 and 1:10 led to the elimination of younger and older aphid populations 72 hours into the interaction between species. Hagen, Hagen (Hagen 1861 Neuroptera (Neuroptera Chrysopidae has prey Linnaeus, Linnaeus (Linnaeus 1758 Hemiptera (Hemiptera Aphididae, Aphididae , Aphididae) plants M C predatorprey 2 1C 1 7 10 12hour hour 12 photoperiod Avalanche 2nd nd rd 4th th adult secondinstar second 20 40 80 120 16 15, 15 5, 5 110, 110 10, 120. 20. 1:20 24 48 together 77 density 1: 1:1 186 175 4 8 11 1:2 18 17

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a abundância de dolicopodideos em diferentes espécies de adubos verdes. Para isso, foram utilizados os seguintes tratamentos: crotalária (Crotalaria spectabilis), feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata), girassol (Helianthus annuus), mamona (Ricinus communis) e trigo mourisco (Fagopyrum esculentum). A pesquisa foi realizada em campo, durante os anos 2012/2013 (novembro/dezembro a março) e 2013/2014 (outubro/novembro a fevereiro). As avaliações foram realizadas semanalmente, e a abundância de Dolichopodidae foi monitorada com uso de rede de varredura e instalação de armadilhas Moericke. Adicionalmente, foi quantificada a infestação de insetos fitófagos (Thysanoptera: Thripidae; Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae e Hemiptera: Aphididae), para avaliar possível relação de denso-dependência. No total, foram capturados 13987 dolicopodídeos (96,5% em armadilha Moericke), representados pela espécie Condylostylus erectus Becker, 1922 (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). De modo geral, a maior abundância de C. erectus foi observada em trigo mourisco e feijão-caupi. Em relação aos fitófagos, foram quantificados 48371 indivíduos (Thripidae (77,5%), Aleyrodidae (20,2%) e Aphididae (2,5%)), e não foi evidenciada uma consistente correlação populacional com C. erectus. Desse modo, esses resultados sugerem que o trigo mourisco e o feijão-caupi disponibilizam recursos alimentares de interesse ao predador, conforme discutido no trabalho. Por fim, a semeadura de trigo mourisco e feijão-caupi são opções para incrementar a abundância do predador C. erectus no agroecossistema.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the Dolichopodidae abundance in different cover crop species. For this, the following species were used in treatments: Crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilis), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), castor bean (Ricinus communis) and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). The survey was carried out in a field during two seasons 2012/2013 (November/December to March) and 2013/2014 (October/November to February). The Dolichopodidae abundance were evaluated weekly using a sweep net and Moericke traps. In addition, the phytophagous abundance (Thysanoptera: Thripidae; Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae and Hemiptera: Aphididae) was quantified, to allow for an inference about density-dependence. In total, 13,987 long-legged flies (96.5% in Moericke traps) were captured, represented only by the species Condylostylus erectus Becker, 1922 (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). In general, the higher abundance of C. erectus was observed in buckwheat and cowpea. Regarding the phytophagous species, 48,371 individuals [Thripidae (77.5%), Aleyrodidae (20.2%), and Aphididae (2.5%)] were quantified and a clear correlation with the C. erectus population was not evidenced. Thus, these results suggested that buckwheat and cowpea make resources available to long-legged flies, as discussed in our research. Finally, the buckwheat and cowpea sowing are options to increase the abundance of C. erectus predator populations in agroecosystems.

Resumen La supresión de moléculas de ácido ribonucleico mensajero (ARNm) mediante ARN interferente (ARNi) se ha propuesto como método de control de insectos plagas. El ARNi impide el desarrollo morfológico y funcional de los insectos y se considera altamente específico. En este estudio se buscaron receptores de insulina (InR) en Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) a partir del ARNm de pulgones, como primer paso para el diseño posterior de ARNi dirigido a la supresión de InR. A partir del ácido desoxirribonucleico complementario (ADNc) y mediante PCR anidada, se amplificó la región correspondiente a InR con dos pares de cebadores diseñados para Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae). No se logró identificar InR, en su lugar se predice la presencia de la proteína receptora Dip2A de unión a folistatina (FS) debido a que comparten regiones proteicas similares con los InR, involucradas en la traducción de señales en los insectos. Se sugiere continuar con la búsqueda de InR específicos para el pulgón, así como posibles cebadores para regiones de Dip2A, para lograr un ARNi altamente específico.

Abstract Suppression of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) molecules by RNA interference (RNAi) has been proposed as a method for controlling insect pests. RNAi impedes the morphological and functional development of insects and is considered highly specific. In this study, insulin receptors (InR) were searched for in Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from aphid mRNA, as a first step for further design of RNAi targeting InR suppression. From complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) and by means of nested PCR, the region corresponding to InR was amplified with two pairs of primers designed for Nilapavata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae). InRs could not be identified. However, the presence of the follistatin-binding receptor protein Dip2A (FS) was predicted from the regions of similarity with the InRs that are involved in signal translation in insects. We recommend continuing the search for aphid specific InRs, as well as possible primers for Dip2A regions, to identify a highly specific RNAi.