ABSTRACT Purpose: this study aims to assess speech-language pathologists' knowledge of malocclusion, and to assess their perception in recognizing the need for referral of cases. Methods: a self-administered online questionnaire, aimed at assessing Brazilian speech-language pathologists' professional practices, orthodontic knowledge, and diagnostic skills, was applied. The collected data underwent descriptive analysis. Results: most respondents stated regularly contacting or referring patients to orthodontists; the most frequent reason for referral was related to the professional’s quality. Respondents indicated the importance of first occlusal evaluations at a very early age, and recognized the potential deleterious effects of oral habits. Most participants reported referring a normal occlusion, distocclusion, mesiocclusion, anterior open bite, deep overbite, and posterior crossbite cases, during the deciduous stage. For the mixed dentition cases, a substantial portion of the sample would refer a case without alterations, another one with mild incisal crowding, as well as deep overbite, Class II, Class III, anterior open bite, and posterior crossbite cases. Conclusion: professionals demonstrated a good knowledge of malocclusions. Perceptions regarding the need for early referral of Class III cases, anterior open bite, and posterior crossbite, in addition to the lack of an immediate approach for patients affected by mild space problems, were frequent. Purpose speechlanguage speech language pathologists malocclusion cases Methods selfadministered self administered questionnaire practices skills applied analysis Results orthodontists s quality age habits occlusion distocclusion mesiocclusion bite overbite stage alterations crowding II Conclusion malocclusions problems

ABSTRACT This study aims to report the interdisciplinary management of macroglossia in a Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome patient during ten years. Clinical follow-up started by the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery team, followed by Speech Therapy due to feeding difficulties. After clinical and instrumental evaluation, at 8 months old, the speech therapy intervention was indicated, focusing on oropharyngeal dysphagia and orofacial myofunctional therapy. At 1 year and 11 months, no signs of swallowing alteration in the pharyngeal phase and improvement in the posture of the lips and tongue were found. At the age of 3, stimulation to remove oral habits and train masticatory function were initiated. Orthodontic treatment to correct anterior open bite and unilateral posterior crossbite started at age 6. At 7 years and 5 months, there was stability in the nasal breathing mode and adequacy of resting posture of lips and tongue. At the age of 9, due to relapse of the occlusal alterations, surgical reduction of the tongue was indicated, followed by orofacial myofunctional therapy, restarted at the age of 9 years and 3 months. The result was the correction of the posture of the tongue during swallowing and speech adequacy. The association of treatments involving Speech Therapy, Orthodontics and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery was considered effective in the management of the macroglossia. It resulted in the adequacy and equilibrium of orofacial functions. BeckwithWiedemann Beckwith Wiedemann followup follow up team difficulties evaluation old indicated found initiated 6 alterations functions

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar a abordagem interdisciplinar no manejo da macroglossia em um caso de paciente com síndrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann, no período de dez anos. O acompanhamento iniciou pela equipe de Cirurgia Bucomaxilofacial, seguido da Fonoaudiologia, em função de dificuldades alimentares. Após avaliação clínica e instrumental, aos 8 meses de idade, iniciou-se a intervenção fonoaudiológica com foco na disfagia orofaríngea e na terapia miofuncional orofacial. Foi verificado, com 1 ano e 11 meses, ausência de sinais de alteração de deglutição em fase faríngea e melhora na postura de lábios e língua. Aos 3 anos, foram iniciados estímulos para retirada dos hábitos orais e o treino da função mastigatória. O tratamento ortodôntico para correção de mordida aberta anterior e mordida cruzada posterior unilateral iniciou-se aos 6 anos. Aos 7 anos e 5 meses de idade, constatou-se estabilidade do modo respiratório nasal e adequação da postura de repouso de lábios e língua. Aos 9 anos, em função de recidiva das alterações oclusais, optou-se pela redução cirúrgica da língua seguida de terapia miofuncional orofacial, retomada aos 9 anos e 3 meses. O resultado foi a correção da postura da língua na deglutição e a adequação da fala. A associação dos tratamentos, envolvendo Fonoaudiologia, Ortodontia e Cirurgia Bucomaxilofacial foi considerada efetiva no manejo da macroglossia, resultando na adequação e equilíbrio das funções orofaciais. BeckwithWiedemann, BeckwithWiedemann Beckwith Wiedemann, Wiedemann Beckwith-Wiedemann Fonoaudiologia alimentares instrumental idade iniciouse se orofacial verificado mastigatória constatouse constatou oclusais optouse optou fala tratamentos orofaciais

ABSTRACT Introduction: Transverse discrepancy of the arches is a skeletal problem not sufficiently studied in persons requiring surgical orthodontic treatment. Objective: Characterize patients with negative transverse maxillary discrepancy requiring surgical orthognathic surgery. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted of 25 medical records of patients attending the maxillofacial surgery service at Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical Surgical Hospital with negative transverse maxillary discrepancy requiring orthognathic surgery from January 2016 to January 2020. The cases were studied with qualitative variables divided into epidemiological, facial features and dental measurements. Analysis was based on statistical charts. The summary measurements used were absolute and relative frequencies. Results: The frequency of negative maxillary discrepancy was 13.3%. White skin patients were more commonly affected (80%). The main concern was aesthetic (68%). Lower third asymmetry and a concave profile were present in 44% and 36% of the cases, respectively. A high frequency was observed of patients with an augmented lower third (76%), posterior crossbite (48%), anterior open bite (75%), lower arch crowding (63.3%) and lower incisor lingualization (72%). Conclusions: Negative transverse maxillary discrepancy is common among patients requiring orthognathic surgery for large aesthetic alterations. White skin patients were found to be more prone to present this disorder.

RESUMEN Introducción: La discrepancia transversal de las arcadas es un problema esquelético poco estudiado en personas con necesidad de tratamiento ortodóncico quirúrgico. Objetivo: Caracterizar a pacientes con discrepancia negativa transversal del maxilar y necesidad de tratamiento por cirugía ortognática. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 25 expedientes clínicos de pacientes que acudieron al servicio de cirugía maxilofacial del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras, con discrepancia negativa transversal del maxilar y necesidad de cirugía ortognática entre enero de 2016 y enero de 2020. Se estudiaron los casos por medio de variables cualitativas divididas en epidemiológicas, características faciales y mediciones dentarias. Para el análisis se confeccionaron cuadros estadísticos y como medidas de resumen se utilizaron frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados: La frecuencia de la discrepancia negativa del maxilar fue de 13,3 %. Los pacientes de piel blanca fueron los más afectados (80 %) y el principal motivo de consulta fue estético (68 %). La asimetría del tercio inferior y el perfil cóncavo estuvieron presentes en el 44 % y 36 % de los casos respectivamente. Se observó alta frecuencia de pacientes con el tercio inferior aumentado (76 %), mordida cruzada posterior (48 %), mordida abierta anterior (75 %), apiñamiento en la arcada inferior (63,3 %) y lingualización del incisivo inferior (72 %). Conclusiones: La discrepancia negativa transversal del maxilar es frecuente en personas con necesidad de cirugía ortognática y con gran afectación estética. Se observó mayor predisposición a padecerla en pacientes de piel blanca.

RESUMO Objetivo avaliar a prevalência de maloclusões e seus fatores associados em crianças atendidas em um Serviço de APS de Porto Alegre, Brasil. Método estudo transversal aninhado a uma coorte, realizado em 12 Unidades de Saúde. Das 414 crianças da coorte examinadas, 268 foram examinadas para maloclusão. A presença de mordida aberta anterior, mordida cruzada posterior e anterior foi avaliada pelos critérios de Foster e Hamilton. Variáveis socioeconômicas, hábitos de amamentação e informações sobre o uso de chupeta foram coletados por meio de questionário padronizado. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de uma abordagem hierárquica por Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados do total de 268 avaliados, 135 (50,4%) eram meninos e a média de idade foi de 28,6 (± 11,9) meses. Dos 143 (53,4%) casos de maloclusão, 113 eram mordida aberta anterior, 16 eram mordida cruzada anterior, 27 eram mordida cruzada posterior e 38 tinham overjet acentuado. Na análise final, observou-se que houve maior prevalência de maloclusões em crianças que nunca foram amamentadas (RP = 1,44; IC95% 1,00-2,08) e que sempre usaram chupeta para dormir (RP = 1,81; IC95% 1,14 -2,86). Conclusão a prevalência de maloclusões nesta população foi elevada e esteve associada a hábitos comportamentais, como o uso de chupeta e a não amamentação.

ABSTRACT Purpose to evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion and its associated factors of children cared for by a PHC Service in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Methods a cross-sectional study nested in a cohort, carried out in 12 Health Care Practices. Of the 414 children in the cohort examined, 268 were assessed for malocclusion. The presence of anterior open bite, posterior and anterior crossbite was evaluated by the criteria of Foster and Hamilton. Socioeconomic variables, breastfeeding habits and pacifier use information were collected through a standardized questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using a hierarchical approach by Poisson Regression with robust variance. Results out of the total 268 evaluated, 135 (50.4%) were boys, and the average age was 28.6 (± 11.9) months. Out of the 143 (53.4%) cases of malocclusion, 113 were anterior open bite, 16 were anterior crossbite, 27 were posterior crossbite, and 38 had increased overjet. In the final analysis, it was observed that there was a higher prevalence of malocclusion in children who never breastfed (PR = 1.44; 95%CI 1.00-2.08) and who always used a pacifier to sleep (PR = 1.81; 95%CI 1.14-2.86). Conclusion the prevalence of malocclusion in this population was high and was associated with behavioral habits, such as the use of pacifier and not breastfeeding.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar se alterações das funções orais (AFO) estão associadas ao tipo e gravidade da maloclusão (MO). Estudo transversal com amostra representativa de 332 adolescentes de 12 anos em São Luís-MA, Nordeste do Brasil. Critérios de MO incluíram Classificação de Angle, Índice de Estética Dental e outros problemas morfológicos. As AFO foram avaliadas por respiração, fonação, mastigação e deglutição. Odds ratios (OR) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram calculados em análises de regressão logística e multinomial (α=5%). Respiração oral foi associada com MO definida (OR=3,84; IC95%=1,45-10,12), incapacitante (OR=4,34; IC95%=1,99-9,49) e classe III (OR=4,15; IC95%=1,19-14,54). Problemas de fonação foram associados às MO definidas (OR=2,01; IC95%=1,02-4,39), incapacitantes (OR=3,04; IC95%=1,55-5,96) e Classe II (OR=2,02; IC95%=1,28-3,18). Alterações na mastigação foram associadas à mordida cruzada posterior (MCP) (OR=2,32; IC95%=1,12-4,82). Deglutição atípica foi associada à MO Classe III (OR=5,66; IC95%=1,35-23,71), MCP (OR=6,13; IC95%=2,76-13,62) e mordida aberta posterior (OR=4,53; IC95%=1,72-8,92). Alterações de respiração e fonação estão associadas às MO nos segmentos anteriores do arco, enquanto as de mastigação e deglutição, nos segmentos posteriores.

Abstract This article aims to assess whether alterations of oral functions (AOF) are associated with malocclusion (MO)’s type and severity. Cross-sectional study of a representative sample of 332 adolescents aged 12 years in São Luís-MA, Northeastern Brazil. MO criteria included Angle’s classification, Dental Aesthetic Index, and other morphological problems. The AOF were evaluated by breathing, phonation, chewing, and swallowing. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated using logistic and multinomial regression analyses (α=5%). Mouth breathing was associated with defined (OR=3.84; 95%CI=1.45-10.12), disabling (OR=4.34; 95%CI=1.99-9.49), and class III (OR=4.15; 95%CI=1.19-14.54) MO. Phonation problems were associated with defined (OR=2.01; 95%CI=1.02-4.39), disabling (OR=3.04; 95%CI=1.55-5.96), and Class II (OR=2.02; 95%CI=1.28-3.18) MO. Chewing disorders were associated with posterior crossbite (PCB) (OR=2.32; 95%CI=1.12-4.82). Swallowing disorders were associated with Class III MO (OR=5.66; 95%CI=1.35-23.71), PCB (OR=6.13; 95%CI=2.76-13.62), and posterior open bite (OR=4.53; 95%CI=1.72-8.92). Breathing and phonation alterations are associated with MO in anterior arch segments, while chewing and swallowing disorders, in the posterior segments.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar se alterações das funções orais (AFO) estão associadas ao tipo e gravidade da maloclusão (MO). Estudo transversal com amostra representativa de 332 adolescentes de 12 anos em São Luís-MA, Nordeste do Brasil. Critérios de MO incluíram Classificação de Angle, Índice de Estética Dental e outros problemas morfológicos. As AFO foram avaliadas por respiração, fonação, mastigação e deglutição. Odds ratios (OR) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram calculados em análises de regressão logística e multinomial (α=5%). Respiração oral foi associada com MO definida (OR=3,84; IC95%=1,45-10,12), incapacitante (OR=4,34; IC95%=1,99-9,49) e classe III (OR=4,15; IC95%=1,19-14,54). Problemas de fonação foram associados às MO definidas (OR=2,01; IC95%=1,02-4,39), incapacitantes (OR=3,04; IC95%=1,55-5,96) e Classe II (OR=2,02; IC95%=1,28-3,18). Alterações na mastigação foram associadas à mordida cruzada posterior (MCP) (OR=2,32; IC95%=1,12-4,82). Deglutição atípica foi associada à MO Classe III (OR=5,66; IC95%=1,35-23,71), MCP (OR=6,13; IC95%=2,76-13,62) e mordida aberta posterior (OR=4,53; IC95%=1,72-8,92). Alterações de respiração e fonação estão associadas às MO nos segmentos anteriores do arco, enquanto as de mastigação e deglutição, nos segmentos posteriores.

Abstract This article aims to assess whether alterations of oral functions (AOF) are associated with malocclusion (MO)’s type and severity. Cross-sectional study of a representative sample of 332 adolescents aged 12 years in São Luís-MA, Northeastern Brazil. MO criteria included Angle’s classification, Dental Aesthetic Index, and other morphological problems. The AOF were evaluated by breathing, phonation, chewing, and swallowing. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated using logistic and multinomial regression analyses (α=5%). Mouth breathing was associated with defined (OR=3.84; 95%CI=1.45-10.12), disabling (OR=4.34; 95%CI=1.99-9.49), and class III (OR=4.15; 95%CI=1.19-14.54) MO. Phonation problems were associated with defined (OR=2.01; 95%CI=1.02-4.39), disabling (OR=3.04; 95%CI=1.55-5.96), and Class II (OR=2.02; 95%CI=1.28-3.18) MO. Chewing disorders were associated with posterior crossbite (PCB) (OR=2.32; 95%CI=1.12-4.82). Swallowing disorders were associated with Class III MO (OR=5.66; 95%CI=1.35-23.71), PCB (OR=6.13; 95%CI=2.76-13.62), and posterior open bite (OR=4.53; 95%CI=1.72-8.92). Breathing and phonation alterations are associated with MO in anterior arch segments, while chewing and swallowing disorders, in the posterior segments.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir las características bucales prevalentes de pacientes argentinos con mucopolisacaridosis (MPS) atendidos en el Servicio de Odontología del Hospital Nacional “Prof. Alejandro Posadas”. Materiales y métodos: Se consideraron las historias clínicas de 19 pacientes con diagnóstico de MPS. Se registraron la edad, el sexo, el lugar de residencia, el tipo de MPS y la presencia de retraso madurativo. La muestra estuvo constituida por 13 niños (6,7±3 años) y 6 adultos (26±9 años): 2 eran mujeres (1 con MPS tipo I; 1 con MPS tipo IV A) y 17 eran hombres (15 con MPS tipo 2; 1 con MPS tipo 1; 1 con MPS tipo III); 13 de los pacientes presentaban discapacidad intelectual. Se evaluaron: tipo de dentición, oclusión, macroglosia, hipoplasias del esmalte, tipo de respiración predominante, clase molar y tratamiento realizado. Resultados: Ambos casos con MPS I presentaban mordida abierta anterior y giroversión dental, y solo uno de estos, diastemas, microdoncia, hipoplasias del esmalte, macroglosia y respiración bucal. De los 15 pacientes con MPS II, 11 presentaban mordida abierta anterior (73%), 3 mordida cruzada posterior (20%), 5 giroversión dental (33%), 11 diastemas (73%), 3 retraso en la erupción (20%), 4 hiperplasia gingival (26%), 13 macroglosia (87%), 7 hipoplasias del esmalte (47%), 2 microdoncia (13%), 9 respiración bucal (60%). Se registraron 5 pacientes con clase molar I (33%), 3 con clase molar II (20%), 3 con clase molar III (20%) y en 3 casos no se pudo evaluar (20%). En el paciente con MPS tipo III se halló mordida abierta anterior, diastemas, retraso en la erupción, macroglosia, respiración bucal y clase molar II; y en el caso de MPS tipo IV A, mordida abierta anterior, diastemas, hiperplasia gingival, macroglosia y clase molar II. El 90% de los pacientes requirió tratamiento odontológico. Conclusión: Las manifestaciones bucales más observadas fueron macroglosia (84,2%) y mordida abierta anterior (79%).

Abstract Aim: To identify the most prevalent oral manifestations of 19 Argentine patients with mucopolysaccharidos (MPS) attending the Dentistry Service of the National Posadas Hospital. Materials and methods: The medical records of 19 patients diagnosed with MPS were considered. Age, sex, place of residence, type of MPS, and presence of maturational delay were recorded. The sample consisted of 13 children (6.7 ± 3 years) and 6 adults (26 ± 9 years): 2 were women (1 with MPS type I; 1 with MPS type IV A) and 17 were men (15 with MPS type 2; 1 with MPS type 1; 1 with MPS type III); 13 of the patients had intellectual disabilities. The following were evaluated: type of dentition, occlusion, macroglossia, enamel hypoplasia, predominant type of respiration, molar class and treatment performed Results: Both cases with MPS I presented anterior open bite and dental gyroversion, and only one of these, diastemas, microdontia, enamel hypoplasia, macroglossia and mouth respiration. Of the 15 patients with MPS II, 11 presented anterior open bite (73%), 3 posterior crossbite (20%), 5 dental gyroversion (33%), 11 diastemas (73%), 3 delayed eruption (20%), 4 gingival hyperplasia (26%), 13 macroglossia (87%), 7 enamel hypoplasia (47%), 2 microdontia (13%), 9 mouth breathing (60%). 5 patients with molar class I (33%), 3 with molar class II (20%), 3 with molar class III (20%) and in 3 cases it could not be evaluated (20%). In the patient with type III MPS, anterior open bite, diastemas, delayed eruption, macroglossia, mouth breathing and molar class II were found; and in the case of type IV A MPS, anterior open bite, diastemas, gingival hyperplasia, macroglossia and molar class II. 90% of the patients required dental treatment. Conclusion: The most observed oral manifestations were macroglossia (84.2%) and anterior open bite (73%).

Abstract Background Malocclusions are highly prevalent in childhood and adolescence, being considered a public health problem worldwide, in addition to be considered an important predictor in the tongue position and speech disorders. Objective Evaluate the association of malocclusions with tongue position and speech distortion in mixed-dentition schoolchildren from the south of Brazil. Methodology This cross-sectional study was performed using a database of an epidemiological survey realized in the southern of Brazil, in 2015, for evaluating the dental and myofunctional condition of the mixed-dentition from 7-13 years’ schoolchildren. The outcome variables were tongue position and speech distortion, evaluated by a trained and calibrated examiner. Characteristics regarding sociodemographic and oral health measures (Angle’s classification of the malocclusion, overjet, overbite, posterior crossbite and respiratory mode) were also assessed. Poisson regression models with adjusted robust variance were used to evaluate the association among predictors variables in the outcomes. Results are presented as prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results A total of 547 children were evaluated. Schoolchildren who presented anterior open bite (PR 2.36 95%CI 1.59-3.49) and having oral/oral-nasal breathing (RP 2.51 95%CI 1.70-3.71) are more likely to have altered position of the tongue. Both deep bite and being male represent protection factors for the abnormal tongue position. Regarding speech distortion, deep overbite presents a protective relationship to speech distortion (PR 0.41; 95%CI 0.24-0.71), whereas schoolchildren with posterior crossbite were more likely to present this problem (PR 1.77; 95%CI 1.09-2.88). Conclusion Anterior open bite and posterior crossbite were the malocclusions related to speech distortion and/or altered tongue position. Oral/oral-nasal breathing was also related to myofunctional changes. Deep bite malocclusion was a protective factor for both speech problems and altered tongue position when compared to a normal overbite.

RESUMO Introdução: A eficácia e a eficiência do tratamento precoce de pacientes Classe III esquelética usando máscara facial são bem documentadas na literatura. Entretanto, poucos casos de adolescentes ou adultos foram descritos. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente relato de caso foi demonstrar as correções esqueléticas e dentárias em uma paciente pós-surto de crescimento puberal, cuja má oclusão consistia de uma Classe III esquelética com deficiência transversa suave, plano do ângulo mandibular aumentado e complexo maxilar retruído. Relato de caso: Uma paciente hispânica, com treze anos e cinco meses de idade, foi diagnosticada com retrusão maxilomandibular, ângulo do plano mandibular aumentado, padrão de mordida aberta, relação bilateral de molares em Classe I e mordida cruzada nos incisivos laterais superiores. Um aparelho de Haas suportado por dispositivos de ancoragem temporária (DATs) foi usado para a protração maxilar, combinado com máscara facial, controle vertical e distalização de molares superiores com aparelho fixo. Resultados: O tempo total de tratamento foi de 26 meses. Houve melhora no perfil facial, com aumento no suporte labial e bochechas mais proeminentes. O controle vertical adequado evitou uma mudança no plano do ângulo mandibular, apesar de o tratamento com máscara facial poder aumentar a dimensão vertical. Após contenção por 18 meses, uma excelente estabilidade do tratamento foi observada. Conclusão: Com a ancoragem esquelética e o tratamento com máscara facial, os ortodontistas têm a possibilidade de expandir e protrair a maxila sem a inclinação vestibular dos molares superiores e sem o risco de consequências periodontais desfavoráveis. Um expansor de Haas suportado por DATs permitiu o controle da dimensão vertical e distalização dos molares, com redução de consequências indesejáveis.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The efficacy and efficiency of early treatment of skeletal Class III patients with facemask therapy are well-documented; however, very few cases for adolescents or adults were reported. Objective: The aim of this case report was to demonstrate skeletal and dental correction of a post-pubertal-growth-spurt patient whose malocclusion consisted of a skeletal Class III with slight transverse deficiency, a high mandibular plane angle, and a retrusive maxillary complex. Case report: A 13-year-5-months old Hispanic female was diagnosed as a retrognathic maxilla and mandible, a high mandibular plane angle, open bite pattern, a bilateral Angle Class I molar relationship with an anterior crossbite on the maxillary lateral incisors. A TAD-supported Haas rapid palatal expander was utilized for maxillary protraction combined with a facemask, vertical control, and maxillary molar distalization with fixed appliance. Results: The total treatment time was 26 months. An improved facial profile with maxillary lip support and more prominent cheeks was established. Adequate vertical control prevented a change in the mandibular plane angle even though facemask treatment can increase the vertical dimension. After the 18-month retention, excellent stability of the treatment results was shown. Conclusion: With skeletal anchorage and facemask treatment, orthodontists have the ability of expanding and protracting the maxilla without tipping maxillary molars buccally and without the risk of unfavorable periodontal consequences. A TAD-supported Haas rapid palatal expander allowed to control the vertical dimension and distalize molars, while minimizing undesired consequences.

RESUMO Objetivos: descrever alterações de fala e dento-oclusais em crianças com fissuras labiopalatinas, verificar a associação entre si e destas com a época das cirurgias plásticas primárias. Métodos: estudo transversal, com coleta de dados de identificação, idade nas cirurgias primárias, avaliação clínica dento-oclusal e da fala. Utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado, teste exato de Fisher e teste t para verificar as associações entre as variáveis, com um nível de significância de 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados: amostra composta por 11 crianças entre seis e dez anos, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino, etnia autodeclarada branca e fissura transforame incisivo (com prevalência de acometimento do lado esquerdo). A média da realização da labioplastia foi aos seis meses e palatoplastia aos treze meses. Dentre as principais alterações dento-oclusais, destacam-se: mordida cruzada posterior e mordida cruzada anterior. Todos os sujeitos apresentaram alteração de fala com prevalência de alterações em casos com deformidades dentoalveolares e palatinas, seguidas pelas alterações passivas e alterações ativas. Houve tendência dos sujeitos que apresentaram mordida cruzada anterior terem sido submetidos à labioplastia primária, em média, quatro meses antes dos sujeitos sem mordida cruzada anterior. Conclusões: as associações entre alterações de fala e dento-oclusais e destas com a época das cirurgias plásticas primárias não foram estatisticamente significantes, e ainda que se saiba que a labioplastia precoce é o ideal para favorecer funções orais e estética, os resultados demonstraram tendência a mordida cruzada anterior nestes sujeitos.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to describe the changes in speech and dental occlusion in children with cleft lip and palate and verify their association with each other and with the time of primary plastic surgeries. Methods: a cross-sectional study with collected data on the subjects’ identification, age at the time of primary surgeries, and clinical assessment of speech and dental occlusion. The chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and t-test were used to verify the associations between the variables at the 5% significance level (p < 0.05). Results: the sample comprised 11 children aged 6 to 10 years, most of whom were males, self-reported white, with trans-incisive foramen cleft, predominantly on the left side. The mean age at lip repair surgery was 6 months, and 13 months at palatoplasty. Among the main dental occlusion changes, posterior and anterior crossbite stood out. All the subjects presented changed speech, with a prevalence of cases with dentoalveolar and palatine deformities, followed by passive and active changes. Subjects with anterior crossbite tended to have undergone primary lip repair surgery at a mean of four months earlier than the subjects without anterior crossbite. Conclusions: the associations between speech and dental occlusion changes, and between these and the time of primary plastic surgeries were not statistically significant. Even though it is known that early lip repair surgery is ideal to favor oral functions and aesthetics, the results revealed a tendency towards anterior crossbite, in these subjects.

ABSTRACT Malocclusion is one of the most common oral disorders. Recognizing its importance leads to the need for epidemiological studies whose results guide the development of programs for its prevention, interception and treatment. The objective of the present investigation was to determine the frequency of malocclusion in the sagittal and transverse direction in secondary school students from the city of Asunción. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. The study population was made up of students from 12 to 18 years old enrolled in public and private schools in the city of Asunción during 2017. The data collected from the oral inspection was recorded in clinical records and analyzed with the Epi-Info program. TM. The number of participants was 1047 students who met the inclusion criteria. Fifty two percent of the participants were female and 48% male. The frequency of malocclusion in the sagittal direction was 98%, and in the transverse direction it was 27.6%.Among sagittal malocclusions, the most frequent was Class I (53%). The frequency of crossbite was 23%, of which 43% presented an anterior crossbite and 57% a posterior crossbite. Of those who presented posterior crossbite, 61% were unilateral and 39% bilateral. An important frequency of malocclusions is observed in the study population indicative of the need of establishing actions for its timely diagnosis and treatment.

RESUMEN La maloclusión es uno de los trastornos bucodentales más comunes. Reconocer su importancia lleva a la necesidad de realizar estudios epidemiológicos cuyos resultados orienten el desarrollo de programas para su prevención, intercepción y tratamiento. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la frecuencia de maloclusión en sentido sagital y transversal en estudiantes de nivel secundario de la ciudad de Asunción. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. La población de estudio estuvo conformada por los alumnos de 12 a 18 años inscriptos en colegios públicos y privados de la ciudad de Asunción durante el 2017. Los datos recabados de la inspección bucodental fueron anotados en fichas clínicas yanalizadas con el programa Epi-Info TM. El número de participantes fue de 1047 estudiantes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. El 52% de los participantes fueron de sexo femenino y el 48% del sexo masculino. La frecuencia de maloclusión en sentido sagital fue del 98%, y en sentido transversal del 27,6%.Entre las maloclusiones en sentido sagital la más frecuente fue la Clase I (53%). La frecuencia de mordida cruzada fue del 23%, de los cuales, el 43% presentó mordida cruzada anterior y el 57% mordida cruzada posterior. De los que presentaron mordida cruzada posterior, el 61% fue unilateral y el 39% bilateral. Se observa una importante frecuencia de maloclusiones en la población de estudio indicativa de la necesidad de establecer acciones para su diagnóstico y tratamiento oportunos.

RESUMO Introdução: A mordida cruzada anterior (MCA) é definida como uma relação sagital reversa entre os incisivos superiores e inferiores. De acordo com a evidência científica, o tratamento da MCA é indicado em casos em que a interferência oclusal favorece o crescimento mandibular em direção a um padrão de Classe III. A literatura descreve diversos aparelhos removíveis e fixos para a correção dessa má oclusão. Objetivo: A presente série de casos tem como objetivo apresentar os benefícios de uma terapia alternativa para o tratamento precoce da MCA por meio do uso de alinhadores transparentes. Métodos: Apresentação de dois casos de MCA tratados com alinhadores transparentes em crianças de 8 anos de idade. Resultados: Em ambos os casos, a MCA foi corrigida com sucesso em um período de 5 meses. Ao fim do tratamento, obteve-se sobressaliência e sobremordida ideais. Segundo o relato dos pais, nenhum grande desconforto ou comprometimento na fala foi observado. Conclusões: Tendo em vista os problemas associados a algumas abordagens alternativas, o uso de alinhadores transparentes para correção da MCA durante a dentição mista pode ser considerado confortável e bem tolerado por pacientes jovens.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Anterior crossbite (AC) is defined as a reverse sagittal relationship between maxillary and mandibular incisors. According to an evidence-based orthodontic triage, the treatment need of AC is indicated if any occlusal interference is forcing the mandible towards a Class III growth pattern. Removable and fixed appliances have been suggested to correct AC. Objective: The present report aims at presenting the benefits of an alternative therapy for the early treatment of anterior crossbite using clear aligners. Methods: Two cases of anterior crossbite corrected using clear aligners in 8-years-old children are presented. Results: In both cases, AC was successfully corrected within 5 months. At the end of the treatment, overjet and overbite were corrected. No major discomfort or speech impairment was noticed by the parents. Conclusions: Due to the perceived shortcomings of alternative approaches, the use of clear aligners for correcting AC in mixed dentition should be considered as a comfortable and well tolerated appliance for young patients.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Recognizing the factors potentially related to malocclusion in a given population is crucial to implement preventive actions based on that information. Objective: Determine the factors related to malocclusion in 3-9-year-old Ecuadorian children. Methods: A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted of 400 children aged 3-9 years attending pediatric dental clinics at the Central University of Ecuador School of Dentistry. The children's parents answered a number of questions about health, habits and socioeconomic level at the request of a single experienced researcher. Each child underwent extra- and intraoral clinical examination in which the sides of each tooth were observed on a vertical, transversal and sagittal plane, as well as the occlusal side. Verification was made of the presence of occlusal interference, posterior or anterior crossbite and open bite. The data obtained were tabulated onto Excel spreadsheets and the chi-square test was applied (p< 0.05). Results: Of the total children studied 77% had malocclusion (p< 0.001). The presence of malocclusion in children was not found to have a significant relationship to relatives with malocclusion, low socioeconomic level or breastfeeding for less than 1 year (p> 0.05). An association was found between crossbite and occlusal interference (p< 0.001). No association was observed between open bite and mouth breathing (p= 0.944). Conclusions: Malocclusion is significantly prevalent. Family inheritance, breastfeeding type and duration, and socioeconomic level do not have a significant relationship to malocclusion. Crossbite and occlusal interference are associated. Mouth breathing may not be the reason for open bite in 3-9-year-old children.

RESUMEN Introducción: Es muy importante reconocer los factores que pueden estar relacionados con maloclusión en una determinada población, para realizar medidas preventivas basadas en su realidad. Objetivo: determinar factores relacionados con maloclusiones en niños ecuatorianos de 3 a 9 años de edad. Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico transversal realizado a 400 niños de 3 a 9 años de edad, que estaban en tratamiento en las clínicas de Odontopediatría de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Central del Ecuador. Los padres de los niños respondieron a preguntas realizadas por un único investigador experimentado sobre la salud, hábitos y nivel socioeconómico. Cada niño fue evaluado clínicamente extra e intraoralmente, siendo cada cara de las piezas dentales observadas en sentido vertical, transversal y sagital, además de la cara oclusal. Se verificó sí existían interferencias oclusales, mordida cruzada posterior o anterior y mordida abierta. Los datos se tabularon en Excel y se aplicó la prueba chi cuadrado (p< 0,05). Resultados: El 77 % de niños presentó maloclusión (p< 0,001). No se encontró una relación significativa de la presencia de maloclusión en los niños con sus familiares que presentaban maloclusión, bajo nivel socioeconómico y lactancia por menos de 1 año (p> 0,05). La mordida cruzada y las interferencias oclusales estuvieron asociadas (p< 0,001). No se encontró asociación entre la mordida abierta y la respiración bucal (p= 0,944). Conclusiones: Existe una cantidad significativa de maloclusión. La herencia familiar, tipo y tiempo de lactancia y nivel socioeconómico no tienen una relación significativa con la maloclusión. La mordida cruzada y las interferencias oclusales están asociadas. La respiración bucal puede no causar mordida abierta en los niños de 3 a 9 años.

RESUMO Introdução: A fissura labiopalatina é a anomalia craniofacial mais frequente e, como consequência dessa malformação, observa-se normalmente uma relação oclusal inadequada entre as arcadas. Além disso, nesse pacientes também podem ser observadas ausências dentárias, alterações de posicionamento individual dos dentes, como rotações e, em situações mais raras, as transposições também podem ser encontradas. Descrição: Neste contexto, é relatado neste artigo o caso clínico de um paciente de 9 anos de idade com fissura labial e palatina unilateral, com mordida cruzada anterior e posterior no lado esquerdo, agenesia do incisivo lateral superior esquerdo e transposição do canino com o primeiro pré-molar superior esquerdos. O paciente foi tratado por meio de expansão maxilar lenta, enxerto ósseo secundário e aparelho ortodôntico fixo, aceitando-se a transposição e fechando o espaço da agenesia do incisivo lateral com o primeiro pré-molar posicionado nesse espaço, seguido de mesialização dos dentes posteriores. Resultados: Ao fim do tratamento, obteve-se boa intercuspidação e importante ganho estético para o paciente. A análise três anos após o tratamento revelou uma boa estabilidade dos resultados obtidos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The cleft lip and palate is the most frequent craniofacial anomaly and as a consequence of this malformation some inadequate occlusal relationship between the arches are observed. Furthermore, dental absences, individual positioning changes of teeth as rotations, and in more rare situations the transpositions may be found as well. Description: In this context, in this article is reported a case of a 9-year-old patient with unilateral cleft lip and palate, with anterior and posterior crossbite on the left side, absence of the maxillary left lateral incisor, and transposition of the maxillary left canine and first premolar. The patient was treated with slow maxillary expansion, secondary graft and fixed orthodontic appliance, transposition maintenance and closing of the lateral incisor space with the first premolar, by means of mesialization of the posterior teeth. Results: At the end of the treatment, good intercuspation and an important aesthetic gain for the patient were achieved. The analysis three years after treatment revealed a good stability of the results obtained.

ABSTRAC Patients with anteroposterior hypoplasia of the upper jaw should be detected during early dental care, that is, when they are still growing, in order to be able to induce alveolar, skeletal and aesthetic changes. The patient was 12 years old, had residual growth potential and presented skeletal Class III Syndrome due to retrusion of the upper jaw. She was characterized by a normal sized jaw and an anterior crossbite; a Petit orthopedic face mask was used as a treatment for anterior maxillary traction and a Hyrax screw for dentoalveolar expansion. These instruments were used in order to correct the simple posterior crossbite on the left side. Satisfactory results were observed from the skeletal, occlusal, facial and profile points of view.

RESUMEN Los pacientes con hipoplasia anteroposterior del maxilar superior deben ser detectados durante la atención odontológica temprana, o sea, cuando todavía están en período de crecimiento, con la finalidad de poder inducir cambios de tipo alveolar, esqueléticos y estéticos. La paciente tenía 12 años de edad, contaba con potencial remanente de crecimiento y presentaba Síndrome de Clase III esqueletal, por retrusión del maxilar superior. La caracterizaba una mandíbula de tamaño normal y una mordida cruzada anterior; en su tratamiento se utilizó la máscara facial ortopédica de Petit, para la tracción anterior del maxilar, y el tornillo Hyrax, para la expansión dentoalveolar. Estos instrumentos se emplearon con el fin de corregir la mordida cruzada posterior simple del lado izquierdo. Se observaron resultados satisfactorios desde el punto de vista esqueletal, oclusal, faciales y del perfil.